No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Global Compendium on Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage/Sludge/Ash
Abstract
This compendium provides an overview of technology implementations in the field of phosphorus recov-ery from sewage/sludge. It focuses on centralized infrastructures and covers operational and regulatory issues. Besides general information on specific technologies or recovery concepts, regional aspects re-garding the implementation are addressed. An exhaustive list of technology suppliers should enable po-tential users to get in direct contact with suppliers to foster implementation. The compendium covers technologies already implemented or at the brink to the market. It will not address decentralized concepts, nor will it provide details on R&D projects. The intention of the compendium is to enable potential users (wastewater utilities) of P recovery technologies to identify available and suitable solutions for their needs and to enable them to get insights of related operational, but also legal aspects to be considered.
... Selecting the most effective P recovery process depends on the type of waste treated, the resources available and the products that are required. There are more than 30 different technologies available to recover P from waste streams and new ones continue to emerge (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019). Commercially established processes of P recovery exist mainly for sewage sludge and digestate, with P recovery predominantly practised in the European Union (EU), Japan and North America (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019) (Figure 7.1). ...
... There are more than 30 different technologies available to recover P from waste streams and new ones continue to emerge (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019). Commercially established processes of P recovery exist mainly for sewage sludge and digestate, with P recovery predominantly practised in the European Union (EU), Japan and North America (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019) (Figure 7.1). ...
... Several reviews of P recovery technologies are provided in the literature, which this document does not aim to replicate (e.g. Morse et al., 1998;Le Corre et al., 2009;Rittmann et al., 2011;Cieslik et al., 2015;Tarayre et al., 2016;Schoumans et al., 2017;Mahoo, 2018;Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019;Kraus et al., 2019;Ohtake and Tsuneda, 2019;Li et al., 2019a). However, they highlight there is no 'ideal' single method to recover P from wastes, and technologies are not mutually exclusive (Walker, 2017). ...
Currently large amounts of phosphorus are lost in waste streams. A global commitment to recycling nutrients in wastes and residues is needed. Phosphorus recovery provides the opportunity to recover a contaminant free, high purity source of phosphorus that can be used to create customised products, and substitute effectively for phosphorus derived from phosphate rock. Phosphorus recovery and recycling will catalyse new circular economy opportunities in line with national and international policies and directives.
... Depending on their access point, P recycling technologies can be classified as downstream recovery or as WWTP-integrated recovery [8]. The former typically address P retained in the ash after sewage sludge mono-incineration. ...
... Stuttgart process) or by thermal treatment (e.g. Lysotherm process and Heatphos process) [8,9]. Re-dissolution also takes place during anaerobic sludge digestion due to sludge disintegration and cell lysis [4]. ...
... Overall, we could re-dissolve 19-56% of total P. Higher re-dissolution rates of up to 83% were obtained with lab-enriched PAO sludge in a SBR with synthetic wastewater and carbon source supplementation [25,26]. Practical re-dissolution rates at full-scale WWPTs range from 40% to 60% [8]. Such rates were obtained upon a (thermo)hydrolytical sludge treatment or after extended anaerobic treatment which provide a disintegration of the sludge. ...
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is often applied by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) whereby phosphorus (P) is accumulated in the activated sludge (AS) biomass. The German Sewage Sludge Ordinance demands that large WWTPs recycle P from their process streams by 2029. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of an acetate-mediated P re-dissolution from non-acclimated AS of three full-scale WWTPs. All AS exhibited enhanced P re-dissolution during acetate uptake and followed kinetics typical of EBPR systems. Re-dissolution efficiency differed depending on the WWTP operation mode. The highest P re-dissolution yield (56% of total P) was obtained for pure EBPR sludge. Lower re-dissolution rates of 19-22% were observed in the AS from WWTPs that employed additional chemical P removal, probably due to shortage of intracellular polyphosphate. Pure EBPR systems may be suited for the implementation of a re-dissolution based strategy for P recycling from AS where P depleted AS could potentially be returned to the biological treatment stage.
... WWTP-integrated recovery focuses on the aqueous phase or aims to re-dissolve P from the sludge matrix using biological, chemical or thermal pretreatment methods (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019;Li and Li, 2017;Takiguchi et al., 2003). Wet-chemical sludge re-dissolution processes with strong acids are fast but often involve a high consumption of chemicals and co-solubilization of metals considered unfavorable. ...
... Beyond the biological P re-dissolution, the choice of the value-added recovery product plays an important role for its potential use. To date, once P is dissolved, it is mainly recovered by crystallization of struvite or calcium phosphate (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019). Also, P recovery as vivianite has been reported (Li and Li, 2017;Prot et al., 2020Prot et al., , 2019Wilfert et al., 2018Wilfert et al., , 2016. ...
The recovery of phosphorus (P) from wastewater is crucial for circularity of plant nutrients. While wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) employing enhanced biological P removal offer potential for P recovery by biological P re-dissolution, its scalability and performance under real-world conditions remain underexplored. Here we report on a pilot-scale test (15 m3 return sludge per day) for rapid P recovery from return sludge at a full-scale municipal WWTP induced by acetate supplementation and subsequent P precipitation as a soil amendment and fertilizer. In a total of 54 re-dissolution batches (treatment time approx. 80 min), supernatant P concentrations varied greatly. Batches were combined and used as the feed at 19.2–22.7 mg P/L for fluidized bed precipitation with dolomite seed grains. This step was highly efficient since upon milk of lime addition (pH >9.6), 99% of the P-input load precipitated onto the dolomite, forming a calcium phosphate layer with 0.9–1.9 wt% P. Trace element levels in the product complied with the German Fertilizer Ordinance. Residual ortho-P effluent levels were ≤0.3 mg P/L. The precipitate is valuable in terms of soil pH regulation, while providing Ca, Mg, and P as plant nutrients. However, the poor overall recovery of 1.9% of total sludge P clearly highlights the challenges of re-dissolution and phase separation at the pilot-scale. These arise from the combined biological and chemical P elimination strategy used at the particular WWTP, variations in acetate-induced re-dissolution kinetics, and inefficient sedimentation for solid/liquid separation. Perspectives for process optimization and improved overall recovery are discussed.
... Since P availability and needs differ between regions, an effective global governance of this element is required, including clear stakeholders' roles and responsibilities. National policymakers can facilitate the assessment of a region's P vulnerability to scarcity and pollution, and the prioritization, development, and implementation of cost-effective, socially robust, and environmentally sound, context-specific responses for the recovery and efficient use of P. All key stakeholders, the fertiliser industry, water service providers, farmers and so on must actively be involved in the solutions (Kabbe, 2019). ...
... From July 2022 onwards, the quality certification process of fertilising products is harmonised across the EU through the Fertilising Products Regulation (Regulation EC No. 2019/1009, 2019. In addition to inorganic fertilisers, the FPR harmonises the quality assessment procedures for other fertilising products, such as organic fertilisers, organo-mineral fertilisers, soil improvers, liming materials, plant biostimulants, inhibitors and fertilising product blends (Oni and Reddy, 2021). ...
... The potential for nutrient recovery from wastewater is reflected in the considerable attention that the field received in the past decades. Many different nutrient recovery processes have been developed, several of which have had their feasibility demonstrated in large-scale facilities (Canziani et al., 2023;ESPP, 2023ESPP, , 2021Kabbe, 2023Kabbe, , 2019Latimer et al., 2016;Mehta et al., 2015). Research in the field has focused primarily on the recovery of solid phosphorus products for use in soil-based crop production systems, with a strong bias towards the recovery of the mineral struvite (Kumar and Pal, 2015;Mehta et al., 2015;Rahman et al., 2014). ...
... Products classified as recoverable for hydroponic cultivation systems consist mainly of ammonium and phosphate fertilizers (i.e., ammonium phosphates, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and phosphoric acid) that are produced in liquid form by acid leaching of phosphorus from sludge incineration ashes and/or NH 3 stripping from digested sludge liquor, followed by neutralization (Canziani et al., 2023;ESPP, 2023ESPP, , 2021Fröhlich et al., 2018;Kabbe, 2021Kabbe, , 2019Latimer et al., 2016;Mehta et al., 2015;NUTRIMAN Farmer Platform, 2021;ESPP, 2021;Rizzioli et al., 2023;Robles et al., 2019;Rossi et al., 2018). The acid or base used for neutralization determines the composition of the nutrient salt recovered. ...
Nutrient recovery from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for hydroponic cultivation holds promise for closing the nutrient loop and meeting rising food demands. However, most studies focus on solid products for soil-based agriculture, thus raising questions about their suitability for hydroponics. In this study, we address these questions by performing the first in-depth assessment of the extent to which state-of-the-art nutrient recovery processes can generate useful products for hydroponic application. Our results indicate that less than 11.5% of the required nutrients for crops grown hydroponically can currently be recovered. Potassium nitrate (KNO3), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), constituting over 75% of the total nutrient demand for hydroponics, cannot be recovered in appropriate form due to their high solubility, hindering their separated recovery from wastewater. To overcome this challenge, we outline a novel nutrient recovery approach that emphasizes the generation of multi-nutrient concentrates specifically designed to meet the requirements of hydroponic cultivation. Based on a theoretical assessment of nutrient and contaminant flows in a typical municipal WWTP, utilizing a steady-state model, we estimated that this novel approach could potentially supply up to 56% of the nutrient requirements of hydroponic systems.
inally, we outline fundamental design requirements for nutrient recovery systems based on this new approach. Achieving these nutrient recovery potentials could be technically feasible through a combination of activated sludge processes for nitrification, membrane-based desalination processes, and selective removal of interfering NaCl. However, given the limited investigation into such treatment trains, further research is essential to explore viable system designs for effective nutrient recovery for hydroponics.
... Economic, legislative and communication instruments are required to support the mineral fertiliser and chemical industries to increase their use of recovered P materials as alternatives to P mined from phosphate rock (PR) (Hermann et al., 2019;Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019;Matsubae and Webeck, 2019) (see Chapter 7). Common features that will make recovered P materials commercially viable as an industry-compatible raw material include homogeneous quality, low levels of contaminants, and production levels that are high enough to ensure a reliable supply (Schipper, 2019). ...
... Currently, significant amounts of P are lost in 'waste' streams representing solid and liquid residues requiring disposal (Withers et al., 2015a;Vaccari et al., 2019). Multiple strategies exist to improve the recycling of P in manures, abattoir residues, food processing and domestic wastes, sewage derived biosolids and wastewaters (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019), all of which represent resources with potential for recycling (see Chapter 6). Such losses not only represent a waste of valuable P but in some cases a significant cause of P pollution to waterbodies (Withers et al., 2015a) (see Chapter 5). ...
There are abundant opportunities to transition towards more sustainable phosphorus use. Taken collectively, these solutions unlock multiple environmental and societal benefits. Actions must be delivered cooperatively, as part of an integrated plan across sectors and scales. Indeed, coordinated action on phosphorus to support governments, existing conventions, and intergovernmental frameworks, as well as stakeholders, to catalyse improvements in phosphorus sustainability is urgently required. An inter-conventional coordination mechanism to address fragmented phosphorus policy is proposed.
... On the other hand, P extraction in an alkaline solution has rarely been applied. An example is the Metawater process where P in SSA is mainly extracted from AlPO 4 by sodium hydroxide [44,45]. A more detailed description of these processes and other processes can be found in ESPP et al. [45] and Kabbe and Rinck-Pfieffer [44]. Figure 2 gives the efficiency of P extraction from the PMA, SSA and MBMA for all extraction liquids considered (The P concentration in the three ash types differs. ...
... An example is the Metawater process where P in SSA is mainly extracted from AlPO 4 by sodium hydroxide [44,45]. A more detailed description of these processes and other processes can be found in ESPP et al. [45] and Kabbe and Rinck-Pfieffer [44]. Figure 2 gives the efficiency of P extraction from the PMA, SSA and MBMA for all extraction liquids considered (The P concentration in the three ash types differs. ...
Phosphorus (P) rich ash from biomass incineration is a potential promising alternative for non-renewable phosphate rock. This study considered the P recovery potential of poultry manure ash, sewage sludge ash and meat and bone meal ash through wet chemical extraction. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that these three ash types had a distinct P mineralogy. If inorganic acids were used for the extraction, the P extraction efficiency was not or only slightly affected by the P mineralogy. Contrarily, for the organic acids, alkaline extraction liquid and chelating agents considered, the P extraction efficiency was highly affected by the P mineralogy, and was also affected by the elemental composition of the ash and/or the chemical characteristics of the extraction liquids. Alkaline extraction liquids showed in general low heavy metal co-extraction, in contrast to the inorganic acids. From an economic point of view, of all extraction liquids considered, sulfuric acid was the most interesting to extract P from all three ash types. Oxalic acid could be a more sustainable option for P extraction from sewage sludge ash. In addition, extraction of poultry manure ash with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid showed a relatively high P extraction efficiency combined with relatively low heavy metal co-extraction.
Graphic Abstract
... In the last years, there has been a significant increase in the amount of research works devoted to the possibility of P recovery from various wastes generated in WWTPs. They have been summarized in the "Global Compendium on Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage/Sludge/Ash" [33]. Many national, European and global projects have been focusing on the development of new techniques of P recovery from waste, while others have been verifying already existing technologies to achieve the highest efficiency in terms of both recovery level and economic viability. ...
... So far, the recyclates are only exceptionally sold and usually they are distributed for free or at more or less just symbolic prices. Therefore, such technologies' implementation should have law-enforced P recovery, as it was already implemented in Switzerland and Germany [33]. ...
Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin). The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7-45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5-100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7-19.2% P 2 O 5 , 10.8-14.2% CaO, 3.5-5.4% Na 2 O, 2.6-3.6% MgO and 0.9-1.3% K 2 O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2-73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8-22.7 mg/kg, cadmium 0.9-2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production.
... This concern has been reinforced by Cordell et al. (2011), who reported that in 2008, geopolitical conditions induced the rise of the prices of products derived from phosphate rocks, such as fertilizers and food products. Furthermore, from the 263 Tg P rock globally mined in 2017, only 12 Tg of the mined quantity of P finally ended up in the form of food on our tables (Kabbe, 2019). However, applying circularity in the supply chain of phosphorus can satisfy the demand and reduce its dependence on imports by up to 79 %, also reducing the environmental risk of eutrophication in water body . ...
... This is useful when transporting bulky residues long distances to croplands is not feasible or contaminants persist despite treatment. Over 30 technologies exist for phosphorus recovery [45], with commercial processes mainly applied to sewage sludge and digestate (from anaerobic digestions) as well as to abattoir wastes, poultry litter, manure, food processing and industrial wastes [44]. ...
The dependence of countries on phosphorus fertilisers derived from phosphate rock to maintain crop yields and ensure food security is well established. Yet, exposure of
national food systems to constrained reserves of phosphate rock and supply chain complexities still pose risks to farmers’ access to this critical nutrient in many countries. Whilst phosphorus scarcity can threaten food security, suboptimal
fertiliser use and poor wastewater treatment can lead to pollution of freshwaters and coasts, causing eutrophication. This impacts biodiversity, drinking water and aquatic food production. In some countries, national plans targeting the recycling of phosphorus losses back into food production are being considered, offering -environmental and socioeconomic benefits. Here, we review the literature on assessing risks to food security and water quality associated with national reliance on phosphate rock as the primary source of phosphorus for fertilisers. The scientific community has developed data and tools to enable countries to assess exposure in food systems from phosphorus supply and management and in the environment from pollution. However, current assessment approaches often overlook economic
vulnerability, a key gap that hinders our understanding of the urgency and severity of impacts from inaction. Exposure assessments could be used to develop National Sustainable Phosphorus Plans embedding priority actions and financial instruments across existing policy frameworks. Actions include identifying local to national sources and sites for phosphorus recycling, identifying catchments and
ecosystems where the benefits of reducing phosphorus pollution are greatest, and establishing an infrastructure development plan to enable greater recycling and reduced pollution. We discuss four integrated actions that will enable countries to take the first steps towards a circular phosphorus economy in the context of a challenging global situation.
... Products classified as recoverable for soilless cultivation systems consist mainly of ammonium and phosphate 241 fertilizers (i.e., ammonium phosphates, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and phosphoric acid) that are 242 produced in liquid form by acid leaching of phosphorus from sludge incineration ashes and/or NH 3 stripping from 243 digested sludge liquor, followed by neutralization (Canziani et al., 2023;ESPP, 2021ESPP, , 2023Evans, 2007;Fröhlich 244 et al., 2018;Kabbe, 2019Kabbe, , 2021Latimer et al., 2016;Mehta et al., 2015;NUTRIMAN Farmer Platform, 2020245 Rizzioli et al., 2023;Rossi et al., 2018). The acid or base used for neutralization determine the composition of the 246 nutrient salt recovered. ...
... For instance, the process can be easily automated, does not require the addition of chemicals for pH adjustment [12], produces less sludge, can generate renewable fuel in the form of hydrogen gas [13,14], and also reduce COD levels in wastewater through oxidation and complexation [15]. In spite of this, CSP processes have been extensively studied using various waste streams (industrial wastewater, municipal wastewater, AD calf/swine manure) and have been successfully implemented at different pilot-and full-scale units (e.g., Multiform, NuReSys, Anphos, Airprex, Ostara, Naskeo and Phospaq) [16][17][18][19], while ESP using a Mg sacrificial electrode is still at bench-scale. This is mainly because there are several scale-up and design aspects that still need to be addressed before full-scale application can be developed. ...
... To achieve this, a paradigm shift is urgently needed in how society deals with residue streams, i.e., shifting from a pollutant focus to an appreciation of valued nutrient resources. With >30 different technologies available to recover phosphorus from residue streams, there are many options available (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019). ...
Food systems depend on reliable supplies of phosphorus to fertilize soils. Since 2020, a pandemic, geopolitical disputes, trade wars and escalating fuel prices have driven a >400% increase in phosphorus commodity prices, contributing to the current food crisis. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has disrupted phosphate trade further. Concurrently, phosphorus losses to freshwaters, through insufficient municipal wastewater treatment and inappropriate fertilizer use and land management practices, are a significant threat to water quality globally. Despite precariously balanced food and water security risks, nations are largely unaware of their “phosphorus vulnerability” and phosphorus is markedly absent in national and global policies addressing food and water security. Phosphorus vulnerability can be described as the degree to which people/systems are susceptible to harm due to the physical, geopolitical and socio-economic dimensions of global phosphorus scarcity and pollution. Here, we bring the current price spike into focus, highlighting the drivers, policy responses and their consequences. We highlight the need for an integrated assessment of phosphorus vulnerability that considers environmental, socio-economic and climate change risks across scales. We illustrate how reducing phosphorus waste, increasing phosphorus recycling, and wider system transformation can reduce national reliance on imported phosphorus, whilst enhancing food and water security. The current crisis in fertilizer prices represents a wake-up call for the international community to embrace the global phosphorus challenge.
... Most, if not all, P-rich organic materials need some level of processing to reduce contaminants and pathogens to safe levels for use in food production (see Chapter 6). Many processes can be used to recover P from contaminated organic materials (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019). Whilst some P recovery processes can be expensive and provide economic barriers to recycling, the market price alone for recovered P products should not define the economic feasibility of P recovery. ...
... Technological advances in phosphorus recovery and recycling can build resilience within food systems 11 , and a similar approach could be considered for LFP batteries. While technological and economic barriers may currently prohibit closedloop recycling of phosphorus within the LEV sector, phosphorus recycling and recovery from other sectors may provide an opportunity to reduce reliance on mined sources. ...
... Some researchers studied the mechanisms of struvite crystallization and summarized related factors affecting its formation and properties (Le Corre et al., 2009;Liu et al., 2018;Liu and Wang, 2019;Muys et al., 2021). Struvite recovery from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in full-scale are receiving more attention, and there are almost 100 full-scale struvite plants all around the world to recover nutrients from wastewater (Kabbe and Rinck-Pfeiffer, 2019). Some companies in Japan, EU (Germany, Netherlands, Belgium), USA, Canada have developed industries for producing struvite from wastewaters and sludge (de Bashan and Bashan, 2004;Hallas et al., 2019;Ueno and Fujii, 2001;Venkatesan et al., 2016). ...
Phosphorus, as a non-renewable element, is flowing out too fast in the past decades. To sustain the development of this globally scarce resource, efficient measures were taken to recover more phosphorus in the struvite form from wastewater. However, heavy metals in the wastewater might produce an inhibitory effect on phosphorus recovery, and even worse, pollutants might be incorporated in/onto the crystals precipitated. Impurities on struvite will reduce the quality of struvite as a potential slow-release fertilizer and affect the safe application of struvite in agriculture. This review aims to identify the trends in the literature to present the residues of heavy metals in struvite. It summarizes the current status in the residues of main metal elements on crystals and its response to wastewater properties, composition, and oxidation state of metals. The adsorption process and potential adsorption mechanism of heavy metals during the struvite crystallization are deeply explored, which might determine the latter release rate of metals when applying into the soil. Possible solutions are further provided to minimize the amounts of heavy metals mainly through adjusting operational conditions or employing pretreatment methods. Finally, this review critically analyzes the limitation gap between theory and actual generalization and potential application of struvite products in the market, and corresponding perspectives in the future are given to safely utilize the phosphorus resource from wastewater in the form of struvite.
... European countries are dependent on imports, 88% for phosphate rock and 100% for white phosphorus [29]. In order to reduce dependence on external importers, Switzerland, as the first European country, introduced the obligatory recovery of phosphorus from waste generated in the water and sewage sector [35]. The second country which implemented obligatory P recovery was Germany [36]. ...
The European Green Deal is the new strategy for economic growth adopted by the European Commission (EC) in late 2019. One of the most important tasks in the realisation of this strategy is the mobilisation of the industry for a clean and circular economy (CE). Currently, the European Union (EU) is in the process of transformation towards a CE model, which was announced in 2014. The CE assumes a transition from a linear model based on take–make–dispose to a circular model, in which waste, if it arises, becomes a valuable resource. At the same time, it is recommended to use raw materials (RMs) more efficiently and to recycle them. The EC underlines that both changes in the management of mineral resources in individual member states and their effects should be monitored. Therefore, in 2018, the EC pointed out issues related to RM management as important elements of the monitoring framework in transformation process towards CE. The paper presents strategic directions aimed at sustainable and circular RM management in the EU, with a strong emphasis on the key elements of sustainable development—environmental, economic and social. Moreover, the importance of mineral resources management in the EC in the context of transformation towards the European Green Deal and CE is presented, and the results of selected CE indicators related to the RMs, and indicators that present sustainable RMs management are discussed. The core of the paper is presentation of a set of recommended actions which should be taken in coming years with strong emphasis on the implementation of the sustainable development (SD) principles. RM management faces a number of challenges, primarily in achieving increased levels of critical raw materials (CRMs) recycling, as well as the greater involvement of stakeholders themselves and awareness raising in the field of SD and CE among enterprises operating in the RMs sector. Currently, all member states are working together to accelerate the transformation process in the area of CE and the European Green Deal, e.g., by implementing national CE programs. A great opportunity to accelerate the transformation process is the new financial perspective for projects under the balanced and circular management of RMs—Horizon Europe, which plans to finance the new projects on RMs management and recycling.
Recycling and reusing phosphorus in agriculture can reduce the consumption of natural phosphorus resources, which are continuing to shrink. Phosphorus fertilizers made from renewable raw materials (sewage sludge ash, animal bones, dried animal blood) and activated with phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms (Bacillus megaterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) offer an alternative to conventional fertilizers. These products should meet consumer and environmental safety standards. In this paper, based on field experiments conducted in northeast Poland, the effects of waste-derived biofertilizers on selected parameters of wheat yield quality are discussed. The study focuses on the technological properties of the grain (hectoliter weight, hardness index, Zeleny index, starch, wet gluten, and protein content), the content of proteogenic amino acids, macro- and micronutrients, and selected toxic elements in the grain. The quality parameters of wheat grain were not affected by the tested biofertilizers applied in P doses up to 35.2 kg ha⁻¹, nor by conventional fertilizers.
Municipal sewage sludge is a sink for wastewater-borne phosphorus (P) and a source for P recovery. Many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) employ the enhanced biological P removal (EBPR) which relies on the ability of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) to store P in the biomass. Inversion of EBPR may provide a tool for on-site P recovery from activated sludge (AS). Key features of anaerobic P release and the metabolism of acclimated PAOs are well known from laboratory experiments. However, uncertainty persists regarding the behavior of non-acclimated sludge which hampers the practical implementation of P recovery. In this light, we revisited the effects of volatile fatty acid supplementation (formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate) on the anaerobic P re-dissolution from non-acclimated AS of a full-scale WWTP. All supplementations induced P re-dissolution but the highest re-dissolution was observed with acetate (1.54 – 1.68 mmol P/L) with a Pyield/VFAconsumed ratio of 0.45. For AS with 6.3 gTSS/L, a supplementation level of 200 mg/L acetate was most efficient. Recovery amounted to 21 – 24% of total P within 300 min. Surprisingly, P re-dissolution continued even after acetate had been fully consumed. From the energetic viewpoint, this seems contradictory. Therefore, we integrated the process stoichiometry with known metabolic pathways accounting for the main electron, energy, carbon and P flows for the acetate-induced P re-dissolution. Results show that induction of anaerobiosis in AS from the EBPR process is, indeed, a viable technical option for P recovery. Yet, efficiency needs to be improved since P re-dissolution was either limited by acetate uptake capacity or by available polyphosphate.
The element phosphorus plays a vital role in industries as well as the production of food in the world's food chain. It has been demonstrated that second-generation phosphorus can replace first-generation phosphorus derived from natural sources of phosphate rock. Eutrophication issues, along with the depletion of natural phosphorus resources, are the main factors that have attracted the attention of the academic committee to the recovery of phosphorus from various biomass. In addition to ensuring the safety of the resource, the use of biomass as new raw material is also considered an important aspect of phosphorus recovery that can contribute to achieving a circular economy. Countless physical, chemical, thermal, and biological approaches have been introduced regarding the recovery or removal of phosphorus from biomass, including but not limited to: 1) Chemical extraction utilizing Calcium and Magnesium and precipitation of Struvite, Newbriete, and Calcium Phosphate; 2) Thermal treatment methods such as Combustion, Incineration, Hydrothermal Carbonization, and Pyrolysis; 3) Nanofiltration and Ion exchange methods; 4) Electrochemical methods; and 5) Biological methods such as Composting, Algae uptake, and Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal. Nevertheless, the most suitable technology is highly dependent on factors such as the purpose and cost of the process, the characteristics of the biomass, and the availability of arable land. This study aimed to describe, categorize, and compare various technologies for recovering phosphorus from biomass, specifically from animal manure, sewage sludge, and food waste.
Biodegradable waste is generated either in nature, which naturally uses it to its advantage and there are no negative effects on the environment, or by human activity, in which it is necessary to regulate its generation and management. Biodegradable waste generated by human activity is any waste that undergoes aerobic or anaerobic digestion. Biodegradable waste is most often generated in agriculture, forestry, food industry, and from everyday used items that are produced by the public. It is important to sort them right at the source and then hand them over for processing to the facility that is designated for this purpose (composting plant, incinerator, anaerobic digestion technology, etc.). This will prevent the disposal of biodegradable waste in landfills, where they are a source of greenhouse gas (methane) and chemical and biological pollutants in landfill leachate.
Unsustainable phosphorus use is at the heart of many societal challenges. Unsustainable phosphorus use affects food and water security, freshwater biodiversity and human health. Increasing demand for food to support a growing global population continues to drive increases in phosphorus inputs to the food–system, as well as losses from land-based sources to freshwater and coastal ecosystems. These losses cause ecological degradation through the proliferation of harmful algal blooms in fresh waters, contributing to alarmingly high rates of biodiversity decline, economic losses associated with clean-up, and large-scale human health risks from contaminated drinking water supplies. The pace of species extinction, climate change and the growing number of extreme weather events, combined with population growth and the economic impact of COVID-19, have further strengthened the need to invest in phosphorus sustainability.
If the world is to meet climate change, biodiversity, and food security targets, and avoid building costs of predicted phosphorus impacts, positive action on phosphorus management is essential. The present report calls for the establishment of an intergovernmental coordination mechanism to catalyse integrated action on phosphorus sustainability. This should be supported by an international framework to consolidate the collective knowledge, quantify of the economic and societal benefits of improvements in phosphorus management and establish targets for time-bound improvements. The report identifies a clear opportunity to raise awareness on the need for sustainable phosphorus management through the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) and calls for a UNEA resolution on sustainable phosphorus management or equivalent global commitment to act.
Food security and healthy freshwater ecosystems are placed at jeopardy by poor phosphorus management. Scientists are calling for transformation across food, agriculture, waste and other sectors — mobilized through intergovernmental action, which has been missing thus far.
The report makes a thorough revision of the use of nitrogen and phosphorus in European agriculture and assesses the scope for increased nutrient recovery and reuse and the actions needed to make it possible.
Food production in Europe is dependent on imported phosphorus (P) fertilizers, but P use is inefficient and losses to the environment high. Here, we discuss possible solutions by changes in P management. We argue that not only the use of P fertilizers and P additives in feed could be reduced by fine-tuning fertilization and feeding to actual nutrient requirements, but also P from waste has to be completely recovered and recycled in order to close the P balance of Europe regionally and become less dependent on the availability of P-rock reserves. Finally, climate-smart P management measures are needed, to reduce the expected deterioration of surface water quality resulting from climate-change-induced P loss.
This paper elaborates in what way a dynamic perspective on reserves, resources and geopotential is necessary to provide robust estimates on resource availability. We introduce concepts of essentiality, criticality and economic scarcity and discuss for the case of phosphorus (P) how they are defined and may be measured. The case of P is considered in detail as P an essential element for global food security with a highly dissipative use and is geographically unevenly distributed across the globe. We distinguish and relate the complementarity between physical and economic scarcity and discuss limits and potential of static indicators such as static lifetime, Hubbert curve applications, and the Herfindahl–Hirschman-Index of P for predicting future availability of these resources. We reveal that these static indicators are – in general – not valid approaches to predict physical scarcity of resources. Geological data show that though the P reserves have not been systematically and completely assessed on a global scale, the static lifetime of P is high. When acknowledging socio-economic and technological dynamics, and available geological facts, statements predicting physical scarcity or a peak in P production within a few decades are unlikely to be accurate or valid. We elaborate that some simplified indicators such as static lifetime or the Hubbert curve based prediction of peaks may serve as screening indicators preceding early warning research, which may induce increased mining activities, technology innovation or other actions. However, in general, these simplified indicators are not valid approaches to predict physical scarcity of resources. Although one day there may be a supply-driven P production peak, demand-driven production plateaus and multiple peaks are probable in the near future. Given its geopotential, essentiality, and the learning curve of efficient fertilizer use, P is subject to demand-driven market dynamics. Thus, a symmetric decline and unavoidable shortage of P in the next decades are unlikely. This insight does not refute the need to close the anthropogenic P loop. Activities associated with P production and consumption use has a significant pollution potential in part because of the dissipative nature. The paper reveals the necessity to mitigate risks (such as economic scarcity, especially for poor farmers) of both short-term price peaks and longer lasting step-changes in price, e.g. due to knowledge gaps of technological adaptation in energy and water management or other reasons of insufficient supply-demand dynamics management. The complexity of this task necessitates a transdisciplinary approach.
The cycling of phosphorus, a biocritical element in short supply in nature, is an important Earth system process. Variations in the phosphorous cycle have occurred in the past. For example, the rapid uplift of the Himalayan-Tibet Plateau increased chemical weathering, which led to enhanced input of phosphorus to the oceans. This drove the late Miocene "biogenic bloom." Additionally, phosphorus is redistributed on glacial timescales, resulting from the loss of the substantial continental margin sink for reactive P during glacial sea-level lowstands. The modern terrestrial phosphorus cycle is dominated by agriculture and human activity. The natural riverine load of phosphorous has doubled due to increased use of fertilizers, deforestation and soil loss, and sewage sources. This has led to eutrophication of lakes and coastal areas, and will continue to have an impact for several thousand years based on forward modeling of human activities.
This paper reviews the latest information and perspectives on global phosphorus scarcity. Phosphorus is essential for food production and modern agriculture currently sources phosphorus fertilizers from finite phosphate rock. The 2008 food and phosphate fertilizer price spikes triggered increased concerns regarding the depletion timeline of phosphate rock reserves. While estimates range from 30 to 300 years and are shrouded by lack of publicly available data and substantial uncertainty, there is a general consensus that the quality and accessibility of remaining reserves are decreasing and costs will increase. This paper clarifies common sources of misunderstandings about phosphorus scarcity and identifies areas of consensus. It then asks, despite some persistent uncertainty, what would it take to achieve global phosphorus security? What would a ‘hard-landing’ response look like and how could preferred ‘soft-landing’ responses be achieved?
https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2019-02-19_texte_13-2019_phorwaerts.pdf
The full-scale plant for recovering P from sewage sludge ash (SSA) started operation at a wastewater treatment plant in Gifu City, Japan, in April 2010. P is released from SSA using the alkaline (NaOH) leaching technology and recovered as calcium hydroxyapatite (HAP). The full-scale plant recovers approximately 30–40% Pi from SSA and supplies about 300 t/year of by-product Pi fertilizer, named Gifu-no-daichiⓇ, mainly to local farmers. The Pi fertilizer, Gifu-no-daichiⓇ, is sold through the JA-Zen-Noh (National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations) in Gifu City with a favorable reputation from farmers. Gifu City has been increasing the volume of the fertilizer sales year by year and considers it is critical to make the P recovery process more efficient and stable.
Ecophos s.a. has developed a unique modular process for the valorization of low-grade phosphate rock and/or various alternative P resources such as sewage sludge ash on the basis of soft digestion by hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid. The process is extremely flexible and is, by the modular setup, capable of using several types of raw materials and producing a variety of products (fertilizer-, feed-, and food-grade phosphoric acid (PA), animal feed (DCP and MCP), and liquid NPK, PK, and NP fertilizers). The process has economic and ecological advantages over conventional industrial processes and those in development for valorization of sewage sludge ash, since it is simple, stable, and easy to control without needing expensive chemicals, raw materials, and equipment. The performance has already been tested in industrial plants at Bulgaria, Syria, and Peru as well as pilot- and lab-scale installations. Uptime longer than 7800 h/a is easily reached and the yield on P2O5 is 90% or higher. Furthermore the process can use excess HCl in the manufacture of products such as isocyanate, caustic soda, or SOP (Sulfate of Potassium). The energy balance is more positive than competing processes, since PA of high concentration (>42%) can be obtained without evaporation. The process can generate uranium (U)-free fertilizers, while conventional fertilizers generally contain 300–500 mg U/kg P2O5. Main by-products include high-purity CaCl2 (as solution, flakes, or prills), radiation-free gypsum, silicate filter residue, and Fe/Al-chlorides. By applying different modules, most of the by-products can be split into sellable products, thereby minimizing final waste.
With the increase in world population causing a rise in food demand, demand for nutrients such as phosphorus, potash, and nitrogen is on an upward trend. To maintain sustainable agricultural production, it is essential in many areas of the world to ensure stable procurement and to utilize these nutrients more efficiently. It is known that phosphorus is concentrated in sewage sludge through the cycle of consumption of food, human living, and sewage treatment systems. Hence, discussions have been held and studies done on ways of recovering phosphorus from sewage sludge and how to utilize it as a fertilizer. On the other hand, in addition to phosphorus, sewage sludge also includes micropollutants and heavy metals. How to separate heavy metals from phosphorus and decompose organic matter are important from the viewpoint of effectively and safely using phosphorus and preventing groundwater contamination. With the above background, we have developed a thermochemical process (melting process) under high temperature (around 1300 °C) that recovers 90% of phosphorus from sewage sludge and converts it into slag. Organic components are utilized as fuel in the furnace and decomposed. Heavy metals are vaporized in the furnace and collected by a gas treatment system. More than 90% of the phosphorus in the slag is citric acid-soluble phosphorus, indicating that plants can utilize the recovered phosphorus in the slag. We have also confirmed the effectiveness and safety of the slag as a fertilizer with a plant cultivation test. In this chapter, we describe the performance of a technology developed to recover phosphorus from sewage sludge based on the results of laboratory and pilot plant tests. We also describe the properties of the slag as a fertilizer based on the results of chemical analysis and the plant cultivation test.
The constitutional duty of sustainability in Switzerland requires economical use of valuable and scarce raw materials such as phosphorus. The government of Canton of Zurich recognised this as an opportunity around 10 years ago with respect to the bottlenecks in waste disposal threatening to materialise in 2015 in the existing sewage sludge disposal plan. In 2007, it already gave the Department of Public Works the assignment to design the future sewage sludge disposal so that phosphorus recovery is possible. In 2009, an evaluation of all then-known phosphorus recovery procedures as well as their integration into different sewage sludge disposal pathways showed that the procedures with P recovery from sewage sludge ash are clearly superior to P recovery from sludge and sludge water. The first milestone in the implementation was that it was possible within 6 years and with the involvement of all parties impacted to realign the existing sewage sludge disposal concept completely with respect to the new framing conditions. Since mid-2015, a new central sewage sludge treatment plant at the most optimal location in the Canton has been producing high-phosphorus ash from incinerated sewage sludge. It contains more than 90% of the phosphorus potentials of the entire potential in untreated community waste water from the Canton. By switching over the sewage sludge disposal system from an inefficient, decentralised one to an efficient, centralised system, it has been possible to cut the average sewage sludge treatment costs by more than half, including ash disposal. No modifications to the waste water treatment plants were needed. The Canton has worked with the Foundation ZAR and selected development partners on this implementation of the large-scale engineering of phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash since 2011 (Phosphorus-Mining-Project). The initial focus lay on the production of high-grade raw material for fertiliser. This led, among other risks in product sales, to settling on the production of technically pure, conventional phosphoric acid as an already established product. Currently there is development work going on using the Phos4life® procedure by Técnicas Reunidas. The attempts to this point demonstrate a P-recovery rate of >95% from the ash, a material recycling of the minerals and the separated metals as well as the use of iron as a precipitant.
Germany introduced a legislation to require the recovery of phosphorus from municipal wastewater in 2017. The ExtraPhos® process from chemical company Budenheim is emerging as one of the country’s promising technology options in this area. Budenheim began developing the phosphorus recovery process “ExtraPhos®” in 2010, forming part of a current wave of investigations in the country. Now the company’s process is emerging as one of the promising options for helping meet the recovery target.
This report presents a review of extractive nutrient recovery technologies with an emphasis on bridging the knowledge gap faced by utilities when considering nutrient recovery for nutrient management. The report provides a framework for selecting a nutrient recovery option and, depending on the conditions at a water resource recovery facility, establishes whether keeping phosphorus in biosolids is more or less beneficial than concentrating it in an inorganic phase such as struvite.
Extractive nutrient recovery, defined as the production of chemical nutrient products devoid of significant organic matter, represents a complementary strategy for managing nutrients in multiple waste streams. In this option, energy and resources are used to accumulate and produce a chemical nutrient product that is recyclable and has a resale value that could potentially help offset operating costs while reducing nutrient production from raw materials for agricultural or other uses.
This report presents a compilation of case studies of water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) at various stages of implementation of extractive nutrient recovery technologies in the form of struvite crystallization. Of the 20 WRRFs identified in this report, six have implemented or are implementing a struvite crystallization facility and seven have performed desktop and/or pilot evaluations. Data from these 13 utilities were used to develop the Tool for Evaluating Resource Recovery-Phosphorus (TERRY – Phosphorus), which was used to perform a conceptual level evaluation of implementing struvite recovery at seven other WRRFs.
Data from the full-scale WRRFs that have implemented struvite recovery indicate that sidestream soluble phosphorus removals ranged from 80 to 90%, while ammonia removal ranged from 7 to 30%. Struvite production ranged from 64 to 421 metric tonnes per year and was found to be dependent on the site-specific conditions and technology employed. Drivers for implementing nutrient recovery included reduction in supplemental carbon requirements for nitrogen removal, reduction in aeration requirements, reduction in biosolids production versus conventional treatment alternatives, reduction in costs associated with mitigating nuisance precipitate formation, benefits to sludge dewaterability, and benefits associated with manipulating the N and P content of the biosolids. Quantifying the economic and non-economic benefits of these drivers together with site-specific factors can help drive the implementation of resource recovery systems at full-scale WRRFs.
This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series
ISBN: 9781780407920 (eBook)
The present paper is based on an analysis of the EU legislation regulating phosphorus recovery and recycling from wastewater stream, in particular as fertiliser. To recover phosphorus, operators need to deal with market regulations, health and environment protection laws. Often, several permits and lengthy authorisation processes for both installation (e.g. environmental impact assessment) and the recovered phosphorus (e.g. End-of-Waste, REACH) are required. Exemptions to certain registration processes for recoverers are in place but rarely applied. National solutions are often needed.Emerging recovery and recycling sectors are affected by legislation in different ways: Wastewater treatment plants are obliged to remove phosphorus but may also recover it in low quantities for operational reasons. Permit processes allowing recovery and recycling operations next to water purification should thus be rationalised. In contrast, the fertiliser industry relies on legal quality requirements, ensuring their market reputation. For start-ups, raw-material sourcing and related legislation will be the key.Phosphorus recycling is governed by fragmented decision-making in regional administrations. Active regulatory support, such as recycling obligation or subsidies, is lacking. Legislation harmonisation, inclusion of recycled phosphorus in existing fertiliser regulations and support of new operators would speed up market penetration of novel technologies, reduce phosphorus losses and safeguard European quality standards.
To sustain good harvests, about 975,000 tons of mineral phosphorus need to be imported to Europe every year, while the potentials to recover and recycle this essential resource remain untapped or are just inefficiently used as in the case of sewage sludge. In the recent years various technical alternatives to the traditional but disputed application of sludge in agriculture have been developed to recover the nutrient. Especially user friendly solutions have already made their way to full-scale or at least pilot-scale application. National and international initiatives are dedicated to foster the implementation of new solutions, to bridge the gaps between the relevant sectors of science, policy and industry to finally increase the overall anthropogenic phosphorus efficiency according to the motto of the recent First European Sustainable Phosphorus Conference: use less, recycle more and cooperate smart. (www.phosphorusplatform.eu)
To sustain good harvests, each year more than one million tonnes of mineral phosphorus have to be imported to the European Union (van Dijk et al., unpublished data), while the potential to recover and recycle this essential resource remains untapped or is just inefficiently used as in the case of sewage sludge, manure and food waste. In recent years various technical solutions have been developed to recover phosphorus providing mineral compounds suitable as raw material for fertiliser production or even as ready-to-use fertiliser. Regarding the implementation of these technologies, operational benefits for plant operators like the water utilities in the case of P recovery from wastewater and/or sewage sludge are the strongest argument for their market penetration. Without the provision of direct operational benefits, implementation needs to be motivated or even enforced by suitable and reliable policies. In order to realise a circular economy, it is important not just to focus on the recovery itself. The recovered materials need to match the requirements and needs of their intended users. Therefore, full value-chain solutions have to be promoted instead of isolated technology-focused approaches. Following our principles of sustainability and resource efficiency, the assessment of innovations must also include their environmental impact.
This review provides an overview of recently developed and promising technologies for phosphorus recovery from wastewater and discusses aspects regarding their wide-spread application, along with their limitations. It will focus on recovery and recycling from sewage sludge. Not only the technologies themselves, also the recovered materials and their valorisation options are addressed. Results of the EU FP7 funded project P-REX entitled 'Sustainable sewage sludge management fostering phosphorus recovery and energy efficiency' and other recent initiatives will be included. Since innovation always needs an enabling environment for market penetration, barriers set by the existing legal framework and measures to resolve them will be reviewed. Finally, Goethe's words are true more than ever: 'Knowing is not enough, we must apply! Willing is not enough, we must do!'
Phosphorus has a number of indispensable biochemical roles, but it does not have a rapid global cycle akin to the circulations of C or N. Natural mobilization of the element, a part of the grand geotectonic denudation-uplift cycle, is slow, and low solubility of phosphates and their rapid transformation to insoluble forms make the element commonly the growth-limiting nutrient, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Human activities have intensified releases of P. By the year 2000 the global mobilization of the nutrient has roughly tripled compared to its natural flows: Increased soil erosion and runoff from fields, recycling of crop residues and manures, discharges of urban and industrial wastes, and above all, applications of inorganic fertilizers (15 million tonnes P/year) are the major causes of this increase. Global food production is now highly dependent on the continuing use of phosphates, which account for 50–60% of all P supply; although crops use the nutrient with relatively high efficiency, lost P that reaches water is commonly the main cause of eutrophication. This undesirable process affects fresh and ocean waters in many parts of the world. More efficient fertilization can lower nonpoint P losses. Although P in sewage can be effectively controlled, such measures are often not taken, and elevated P is common in treated wastewater whose N was lowered by denitrification. Long-term prospects of inorganic P supply and its environmental consequences remain a matter of concern.
Large amounts of phosphorus are present in organic waste, mainly in sewage sludge and animal by-products. Increasingly, the waste is incinerated and phosphorus ends up in the ash. Sustainable waste management requires the beneficial reuse of phosphorus present in such ash. The first necessary step when recovering phosphorus from ash is dissolution by acid. The objective of this study was to quantify the acid requirement for phosphorus dissolution from sewage sludge ash and animal carcass ash. Both the amount of acid applied and its concentration were varied. Furthermore, phosphorus dissolution was optimized by controlling the pH during acid addition. Elemental analysis of sewage sludge ash showed that it comprised 6-10% P, 7-18% Ca, 2-11% Fe and 3-9% Al. The elemental content of animal carcass ash was even higher: 18% P and 30% Ca. The amount of acid required to obtain >85% phosphorus dissolution from sludge ash was 0.39-0.78 kg H2SO4 kg(-1) ash, depending on the total cation/phosphorus equivalent ratio. The amount required to obtain the highest possible P dissolution within two hours (73%) from animal carcass ash was 0.69 kg H2SO4 kg(-1) ash. Lower amounts of sulphuric acid were required for P dissolution in ashes of sludge from a bio-P treatment process and animal carcass, compared with the theoretical acid requirement for apatite dissolution. Applying pH control during dissolution resulted in reduced acid consumption (20%) and enabled more than 85% phosphorus dissolution from sludge ash at pH 2.0 in the two-hour dissolution time.
Rohstoffe für die Energiewende: Wege zu einer sicheren und nachhaltigen Versorgung
- Leopoldina Acatech
Acatech, Leopoldina, Union der deutschen Akademien der Wissenschaften (2017). Rohstoffe für die
Energiewende: Wege zu einer sicheren und nachhaltigen Versorgung. Berlin, February 2017, ISBN 978-3-8047-3664-1
Risks and opportunities in the global phosphate rock market: robust strategies in times of uncertainty. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (HCSS)
- M De Ridder
- De Jong
- S Polchar
- J Lingemann
De Ridder M., De Jong S., Polchar J. and Lingemann S. (2012). Risks and opportunities in the global phosphate rock market: robust strategies in times of uncertainty. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies
(HCSS) Report, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Abwasserbehandlung -Klärschlamm Ergebnisbericht
DESTATIS (2016). Abwasserbehandlung -Klärschlamm Ergebnisbericht 2013/2014. Federal Statistical
Office. Germany. Wiesbaden 2016
Final Report on Organic Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners (II)
- Eg Top
EG TOP (2016). Final Report on Organic Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners (II). Expert Group for Technical
Advice on Organic Production, Brussels, 2 Feb 2016
Sewage sludge -situation and trends
- Eureau
EurEau (2016). Sewage sludge -situation and trends, Brussels. 4 Oct 2016
Sewage sludge production and disposal from urban waste water, last update 15
- Eurostat
EUROSTAT (2016). Sewage sludge production and disposal from urban waste water, last update
15.12.2016: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=ta-ble&pcode=ten00030&language=en (accessed 11 January 2017)
Praktische Umsetzung der MAP-Rückgewinnung aus der Flüssigphase
- W Ewert
- A Wagenbach
Ewert W. and Wagenbach A. (2013). Praktische Umsetzung der MAP-Rückgewinnung aus der
Flüssigphase. Proceedings 8. Klärschlammtage, Fulda, 4-6 June 2013.
New sewage sludge ordinance of 27
- German Government
German Government (2017). New sewage sludge ordinance of 27.09.2017
European prospects for phosphorus recovery from sewage. aqua strategy
- K Hayward
Hayward K. (2016). European prospects for phosphorus recovery from sewage. aqua strategy, 2016:6, 7-12
Vom Betriebsproblem zum Berliner Verfahren -Phosphorrückgewinnung als Magnesiumammoniumphosphat in der Kläranlage Wassmannsdorf (From operational trouble to the Berlin P recovery process implemented at WWTP Wassmannsdorf)
- B Heinzmann
- A Lengemann
Heinzmann B. and Lengemann A. (2013). Vom Betriebsproblem zum Berliner Verfahren -Phosphorrückgewinnung als Magnesiumammoniumphosphat in der Kläranlage Wassmannsdorf (From
operational trouble to the Berlin P recovery process implemented at WWTP Wassmannsdorf),
Proceedings 8 th Klärschlammtage, Fulda, 4-6 June 2013
Phosphate-containing waste ash process for producing mineral fertiliser
- L Hermann
Hermann L. (2013). Phosphate-containing waste ash process for producing mineral fertiliser. Proceedings
International Fertiliser Society, 732
Phosphorus recycling now! P-REX policy brief, available for down
- S Hukari
- A Nättorp
- C Kabbe
Hukari S., Nättorp A., Kabbe C. (2015). Phosphorus recycling now! P-REX policy brief, available for download here: https://zenodo.org/record/242550#.WowGiOcxmUk
P recovery: from evolution to revolution, Fertilizer International
- C Kabbe
- F Kraus
Kabbe C., Kraus F. (2017). P recovery: from evolution to revolution, Fertilizer International, BCInsights
Ltd., London, 479:37-41
Phosphate recycling in mineral fertiliser production
- C P Langeveld
- K W Ten Wolde
Langeveld C.P. and ten Wolde K.W. (2013). Phosphate recycling in mineral fertiliser production. Proceedings International Fertiliser Society, 727
Abwasser-Phosphor-Dünger-Workshop inclusive Fachgespräch zum UFOPLAN-Projekt Klärschlammaschemonitoring
- C P Langeveld
Langeveld CP. (2014). Phosphate recycling in the mineral fertiliser industry. Abwasser-Phosphor-Dünger-Workshop inclusive Fachgespräch zum UFOPLAN-Projekt Klärschlammaschemonitoring, Berlin, 28-29
Jan 2014.
Towards a Renewable Future: Assessing Resource Recovery as a Viable Treatment Alternative -Innovative Approaches for Performing Extractive Nutrient Recovery. Water Environment & Reuse Foundation
- C Mehta
- D Batstone
- R Latimer
- W Khunjar
- S Jeyanayagam
Mehta C., Batstone D., Latimer R., Khunjar W., Jeyanayagam S. (2016). Towards a Renewable Future:
Assessing Resource Recovery as a Viable Treatment Alternative -Innovative Approaches for
Performing Extractive Nutrient Recovery. Water Environment & Reuse Foundation. Alexandria, VA.
Development and Implementation of Technologies for Recycling Phosphorus: in Secondary Resources in Japan
- H Ohtake
- K Okano
Ohtake H., Okano K. (2015). Development and Implementation of Technologies for Recycling Phosphorus:
in Secondary Resources in Japan. Global Environmental Research 19:1
Nutrient Management Solutions
- Ostara
Ostara (2016). Nutrient Management Solutions, WEFTEC 2016, http://ostara.com/nutrient-managementsolutions/ (accessed 16 January 2017)
Clean technology for P-recycling to phosphoric acid: Remondis TetraPhos®. ESPP -Phosphorus stewardship in Industrial applications
- A Rak
- M Lebek
Rak A., Lebek M. (2016). Clean technology for P-recycling to phosphoric acid: Remondis TetraPhos®. ESPP
-Phosphorus stewardship in Industrial applications. Brussels, 2 Dec 2016
Phosphordüngewirkung neuer Phosphorrecyclingprodukte
- W Römer
Römer W. (2013). Phosphordüngewirkung neuer Phosphorrecyclingprodukte. Berichte aus der
Landwirtschaft, 91:1-24
Waste Ordinance (Verordnung über die Vermeidung und die Entsorgung von Abfällen
- Swiss Government
Swiss Government (2015). Waste Ordinance (Verordnung über die Vermeidung und die Entsorgung von
Abfällen, Der Schweizerische Bundesrat, 4 Dec 2015: https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classifiedcompilation/20141858/201607190000/814.600.pdf
Market Map -Beating the burn rate for resource and energy recovery from sludge
- C Walker
Walker C. (2017). Market Map -Beating the burn rate for resource and energy recovery from sludge.
Global Water Intelligence Magazine 2017:1, 40-47
Greening the global phosphorus cycle: how green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability
- Pja Whiters
- J J Elser
- J Hilton
- H Ohtake
- W J Schipper
- K C Van Dijk
Whiters PJA., Elser JJ., Hilton J., Ohtake H., Schipper WJ., van Dijk KC. (2015) Greening the global phosphorus cycle: how green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability. Green Chem. 17:2087-2099