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MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

March 2019

Authors:

Banaras Hindu University

At present, the scientific evidence concerning the effect of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell on brain activity together with working memory is less available. Therefore, we aimed to determine the medicinal importance of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell on attention, cognitive processing, working memory, and cholinergic and monoaminergic functions in healthy elderly. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, commonly known as water hyssop, is an herb often used in Ayurveda. Supplementing Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell has been shown to improve Cognition, by means of reducing Anxiety. It is also reliable for improving Memory. Though effects of this nature are usually studied in the elderly, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell appears to affect young people as well, making it a useful Nootropic. Since Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is also an Adaptogen, a relaxed person might experience a lack of motivation to work after supplementation. Theoretically, pairing Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell with a stimulant would ward off malaise, but this combination has not been tested. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell interacts with the dopamine and serotonergic systems, but its main mechanism concerns promoting neuron communication. It does this by enhancing the rate at which the nervous system can communicate by increasing the growth of nerve endings, also called dendrites. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is also an antioxidant.

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e-ISSN 2455-9709

Volume: 2, No.: 3, Year: 2016

MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

Jitendra Kumar1, Pushpa Gond2, Ravi Dabas3, J.S. Tripathi4, P.S. Byadgi5, P. Tewari6,

Sanjeev Kumar7and Ratnesh Kumar Rao8

1Junior Resident, 3Junior Resident, 5Assistant Professor, 6Assistant Professor, Department of Vikriti Vigyan, Faculty of

Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, E-mail: drjitendrakumarverma@gmail.com,

2Research Scholar, Department of Shalya Tantra, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu

University, Varanasi, 4Professor, HOD, Department of Kayachikitsa, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences,

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 7Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Faculty Aurveda, Institute of

Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi and 8Secretary, Mahima Research Foundation and Social Welfare,

194, Karaundi, BHU, Varanasi-221005, UP, India, Corresponding Author: Jitendra Kumar

Abstract: At present, the scientific evidence concerning the effect of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell on brain

activity together with working memory is less available. Therefore, we aimed to determine the medicinal

importance of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell on attention, cognitive processing, working memory, and

cholinergic and monoaminergic functions in healthy elderly.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, commonly known as water hyssop, is an herb often used in

Ayurveda. Supplementing Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell has been shown to improve Cognition, by means of

reducing Anxiety. It is also reliable for improving Memory. Though effects of this nature are usually

studied in the elderly, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell appears to affect young people as well, making it a

useful Nootropic.

Since Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is also an Adaptogen, a relaxed person might experience a

lack of motivation to work after supplementation. Theoretically, pairing Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell with

a stimulant would ward off malaise, but this combination has not been tested.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell interacts with the dopamine and serotonergic systems, but its main

mechanism concerns promoting neuron communication. It does this by enhancing the rate at which the

nervous system can communicate by increasing the growth of nerve endings, also called dendrites. Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell is also an antioxidant.

Keywords: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Anti-oxidant, Anxiety, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Memory

and Adaptogen.

Introduction: This plant is referred to in

Sanskrit as Aindri [1] and in Latin as Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell. It is also known as

“Water Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell”.[2] It is a

perennial herb found in wet and marshy regions

throughout India [3]. Sebastian Pole described

that Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is a water-

loving herb that is a “creeping annual that

spreads along banks of rivers as creativity and

awareness spread throughout us.” The use of

Bacopa in Ayurvedic medicine is reported from

some sources to date as far back as 3000 BC and

by other sources to approximately the 6th century

AD. In the classical Ayurvedic text of Charaka, it

is classified as Medhya-Rasayan (Medhya:

memory enhancing and Rasayan:Rejuvenating).

Charaka described the efficacy of bacopa in

treating old age and age-related diseases,

promoting memory and intellect, increasing the

life span, providing nourishment and improving

clarity of voice, complexion and luster.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell also

known as water hyssop, Bacopa monnieri (L.)

Pennell, is a creeping perennial with small

oblong leaves and purple flowers, found in warm

wetlands, and native to Australia and India.

Commonly found as a weed in rice fields,

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell grows throughout

East Asia and the United States [4]. The entire

plant is used medicinally.

Unlike the potentially addictive and

forceful action of widely used psychostimulants,

Indian Journal of Agriculture

and Allied Sciences

A Refereed Research Journal

Received: 10.08.2016, Accepted: 15.09.2016

90 Indian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences

chronic and moderate administration of Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell appears to nourish rather

than deplete neurons, an action compatible with

1400 years of Ayurvedic study. Bacopa monnieri

(L.) Pennell was initially described around the 6th

century A.D. in texts such as the Charaka

Samhita, Athar-Ved, and Susrutu Samhita as a

Medhya Rasayana–class herb taken to sharpen

intellect and attenuate mental deficits. The herb

was allegedly used by ancient Vedic scholars to

memorize lengthy sacred hymns and scriptures.

Chemical Constituents: The main nootropic

constituents of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell are

believed to be dammarane types of triterpenoid

saponins known as bacosides, with jujubogenin

or pseudo-jujubogenin moieties as aglycone units

[5]. Bacosides comprise a family of 12 known

analogs [6]. Novel saponins called bacopasides I–

XII have been identified more recently [7-9]. The

alkaloids Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennellne,

nicotine, and herpestine have been catalogued,

along with D-mannitol, apigenin, hersaponin,

monnierasides I–III, cucurbitacins and

plantainoside B [10-15]. The constituent most

studied has been bacoside A, which was found to

be a blend of bacoside A3, bacopacide II,

bacopasaponin C, and a jujubogenin isomer of

bacosaponin C [15]. These assays have been

conducted using whole plant extract, and

bacoside concentrations may vary depending

upon the part from which they are extracted.

In one Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

sample, Rastogi et al. found this bacoside

profile—bacopaside I (5.37%), bacoside A3

(5.59%), bacopaside II (6.9%), bacopasaponin C

isomer (7.08%), and bacopasaponin C (4.18%)

[16]. The complete assay of Bacopa monnieri (L.)

Pennell is an ongoing effort.

Plant Description: Bacopa monnieri (L.)

Pennell is a glabrous, succulent, small, prostrate

or creeping annual herb, found throughout India

in wetlands and damp places. Stem is thin, green

or purplish green, about 1-2 mm thick, 10-30 cm

long, soft; nodes and internodes are prominent,

glabrous; and taste slightly bitter [17]. Leaves are

simple, opposite decussate, green, sessile, 0.6-2.5

cm long, 3-8 mm broad, obvate-oblong; and taste

slightly bitter. Flowers are small, axillary and

solitary, pedicels 6-30 mm long, bracteoles

shorter than pedicels. Fruits are capsules upto 5

mm long, ovoid and glabrous. Root is thin, wiry,

small, branched and creamish-yellow in color.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom

Plantae

Order

Lamiales

Family

Plantaginaceae (or Scrophulariaceae)

Genus

Bacopa

Species

B. monnieri

Binomial name

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacopa_monnieri

Ayurvedic Description of Bacopa monneri (L.) Pennell [18]

S.N.

Ayurvedic Property

Bacopa monneria (L.) Pennell

Rasa (Taste)

Tikta

Guna (Properties, potency)

Laghu, snigdha

Veerya (Vital fluid)

Ushna

Vipak (Post digestion effect)

Katu

Manas, the outer mind, is the receptacle

of sensory impressions from our sense organs,

organizes them into categories, yet it has doubt

about their true nature. Buddhi defines and

judges them and brings about definite and

determinate cognition. Thus while Manas simply

assimilates sense-impressions and Buddhi

defines them, Ahankara, the Ego, self-

appropriates the perceived impressions for its

own agenda. Buddhi determines their nature,

differentiates them and crystallizes them into

concepts. Its function, then, is to bring about

certainty and distinctiveness in knowledge.

Rajas or active, stirring, desiring,

passionate, moving; impelled towards action,

which may be a negative if excessive or

uncontrolled; it is positive when it overcomes

inertia[19].

Tamas static, stable, inert; Negative

aspects include heaviness, stubbornness, vice,

ignorance, dullness, stagnation, or stupor.

Medicinal Importance of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell 91

Positive aspects include stability and

reliability[20].

Sattva pure, lucid, serene, illumined,

equipoised, spiritual; as the veil of the other two

is gradually lifted, there arises sattvic qualities of

virtue, higher wisdom, peace, desirelessness, and

expansiveness [21].

The Three Doshas:Most people get caught up

every day in their own thoughts, concerns,

perceptions, opinion, and emotions–becoming so

identified with a thought that the mind creates its

own interpretation of the world which can

sometimes exist only in our mind. Our innate

Doshic constitution (Deha Prakriti) certainly

influences the type of mental impressions which

arise.

Kapha: Predominant person tends not to see the

world through the filter of fear or anger and

might interpret the banker‘s call as something

positive perhaps a reward for being a loyal

customer or some good news about her

investments [22-24].

Vata:Type mental disorders cause mental

instability and agitation, which invariably creates

fear, unrestrained thinking, anxiety, and typically

an unrealistic pessimistic anticipation and

perception of life events. The Vata mind is

hyper-sensitive, hyper-reactive, agitated and

lacking in endurance. The mind is excessive

porous and affected by the manifestations of

others and can launch prematurely into impulsive

actions that are seen as mistakes a short time

later [25-26].

Pitta:Type mental disorders commonly occur

due the tendency to be self-important, even

narcissistic. Pitta Dosha when excessive in the

mind often creates a fiercely focused but narrow,

fanatic and confrontational mind. Excess

aggression, hostility, blaming and criticism of

others are the outer manifestations but

misdirected desires and insecurity are root causes

behind most Pitta mental disorders [27-29].

The Three Gunas:No one would say that the

body has three legs, or that stomach pumps blood

and brain digests food. The reason for this is that

the body is easy to observe. We can easily list the

main systems of the physical body, but we find it

difficult to do so for mind. The mind appears as

an amorphous or structure-less entity, rather than

a structured instrument like the body. Ayurveda

Initially understands mind through the qualities

exhibited by its component elements. The

Sanskrit word guna means quality. Whereas the

Doshas influence both mind and body, the Gunas

relate only to the mind.

Supports the Brain: As people age, it’s

common for age-related brain degradation to

happen. The active compounds in Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell, known as bacosides, are

beginning to be evaluated for their effects on the

brain and human health. Some research has

shown the compounds in Bacopa monnieri (L.)

Pennell to positively influence brain cells that

prompt the regeneration of brain tissue. [30] In one

animal study, long-term supplementation with

bacosides showed therapeutic value against the

rapid degeneration associated with Alzheimer’s

disease. [31] Hopefully more will continue to

explore its potential benefits for brain health.

Promotes Liver Health: The brain is not the

only organ that benefits from Bacopa monnieri

(L.) Pennell’s health-promoting compounds. The

liver is the body’s main detoxifying organ, and

studies suggest Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

may be useful for encouraging liver function

following toxin damage. [32] With the daily

onslaught of toxins in our environment and food,

it’s no wonder so many seek safe, natural

compounds that support proper liver function.

Protection against Neonatal Hypoglycemia:

When it comes to newborn infants, low blood

sugar (hypoglycemia) can result in serious and

immediate brain damage, inducing future motor

and cognitive impairment. Studies have found

bacosides to be highly-active compounds that

exhibit neuron-protecting effects in

hypoglycemic infants. Therefore, many

researchers believe that Bacopa monnieri (L.)

Pennell extracts may be effective for protecting

newborn brains against hypoglycemia-induced

brain damage [33].

Positively Impacts Opioid Dependence:

Doctors prescribe (and sometimes over-

prescribe) opioids, like morphine and oxycodone,

for pain management. Although these drugs are

effective, their highly-addictive nature is a

massive downside. Seventy-seven percent of

chronic pain patients also suffer from depression

and face an added risk of addiction. Researchers

have discovered that bacosides may be helpful

for enhancing the benefits of morphine while

reducing the “high”, thus decreasing the risk for

dependence [34-35]. In addition, studies indicate

that bacosides offer protective benefits for organs

commonly affected by opiate toxicity [36].

Fights Systemic Redness and Swelling: Any

illness or irritation can cause redness and

swelling in the body. No location more

dangerous than the brain. Bacopa monnieri (L.)

Pennell may be helpful at fighting this. Research

92 Indian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences

supports its use for managing systemic redness in

the brain caused by the body’s autoimmune

response [37]. Much of the research is ongoing;

however, the emerging data offers hope for new

therapies in the treatment of chronic discomfort

and redness.

Encourages Normal Blood Pressure: Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell has been shown to increase

the utilization of nitric oxide in the body and also

appears to encourage vascular muscle function,

two benefits that positively influence normal

blood pressure [38]. While promoting normal

blood pressure is not one of Bacopa monnieri

(L.) Pennell’s most well-known uses, the herb

may still provide a valuable, natural approach to

those seeking this benefit.

Strong Antioxidant Activity: Antioxidants can

we get too many of them? Many researchers are

evaluating natural plants, herbs, and foods for

their antioxidant potential and findings indicate

that Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is a good one.

It provides protection against oxidative damage,

a type of cellular damage caused by free radicals

[39]. The herb has also been shown to enhance

antioxidant activity in other organs, like the

kidneys [40].

Organic is Best: As with any plant or herb, it’s a

good idea to know its source in order to decrease

the likelihood of consuming pesticides, GMO’s,

and pollutants. If Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

has a caveat, it’s that it’s very absorbent and can

easily accumulate pollutants and other

contaminants, such as arsenic, if grown in or

around contaminated areas. In more than one

case, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell samples

taken from a semi-urban area contained

noticeable levels of lead, copper, cadmium, and

zinc which exceeded safe thresholds [41-42].

Effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell:

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell works to improve

cognitive function in people of all ages. It

improves the way the mind works for better

memory and clearer thinking. This herb also

helps to improve mood. People who take the

dried herb or extract report feeling an instant lift

in their mood and a new way in which their brain

functions. Those who seek information on

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell are often amazed

at the many ailments this herb can provide

treatment for. It can be taken internally or

applied topically through an extract made from

steeping the leaves of the plant and extracting the

precious oils inside.

Elemental Analysis: Elemental concentrations

of B. monnieri (L.) Pennell [43-47] herb were

determined by various multi-elemental analysis

techniques. A number of active elemental

constituents of the medicinal plants are the

metabolic products of the plant cells. A number

of minor and trace elements play an important

role in the metabolism processes. These

important elemental constituents of the medicinal

plant possess different curative capability for

human diseases. As reported in there are 10

minor (mg/g) elements, viz. Al, Br, Ca, Cl, Fe,

K, Mg, Na, P and V present in Bacopa monnieri

(L.) Pennell plant [43]. Also, there are 12 trace

(μg/g) elements viz. Ba, Co, Cr, Cs, Hg, La, Mn,

Rb, Sc, Se, Th, and Zn detected in the Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell herb using neutron

activation analysis (NAA) and Atomic

Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) techniques.

Again, in another report, elemental constituents

of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell herb have been

analyzed using NAA and AAS techniques [44, 48].

There are 5 minor (w%) elements, viz. Al, Cl,

Mg, Na, K, detected using NAA. The method

involves thermal neutron irradiation in a reactor

followed by counting at several intervals. Also,

Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, Fe, Ca and Zn contents

were determined by AAS. Concentration (w%)

of 9 minor elements, viz. Na, Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K,

Ca, and Fe in B. monnieri (L.) Pennell herb were

determined using the energy dispersive

spectroscopy (EDS) technique [46]. Also, both

minor (%) and trace (ppm) elemental

concentrations of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

herb were carried out using the proton-induced

Xray emission (PIXE) technique [47]. The minor

elementals, viz. Fe, Ca, P, K, Cl are found in

w%. However, the trace elements of Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell, viz. V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu,

Zn, As, Br, Se, Rb, Sr are observed in ppm level.

Pharmacological Analysis: The

pharmacological properties [49-58] of B. monnieri

(L.) Pennell have been studied extensively and

the activities have been attributed mainly to the

presence of characteristic saponins (bacosides).

Again, Bacopa is a very good natural antioxidant

which shows neuroprotective properties in the

memory centers of the brain and cell-protective

effects [59]. Again, epilepsy is a neuronal disorder

characterized by learning, cognitive and memory

impairments.

It also inhibits acetylcholinesterase,

activates choline acetyltransferase, and increases

cerebral blood flow [60] and protects

neurodegeneration in animal models [61-67]. The

preliminary clinical studies of the above herb

have shown improvement of cognitive function

Medicinal Importance of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell 93

in humans [68]. However, the major chemicals

responsible for various curative properties of

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell herb have already

been described in the earlier section the

‘Chemical analysis’.

Toxicology Analysis: Aqueous extracts of

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell may elevate serum

thyroxine and decrease spermatogenesis, sperm

count, and fertility in male mice [69]. The rat

LD50 was found to be 2400 mg/kg following a

single oral administration [70]. The most

commonly reported adverse side effects of B.

monnieri (L.) Pennell in humans is nausea,

increased intestinal motility, and gastrointestinal

upset [31]. Toxic elements such as Cd, Cr, Hg, As,

Rb, and Pb are present in the B. monnieri (L.)

Pennell herb [43, 48, 46, 47, 71, 72]. These

environmental toxicants cause poisonous effects

on both plants and animals. The toxic and heavy

metals such as Pb, Hg, etc. have been a regular

constituent in the Indian traditional Ayurvedic

medicines. The efficacy and side effects of these

elements are evaluated by various authors. It has

been expected that these may cause serious harm

to patients taking such remedies.

Benefits of Using Bacopa monnieri (L.)

Pennell

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell has been

found to be very beneficial in the treatment

of anxiety neurosis and mental fatigue. It has

been found to significant improve IQ levels,

general ability, behavioral patterns and

mental concentration in children. Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell is useful for improving

mental clarity, confidence and memory

recall. For these uses of Bacopa monnieri

(L.) Pennell, it has been widely used by

students.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is also used for

the treatment of epilepsy, insomnia, asthma

and rheumatism.

Studies have also shown Bacopa monnieri

(L.) Pennell to possess anticancer activity.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is effective

against diseases like bronchitis, asthma,

hoarseness, arthritis, rheumatism, backache,

constipation, hair loss, fevers, digestive

problems etc.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is bitter in

flavor, in India the plant is used in salads,

soups, as a cooked lea vegetable, or pickled.

Research has shown that Bacopa monnieri

(L.) Pennell has Antioxidant, Cardiotonic

and Anticancer properties.

The plant is also used for all sorts of skin

problems- eczema, psoriasis, abscess,

ulcerations- it is said to stimulate the growth

of skin, hair and nails.

Two chemicals in bacopa, bacosides A

and B, improve the transmission of impulses

between nerve cells in your brain. The

neurobiological effects of these isolated

molecules were found to increase protein kinase

activity and new protein synthesis, specifically in

cells in region of the brain associated with long-

term memory. Bacopa also increases your level

of serotonin, a brain chemical known to promote

relaxation. The herb's ability to boost brain

function while reducing anxiety may explain

why it helps treat ADHD.

Aside from increasing intellectual and

cognitive function, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

induces a sense of calm and peace in its users. It

is unique in its ability to invigorate mental

processes whilst reducing the effects of stress

and nervous anxiety. This makes Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell extremely applicable in

highly stressful work or study environments

where clarity of thought is as important as being

able to work under pressure. Many people have

the intelligence to perform to strict standards, but

lack the composure and self-confidence to reach

them. Additionally, Bacopa monnieri (L.)

Pennell helps soothe the restlessness and

distraction that nervousness causes. Bacopa

monnieri (L.) Pennell is ideal for students and

workers faced with this problem.

Conclusion: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell has

been used in traditional Indian medicine, the

Ayurveda, for the treatment of anxiety, and in

improving intellect and memory, for several

centuries. In addition to memory boosting

activity, it is also claimed to be useful in the

treatment of cardiac, respiratory and

neuropharmacological disorders like insomnia,

insanity, depression, psychosis, epilepsy and

stress. It has been reported to possess anti-

inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, sedative,

free radical scavenging and anti-lipid

peroxidative activities. It is used also as a

tranquillizer. The plant is anticancer, astringent,

bitter, sweet, cooling, laxative, intellect

promoting, anodyne, carminative, digestive,

antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatroy,

anticonvulsant, depurative, cardiotonic,

bronchodialator, diuretic, emmenagogue,

sudorfic, febrifuge and a tonic.

94 Indian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences

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