ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription
Abstract
Authoratative compilation of guidelines for exercise testing and prescription.
... Both AT and RT are suggested to augment fat loss by increasing energy expenditure and, by extension, inducing a state of negative energy balance. AT typically involves whole body repetitive and continuous exercise at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity [4]. RT directly impacts the musculoskeletal system, increasing skeletal muscle mass, which is an important site of metabolic activity [4]. ...
... AT typically involves whole body repetitive and continuous exercise at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity [4]. RT directly impacts the musculoskeletal system, increasing skeletal muscle mass, which is an important site of metabolic activity [4]. However, it is not well understood if the combination of aerobic and resistance exercise can lead to a greater reduction in body fat than either strategy alone. ...
... However, it is not well understood if the combination of aerobic and resistance exercise can lead to a greater reduction in body fat than either strategy alone. With exercise modality being one of the main components of the FITT principle (frequency, intensity, time, and type) of exercising programming [4], an increased understanding of potential differing effects between exercise types may impact the choices that clinicians and fitness professionals make when programming exercise for patients and/or athletes. Specifically, more information is needed on how decisions that clinicians and fitness professionals can make regarding exercise programming can impact body fat loss outcomes, including the duration of their intervention, the timing of when aerobic and resistance exercises are included within a CT program, and if considerations should be made toward equating workloads between aerobic and resistance exercises during CT (i.e. ...
... In addition, to supervise multidomain training and based on the exercise recommendations [46,47], participants of the TG will be instructed to autonomously walk briskly (cardiorespiratory training) for two additional days per week, with each session lasting at least 30 min at moderate intensity, while using the talk test for perceived exertion [48]. Participants will receive training on how to use the talk test during the first week of the intervention. ...
... In every week, the same blocks of contents will be maintained for the first session of the week; and the same blocks of contents for the second session of the week. The training program was designed in accordance with the recommendations provided by the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA; Fragala et al., 2019) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM; Liguori, 2020), respecting the periodization to avoid reaching muscle failure and considering personalization and the nature of the effort [46,50,51]. ...
... The external load will be such that a maximum of 1 or 2 repetitions in reserve (RIR) is reached, and the load will be moved as fast as possible. The intensity of this part of the session will be measured by perceived exertion, aiming for an intensity of 6-7 out of 10 on the OMNI-RES Perceived Exertion Scale [46,51]. ...
The global aging trend increases chronic diseases and lowers quality of life. Exercise is vital for physiological, cognitive, and mental health, countering age-related decline. Outdoor multidomain interventions enhance adherence, motivation, and resilience, supporting independence and well-being. Objectives: This paper aimed to apply an outdoor exercise protocol for middle-aged and older people and to study its preliminary effects on cognitive state, body composition, cardiovascular health, physical fitness, physiological function, physical activity, frailty, incidence of sarcopenia, and satisfaction with life. Methods: This protocol describes an eighteen-week, two-pronged, parallel, single-blind randomized controlled trial. This paper complies with the Consort and SPIRIT guidelines. A cohort comprising a minimum of fifty-two older adults from the University for Seniors program will be equally allocated to a multidomain training group (TG) and a passive control group (CG). Intervention: The TG will follow a multidomain outdoor intervention twice a week for a complete duration of 18 weeks, with recommendations for additional autonomous cardiorespiratory training. The supervised sessions will be divided into a 10-min warm-up session focusing on activation and joint mobility, followed by 40 min of resistance training, cardiorespiratory training, and balance and coordination; and it concludes with a 10-min cool-down featuring flexibility, relaxation, and playful emotional intelligence tasks. Cognitive training will be integrated across different parts of the session. Conclusions: This preliminary study aims to explore the feasibility and potential effectiveness of outdoor multidomain training in improving the health of older adults. Importantly, by including late middle-aged adults from the age of 55, this study also aims to explore the potential of preventive strategies initiated before reaching old age. This reflects a broader conceptualization of healthy aging as a lifelong process, where early interventions may help mitigate decline and extend independence into later life. The partnership between health professionals and physical activity fosters independence for older adults, addressing the increasing burden on health services.
... Potential participants will be screened by study staff over the phone to determine if they meet the eligibility criteria. Physician's clearance for participation will be sought following PA guidelines outlined by American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Survivorship Guideline [46,47]. If the participant is eligible and willing to consent, study staff will review the informed consent process with the participant. ...
... Randomization will be performed using a stratified randomization scheme in the RED-Cap Randomization Module after baseline assessments. The sequence will be random permuted blocks of varying sizes, stratified by prior chemotherapy (yes versus no), age (< 65 versus ≥ 65 years), and sex (female versus male) to balance treatment characteristics that would potentially impact the severity of fatigue and intervention response [46]. Randomization codes will be kept in a pre-made digital file that is separate from other study records. ...
... The goal of both groups is to gradually increase PA to a minimum of 90 min of MVPA per week following the updated ACSM PA guidelines for people LWBC [46]. People LWBC in both groups will be given an individualized, home-based aerobic and resistance prescription based on baseline assessment and previous work (Table 2) [32,49]. ...
Background
For many people living with and beyond cancer (LWBC), physical activity (PA) declines significantly after supervised PA interventions. The effect of short-term, supervised PA interventions on motivational outcomes and longer-term PA in people LWBC is limited, especially theoretically-based approaches to identify key motivational outcomes for behavior change. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of a 6-month virtual supervised PA group plus standard exercise counseling (PA + EC) versus a virtual supervised PA plus motivationally-enhanced behavioral counseling (PA + BC) group on moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) in people LWBC.
Methods
This study is a two-armed, multi-site randomized controlled trial (RCT). People LWBC will be recruited and randomized to a 6-month virtual supervised PA intervention plus standard exercise counseling (PA + EC group; n = 118) or a 6-month virtual supervised PA plus behavioral counseling based on the Multi-Process Action Control (M-PAC) framework (PA + BC group; n = 118). Supervised PA will be delivered via synchronous Zoom classes that tapers to a home-based protocol at the end of the study. The goal of both groups is to gradually increase PA to the cancer PA guidelines (e.g., 90 min of MVPA/week). The PA + BC group will receive twelve behavioral counseling sessions with a qualified exercise professional (QEP), and the corresponding counseling session will be delivered bi-weekly. The behavioral counseling sessions will be based on the M-PAC’s reflective, regulatory, and reflexive processes. In addition to the supervised PA classes, the PA + EC (i.e., attention control group) will receive twelve standard PA counseling sessions based on PA training principles. People LWBC will complete measures at baseline, midpoint, post-intervention (6-months), at 6-months follow-up, and 1-year follow-up. Self-reported measures include quality of life (QoL), motivational outcomes, health economics, and patient satisfaction. Objective measures include PA via accelerometry. Multilevel modelling will examine change in the primary (i.e., PA) and secondary outcomes (i.e., motivational outcomes from the M-PAC, physical function, QoL) at the five time points.
Discussion
This study will create greater understanding on efficacious programming to support PA maintenance that can be used by clinical and community-based organizations as a low-cost, supportive care tool to improve health outcomes for people LWBC.
Trial registration
Clinicaltrials.gov ID NCT06624930.
... A respiratory exchange ratio greater than 1.1 and a peak exercise heart rate exceeding 85% of the estimated maximal heart rate were used to assess test adequacy measures indexed to body weight. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was carried out according to guidelines [29,30]. ...
... The resistance training protocol consisted of three supervised weekly sessions over 20 weeks, conducted at a fully equipped university sports center dedicated to resistance training. The program included concentric, eccentric, and isometric phases, organized into two successive cycles of 12 and 8 weeks, with exercises targeting the upper and lower body muscles at high loads (≥ 70% of 1-RM) following the American College of Sports Medicine's guidelines [30]. This intensity level is consistent with high-intensity resistance training and has been shown to significantly improve muscle strength within a short period (typically between 8 and 14 weeks) in adults with or without diseases [30][31][32]. ...
... The program included concentric, eccentric, and isometric phases, organized into two successive cycles of 12 and 8 weeks, with exercises targeting the upper and lower body muscles at high loads (≥ 70% of 1-RM) following the American College of Sports Medicine's guidelines [30]. This intensity level is consistent with high-intensity resistance training and has been shown to significantly improve muscle strength within a short period (typically between 8 and 14 weeks) in adults with or without diseases [30][31][32]. The concentric phase consisted of 8 reps at 70% of 1-RM, 6 reps at 80%, 3 reps at 90%, and 2 reps at 90%. ...
Background
High-intensity resistance training induces structural and functional adaptations in skeletal muscle, yet its impact on cardiac remodeling remains debated. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal biventricular cardiac response to a 20-week high-intensity resistance training program in previously untrained, healthy males and examine the association between muscle strength gains and cardiac remodeling.
Methods
Twenty-seven male volunteers (aged 18–40 years) participated in a high-intensity resistance training program for 20 weeks. Assessments at baseline, 12 weeks, and 20 weeks included resting blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE), cardiopulmonary exercise testing (O2peak), isokinetic dynamometry for muscle strength, and actimetry recordings. Time effects were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA (P < 0.05).
Results
Twenty-two participants completed the study. Resistance training led to significant reductions in arterial systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. After 20 weeks of training, 3DTTE showed a significant increase in left ventricular (LV) mass (120.1 ± 15.4 g vs. 133.7 ± 16.3 g, p < 0.001), without inducing LV hypertrophy. Balanced increases were observed in LV end-diastolic volume (146.4 ± 18.9 ml vs. 157.9 ± 19.6 ml, p < 0.001) and right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume (119 ± 19.4 ml vs. 129.2 ± 21.6 ml, p < 0.001). LV and RV systolic and diastolic function remained unchanged. There were no changes in O2peak or daily activity levels. Maximal muscle strength in the quadriceps, hamstrings, triceps, and biceps was significantly correlated with LV and RV end-diastolic volumes and LV mass (p ≤ 0.001).
Conclusion
The resistance training program resulted in significant and rapid muscle strength gains and reduced blood pressure. Cardiac adaptations, including moderate biventricular dilatation, were observed without changes in cardiac function or O2peak and were associated with muscle strength gains. Our study highlights that intensive resistance training in novice male resistance trainers induces an adaptive cardiac response, reflecting a physiological adaptation linked to enhanced muscle performance.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04187170.
... The intensity of PA is commonly expressed as a percentage of maximal heart rate (HR max ), percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ), or heart rate reserve (HRR). Moderate-intensity PA is generally defined as 50-77% of HR max , or 40-59% of HRR [2][3][4][5] . These ranges are widely accepted in exercise science as standards for moderate physical exertion, offering cardiovascular conditioning benefits addressing safety considerations across various population groups. ...
... To further prevent falls and enhance mobility, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends neuromuscular exercises for older adults, which should be performed at least 2-3 days per week. Such exercises include activities like tai chi, Pilates, and yoga, which are beneficial for adults of all ages 3,5 . ...
... An assessment of the yoga session in terms of exercise type, viewed through the lens of health recommendations by the WHO 1 and ACSM 3,5 , indicates that yoga incorporates all the essential elements recommended for older adults. These include aerobic exercises (such as Sun Salutation), muscle-strengthening exercises engaging all major muscle groups, functional balance training, neuromuscular exercises aimed at reducing the risk of falls, flexibility exercises to enhance overall mobility, and breathing exercises and relaxation techniques. ...
The aim of this study was to assess the intensity of hatha yoga training for older adults in alignment with international physical activity recommendations. The sample included 26 participants (one male), aged 70 ± 5.7 years, with a mean BMI of 25.3 ± 3.2, recruited from a University of the Third Age. Heart rate (HR) was measured during a yoga session using the Polar Vantage V2 multisport GPS watch and the Polar H10 chest strap sensor. Results indicated that the mean HR during the most intensive phase of yoga reached 60% of participants’ HRmax and 31% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). On average, participants spent 16 min (15.9 ± 14.76) in the 64–76% HRmax range and nine minutes (9.4 ± 8.67) in the 40–59% HRR range, corresponding to moderate-intensity exercise. Four participants maintained moderate intensity for 30 min based on the 64 − 76% HRmax criterion, while only one participant sustained this intensity for at least 30 min according to the 40 − 59% HRR criterion. Participants reported a perceived exertion of 12, indicating a moderate level of effort. The study highlights that hatha yoga incorporates muscle-strengthening and endurance exercises for all major muscle groups, enhancing balance, coordination, flexibility, and range of motion, making it a comprehensive physical activity option for older adults. However, the session’s intensity remained predominantly below the moderate level.
... However, as a novel approach, initial assessments are needed to establish viability, efficacy, and safety of the ITB to complete isometric exercise. Furthermore, to control for the exaggerated pressor response (Rowell 1993) likely to be elicited by the multi-exercise approach of the ITB, it is imperative to identify a suitable cost-effective method to regulate exercise intensity to ensure that the CV responses of the ITB remain within safe limits [> 250 mmHg sBP and/or > 115 mmHg dBP, or 85% age predicted maximal HR (Liguori 2020)]. ...
... The mean CV and CR-10 responses were average across each ITB exercise and each IHG contraction, thus providing a mean of the means representing the overall response to each exercise bout. The CV response to each bout was deemed unsafe if BP values exceeded the ACSM, (2020) recommended exercise termination guidelines (Liguori 2020). ...
... Additionally, whole-body and bilateral exercises result in greater rate of metabolic accumulation (e.g., lactate, H + , and Pi) (Migiano et al. 2010) and mechanical distortion, leading to increased activation of group III/IV afferent fibers (Rossman et al. 2014), subsequently producing a reflexive cardiovascular response (Seals 1989). Importantly, the data indicate peak HR values during both exercise modes (IHG, 97 bpm ·− 1 ; ITB, 118 bpm ·− 1 ) were significantly lower if ACSM exercise termination guidelines (Liguori 2020) were applied to the present sample (~ 165 bpm ·− 1 ) though the criterion for achievement of 85% age predicted maximal HR is disputed (Jain et al. 2011) and considered a poor predictor for adverse cardiac events (Whitman and Jenkins 2021). ...
Purpose
Short- to long-term isometric resistance training (IRT) can produce clinically meaningful reductions in resting blood pressure, but established methods are costly or require laboratory access. An affordable method could improve accessibility; however, there is a need to establish efficacy and safety prior to prescription as an alternative IRT method. This study aims to determine whether a novel isometric training band (ITB) can elicit cardiovascular (CV) responses (blood pressure [BP] and heart rate [HR]) comparable with those of established methods.
Methods
Fifteen normotensive adults (systolic [sBP]; 120 ± 3 mmHg, diastolic [dBP]; 71 ± 6 mmHg) completed a single 2-min isometric handgrip contraction (IHG) at 30% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) followed by 2-min contractions for four individual ITB exercises at a self-determined intensity to replicate perceived exertion (CR-10) during IHG. A further 15 normotensive participants (sBP; 118 ± 6 mmHg, dBP; 68 ± 7 mmHg) completed bouts of IRT (IHG, 4 × 2 min at 30% MVC; ITB, 4 × 2 min at imposed CR-10 values [4–5]), with CV responses compared between bouts.
Results
No differences in BP responses were detected between IHG and each ITB exercise (P > 0.05). CR-10 values and HRs were comparable between the individual IHG contraction and three ITB exercises (P > 0.05). Between bouts, regulating contraction intensity through imposed CR-10 values resulted in comparable BP responses (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
These findings suggest that a novel ITB and associated protocol may serve as versatile, inclusive, and accessible alternative method for performing IRT.
... The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) categorises exercise intensity into five levels based on %VO2max. Exercise intensities below 37% are classified as low intensity, 37-45% as light intensity, 46-63% as middle intensity, 64-90% as vigorous intensity and ≥91% as very vigorous to maximal intensity [20]. In daily life, people can achieve low exercise intensity through regular activities, but it is difficult to reach very vigorous to maximal intensity. ...
... In this study, 24 students from the Capital University of Physical Education and Sports (China) participated in the experiment ( Table 1). The age span of the participants was small (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30), and there were significant differences in weight and resting heart rate among women, while the corresponding differences between men were relatively small. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Capital University of Physical Education and Sports. ...
Background: In the fields of rehabilitation, public health, military training and other domains, the accurate and effective monitoring of exercise intensity during exercise can control the occurrence of sports injuries, which is of great significance for people’s healthy lives. Objective: This study combined easily collectable multi-dimensional sensor data and various algorithm models to achieve cross-individual recognition of low, middle and high levels of exercise intensity. Methods: This study compared the recognition performance of different algorithm models using acceleration and angular velocity sensors worn on seven body parts through individualised body data characteristics. Results: The recognition performances of two classical machine learning algorithms were the worst, with a recognition rate of only 82.97% and 80.31%. The performances of two ensemble learning algorithms were slightly better, with a recognition rate of 88.86% and 87.35%. The deep sub-domain adaptation network algorithm proposed in this study exhibited the best performance, with a recognition rate of 92.87%. This study utilised multi-dimensional sensors to construct a cross-individual exercise intensity recognition model for different parts of the body, and the overall recognition rate of the left part was higher than that of the right part. Moreover, the recognition effect upon wearing sensors on the left side of the body is better than the right in running events. Conclusions: The results of this study have demonstrated the effectiveness of combining domain adaptation methods and multi-dimensional sensors for cross-individual exercise intensity recognition, laying a solid theoretical foundation for broader-scale cross-individual exercise intensity recognition in future research.
... Screening strategies should focus on identifying symptoms of ischemia, cardiovascular risk factors, and previous cardiac history. Validated tools such as the ACSM Preparticipation Screening Questionnaire or the PAR-Q+ can help stratify risk and guide the need for further testing (Riebe et al., 2015) [13] . High-risk individuals should undergo exercise stress testing and echocardiographic assessment to evaluate myocardial function before beginning or resuming intense exercise. ...
... Screening strategies should focus on identifying symptoms of ischemia, cardiovascular risk factors, and previous cardiac history. Validated tools such as the ACSM Preparticipation Screening Questionnaire or the PAR-Q+ can help stratify risk and guide the need for further testing (Riebe et al., 2015) [13] . High-risk individuals should undergo exercise stress testing and echocardiographic assessment to evaluate myocardial function before beginning or resuming intense exercise. ...
... The exercise plan for both groups was structured into sets and repetitions with an individualized approach, with intensity ranging from light (perceived exertion of 3-4) to moderate (5-6) on a perceived exertion scale of 0 to 10, achieving a weekly exercise volume of 150 min [28]. The perceived exertion scale recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) [28,29] is a subjective tool that allows individuals to self-regulate exercise intensity in real time based on their perception of exertion, with 0 representing "no effort" and 10 indicating "maximum effort", providing a practical method for estimating physical activity intensity in primary care contexts. During the entire study period, participants were regularly monitored and instructed to avoid participation in any additional structured physical or cognitive training programs while maintaining their usual daily activities. ...
... The set of EXGs selected, their sequence, and the number of repetitions were standardized for all participants. However, the intensity during gameplay was individualized as light to moderate using the same perceived exertion scale (0 to 10) as in the conventional exercises [28,29], allowing real-time adjustments based on each participant's functional capacity and fatigue level. Table 1 provides a brief description of the EXGs implemented. ...
Background/Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of mobility impairment in older adults, yet few studies have explored exergames (EXGs) as a complementary therapy for knee and/or hip OA (KOA/HOA). This study evaluated the effects of integrating EXGs into conventional therapy (CT) on functional mobility. Methods: Sixty participants were randomized into an EXG/CT group or a CT-only group. The interventions lasted 10 weeks (3 sessions/week), and the EXGs were selected from the interactive game Ring Fit Adventure (Nintendo Switch®, Kyoto, Japan). Results: Functional mobility (Timed Up and Go test) significantly improved in the EXG/CT group but not in the CT group. Additionally, lower-limb strength and aerobic endurance increased in the EXG/CT group. No adverse events were reported, and the adherence was high. Conclusions: These findings support EXG-based interventions as a viable complement to CT. Future studies should design OA-specific EXGs and include patient subgroups to expand the impact of interventions using virtual systems.
... Te exercises involved large muscle groups, with upper and lower limbs together. Te main exercise session included a series of workouts such as ankle inversion and eversion, kicks, jogging, jumping jacks, cross country, pendulum movements, sidesteps, steps, crosses, leg swings and curls, leaping, twisting heel and toe movements, fog jumps, tuck jumps, scissors and jumps, jigs, and aqua bar exercises [20,21]. During the training sessions, if there was any adverse event, such as cramps, discomfort, and hypotension, it was recommended to stop the activity immediately to receive the necessary care. ...
... With aging, axial stifness can develop and decrease fexibility and elasticity in the neck and trunk, creating a postural imbalance that reduces balance and raises the probability of falls [29][30][31]. Te American College of Sports Medicine [21] emphasizes the importance of fexibility training during the aging process to prevent falls; however, it is usually neglected in exercise plans. Our results showed signifcant improvements in fexibility levels (both the upper and lower limbs) as a result of the 12 weeks of aquatic training, which is consistent with fndings from previous studies [32][33][34]. ...
Background: Aquatic training is emerging as a multifaceted therapy for enhancing health parameters, particularly among elderly populations. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a three-month aquatic training on physical functioning, including balance, muscular strength, and flexibility, among healthy older men.
Methods: From an initial sample of 80 elderly men, 45 healthy participants (mean age: 75.5 years) were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 23) or control group (n = 22). The intervention group participated in three 60-min sessions per week for 12 weeks. Functional fitness variables, encompassing upper and lower body flexibility and muscular strength, along with dynamic and static balance, were assessed using multiple tests at both baseline and postintervention. The training load increased gradually over the 12-week program, ranging between 50% and 70% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Exercise intensity was controlled using the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, aiming for a targeted range of 12–15 on the Borg scale. The control group maintained their usual daily activities throughout the study period, providing a basis for comparison with the exercise intervention group.
Results: No significant baseline differences in demographic characteristics were observed between the study groups (p>0.05). Compared to the control group, the intervention group demonstrated significant improvements across all outcome measures, including static balance, dynamic balance, upper and lower body flexibility, and upper and lower body muscular strength (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The study findings highlight the efficacy of aquatic training in enhancing various aspects of physical functioning among older men, supporting the growing recognition of aquatic training as an effective therapeutic approach for promoting vitality and independence in elderly populations.
... There is a considerable international impulse to promote a more active lifestyle in the population, as it can successfully prevent many chronic diseases and the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle [2,3]. Among the many benefits of PA, we can find a reduced risk of developing many organic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, among others [4,5]. PA can also help reduce the mental health risks for conditions such as depression [1]. ...
... On this note, impulsivity is associated with enhanced psychological risks in many behaviors [68]. Thus, this slower response pattern in PA individuals might be an indicator of better psychological health, which is a common benefit of physical activity, as stated in the introduction [1,4,5]. ...
Background/Objectives: Physical activity (PA) has many benefits for both physical and cognitive health. It has also been related to improvements in memory and executive functions. However, its impact on time estimation remains less explored. Time is a key component of episodic memory, which also involves spatial components to give a full context to events. Given the clear evidence of the benefits of PA in spatial navigation and the anatomical overlap with temporal estimation through the hippocampus, the latter could be affected in a similar way. Therefore, this study aimed to check how PA can influence time processing and spatial memory. We wanted to check if PA influenced time and space with the same directionality. Methods: Forty-two (n = 42) female university students participated in this study, divided into a Sport (n = 25) or Sedentary (n = 17) Group depending on their participation in PA for a minimum of 3 h a week. They were addressed in two different cognitive capabilities. The first was time processing, measured by the Time Comparison Task, which controlled for several key aspects of time literature in its design. Moreover, we measured spatial navigation skills, using a well-proven virtual spatial navigation task, The Boxes Room. Accuracy and mean response times were registered per task. Results: Significant correlations were observed between spatial and temporal task performance. In addition, PA influenced spatial and time processing in a similar way, with the Sport Group outperforming the Sedentary Group in accuracy and response times for both tasks. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that PA influences time processing similarly to its established effects on spatial memory, which could help developing sports programs that further enhance this skill.
... In line with international guidelines 27,[48][49][50] and based on the rationale 11,20,21,26 for training in people with chronic neurodegenerative disorders, rehabilitation provided to PD patients in our rehabilitation facility routinely includes both aerobic and task-oriented training. In our clinical practice, each outpatient session typically lasts between 60 and 90 minutes, with 10 to 20 sessions per cycle and a frequency ranging from 2 to 3 sessions per week. ...
Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) can reduce quality of life and increase disability. This historical cohort study investigated how rehabilitation intensity influences non-motor symptoms. The primary outcomes were changes in non-motor symptoms in the short and medium term. Secondary outcomes were changes in disability burden, motor symptom severity, and freezing of gait after treatment. Measurements were taken before (T0) and after treatment (T1) and 6 ± 1 months after T1 (T2). According to total training duration, 24 patients with PD were assigned to High-Intensity Training group (HIT, 1800 min) and 24 to Low-Intensity Training (LIT, less than 900 minutes). At T1, only the HIT group showed clinically significant improvements in non-motor symptoms, which were maintained at T2. In contrast, the LIT group experienced worsening disability at follow-up. Multivariate analysis revealed training intensity and baseline disability as predictors of improvement. These findings support the benefits of high intensity exercise in PD management.
... The objectives of these subgroup analyses included the type of control group (WL/NT, AP, UC), the intensity of AE intervention (high, moderate), the duration of the activity intervention (<8 weeks, 811 weeks, ≥ 12 weeks), the time of each activity session (<60 minutes, ≥ 60 minutes), and the frequency of the activity intervention (≤3 times/week, > 3 times/week). According to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) criteria [32], high-intensity exercise can be categorized according to different indicators: 60%−89% of HRR, 77%−95% of HRmax, 15-17 points of RPE, and 64%−90% of VO 2peak , while moderate-intensity corresponds to 40%−59% HRR, 64%−76% HRmax, 12-14 points of RPE, and 46%−63% VO 2peak . ...
Background
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is characterized by an unusual and persistent sensation of tiredness that can occur during or after treatment, potentially impacting both physical and mental capability, and which does not ameliorate with rest. Aerobic exercise (AE) has been identified as a potent modality to mitigate the severity of CRF in such patients.
Objective
This study aims to investigate the efficacy of AE in alleviating CRF among patients.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was implemented on PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane, and Embase until June 2024. Studies were selected based on the following PICOS criteria: Participants (P): cancer patients undergoing treatment or in recovery; Intervention (I): aerobic exercise, including activities such as walking, running, yoga, or tai chi; AE interventions conducted during both treatment and recovery were included. Comparison (C): usual care, no-treatment/wait-list, or attention/activity placebo controls; Outcome (O): cancer-related fatigue (CRF) measured by validated scales; Study design (S): randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3.
Results
The results indicate that AE exerts a significant impact on CRF, but the heterogeneity is high (SMD = −0.76, 95% CI: −1.30 to −0.22, P < 0.05, I² = 94%). Subgroup analysis revealed that AE interventions lasting at least 12 weeks (SMD = −1.12, 95% CI = −2.02 ~ −0.22, P < 0.05, I² = 96%), 3 times or less per week (SMD = −1.00, 95% CI = −1.83 ~ −0.16, P < 0.05, I² = 96%), with each session exceeding 60 minutes (SMD = −1.48, 95% CI = −2.32 ~ −0.64, P < 0.01, I² = 96%), compared to the control group, significantly improve CRF in patients.
Conclusion
The research findings confirm the effectiveness of AE in alleviating CRF. Subgroup analysis further elucidated that AE interventions lasting at least 12 weeks, 3 times or less per week, with 60 minutes or more per session, significantly alleviated CRF among patients. However, given the limited number of included studies, caution is warranted in interpreting these subgroup analysis outcomes. The protocol for this review was duly registered on PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42024559098.
... Physical activity increases neurotrophic factors antioxidant capacity and decreases inflammation, which can be proposed as a non-invasive intervention to minimize neuronal damage and improve PD symptoms (Osali, 2020;Yau et al., 2014). According to major health organizations, moderate-intensity aerobic activity is the best exercise regimen for people with PD, which involves maintaining the heart rate at 64%-76% of its maximal reserve (Piercy et al., 2018;Riebe et al., 2018). Moderate aerobic exercise has been proven to enhance balance and gait in PD patients (Li et al., 2021). ...
... The treadmill slope was maintained at 1% throughout the test. VO 2max was determined according to ACSM criteria [16], while HR max was recorded as the highest heart rate achieved during the test. ...
Citation: Cádiz-Gallardo, M.P.; Pradas, F.; Patanè, P.; García-Giménez, A.; Lecina, M.; Carrasco, L. Analysis of the Acute Cytokine Dynamics Induced in Professional Padel According to the Playing Side of the Court and Sex-Related Differences. Metabolites 2025, 15, 368. https:// Abstract: Background/Objectives: Moderate-intensity physical exercise induces an anti-inflammatory state that may help prevent or manage various diseases. In contrast, high-intensity exercise is closely associated with systemic inflammation, which can lead to immunosuppression, especially when recovery periods are too short, reduced sports performance and potential health risks for the athlete. This study aimed to analyze the acute cytokine dynamics in professional padel players, focusing on differences related to the side of play on the court (forehand or backhand) and sex. Methods: A total of 21 elite padel players (11 females and 10 males; age: 27.7 ± 6.3 y) voluntarily participated in the study. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13) were analyzed before and after a padel match. Results: The results showed significant changes in pro-and anti-inflammatory, including a decrease in IL-7 (p = 0.02), an increase in IL-8 (p ≤ 0.001) and an increase in IL-10 (p = 0.001). No significant differences were observed based on the side of play on the court, suggesting that this variable does not influence the immune response. Conclusions: Competitive padel at an elite level elicits an anti-inflammatory response, characterized by an increase in IL-10 and a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines. This response highlights the potential health benefits of padel as a moderate-intensity sport, particularly in managing systemic inflammation.
... Resistance-based aerobic exercise performed at 70-75% heart rate according to the heart rate reserve method [25] and lasted a total of 30 min. Maximal heart rates of participants whose resting heart rates were known were calculated according to Tanaka et al.'s equation [26] The training program consisted of four consecutive exercises: 20 repetitions of clean and push press, 10 knee push-ups, 20 air squats, and 20 assisted dips. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of a thirty-minute session of Hatha yoga and a thirty-minute session of resistance-based aerobic exercise on balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex in adult female yoga practitioners.
Methods
Ten participants underwent balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex assessments at rest, after Hatha yoga, and after resistance-based aerobic exercise. Balance was measured using computerized dynamic posturography, and vestibulo-ocular reflex was evaluated with a functional head impulse test. The Hatha yoga session included twenty-five minutes of yoga poses followed by five minutes of relaxation. The aerobic exercise session was performed at an intensity of seventy to seventy-five percent of heart rate reserve.
Results
No significant changes were observed in vestibulo-ocular reflex parameters across conditions. However, balance scores showed significant improvements following resistance-based aerobic exercise compared to both resting and Post-Yoga conditions. The somatosensory and visual system scores increased significantly after resistance-based aerobic exercise, as did the overall balance score. Lower body weight, lean body mass, and total body water were positively associated with better balance outcomes.
Conclusion
While neither Hatha yoga nor resistance-based aerobic exercise acutely influenced vestibulo-ocular reflex, resistance-based aerobic exercise had immediate positive effects on balance and postural stability.
... Cutoff frequencies were established considering the following considerations presented in the literature. The normal range for resting heart rate is 50-90 beats per minute (bpm), Spodick [1993], and the maximum heart rate is loosely estimated as 220 minus one's age (Fox and Naughton [1972], Riebe et al. [2018]). Figure 1(b) shows the HR thus calculated for the activities studied considering all subjects. ...
A key aspect of developing fall prevention systems is the early prediction of a fall before it occurs. This paper presents a statistical overview of results obtained by analyzing 22 activities of daily living to recognize physiological patterns and estimate the risk of an imminent fall. The results demonstrate distinctive patterns between high-intensity and low-intensity activity using EMG, ECG, and respiration sensors, also indicating the presence of a proportional trend between movement velocity and muscle activity. These outcomes highlight the potential benefits of using these sensors in the future to direct the development of an activity recognition and risk prediction framework for physiological phenomena that can cause fall injuries.
... Fourteen men (mean ± SD; age: 22.9 ± 2.0 yrs, height: 178.7 ± 5.9 cm, weight: 85.0 ± 16.9 kg) and 13 women (mean ± SD; age: 22.9 ± 2.6 yrs, height: 163.7 ± 6.8 cm, weight: 72.5 ± 18.6 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. All subjects were recreationally trained, participating in resistance and/or aerobic training at least three days per week prior to participation in the study (Riebe et al., 2018). The subjects with a preacher curl 1RM of less than 7.94 kg were excluded, as a 30 % 1RM fatiguing task would have required a load lighter than the minimum allowed by the adjustable dumbbell used in this study. ...
Traditionally, research using dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) training has focused on self-selected velocities. This study aimed to examine sex differences in fatigability and neuromuscular responses during maximal intended velocity, DCER forearm flexion muscle actions to failure. Fourteen men (mean ± SD; age: 22.9 ± 2.0 yrs) and 13 women (age: 22.9 ± 2.6 yrs) completed one set of forearm flexion muscle actions to failure performing the concentric phase of the repetition at maximal intended velocity (as fast as possible). Electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) signals were recorded from the biceps brachii. The results indicated that men were significantly stronger and more powerful than women, however, there were no sex differences in the number of repetitions to failure (70 ± 18) or reductions in peak force (31 ± 8 %), peak velocity (57 ± 18 %), or peak power (64 ± 17 %). Additionally, there were no sex differences in the neuromuscular responses, which included increases in EMG amplitude (AMP), decreases in EMG mean power frequency (MPF), and no changes in MMG AMP or MPF. The increase in EMG AMP and decrease in EMG MPF, combined with no changes in MMG AMP or MPF, suggested that the decreases in performance were due to excitation contraction coupling failure, rather than a reduction in central drive. Thus, despite the low relative load, the maximal intended velocity muscle actions resulted in similar impairments of contractile function for the men and women that diminished sex differences in fatigability.
... The combined exercise intervention consisted of a 10-min warm-up, 20 min of cognitive group games (e.g., fishing game, traffic lights game), 40 min of motor skill training (e.g., shuttle run, crawling exercise, and push-ups), 5 min of highintensity combined exercise, and a 15-min cool-down session ( Table S1). The overall exercise intensity was aimed at 65%-75% of the maximum heart rate for moderate-intensity exercise [28], with a predicted maximum heart rate of 208 bpm − (0.7 × age) [29], monitored using Polar OH1 (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) to track the participants' heart rate. ...
This randomized controlled trial investigated a 20‐session combined aerobic and physical‐cognitive exercise program in 66 children with ADHD (aged 6–9 years, 29 medicated), evaluating impacts on core symptoms, executive functions, and functional impairment through SNAP‐IV, BRIEF, and WEISS‐P assessments. Participants were randomly allocated to either the intervention group (six weekly 90‐min sessions) or the wait‐list control group during summer vacation. Results from mixed‐design ANOVA demonstrated significant group × time interactions across all dimensions of the SNAP‐IV and WEISS‐P scales, as well as global executive composite (GEC), behavioral regulation index (BRI), and specific subdomains including inhibition, shifting, initiation, and organization in the BRIEF scale (p < 0.05). Stratified analyses indicated that significant group × time interactions in pharmacological participants were found in the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions of SNAP‐IV, the BRI dimension of BRIEF, and all dimensions of WEISS‐P. In contrast, nonpharmacological participants in the intervention group maintained stability, while those in the control group deteriorated. Mediation analysis identified that executive functions significantly mediated the relationship between exercise intervention and the improvement of core symptoms and functional impairment. In conclusion, the 20‐session combined exercise intervention during summer vacation appears to attenuate symptom progression in children with ADHD, with executive functions serving as a mediator.
Clinical Trials Registry Site and Number: China Clinical Trials Center (ChiCTR2100049462)
... Notably, older adults also achieved a vigorous cardiovascular exercise intensity during both competitive conditions (in the range of 77-93% of their maximum heart rate), but only reached a moderate intensity in the visual feedback condition (in the range of 64-76% of their maximum heart rates) according to exercise guidelines. [45] Thus, our hypothesis was supported that competitive exercise would promote a higher exercise intensity for older adults. ...
Background: Engaging in regular moderate-to-vigorous exercise is an essential component of promoting longevity and reducing health risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle. However, various barriers can hinder participation in high-intensity exercise. Virtual reality (VR) may enhance exercise adherence by increasing engagement and motivation. Specifically, elements such as visual feedback and competition within VR environments may encourage users to exercise at higher intensities. Though the literature suggests that competitiveness may decrease with age, there is limited research comparing intensity and motivation during competitive exercise across the lifespan. This study aims to compare the effects of visual feedback and competition in a VR bicycling simulation on exercise intensity and user experience (motivation and enjoyment) in older adults and compare them to healthy younger adults. Methods: Adults aged 45–75 participated in three VR cycling conditions: self-competition, competition against others, and visual feedback. Each condition lasted five minutes, during which exercise intensity and visual attention were continuously recorded. Perceived effort and intrinsic motivation were assessed to evaluate user experience. Results were compared with data from a separate study involving younger adults bicycling in the same simulation. Results: VR was tolerable for older adults with no age-related differences in tolerability observed. For older adults, competitive conditions led to higher exercise intensity compared to visual feedback while there were no differences in intrinsic motivation, enjoyment or visual attention. Across all 3 conditions, older adults focused their attention on the task for >70% of the trials. Compared to young adults, older adults had a lower raw bicycling cadence in the 2 competitive conditions and higher perception of effort in the visual feedback condition. There were no other age-related differences between the two groups. Conclusion: This custom VR bicycling simulation effectively guided visual attention, encouraged high-intensity exercise, and was rated favorably among older adults. Therefore, VR bicycling employing competition and visual feedback may be a useful exercise tool regardless of the user’s age, particularly for individuals that have self-developmental competitive profiles. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials NCT05253703. Registered at ClinicalTrials.Gov on February 10, 2022.
... Subject characteristics are presented in Table 1. Subjects were representative of the population in these age groups with respect to body size and aerobic fitness (Kaminsky et al., 2015;Liguori, 2020). Subjects refrained from taking ASA, anti-thrombotic therapy, or other anti-inflammatory therapies for at least 2 weeks prior to participating in the study. ...
Nearly 40% of US adults over the age of 50 use aspirin (ASA) therapy for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Systemic platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition with low‐dose ASA attenuates reflex cutaneous vasodilation and accelerates the rate of rise of core temperature during passive heating in middle‐aged adults. The functional effect of low‐dose ASA therapy on thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses to hot and humid environmental extremes in older (>65 years) adults has not been determined. Eleven older adults (5F; 66–80 years) were exposed to progressive heat stress in an environmental chamber at a metabolic rate comparable to activities of daily living (~80 W∙m⁻²) in a warm‐humid (WH; 36°C, 52% rh) and hot‐dry (HD; 40°C, 21% rh) environment following 7 days of low‐dose ASA (81 mg/day) or placebo. Core temperature (Tc), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and forearm blood flow (FBF) were measured, and rate‐pressure product was subsequently calculated. Low‐dose ASA attenuated FBF and forearm vascular conductance (all p ≤ 0.04) but had no effect on Tc or Tsk in either environment. In conclusion, low‐dose ASA attenuates the skin blood flow response during minimal activity heat stress in both dry and humid environments but does not alter Tc.
... WIB), were willing to participate in the study, and had signed an informed consent form. Exclusion criteria were: displaying symptoms indicative of cardiovascular, metabolic, or kidney diseases according to the ACSM criteria and algorithm; exhibiting knee and ankle pain or impaired movement [9]; being on a diet; and taking drugs that could affect exercise. The drop-out criterion was: subject could not complete 60% of the total practice sessions. ...
The incidence of cardiovascular disease has increased significantly worldwide, and it is a major cause of death. Cardiovascular disease in health workers can increase absenteeism and become a problem for healthcare systems. Quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic can reduce physical activity and daily physical exercise, thereby interfering with physical fitness and heart health. There is a need for the development of physical exercises to prevent the risk of cardiovascular disease, for example, Senam Jantung Sehat (healthy heart exercises) and muscle strength training. This was an interventional study comparing two groups (test and control). Five subjects (health workers) completed the study in the intervention group, participating in Senam Jantung Sehat and muscle strength training administered virtually through Zoom. Thirty-four subjects (health workers) in the control group were provided with physical activity education. The intervention was delivered for 3 months, for a total of 36 sessions. Data analysis was carried out to assess the mean and delta differences using unpaired T tests and Mann–Whitney tests. Data analysis was carried out for the five intervention subjects according to the criteria of >60% attendance. The main risk factor for cardiovascular disease is the body mass index (BMI). The average physical exercise adherence rate in the test group was 33.1%. It was found that the decrease in BMI and percent body fat was higher in the test group than the control group (p = 0.025 and p = 0.031). The decrease in back muscle strength was higher in the control group than the test group (p = 0.007). The decrease in systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein and the increase in cardiorespiratory fitness tended to be higher in the test group, although the differences were not statistically significant.
... Cardiorespiratory fitness is typically assessed in a laboratory setting using graded or incremental exercise protocols performed to the point of volitional fatigue, with continuous monitoring of oxygen uptake throughout the test (Beltz et al., 2016). Although direct measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) in the laboratory is considered the gold standard for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness, it is expensive, time-consuming, and technically complex (Liguori, 2021). Consequently, this method is not practical for field settings where large numbers of participants need to be assessed in a short period of time. ...
... Due to the sample included in each application, it was not possible to perform the analysis according to gender, which would have been interesting due to the differences in the practice of physical activity between adolescent males and females [70]. Although the ACSM indicates that it is the total cumulative training volume that is important [71], the fact that some adolescents completed the proposed distance for each day in a single session may have produced different effects compared to those who completed this distance in several sessions per day, so future research is needed to analyze the differences according to the method of reaching the total set volume. Finally, not having a record of the steps taken by the adolescents before starting the intervention or at the end of the intervention is an important limitation when conducting research with mobile applications to promote walking, so it is an aspect of great relevance to consider in future research. ...
Background: Adolescents’ use of step tracker mobile applications (apps) could be influenced by their assessment of the mobile app used. Objectives: To analyze differences in the dropout rate, app assessment, and problematic mobile phone use based on prior physical activity levels and the app used. Methods: A study with a quasi-experimental design was carried out with the participation of 240 adolescents, who were further categorized as either active or inactive. The adolescents carried out a 10-week intervention promoted as a part of the physical education curriculum, three days a week, in which they randomly used the Pokémon Go, MapMyWalk, Pacer, or Strava mobile apps after school for cardiorespiratory training. Results: The results showed a higher dropout rate from Pokémon Go in the group of inactive adolescents (p = 0.012). No differences were found in the assessment of apps based on the level of activity of the adolescents, neither overall nor when analyzing this question based on the app used (p > 0.05). As for problematic mobile phone use, only previously inactive adolescents assigned to the Pacer group significantly increased their final score after the intervention (p = 0.044), with no changes being identified in the other groups or apps (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the active adolescents showed a positive relationship between the volume of training and problematic mobile phone use (p = 0.023), specifically with the conflicting use of this device (p = 0.017). Conclusions: The inactive adolescents had a higher dropout rate when using Pokémon Go. There were no differences in app assessment between the active and the inactive participants. However, the active adolescents showed a link between their training volume and problematic mobile phone use.
... Furthermore, in pursuit of maximum variation sampling of exercise modalities (Sandelowski, 2000(Sandelowski, , 2010, potential participants were also required to regularly engage in musclestrengthening exercise, aerobic exercise, or both. A "regular exerciser" was de ned as meeting the national recommendations for muscle-strengthening physical activity (targeting all major muscle groups at least twice per week; (Piercy et al., 2018) or participating in at least moderate aerobic exercise on three or more days per week for the prior three months, following criteria established by the American College of Sports Medicine's pre-participation screening process (Liguori, 2020). ...
The increased use of consumer off-the-shelf wearables (COTSW) for exercise training and self-monitoring has resulted in some COTSW offering individual 'recovery' or 'readiness' scores. These scores are derived using heart rate variability (HRV) and are designed to be easily interpreted (percent score; color codes) to assist users in optimizing their training. Limited research exists on the perceived informational utility associated with HRV-derived scores, which can impact user adoption and fidelity. The purpose of this study was to understand individuals' experiences using and interacting with their COTSW and readiness/recovery scores. Seventeen regular exercisers who owned and used a Whoop™ band or Oura™ ring for at least 3 months participated in a one-on-one virtual semi-structured interview. Interviews were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis, with themes supported by 'in-vivo' quotes. This paper focuses on three key themes for a comprehensive demonstration. Theme 1, ‘It’s kinda validating, right?’ (Detroit) highlights how users found validation and reinforcement in their lifestyle choices and feelings about their well-being. Theme 2, ‘It’s really putting the power in my hands,’ (Misty) indicates users’ curiosity and experimentation with their devices, leading to behavioral adjustments aimed at improving their readiness/recovery scores. Theme 3, potential for ‘more of an emotional response rather than a rational one,’ (Brian) demonstrates the complex reactive responses users may have towards these scores and each wearable’s interface. These findings contribute to the understanding of how COTSW estimates of readiness or recovery impact users’ behavior and self-perception, while highlighting the potential need for user education and design considerations to promote positive interactions with such data.
... During recruitment, potential participants were asked about their training history via a questionnaire, and subsequently, physical fitness tests were used to confirm the self-reported predominant training history (i.e., aerobic or resistance). This included comparing the results from cardiorespiratory fitness and maximal lower-body strength tests to normative data (Liguori 2022;Strength Level 2023) to support the quality of their training history. The participants could only qualify as either resistance or aerobically trained, such that "hybrid athletes" were not included in this investigation. ...
Purpose
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be applied to assess skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (). Specific force (SF) and echo intensity (EI) represent muscle quality. However, it is unknown how exercise participation and biological sex impact , and if measures of muscle quality are related to . The aim was to assess training history- and biological sex-related differences in , SF, and EI in males and females.
Methods
To determine training history, 50 adults (23 females, 66% resistance trained, age:22 ± 3 years) completed strength and cardiorespiratory fitness assessments. Ultrasonography assessed muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) and EI of the dominant vastus lateralis. The ratio of maximal strength to mCSA was defined as SF. To assess , participants cycled for 5 min at 50% of their peak power observed at maximal oxygen consumption. Following this, a mono-exponential decay curve, deriving the rate constant (k), was created from post-exercise NIRS recovery slopes. Separate 2(Sex) × 2(Training History) ANOVAs examined differences in k, SF, and EI. Pearson’s correlation coefficients evaluated relations among k, SF, and EI.
Results
There was a significant interaction for k (p = 0.025, ), such that k was greater in aerobically trained adults. Additionally, SF was significantly greater for resistance trained individuals (p < 0.001), whereas EI was not different between training history groups (p = 0.363). For the resistance trained group, SF and were related (r = − 0.455, p = 0.002). EI was associated with (r = 0.465, p = 0.006).
Conclusion
Chronic aerobic exercise promotes faster recovery following exercise bouts, whereas resistance training yields superior muscle quality, possibly demonstrating the consequences of a physiological trade-off and/or training-specificity.
... PowerPoint Lecture. Topics included: an overview of what BP is, definitions of systolic and diastolic, normal resting BP values, factors that affect BP, BP measuring procedure based on AHA guidelines, 2 equations related to BP, BP categorization according to AHA, 31 contraindications to exercise, and BP red flags. ...
Purpose
Research studies have shown that students over time across healthcare disciplines may be inconsistent with blood pressure (BP) measuring ability. This has led to a recommendation that BP measurement retraining should occur every 6 to 12 months. The purpose of this study is to determine if the use of a computer-assisted learning (CAL) module could be used as a retraining tool for physical therapy students to improve knowledge, confidence, and accuracy of BP measurements.
Methods
This study consisted of a 16-week 2 × 2 randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial. A total of 41 students were recruited and included entry-level doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students who are currently in their first semester of a DPT program. Data collection occurred at 3 time points: initial (T0), midpoint (T1), and final (T2). Outcome assessments included: a knowledge quiz, confidence survey, and measurement accuracy using simulated manikins.
Results
There were no statistically significant differences between groups for demographic factors or confidence survey items. There were no statistically significant differences within groups across all time points for total mean survey average and mean manikin score. The total mean quiz score at T1 had a statistically significant difference between groups ( P = .035).
Conclusions
Results suggest that the use of a BP CAL module did not significantly improve knowledge, self-perceived confidence, or accuracy of BP measurements compared with those not receiving BP CAL module retraining. The BP CAL module may be better used as a complimentary option alongside in-person skill training.
Clinicaltrials.gov Registration
NCT04976452.
... Resistance was increased by 25 W per minute until maximal effort was achieved (i.e., when two out of three indications of exhaustion were observed). Indications of maximal effort/ exhaustion were defined as: (1) an inability to maintain a pedal rate between 60 and 80 rpm; (2) respiratory exchange ratio (RER, >1.15); and (3) a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) ≥18 on the Borg scale (ranging from 6 to 20) (American College of Sports Medicine et al., 2018). Classic progressive protocols were followed to achieve a peak oxygen consumption (VO 2peak ) within an 8-to 12min time window. ...
Intermittent hypoxia has been used to enhance oxygen delivery in athletes and patients; however, it is unclear whether acute exposure is sufficient to elicit lasting physiologic adaptation(s). The purpose of this study was to evaluate physiologic response(s) to hypobaric‐hypoxic (HH) exercise. Nine participants (4 M/5F; 37.9 ± 12.7 yrs.; 174.3 ± 9.4 cm; 75.3 ± 15.9 kg; 24.4 ± 3.4 kg/m²) were exposed to progressively higher simulated altitudes and completed two HH submaximal exercise sessions (~30 min ea., ≥72 h apart) on a cycle ergometer at the first altitude that posed a significant challenge to them. Altitude was dependent on individual response as determined from heart rate (HR), peripheral oxygenation (SpO2), and the ratio of HR response to SpO2 (HR/SpO2). Statistical analyses included paired samples t‐test (p ≤ 0.05). No significant change in SpO2 (HH‐1: 85 ± 4% vs. HH‐2: 85 ± 4%, p = 0.684) was observed between sessions. However, there were significant decreases in: HR (HH‐1: 150 ± 18 bpm vs. HH‐2: 133 ± 27 bpm, p = 0.001) of 18 bpm (11%); HR/SpO2 (HH‐1: 1.76 ± 0.22 vs. HH‐2: 1.57 ± 0.33, p = 0.012); and RPE (HH‐1: 15 ± 2 vs. HH‐2: 11 ± 4, p = 0.017). While workload significantly increased (HH‐1: 89 ± 36 W vs. HH‐2: 105 ± 36 W, p = 0.024). Some participants had a threshold/challenging altitude, but from a single bout there is evidence of improved tolerance that can last over a week. Further investigation is required to replicate and understand possible mechanisms.
Background: Exercise and nutritional interventions are often recommended to help manage risk related to metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). The co-ingestion of Phyllanthus emblica (PE) with trivalent chromium (Cr) has been purported to improve the bioavailability of chromium and enhance endothelial function, reduce platelet aggregation, and help manage blood glucose as well as lipid levels. Shilajit (SJ) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, and lipid-lowering properties. This study evaluated whether dietary supplementation with Cr, PE, and SJ, or PE alone, during an exercise and diet intervention may help individuals with risk factors to MetSyn experience greater benefits. Methods: In total, 166 sedentary men and women with at least two markers of metabolic syndrome participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, and repeated-measure intervention study, of which 109 completed the study (48.6 ± 10 yrs., 34.2 ± 6 kg/m2, 41.3 ± 7% fat). All volunteers participated in a 12-week exercise program (supervised resistance and endurance exercise 3 days/week with walking 10,000 steps/day on non-training days) and were instructed to reduce energy intake by −5 kcals/kg/d. Participants were matched by age, sex, BMI, and body mass for the double-blind and randomized supplementation of a placebo (PLA), 500 mg of PE (PE-500), 1000 mg/d of PE (PE-1000), 400 µg of trivalent chromium (Cr) with 6 mg of PE and 6 mg of SJ (Cr-400), or 800 µg of trivalent chromium with 12 mg of PE and 12 mg of SJ (Cr-800) once a day for 12 weeks. Data were obtained at 0, 6, and 12 weeks of supplementation, and analyzed using general linear model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures, pairwise comparisons, and mean changes from the baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Compared to PLA responses, there was some evidence (p < 0.05 or approaching significance, p > 0.05 to p < 0.10) that PE and/or Cr with PE and SJ supplementation improved pulse wave velocity, flow-mediated dilation, platelet aggregation, insulin sensitivity, and blood lipid profiles while promoting more optimal changes in body composition, strength, and aerobic capacity. Differences among groups were more consistently seen at 6 weeks rather than 12 weeks. While some benefits were seen at both dosages, greater benefits were more consistently observed with PE-1000 and Cr-800 ingestion. Conclusions: The results suggest that PE and Cr with PE and SJ supplementation may enhance some exercise- and diet-induced changes in markers of health in overweight individuals with at least two risk factors to MetSyn. Registered clinical trial #NCT06641596.
Background
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD), common in women below 25 years, occurs as pain in the absence of any identifiable pelvic pathology. Menstrual tracking applications (MTAs) may help women manage their PD symptoms. No systematic assessment has been performed on MTA quality with respect to physical therapy management exercise.
Objectives
This study evaluated the quality of MTAs available in Saudi Arabia for mobile users in both the App Store and Google Play Store and assessed the quality and completeness of exercise regimens provided in these apps using the FITT principle as a guideline for managing PD symptoms.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, apps were collected from the App Store and Google Play Store using two strategies for each store independently: Scraper and SimilarWeb. The app quality was evaluated using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS), and exercise content was evaluated based on the recommended Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT) principles.
Results
Final evaluation included 16 apps, of which 87.5% required subscription. The mean app quality score ranged from 2.54 (worst-rated app) to 4.45 (best-rated app) with a mean score of 3.54 ± 0.58. In addition, only three apps provided all the FITT components in the exercise content.
Conclusion
This study assessed the quality of exercise provided within these applications as interventions for managing PD symptoms. This evaluation contributes to the understanding of mobile health technologies for PD management in the region, and highlights areas for improvement in app development and content quality to better serve individuals with PD.
Over the past half-century, the value of exercise for humans has significantly risen, and we propose that this value will be sustained for population health in the coming decades. This is primarily due to the observation that, for most individuals, exercise is not inherently pleasurable. This common affective response is a key factor causing the discrepancy between recognizing exercise’s health benefits and engaging in regular physical activity. Researchers using experience sampling methods (e.g., ecological momentary assessment) can measure affect at predetermined intervals (time-based) or during specific events (event-based). Event-based measurement is suited for studying the impact of affective responses to exercise on physical activity (integral affect), while time-based measurement is appropriate for examining the effects of physical activity on overall affect over time, and vice versa. Within this affective and evolutionary context, we discuss strategies to promote exercise adherence.
Background: Listening to music has been widely reported to improve resistance exercise performance. However, few studies have considered lyrical content. The act of using explicit language has been shown to alter performance and psychophysiological responses to exercise. Although explicit language is widely used in mainstream music, it is unknown if altering explicit lyric content in music influences performance and psychophysiological responses to resistance exercise. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of censoring explicit lyrical music on bench press performance and psychophysiological responses to exercise. Methods: In a counterbalanced crossover manner, resistance-trained males (n = 11) were subjected to two conditions, namely (1) explicit music (EM) or (2) censored music (CM). Following a warm-up, music played continuously as participants completed 2 sets × 2 repetitions as explosively as possible, while a linear position transducer monitored the mean velocity of the barbell. Participants then completed 3 sets × repetitions to failure (RTFs) at 60% of a 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) separated by 2 min of rest. Motivation to exercise, psychological arousal, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured post-exercise. Total RTFs, mean velocity, motivation, psychological arousal, and RPE were compared between music conditions. Results: Findings show that total RTFs (p = 0.012) was significantly lower with CM versus EM, while mean velocity (p = 0.844) was not different between conditions. Psychological arousal (p = 0.005) and motivation (p = 0.002) were lower with CM versus EM. CM also resulted in a higher RPE (p = 0.011) compared to EM. Conclusions: Findings suggest that CM results in worse repetition volume compared to EM during resistance exercise but does not influence explosive ability. Changes in performance may be due to underlying decreases in motivation and psychological arousal. CM may also cause less dissociation, as evidenced by a higher RPE. Future research investigating the effects of lyrical content on exercise performance is warranted to further support current findings.
Introduction
Dyslipidaemia, affecting approximately 39% of adults worldwide, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Individuals with dyslipidaemia are often prescribed statins, which effectively lower plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. Although statins lower LDL-C, emerging evidence suggests that they may counteract the beneficial adaptations to exercise in skeletal muscle mitochondria and whole-body aerobic capacity. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and there is a need for studies investigating how statins influence molecular adaptations to exercise. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the combined effects of statin therapy and focused exercise training on mitochondrial function and whole-body aerobic capacity in people with dyslipidaemia. The untargeted proteomic analysis will be incorporated to provide detailed insights into how statins may affect mitochondrial proteins and other muscle metabolic traits, offering molecular explanations for altered functional readouts at both the muscle and whole-body levels.
Methods and analysis
A total of 100 women and men (aged 40–65 years) diagnosed with dyslipidaemia without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease will be enrolled in this 12-week, double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Participants will be randomised into one of four groups using a block randomisation approach to ensure an allocation ratio of 60:40 for exercise and non-exercise conditions, respectively. The four groups will be: (1) exercise+placebo, (2) exercise+atorvastatin (80 mg/day), (3) atorvastatin (80 mg/day) and (4) placebo. The primary outcome is mitochondrial function, measured by changes in skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity from baseline to post-intervention. Secondary outcomes include whole-body aerobic capacity (VO 2peak ) and proteomic analyses. Genetic analysis will be conducted to assess the role of genetic polymorphisms in individual responses to statins and exercise.
Ethics and dissemination
The trial has received ethical approval from the Faroe Islands Ethical Committee (2024-10) and adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Results will be published in peer-reviewed international journals.
Trial registration number
NCT06841536 .
We sought to investigate if critical oxygenation (COx) is a robust marker of exercise intensity, and if it remains stable in normoxia and hypoxia with simultaneous changes in critical power (CP) and heart rate (HR).Thirty-three highly trained endurance athletes (11 females) underwent two 3-min CP cycling tests in normoxia (87 m ASL, FiO2 = 20.8%) and normobaric hypoxia (3200 m ASL, FiO2 = 14.2%). Repeated measures ANOVA with partial eta (ηp2) and omega squared (ω²) effect sizes was employed to compare systemic (SpO2) and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) at rest and COx, HR, and CP during exercise between normoxia and hypoxia with biological sex as an independent variable. Bayesian T-tests were conducted as the confirmatory analysis. Significant differences between normoxia and hypoxia for SpO2 and SmO2 were observed at rest in both sexes. During exercise, COx in the triceps brachii, CP and various HR indices exhibited significant differences (p < 0.001), whereas differences were not significant in the vastus lateralis (p = 0.355). The Bayesian analysis supported these findings. The decrease in COx in the triceps brachii in hypoxia was larger in females than in males (30 vs. 21% drop respectively, p = 0.019). However, no environment×sex interaction was found for CP, HR, and COx in vastus lateralis. COx in locomotor muscles remains stable across the tested ambient oxygen concentrations, whereas CP and HR exhibit significant differences between normoxia and hypoxia. Accordingly, COxVL may be useful in optimizing training load and cycling performance under different oxygen availability conditions.
Background/Objectives: Falls are a leading cause of morbidity in older adults, particularly those with multiple comorbidities. A multidisciplinary approach addressing physical, psychological, and environmental factors is essential for reducing fall risk and supporting aging in place. This report evaluates the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary, multifactorial approach in managing high fall risk in an older adult with diabetes, hypertension, and osteoporosis. Methods: A 72-year-old woman with a recurrent history of falls participated in an 8-week intervention as part of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) balance and falls prevention credential program. This study was conducted in Virginia Beach, USA, at the participant’s residence. A single-subject design investigation was conducted, measuring outcomes including the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), gait speed, Timed Up and Go (TUG), fear of falling, and balance confidence at baseline and post-intervention. Results: The participant had impaired baseline values across various variables and was classified as a recurrent high-risk faller. After 8 weeks of intervention, clinically meaningful improvements with large effect sizes were observed: self-selected gait speed improved by 25%, BESTest scores improved by 50%, Falls Efficacy—International (FES I) scores improved by 26%, and Activity Balance Confidence (ABC) scores improved by 26%. No falls or adverse events occurred during the intervention period, and the patient reported enhanced mobility and safety at home. Conclusions: A tailored multidisciplinary approach effectively addressed the physical, psychological, and environmental factors contributing to high fall risk. This highlights the importance of patient-centered interventions in managing fall risk and promoting safe aging in place. Continued education, environmental adaptations, and regular follow-up are essential for long-term fall prevention.
Cancer is a major global health issue, and exercise has become a key supportive treatment. It contributes to reducing cancer risk, enhancing prognosis, and aiding recovery, especially for survivors. However, the exact mechanisms, such as how exercise reduces cancer risk or enhances treatment, are still unclear. Current research often focuses on specific cancer types, ignoring the diverse needs of patients. This limits the development of personalized exercise plans. Additionally, there is insufficient comparison of exercise types—like aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training—regarding their adverse effects and long-term benefits. The best combination of exercises and personalized strategies remains unknown. This review underscores the contribution of physical exercise to cancer prevention and treatment, emphasizing its positive effects on reducing fatigue, improving physical strength, and enhancing mental health. It also explores the molecular mechanisms of regulating tumor immunity and energy metabolism. Additionally, the article covers criteria for selecting exercise types and intensities, and the development of personalized exercise plans. Finally, it provides guidelines for exercise prescriptions and suggests future research directions to improve interventions for cancer patients.
Desde a década de 1980, vários estudos demonstram que a prática regular de exercícios físicos pode controlar os sintomas da fibromialgia, o que torna as intervenções não farmacológicas essenciais no tratamento desta síndrome. A adesão dos pacientes ao treino físico é um desafio no dia a dia e impacta diretamente nos resultados. A eficácia dessa adesão depende da escolha da modalidade, da intensidade e progressão de carga, ajustadas às características do indivíduo. Ao elaborar um plano de exercícios para estes pacientes, é essencial realizar uma avaliação abrangente para identificar limitações físicas e psíquicas, além de possíveis riscos, garantindo a segurança do indivíduo. É igualmente importante educar os pacientes sobre os sintomas da fibromialgia e prepará-los para uma possível piora momentânea ao iniciar qualquer atividade física. As diretrizes de prescrição de exercício do American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) oferecem recomendações gerais para indivíduos adultos que devem ser adaptadas para aqueles com fibromialgia. A combinação de exercício aeróbio, de força, flexibilidade e neuromotoras maximiza os benefícios. Embora seja essencial destacar a relevância de um plano de exercícios bem estruturado, é fundamental que o médico reconheça, diante do seu paciente, o valor de qualquer prática que aumente a atividade física, mesmo que ela ainda não atenda plenamente às diretrizes estabelecidas para intensidade, carga e frequência preconizadas. A partir deste ponto, a inserção de protocolos estruturados de treino será uma meta mais fácil de ser atingida. Unitermos: fibromialgia; exercício físico; esporte; tratamento; dor.
Problema: La relación entre la actividad física (AF), el bienestar psicológico subjetivo (BPS) y el rendimiento académico (RA) ha sido muy poco explorada en la población universitaria. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la AF, el BPS y el RA de estudiantes de la Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Seccional Urabá en el semestre 2022-1. Método: Estudio transversal correlacional con 193 estudiantes de 26 programas seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio estratificado. AF se midió con podómetros Omron-Hj112, BPS con la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff, y RA con la nota promedio acumulada. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, AF, BPS y RA mediante estadística descriptiva, correlaciones de Spearman y regresiones lineales múltiples y comparaciones (Chi-cuadrado, U de Mann-Whitney). Análisis realizados en SPSS versión 26. Resultados: El nivel de AF fue moderado con 5042 pasos diarios (RIQ 3195); BPS tuvo un promedio de 171 ± 25.6 puntos y RA estuvo en el tercio sobresaliente con 4.06 (RIQ 0.51). No se observó correlación estadísticamente significativa entre AF-BPS, AF-RA y BPS-RA. Discusión: No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre AF, BPS y RA, lo que difiere de estudios previos. Estas discrepancias podrían deberse a diferencias metodológicas y contextuales, subrayando la necesidad de enfoques más integrales y diseños longitudinales en futuras investigaciones Conclusiones: En los estudiantes no se encontró una correlación significativa entre la AF, el BPS y el RA. Aunque presentaron niveles moderados de AF y altos niveles de BPS, estos factores no mostraron influencia directa sobre el RA.
This study investigated kinetic and physiological load characteristics of Self-Manual Resistance Training (SMRT) lat pulldown. SMRT lat pulldown is a training method in which practitioner generates resistance manually using their own muscular force by gripping a towel with both hands and pulling it outward in a horizontal direction. We analyzed shoulder and elbow joint moments in frontal plane (2D) and muscle activity levels of latissimus dorsi (LD), posterior deltoid (PD), biceps brachii (BB), and triceps brachii (TB) during 10 maximal-effort repetitions of SMRT lat pulldown in 11 resistance-trained men. For comparison, we also measured muscle activity levels during a machine lat pulldown for 10 reps at 75% 1 RM load in same participants. Peak shoulder adduction and elbow extension moments during SMRT lat pulldown were both approximately 70% MVC. Mean rectified EMG of LD was significantly greater during machine lat pulldown than SMRT lat pulldown, whereas that of PD was significantly greater during SMRT than machine version. Mean rectified EMG of TB was high during SMRT, and that of BB was high in machine version. SMRT lat pulldown appears to produce relatively large shoulder adduction and elbow extension moments, increasing PD and TB activation and limiting LD activation.
Background and Purpose
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) effectively treats some of the motor manifestations of Parkinson disease (PD). However, previous work suggests STN-DBS may lead to worsening of balance and gait in some people with PD. Physical therapy (PT) is often used to improve balance and gait in PD, but its safety, feasibility, and efficacy have not been tested in people with STN-DBS. The purpose of this study was to test the safety, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of PT for improving gait and balance in persons with PD and STN-DBS.
Methods
This randomized pilot study compared the effects of an 8-week PT intervention ( n = 15) on balance and gait to a usual care control group ( n = 14) among people with PD with STN-DBS. Individuals were evaluated in the on medication/on stimulation state as well as off medication/off stimulation state.
Results
PT was safe as there were no serious adverse events during treatment. PT was feasible as the average percentage of session attendance was 93%. PT significantly improved balance as measured by the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) in the on medication/on stimulation state but did not significantly improve gait. No significant differences between groups were found in the off medication/off stimulation state.
Discussion and Conclusions
PT was safe, feasible, and may improve balance for individuals with PD with STN-DBS. Further work is needed to understand how modifying the frequency and intensity of PT interventions may impact balance and gait in individuals with STN-DBS.
Backgrounds
Evidence indicated that an increase in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability via dietary supplementation decreased sympathetic output. Grape seed extract (GSE) supplement has been known to increase NO production and improve endothelial function in individuals with elevated and stage 1 hypertension (ES1H), but no studies have assessed the effects of this extract on autonomic balance. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of 7 days of dietary GSE supplementation on cardiac autonomic and hemodynamic responses.
Methods
Ten males were recruited in this study. Each subject received GSE or placebo supplementation with a 1‐week wash‐out period. In a double‐blinded, cross‐over design, hemodynamic responses (heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean atrial pressure (MAP)), heart rate variability (HRV), and cold pressor test (CPT) were compared before and after either GSE or placebo supplementation.
Results
Our results indicated that GSE decreased resting DBP (75 ± 2 vs. 71 ± 3) and MAP (91 ± 2 vs. 88 ± 3) compared to the placebo (DBP:71 ± 3 vs. 74 ± 3; MAP: 89 ± 2 vs. 90 ± 2). However, MAP responses to CPT had no difference between post‐PL and post‐GSE supplementation when expressed as absolute increases (PL, Δ10.3 ± 1 mmHg, GSE, Δ9.1 ± 1 mmHg). There were no differences on the HR, SV, CO, SBP, and HRV between placebo and GSE treatments.
Conclusions
Our study suggests that GSE can be used as a dietary nutraceutical capable of reducing blood pressure and the risk of ES1H development. The reduction of blood pressure occurs via peripheral vasodilation, not associated with cardiac autonomic reactivity.
Conventional assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) requires specialized equipment and designated spaces, limiting accessibility. To address this, the modified National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan step test (mJST) was developed for self-assessment without a step board. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the mJST.
A total of 131 participants (49% female, aged 30–59) were divided into a derivation group (n = 82) to establish an estimated maximal oxygen consumption (O2 max) model using multiple regression, and validation group (n = 49) to test the accuracy of the model. All participants completed the mJST and a O2 max treadmill test. The mJST comprised whole-body exercise for 3min and 40s followed by a 2-min recovery period. Heart rates (HRs) during the mJST were self-recorded using a wrist-worn device and measured via electrocardiograph. Test–retest reliability and validity were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland–Altman analysis.
Excellent test–retest reliability was observed with electrocardiograph HRs (ICC = 0.92); however, fair to good reliability was observed with the wrist-worn device (ICC = 0.75). Bland–Altman analysis showed that mJST overestimated O2 max by 1.24 mL·kg−1·min−1, likely owing to discrepancies in HR readings from the wrist-worn device. The correlation between estimated and measured O2 max was moderate (r = 0.68).
Eliminating the step board in step tests may aid in regular assessments of CRF to support ongoing health management. Despite limitations in device accuracy, the mJST demonstrated sufficient reliability and validity as a practical tool.
Introduction: The purpose of this report was to document a novice, natural, female, physique athlete’s physiological and psychological responses to a 6-month preparation and 1-month post-competition period. Methods: The athlete’s protocol throughout preparation was a high-protein caloric deficit with ~2 refeed days per week, as well as resistance and cardiovascular training. The athlete self-reported bodyweight and adherence via a weekly electronic survey. Once monthly during preparation, compositional, physiological, and psychological assessments were administered by a technician. Blood samples were drawn at the beginning of preparation and during the week of competition. Results: Bodyweight decreased throughout preparation (51.9 to 46.7kg; Δ5.2kg) and further post-competition (46.3kg, R2=0.96), with a similar decrease in body fat percentage (17.2 to 12.3%; Δ4.9%) and fat-free mass (42.9 to 41.0kg; Δ1.9kg) during preparation. Mild somatic (8/30) and depressive (5/27) symptoms manifested approximately 1-month prior to competition. Depressive (7/27) and anxiety (5/21) symptoms peaked post-competition but were not clinically significant. This aligned with a peak in emotional eating post-competition (5/12) and an increase in the athlete’s previously elevated cortisol levels (761.76 to 839.04nmol/L). Conclusions: The present report may be the first empirical documentation of a female physique competitor reducing fat-free mass during contest preparation and what is anecdotally known as “post-show blues.”
Introduction
Falls have financial, emotional and physical implications for ageing individuals and the healthcare system. Evidence-based exercise programmes have been one of the most effective ways of preventing falls in community dwellings for older adults. However, more research is needed to understand how to sustain these programmes. This scoping review protocol describes our plan to investigate the factors influencing the sustainability of community-based fall prevention exercise programmes.
Methods and analysis
Our scoping review will use the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews framework. The studies will have no restrictions, including publication date, language or geographic location. Key search terms concerning programme sustainability and exercise falls prevention will be conducted in Medline, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Academic Search Premier, APA PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus in consultation with an experienced librarian. Once duplicates have been removed, two independent reviewers will conduct title and abstract screening, full-text screening and data extraction. Data from eligible articles will be collated and charted to summarise data into three categories: (1) study description, including publication date, author(s), study location, paper’s aim/purpose, study participants, study design and conclusion; (2) data regarding the type of exercise programme will be used using the 16-point checklist Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template; and (3) data regarding sustainability will be organised using domains from the Program Sustainability Assessment Tool. Our results will be charted through the use of Covidence to identify patterns across the studies. Additionally, narrative synthesis will be employed to articulate the study findings.
Ethics and dissemination
As this is a scoping review, we do not require ethics approval. We intend to share our report findings with scientists, healthcare professionals and decision-makers. We will publish our results in reputable scientific journals and present them at relevant conferences.
Background Taiwan has witnessed a continuous increase in average life expectancy. However, older adult women in community settings face more pronounced challenges within the context of a super-aged society, such as sedentary lifestyles, excessive television consumption, and low engagement in educational and social activities. And figures that are consistently less favorable than those of males. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exercise training on the cognitive function of older female adults residents in community care centers. Methods The study randomly assigned 30 female residents of Kaohsiung City, aged 70–85, into two groups: the intervention group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15). The intervention group underwent a 20-week cognitive activity program, while the control group received no training program. Statistical analyses were conducted using two-way mixed design ANOVA and t-test. Results The results of this study demonstrated significant differences (P < .05) in the four cognitive domains. Overall, the intervention group exhibited a substantial effect on the Total Montreal Cognitive Score, Attention, Delayed Recall, and Orientation compared to the control group. Conclusions Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that educational practitioners develop tailored cognitive activity programs for older female adults residents in community care centers. These programs should consider participants’ varying physical and cognitive abilities, available space, and teaching aids. Such initiatives hold the potential to significantly enhance the cognitive functions and overall well-being of older female adults residents in community care centers.
The importance of physical inactivity not only for physical but also recently for mental disorders has become a focus of scientific interest. Empirical studies confirm the positive effect of promoting physical activity in people with mental disorders. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least 150–300 min of moderate endurance exercise for adults or at least 75–150 min of intensive physical activity per week. Additionally, strengthening exercises for all major muscle groups are also recommended for at least 2 days a week. Moderate physical activity is any activity that is associated with faster breathing, increased heart rate and possibly sweating. Intensive physical activity is associated with even faster breathing and increased heart rate. This article reports empirical findings on the effect of sport and exercise in people with mental disorders and presents recommendations for the integration of exercise and sport into psychotherapy.
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