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Análisis Comparativo de la Concentración de BTX en Talleres Automotrices
Abstract
Resumen: Los disolventes en aerosoles usados para el mantenimiento automotriz emiten componentes volátiles que superan los límites permisibles de componentes orgánicos volátiles en ambientes laborales debido a la estructura abierta o cerrada del ambiente laboral de los talleres automotrices por lo cual es necesario un análisis de concentraciones entre estos dos tipos de ambientes para un mejor entendimiento del comportamiento de los componentes orgánicos volátiles en estos ambientes. Se realizó la toma de muestras de aire durante el uso de aerosoles disolventes para la limpieza de autopartes, limpieza de frenos, limpieza del cuerpo de aceleración y en el ambiente general de los talleres automotrices basándose en el método MTA/MA-030/A92 posteriormente enviadas a un Laboratorio normado para obtener los datos cuantitativos. En los talleres automotrices de ambiente cerrado en las cuatro categorías de mantenimiento se evidencio la presencia de Benceno entre un 0,1030 - 0,4510 mg/m3, Tolueno entre 0,5770 - 1,2220 mg/m3 y Xileno entre 0 - 0,3850 mg/m3 mientras que en el ambiente abierto se evidencio la presencia de Benceno entre 0-0,4900 mg/m3, Tolueno entre 0 – 0,4600 mg/m3 y Xileno entre 0 -0,7500 mg/m3. Los talleres automotrices “A” y “B” poseen mayores concentraciones de Benceno con un promedio de 0,3770 mg/m3, Tolueno con 1,1885 mg/m3 y Xileno con 0,3515 mg/m3 durante la utilización de aerosoles para la limpieza de autopartes y frenos, sin embargo, estos niveles de concentración no superan los límites permisibles mientras que el taller automotriz “C” posee una menor incidencia de componentes volátiles debido a un mayor flujo de aire.Palabras clave: COVs, Concentración, adsorción, carbón activo, ventilación natural.
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Diesel fuel is known to emit pollutants that have a negative impact on environmental and human health. In developing countries like South Africa, attendants are employed to pump fuel for customers at service stations. Attendants refuel vehicles with various octane unleaded fuel, lead-replacement petrol and diesel fuel, on a daily basis. Attendants are at risk to adverse health effects associated with the inhalation of volatile organic compounds released from these fuels. The pollutants released include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), which are significant due to their high level of toxicity. In this study, a risk assessment of BTEX was conducted at a diesel service station for public buses. Using Radiello passive samplers, it was found that benzene concentrations were above recommended international standards. Due to poor ventilation and high exposure duration, the average benzene concentration over the sampling campaign exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency’s chronic inhalation exposure reference concentration. Lifetime cancer risk estimation showed that on average there is a 3.78 × 10−4 cancer risk, corresponding to an average chronic daily intake of 1.38 × 10−3 mg/kg/day of benzene exposure. Additionally, there were incidences where individuals were at potential hazard risk of benzene and toluene that may pose non-carcinogenic effects to employees.
This study evaluated exposures among vehicle repair technicians to hexane, acetone, toluene, and total volatile organic compounds (VOCs). On randomly selected workdays, we observed a characteristic pattern of solvent use among 36 technicians employed in 10 repair shops, each of which used an aerosol solvent product. We obtained quantitative exposure measurements from a subset of nine technicians (employed in three of these shops) who used an aerosol product containing hexane (25-35%), acetone (45-55%), and toluene (5-10%). The time-weighted average (TWA) exposure concentration for task-length breathing zone (BZ) samples (n = 23) was 36 mg/m(3) for hexane, 50 mg/m(3) for acetone, and 10 mg/m(3) for toluene. The TWA area concentrations (n = 49) obtained contemporaneously with BZ samples ranged from 25% to 35% of the BZ concentrations. The solvent emission rate (grams emitted/task time) was correlated with the total VOC exposure concentration (R(2) = 0.45). The proportions of VOCs in the BZ samples were highly correlated (r = 0.89 to 0.95) and were similar to those of the bulk product. Continuous exposure measurements for total VOCs (n = 1238) during 26 tasks produced a mean BZ VOC "pulse" of 394 mg/m(3) within 1 min following initiation of solvent spraying. The geometric mean air speed was 5.2 meters/min in the work areas (n = 870) and was associated with 0.8 air changes per minute in the BZ. The findings suggest that vehicle repair technicians who use aerosol solvent products experience episodic, inhalation exposures to the VOCs contained in these products, and the proportions of VOCs in the breathing zone are similar to those of the bulk product. Because acetone appears to amplify the severity and duration of the neurotoxic effects of n-hexane, products formulated with both hexane and acetone should be avoided. Further evaluation of exposures to VOCs is needed in this industry, along with information on effective alternatives to aerosol solvent products.
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