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Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 27 (1): 64-71, 2019
ISSN 1990-9233
© IDOSI Publications, 2019
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2019.64.71
Corresponding Author: Qi Cheng, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081,
China andNitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Building C4, No.555 Chuangye, Jiaxing 314000,
Zhejiang, China.
64
The Power of Natural Chinese Medicine,
Ginger and Ginseng Root in an Organic Life
Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian, Wenli Sun and Qi Cheng
1,2 1,2 1,2
Biotechnology Research Institute,
1
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute,
2
Building C4, No.555 Chuangye, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
Abstract: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as an important component of complementary and alternative
medicine, evolved over thousands of years. Ginger and its general compounds such as Fe, Mg, Ca, vitamin C,
flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sesquiterpenes, paradols has long been used as an herbal medicine to treat
various symptoms including vomiting, pain, cold symptoms and it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory,
anti-apoptotic, anti-tumor activities, anti-pyretic, anti-platelet, anti-tumourigenic, anti-hyperglycaemic,
antioxidant anti-diabetic, anti-clotting and analgesic properties, cardiotonic, cytotoxic. It has been widely used
for arthritis, cramps, sprains, sore throats, rheumatism, muscular aches, pains, vomiting, constipation,
indigestion, hypertension, dementia, fever and infectious diseases. Ginger leaves have also been used for food
flavouring in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pharmacological activities of ginseng extracts are effects on the
central nervous system; antipsychotic action; tranquilizing effects; protection from stress ulcers; increase of
gastrointestinal motility; anti-fatigue action; endocrinological effects; enhancement of sexual behaviour;
acceleration of metabolism; or synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, RNA and proteins. In Traditional Chinese
Medicine, ginseng can help to maintain a healthy immune system. The obtained findings suggest potential of
ginger extract as an additive in the food and pharmaceutical industries to have on organic life.
Key words: Ginger Ginseng Traditional Chinese Medicine Organic Life
INTRODUCTION [7] also revealed that ginger in Traditional Chinese
Ginger Potential Health Benefits and Pharmacological to warm the body and treat cold extremities, improves a
Uses in TCM and Modern Medicine Industry: Traditional weak and tardy pulse, address a pale complexion and
Chinese Medicine (TCM) originates in ancient China strengthen the body after blood loss. In Traditional
with a 5000-year history. Rooted in ancient Eastern Chinese Medicine as herbal therapy against several
philosophies such as Taoism, TCM focuses on a holistic cardiovascular diseases [8]. Based, on the historical usage
view between humans and nature [1, 2]. About 5000 of ginger as an antiemetic agent in the East Traditional
traditional remedies are available in China; they account Medicine. The antiemetic effect of ginger has been known
for approximately one fifth of the entire Chinese as a treatment method in traditional medicine especially
pharmaceutical market. Ginger has direct anti-microbial the Chinese and Iranian Medicine [9, 10]. Sharma [4]
activity and thus can be used in treatment of bacterial explained that many of herbs and plant extracts such as
infections [3]. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, it is ginger is based on what has been used as part of
employed in colic and in atonic dyspepsia and used as a Traditional Medicine Systems and there is a large body of
stimulant [4, 5]. Ginger is regarded as a Yang herb, which anecdotal evidence supporting their use and efficacy.
can decrease Yin and nourish the body [6]. Mishra et al. Some other researchers emphasized that ginger plays an
Medicine, characterized as spicy and hot and it is claimed
Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 27 (1): 64-71, 2019
65
important role in Ayurvedic, Chinese, Arabic and African powder in the therapy of common migraine attacks and its
traditional medicines used to treat headaches, nausea, similarity to the antiepileptic drug. Many studies have
colds, arthritis, rheumatism, muscular discomfort and reported that Ginger has useful effects to cancer
inflammation [11, 12]. Recently, ginger rhizomes are used prevention [33], also treatment of nausea and vomiting
in Traditional Medicine as therapy against several due to pregnancy and chemotherapy [34, 35]. Also, it has
cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension [13]. been reported that ginger lowers blood pressure through
Niksokhan et al. [14] reported that ginger has been used blockade of voltage dependent calcium channels [21].
in Traditional Medicine of Iran as an anti-edema drug and Adib Rad et al. [36] found that Ginger reduced menstrual
is used for the treatment of various diseases including pain and it is effective in relieving pain in girls with
nausea, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory disorders, primary dysmenorrhea; moreover, Drozdoz et al. [37]
athero-sclerosis, migraine, depression, gastric ulcer, mentioned that Ginger is a safe drug with minimal side
cholesterol; and other benefits of ginger are reducing effects. Singara et al. [38] reported that ginger is an
pain, rheumatoid arthritis, anti-inflammatory and effective non pharmacological option for treating
antioxidant effects. Oludoyin and Adegoke [15] reported hyperemesis gravidarum with respect to the inherent
that ginger is a perennial plant with narrow, bright heterogeneity of the available studies. Gholampour et al.
green, grass-like leaves and it is cultivated in the tropics [39] found that ginger extract appears to exert protective
for its edible rhizomes and has been found to be useful for effects against ferrous sulphate-induced hepatic and renal
both culinary and medicinal purposes. Similarly, the toxicity by reducing lipid peroxidation and chelating iron.
medicinal uses of ginger are enormous such as exert Yilmaz et al. [5] found the positive effects of ginger in
anti- microbial, anti- nausea [16], anti-pyretic [17], folliculogenesis and implantation. They have also found
analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic [18, 19], that ginger may enhance implantation in rats in long term
anti-ulcer, antiemetic [20], cardio tonic, anti-hypertensive with low dose. In other studies, the favourable outcomes
[21], hypolipidemic [22], anti-platelet aggregation [23] have been reported on the positive effects of ginger on
effects in both laboratory animals and human subjects. male infertility and sperm indices [40]. Islam et al. [41]
Turmeric is one of the main ingredients for curry powder boiled ginger extracts can be used in food preparation as
and used as an alternative to medicine and can be made well as against pathogenic bacteria during active
into a drink to treat colds and stomach complaints [24]. infection. Viljoen et al. [42] suggested potential benefits
Furthermore, there are many studies that proved their of ginger in reducing nausea symptoms in pregnancy.
beneficial effects against the symptoms of diseases, They have found that ginger could be considered a
acting as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anodyne, harmless and possibly effective alternative option for
neuronal cell protective, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial women suffering from nausea and vomiting during
agent [25]. Various ginger compounds and extracts have pregnancy (NVP). Yadav et al. [43] demonstrated that
been tested as anti-inflammatory agents, where the length ginger is one of the most commonly used spices and
of the side chains determines the level of the medicinal plants and it is effective to improve dietinduced
effectiveness [26]. But, a combination of ginger extracts is metabolic abnormalities, however the efficacy of ginger on
more effective in decreasing inflammatory mediators than the metabolic syndrome associated kidney injury remains
an individual compound [27]. The active ingredients in unknown. Gagnier et al.[44] provide an excellent
ginger are thought to reside in its volatile oils [28]. framework for the development of future trials that focus
The major ingredients in ginger oil are bisabolene, on providing satisfactory answers to issues relating to the
zingiberene and zingiberol [29]. Some other scientists efficacy of Z. officinale to ameliorate different types of
noted that the interest in ginger is endorsed to its several pain, as well as, dosing strategies, treatment duration,
biologically active compounds content such as gingerol, safety and cost effectiveness.
shogaols, gingerdiol, gingerdione, -zingiberene,
curcumin and -sesqui-phellandrene [30]. Ginger has been Ginseng Potential Health Benefits and Pharmacological
part of the folk medicine and popular nutraceuticals [26]. Uses in TCM and Modern Medicine Industry:
Ginger consists of a complex combination of biologically Panax ginseng (Giseng) is well-known herb in traditional
active constituents, of which compounds gingerols, Chinese medicine (TCM) [45]. In traditional Chinese
shogoals and paradols reportedly account for the medicine (TCM), it is believed that food and medicine
majority of its anti-cancer inflammatory properties [31]. come from the same origin but with different uses and
Maghbooli et al. [32] confirmed the efficiency of ginger applications [46, 47].
Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 27 (1): 64-71, 2019
66
Panax ginseng is constituted of organic (80%-90%) generated from processing such as ginsenosides Rg3 and
and inorganic substances (approximately 10%) and Rh2 [59]. As white ginseng and red ginseng possess
consists of a number of active constituents, such as different bioactivities and clinical purposes, discrimination
saponins or ginsenosides, carbohydrates, nitrogenous of the white one and the red one are very significant for
substances, phytosterol, essential oils, organic acids, quality control, standardizing the processing
amino acids, peptidoglycans, carbohydrate, nitrogen- procedures, as well as the effective and safe usage of
containing compounds, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and ginseng [60]. Horacek et al. [61]explained that red ginseng
other phenolic compounds [48, 49]. Ginsenosides are is steam-cured after harvesting, thereby producing a
classified into two main groups known as protopanaxadiol glossy reddish-brown color, then dried. Steaming the root
(PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT), based on the is believed to change its biochemical composition and to
hydroxylation pattern at C6 and attachment of sugar prevent the breakdown of bioactive ingredients and is
moieties [50]. Patel and Rauf [51] also mentioned therefore the preferred ginseng product. White ginseng is
antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-fatigue, anti-diabetic, peeled and dried after harvest. Enzymes in the ginseng
anti-tumor, immunomodulation, anti-obesity, root are assumed to break down bioactive constituents
cardioprotective, anti-microbial, neuroprotective and during drying, so that white ginseng contains fewer
aphrodisiac properties. They have presented the potential bioactive components than red ginseng [61]. During the
of ginseng as a complementary and alternative medicine steaming process, extensive conversion of original
(CAM). Ginseng polysaccharides are composed of ginsenosides in white ginseng to degradation compounds
starch-like glucan and pectin with pectin accounting for in red ginseng was observed, leading to different
around 20% of water-soluble polysaccharides [52]. A lot ginsenoside profiles [62].
of studies have been conducted on the pharmacological Ginsenosides and phenolics in ginsengs are among
properties of Ginseng extract such as lipid-lowering, the most important health-beneficial compounds in Asian
anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, ginseng [63]. Kim et al. [64] noted that the main
hypoglycemis and anti-stress, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, ginsenosides are glycosides that contain an aglycone
anti-carcinogenic, anti-fatigue, anti-adhesive, anti- with a dammarane skeleton and include protopanaxadiol-
depressive, hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic, type saponins such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd,
hepatoprotective activities, immune-modulatory activities, as well as protopanaxatriol-type saponins such as
improving working memory and perceptual systems, ginsenosides Re and Rg1, constituting more than 80% of
stimulation and inhibition of central nervous system and the total ginsenosides. Ginseng effectively prevents liver
inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, especially in female injury, mainly through down regulation of oxidative stress
reproductive system [53-55]. Uluisik and Keskin [55] and inflammatory response [65]. Fatmawati et al. [66]
Panax ginseng root powder may be useful for hepatic also reported that P. ginseng might be an important herbal
damage and fibrosis associated with high cholesterol diet. medicine in preventing diabetic complications. Van
These beneficial effects of ginseng on liver enzymes Kampen et al. [67] discovered that ginseng extract maybe
attributed to its active components known as a potential neuroprotective therapy for the treatment of
ginsenosides. Lee and Rhee [56] reported that the Parkinson. Choi et al. [68] reported that Korean and
potential use of ginseng in the prevention and treatment Chinese ginseng reduced systolic and diastolic BP and
of chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, red ginseng reduced headache symptoms. American
rheumatoid arthritis and allergic asthma. In TCM practice, ginseng showed anti-hypertensive effect on diastolic BP
White ginseng and red ginseng are used for different and reduced headache symptom. However, there was no
purposes; white ginseng is used to supply qi and promote statistical significance in the between-group analysis.
the production fluids of body fluids as well as enhance Lee et al. [69] demonstrated that ginseng effectively
physical fitness and disease resistance, while red ginseng reduces adipose tissue and prevents obesity in
has a warming effect and is used for boosting yang and diet-induced obese mice that this process may be
replenishing vital essence [57]. Xu et al. [58] reported that mediated in part through the anti-angiogenic actions of
both white and red ginseng is the most widely used in ginseng. Rocha et al. [70] found that P. ginseng is
clinical applications because of their considerable effective in the control of abdominal pain in irritable bowel
pharmacological activity. But, red ginseng exhibits more syndrome patients, analogous to trimebutin. Wang and
potential anticancer activity than white ginseng likely Ng [71] reported that the ribonuclease isolated from
because of the abundant amount of rare ginsenosides Chinese ginseng flowers; the root ribonuclease exhibits
Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 27 (1): 64-71, 2019
67
antifungal activity and inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 sacchardies such as monose, oligosaccharide,
reverse transcriptase. Shin and Yoon [72] demonstrated polysaccharide and pectin; vitamins and inorganic
that ginseng may be able to prevent obesity, substances; and many other useful ingredients. Several
hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in men with pharmacological activities have been reported for ginseng
testosterone deficiency. Gray et al. [73] found that extracts including effects on the central nervous system;
ginseng protects against chromatin damage and thus antipsychotic action; tranquilizing effects; protection
maybe beneficial to reproductive fitness. Lee and Oh [74] from stress ulcers; increase of gastrointestinal motility;
revealed that when red ginseng is administered over long anti-fatigue action; endocrinological effects; enhancement
periods, age-related decline of learning and memory is of sexual behaviour; acceleration of metabolism; or
ameliorated through anti-inflammatory activity. synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, RNA and proteins.
Sharma and Goyal [75] also insist on potential role of The chemical compositions of white and red ginseng are
P. ginseng to become a pivotal chemo-preventive agent different, white ginseng and red ginseng are used for
that can reduce cancer in mammals. Hwang et al. [76] different purposes; white ginseng is used to promote the
concluded that P. ginseng can prevent aging by inhibiting production fluids of body fluids as well as enhance
wrinkle formation and increasing moisture in the human physical fitness and disease resistance, while red ginseng
skin. Park et al.[77] reported that Korean Red Ginseng has a warming effect and is used for replenishing vital
has beneficial effects on chronic liver disease, a condition essence. Herbal remedies and other nutraceuticals are
encompassing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic increasingly and extensively used by a substantial part of
liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular the population. To sum up, treatment with natural herbal
carcinoma. medicine especially ginger and ginseng as non-synthetic
CONCLUSION
In order for Chinese medicine and in particular,
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), to become more 1. Ogbaji, P.O., J. Li, X. Xue, M.H. Shahrajabian and
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differences between Western medicine and Chinese yield in some province soils of P.R. China. Cercetari
medicine. Fresh ginger has been used for treatment of Agronomice in Moldova, 2: 43-52.
nausea, cold-induced disease, colic, asthma, cough, heart 2. Shahrajabian, M.H., S. Wenli and C. Qi, 2018. A
palpitation, swellings, dyspepsia, loss of appetency and review of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) in traditional
rheumatism. Medicinal properties associated with ginger Chinese medicine as a promising organic superfood
are, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-thrombotic and superfruit in modern industry. Academia Journal
properties, cholesterol-lowering properties, blood of Medicinal Plants, 6: 437-445.
pressure-lowering properties, anti-microbial properties, 3. Tan, B.K.H. and J. Vanitha, 2004. Immunomodulatory
anti-oxidant properties, anti-tumor properties and and Antibacterial Effects of Some Traditional
hypoglycaemic properties. Consumption of ginger also Chinese Medicinal Herbs: A Review. Current
has beneficial effects on heart disease, cancer, Medicinal Chemistry, 11: 1423-1430.
hypertension, obesity, diabetes, osteoarthritis and 4. Sharma, Y., 2017. Ginger (Zingiber officinale)- An
bacterial infections. Ginger is an herbal, easily available, elixir of life a review. The Pharma Innovation Journal,
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be substituted for chemical, scarce and expensive drugs. 5. Yilmaz, N., B. Seven, H. Timur, A. Yorganci, H.A. Inal,
Red Ginseng is known to possess various biological M.N. Kalem, Z. Kalem, O. Han and B. Bilezikci, 2018.
activities including boosting the immune system, Ginger ( Zingiber officinale) might improve female
improving the blood circulation, enhancing memory, fertility: A rat model. Journal of the Chinese Medical
antifatigue effects, antioxidant effects and positive effects Association, 81: 905-911.
on menopausal disorder. Ginseng contains saponing, an 6. Jittiwat, J. and J. Wattanathorn, 2012. Ginger
element of glycosides; nitrogenous compounds such as pharmacopuncture improves cognitive impairment
protein, amino acid, nucleic acid and alkaloid; fat-soluble and oxidative stress following cerebral ischemia.
ingredients such as fatty acid, ethernal oil, polyacetylene, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies,
phenolic compound, phytosterol and terpenoid; 5: 295-300.
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