Comparative Study of Light Emitting Diode (LED), Compact Fluorescent (CF) and Incandescent Lamps

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197
Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 2018, 5(11):197-203
Research Article
ISSN: 2394-2630
CODEN(USA): JSERBR
Comparative Study of Light Emitting Diode (LED), Compact Fluorescent (CF) and
Incandescent Lamps
Ikechi Risi,* V.B. Omubo-Pepple, M. A. Alabraba
1Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Abstract This work focused on the comparison of incandescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), and
light emitting diode (LED) lamps, which intrinsically analysed the energy consumptions, energy consumption
costs and relatively the savings that would be derived when the incandescent lamp is replaced equivalently with
the energy efficient lamps. Furthermore, a thermal characteristics in terms of the average temperature,
pragmatically estimated and recorded as a result of heat dissipation emanating from the various lamps for the
purposes of making the best choice in lamp usage where also studied. Results showed that, incandescent lamp
consume more energy which variably can make the consumer to pay high in electricity bill as compared to CFLs
and LED lamps. Furthermore, results showed that, using energy efficient lamps, save costs and heat that would
have being dissipated into the system as a result of the traditional lamps. It showed that, the estimated savings
derived are as follows; N37555 on using 3W LED lamp, N31114 on using 9W CFL, N53679 using 5W LED
lamp, N47138 using 11W CFL, N87035 using 8W LED lamp, N75252 using 20W CFL, N161814 using 24W
LED lamp, and N147504 using 40W CFL when replaced with its equivalents incandescent lamps over 30,000
hours. Again, on one hours operation per day, it detailed that a consumer will pay N36.28, N90.69, and N181.38
for using 40W, 60W 100W, and 200W incandescent lamp respectively. N8.16, N9.98, N18.14, and N36.28
using 9W, 11W, 20W, and 40W CFL respectively. N2.72 on using 3W LED lamp, N4.53 on using 5W LED
lamp, N7.26 on using 8W LED lamp, and N21.77 using 24W LED lamp every month. On the thermal
characteristics, it also showed that 40W, 60W, 100W, and 200W incandescent lamps dissipate average
temperature of 7.7OC, 17.7OC, 24.2OC, and 41.2OC respectively. 9W, 11W, 20W, and 40W CFL dissipate 2OC,
3.5OC, 4OC, and 8.4OC respectively. 3W, 5W, 8W, and 24W LED lamps dissipate 1.1OC, 1.7OC, 2.1OC, and
7.2OC respectively.
Keywords Incandescent Lamp, Compact Fluorescent Lamp, LED Lamp, Temperature, Energy
1. Introduction
It has become worrisome that most people do not know how to reduce the cost of their electricity bills nor avert
increase in average temperature experience as a result of using incandescent lamps. People are paying
unnecessarily high electricity bills while others are temporally being disconnected because of inability to pay. A
wealthy person is not only when that person is earning high, either through the company he/she works or
business embarked on, but the manners of spending money in the case of subscribing for electricity bills, is also
a matter to consider. “All over the world, energy inefficient incandescent lamps are used in great numbers.
Replacement of these lamps can save energy and reduce energy bills for the consumers” [1].
There are so many traditional lamps that do not have the possibilities to equivalently match with or neither to
exceed the modern lamp usage such as light emitting diode (LED) lamp in terms of costs of electricity energy
usage billing, temperature heat of dissipation into the environment, life span and energy efficiency. It has been

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estimated that the light emitting diode (LED) lighting system will distinctly replace 46 percent of general
illumination lumen-hour sales by 2030, which will result to yearly primary energy savings of 3.4 quads [2].
2. Materials and Methods
A box was constructed for the experiment. Lamp holder with wire was attached at the center side of the
insulating box. An experimental insulating box of dimensions of height 27cm, length 37cm,and breadth26cm
was constructed with a volume of 25974cm3, and used so that there will be high sensitivity for the meter to read
the heat of dissipation from the lamps in the shortest period of time. Admittedly, the larger the confined space,
the lower the average temperature heat of dissipation being able to sense by the meter in relation to time. Also
used, are different kinds of lamps with its respective wattages. The lamps used in this experiment are classified
as Incandescent, Compact Fluorescent (CF), and Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps. The wattages of these
lamps used during this task are according to the availability in the market system in Nigeria. The wattages used
were between 3-200 watts. More details about these lamps and their wattages are detailed in Table 1.
Table 1: Equivalent Wattage of Lamps
Incandescent lamp (W)
CFL (W)
LED Lamp (W)
40
9
3
60
11
5
100
20
8
200
40
24
The methods used involved both the experimental part and theoretical part. In the experimental part, average
temperature of heat dissipation was determined and compared among the lamps, whereas, the theoretical part
involved calculations of energy consumption, cost of energy consumption, energy savings and cost savings of
the lamps was also estimated and result compared. In the experimental study, a temperature meter was used to
measure the amount of heat emanating out from the various lamps. This heat measuring meter called Hampton
temperature and humidity meter, also measure the humidity of a confined space in relation to that of the heat of
the surrounding or room. It measured heat of dissipation in degree centigrade (OC). It also has clock, reading the
time duration according to heat of dissipation (heat energy).
2.1. Experimental Basis
The wattages of LED lamps were considered first during the experiment before CFLs and incandescent lamps.
The reason for that was to sort for accuracy. Before embarking on the experiment, I believed that energy
efficient lamps dissipate lesser heat than energy inefficient lamps of the same equivalents, taking review from
various literatures. According to [3] when a 60 watt external ballasted mercury vapor lamp and a 60 watt
halogen lamp are placed in two separate insulated boxes with a thermometer inside, these two lamps should
have effectively raised the temperature in both boxes to the same degree, but rather, after 30 minutes, the
thermometer in the container with the halogen lamp gave a reading 20°F higher than the other box, (135°F vs
115 °F).
2.2. Theoretical Basis
The energy consumption, cost of energy consumption, energy consumption savings, and energy consumption
cost savings of these lamps were estimated based according to [4] equations below:
Energy consumption = Power rating x hour of usage
1000 (1)
Energy consumption cost = Power rating x hour of usage x utility rate per kWh
1000 (2)
Energy saving = energy consumption of lamp B – energy consumption of lamp A (3)
Energy cost saving = energy cost of lamp B – energy cost of lamp A (4)[4]

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3. Results Table 2: Comparative Cost and energy savings over 30, 000 Hours
Lamps (W)
Watts
Energy Saved (kWh)
Money Saved (N)
Incandescent Lamp
40
60
100
200
Compact Fluorescent
9
930
31,114
Lamp (CFL)
11
1470
47,138
20
2400
75,252
40
4800
14,7504
LED Lamp
3
1110
37,555
5
1650
53,679
8
2760
87,035
24
5280
161814
Figure 1: Energy Consumption Cost Chart of 40W Incandescent Lamp, 9W CFL, and 3W LED Lamp
Figure 2: Energy Consumption Cost Chart of 60W Incandescent Lamp, 11W CFL, and 5W LED Lamp
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
ENERGY CONSUMPTIOON COSTS
MONTHS
40W INCANDESCENT LAMP
9W CFL
3W LED LAMP
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
ENERGY CONSUMPTIOON COSTS
MONTHS
60W INCANDESCENT LAMP
11W CFL
5W LED LAMP

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Figure 3: Energy Consumption Cost Chart of 100W Incandescent Lamp, 20W CFL, and 8W LED Lamp
Figure 4: Energy Consumption Cost Chart of 200W Incandescent Lamp, 40W CFL, and 24W LED Lamp
Figure 5: Average temperature heat dissipation chart of lamps
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
ENERGY CONSUMPTIOON COSTS
MONTHS
100W INCANDESCENT LAMP
20W CFL
8W LED LAMP
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
ENERGY CONSUMPTIOON COSTS
MONTHS
200W INCANDESCENT LAMP
40W CFL
24W LED LAMP
7.7OC
2OC
1.1OC
17.7OC
3.5OC
1.7OC
24.2.Oc
4OC[
2.1OC
41.2OC
8.4OC
7.2OC
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
INCANDESCENT LAMP
CFL
LED LAMP
Average Temperature (oC)
Lamps

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4. Discussions
Table 1 showed the estimation results of energy consumption and electricity bill saved replacing incandescent
lamp with CFL and LED lamp over 30,000 hours operation. According to [5] a five LED lamp could save
400kWh of electricity over 50,000 hours, and when compared with CFL, and 2700kWh when compared with
incandescent lamp. About N37555 was saved which happened to be the highest amount out of replacing the
traditional 40watt incandescent lamp with 3watts LED lamp. But when replaced with its equivalent of 9 watt
CFL, an electricity bill of N31114 was saved. Then, considering the energy saved, a 40watt incandescent lamp
when replaced with it equivalent of 9watt CFL and 3 watt LED lamp will saved energy of 930kWh and
1110kWh respectively. Also, 60watt incandescent lamp when replaced with 11watt CFL, saved a bill of N47138
and when compared with 5watt LED lamp, about N53679 was saved. Where the energy saved when replaced
with 5watt LED lamp and 11watt CFL were 1650kWh and 1470kWh respectively.[6] reported that CFL
consume energy of 1.32 times higher than LED lamp and incandescent lamp consume energy of 2.74 times than
LED lamp. Again, when 100watt incandescent lamp was replaced with 20watt CFL and 8watt LED lamp, the
energy consumption and electricity bill saved were 2400kWh, 2760kWh, and N75252 and N87035 respectively.
With the same stipulated period, the costs saved due to replacing 200W incandescent lamp to 24W LED lamp
was N161,814 and when it was replaced with 40W CFL, the cost saved N147504. [7] reported that the total cost
of purchasing and running 39 of 14watt CFLs simultaneously for fifteen years period would be $3578.25, but if
the 39 CFL were to be replaced with 39 of 10.5watt LED lamps, the total cost would be 3073.69, therefore
saving about $500 within the fifteen years period. The energy consumption and electricity bill saved replacing
with the 40watt CFL and 24watt LED lamp were 4800kWh and 5280kWh respectively.
Figure 1 described the comparison between incandescent lamps, CFLs, and LED lamps over one hour operation
per day at utility rate of N30.23 per energy. This showed how much a consumer will need to budget making
choice in any of the lamps operating within the rate of one hour per day. The figure showed that every month, a
consumer using 40watt incandescent lamp were made to spend N36.28 and in two years he/she is expected to
pay N870.62 for the energy consumption within the time frame, whereas, a cost of N8.16 will be spent monthly
for a total of N195.89 in two years using 9watt CFL, and for 3watt LED lamp, a small amounts energy
consumption cost of N2.72 and N65.3 were spent monthly and annually respectively. Energy consumption cost
savings increases with increase in months of operation. In the first month of operation,N28.12 (78%) was saved
when 40watt incandescent lamp was replaced with 9watt CFL and when it was replaced with 3watt LED lamp it
savedN33.56 (93%). According to [8] a 66.8% cost saving will be obtained by replacing incandescent lamp with
CFL at one hour per day operation. N435.31 was spent annually when 40watt incandescent lamp was used, but
when replaced with it equivalents of 9watt CFL it saved 77% throughout the year and saved 92% when replaced
with 3watt LED lamp. According to [9] $58 will be save replacing 40watt incandescent lamp with 8watt LED
lamp.
Figure 2 showed the responds of 60W incandescent lamp, 11W CFL, and 5W LED lamp of energy consumption
cost. It showed that N54.41 was spent monthly to run a 60W incandescent lamp and N652.97 annually. Then
relatively, when its equivalent of 11W CFL was used, it showed that consumers need to budget N9.98 monthly
for the electricity bill. Also, a cost N4.53 monthly was utilized to run 5watt LED lamp. By estimation, it showed
that it is better to use 5watt LED lamp, because of the cost saved the consumer will achieve. When a 60watt
incandescent lamp was replaced with 5watt LED lamp, about N49.88 (92%) was saved monthly, but when
replaced with 11W CFL, it saved N44.43 (82%) monthly. [10] reported that LED lamp save 90% of the energy
used by incandescent lamp, and can last for 10 years or more when operating 8 hours per day. So, a very high
percentage of the cost was saved when a 60W incandescent lamp was replaced with just 5W LED lamp, making
the energy efficient lamp the best for the consumers.
Figure 3 showed that, a 100W Philips incandescent lamputilised N90.69 monthly for the energy usage, whereas,
its equivalent 20watt Everlite CFL utilized N18.14, and when replaced with 8watt AKT LED lamp it utililsed
N7.26. It will be beneficial for a consumer to use 8W AKT LED lamp over 20W Everlite CFL and 100W
Philips incandescent lamp. Monthly cost of N72.55 (80%) was saved when a 100W incandescent lamp was
replaced with 20W CFL, but when it was replaced with 8watt LED lamp it savedN83.43 (92%). So, this proved
that 8W LED lamp is economically better, because large percentage of money were saved when it was used.

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Figure 4 showed the expenses that will be made to 200W incandescent lamp, 40W CFL, and 24W LED lamp.
Energy cost of N181.38 was utilised by 200W incandescent lamp monthly, whereas, 40W CFL and 24W LED
lamputilised N36.28 and N21.77 respectively. It is pertinent to note that between 200W incandescent lamp, 40W
CFL and 24W LED lamp, the 24W LED lamp is the best to use, because of the cost savings derived from it.
Furthermore, when the 200W incandescent lamp replaced 24W LED lamp a huge amount (percentage) of
N159.61 (88%) was saved monthly and when replaced with 40W CFL the percentage amount saved was N145.1
(80%).
Figure 5 showed that incandescent lamp emitted higher degree of heat into the environment as compared to CFL
and LED lamp which makes it absolutely not good enough to use at home. The power rating have a greater
contribution factor to determining the level of heat dissipation into a system of any kind of lamps, meaning that,
the higher the power rating (wattage), the higher the heat dissipation into the system. A 40wattLuxram
incandescent lamp dissipated a heat of average temperature 7.7OC, while its equivalent of 9watt ZXM CFL was
2OC and 3watt AKT LED lamp as low as 1.1OC. But, according to [11] a 3watt Evenso, 4watt Oscram of LED
lamp dissipate average temperature of 70.9OC and 70.7OC respectively. It was also noticed that a
200wattJungsram incandescent lamp dissipated about 41.2OC of heat into the confined space, making it the
highest among its equivalents of 40watt Torch CFL and 24wattSiase LED lamp with heat dissipation of 8.4OC
and 7.2OC respectively. The average temperature saved when a 200wattJungsram incandescent lamp was
replaced with its equivalent of 40watt Torch CFL was 32.4OC (80%) operating for one hour, and with
24wattSiase LED lamp, about 34OC (83%) was saved just within one hour. 20.2OC (83%) of heat was saved
when a 100watt Philips incandescent lamp was replaced with 20wattEverlite CFL, but when replaced with 8watt
AKT LED lamp, 22.1OC (91%) was saved. According to this result, we have noticed that, a greater percentage
of heat was saved due to replacing incandescent lamp with LED lamp.
5. Conclusion
LED lamp and CFL have significant vantages as compared to incandescent lamp. According to the theoretical
cost estimations, LED lamp is certainly the best alternative lamp to substitute incandescent lamp and CFL. The
energy savings of LED lamp fall within 14% to 92% based on the lamp replaced. The choice of best lamp
always rely on the saving capacity during operation. The energy efficient lamps are designed by the
manufacturers such that to regain the high procurement cost, the energy consumption cost savings is within the
time frame of the lifespan.
Pragmatically, LED lamp which happens to be solid state lamp, is certainly the best alternative to substitute CFL
and incandescent lamp considering the fact that it dissipate the least heat into the system.
Acknowledgement
I give my heartfelt thanks to Professor V.B. Omubo-Pepple and Dr M.A Alabraba for devoting so much time
making sure that I followed the path of norm in achieving the desired result, patience and the constructive
censure. God will continue to bless you.
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