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Present and Past Status of Indian Agriculture
Avinash sharma2*, Monoj Sutradhar1, Sheelawati Monlai2 and Nirupa Kumari3
1Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University, India
2Arunachal University of Studies, India
3Department of Botany, Patna University, India
Submission: July 28, 2018, Published: September 21, 2018
*Corresponding author: Avinash Sharma, Arunachal University of Studies, National Highway 52 Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh, India;
Tel: ; Email:
Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 17(5): ARTOAJ.MS.ID.556040 (2018) 001
Review Article
Volume 17 Issue 5 - September 2018
DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.17.556040
Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J
Copyright © All rights are reserved by Avinash sharma
Abstract
The background of review has discussed about present positions and past positions of Agriculture. It mentions about area, production,
productivity, soils, farm machine & tools, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), climate, rainfall and water of present and past agriculture. The area and
productivity of 2013-14 are higher than area or production of 2015-16. The food grains production of 2013-14 is 12.96 mt higher than food grains
production of 2015-16. The 173.65mha is degraded soil in out of 328.9mha of geographical areas of India. The soil degradation is reported 53
harvesters to farmers. The farm machine and tools subsidy of 2013-14 is 30% lesser than farm machine and tools of 2015-16. The carbon dioxide
The rainfall events with precipitation were more than 100mm between 1950-2000 years. The long-term rainfall is below 10% then the rainfall
scarcity is found in the environment. The long-term rainfall of 2013-14 to 2015-16 is below 10%. The ground water utilization has been increased
after 1950-51 years. The total utilization of groundwater is 50% in India. The annual consumption of ground water is 245 billion cubic meters.
Keywords: Area; Production; Productivity; Soils; Farm machine & tools; Gross domestic product; Climate; Rainfall and Water
Abbreviations: GDP: Gross Domestic Product; KVK: Krishi Vigyana Kendra; ICAR: Indian Council of Agricultural Council; CO2: Carbon Dioxide;
CH42O: Nitrous Oxide; O3: Ozone
Introduction
Figure 1: Percent Area of Crop Production.
Agriculture is a prominent sector of Indian economy.
The agriculture sector of India has occupied almost 47% of
geographical area. Over 70% of rural household depends on
agriculture. The area of production of cereal is 15%, pulses 12%
and fruits or vegetables are below 10% (Figure 1). The agriculture
sector provided 76% employment in 1950-51 and provides 52%
employment in 2012-13 because of lower GDP (Figure 2) [1,2].
In 1960, the growth rate of food grains production was declined
1.40% in 1949-50 or 1964-65 and 2.3% in 1970-71 or 1980-81.
The growth rate of food grains production was regained 2.8% in
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1991-92 (Figure 3). The gross crop area of food grains was 75.54%
in 1970-91 and 63.52% in 2007-08 (Figure 4). The growth rate of
food grains production was declined 1.78% between 2000-01 and
2007-08. The 2000-01 and 2007-08 were the critical period to
abatement of food grain production [2]. The growth rate of cereals
production was 1.7% in 1990-99. The growth rate of cereals has
been declined -0.2% in 2000-10 and the growth rate of cereals
production has been declined 0.6% in 1999-2009. The growth rate
of pulse production was 1% in 1990-99. The growth rate of area
has been accounted 3.2% in 2000-10. The growth rate of pulse
has been abated 2.3% in 2000-10. The growth rate of vegetable
production was 4% in 1990-99. The growth rate of area has
been accounted 2.9% in 2000-10. The growth rate of vegetable
production has been increased 3.3% in 2000-10. The growth
rate of fruit production was 5.8% in 1990-99. The growth rate
of area was having been reported 5.3% in 2000-10. The growth
rate of fruit production has been increased 5.7% in 2000-10 [3].
The good production of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables is
obtained with application of fertilizers. The average consumption
of fertilizers in India is 128.08 kg/ha (State Indian Agriculture,
2015-16). This fertilizer is utilized into arable land. It improves
the soil texture and soil structure. The total arable land under
fertilizer application is 171kg/ha [4]. Earlier land preparation
is completed with indigenous country plough but this tool is
not prepared light soils. The sophisticated machine and tools
are provided aerated and well quality soils. The total utilization
of farm machine and tools in harvesting or threshing activity is
60%-70% and in irrigation is 37% (Figure 5) [5]. The ground
was 25-45% in 1950-51. The net cultivable land of is 143.6mha in
which 42mha is irrigated by ground water and 22mha is irrigated
by canals. The ground water application has been increased for
irrigation in present period.
Figure 2: Employment efciency of India.
Figure 3: Growth rate of Food grains Production.
but some of the factors like overconsumption of fertilizers,
overconsumption of pesticides and overexploitation of land are
abate the activity of organic matter and is increasing soil pH,
alkali soil and hard soil. It abates area of land and types of soil
every year. The increased percentage of atmospheric gases has
disturbed ambient temperature, biogeochemical cycle, climate and
weather. It imbalances plant ecology and ecosystem every year.
How to cite this article: Avinash s, Monoj S, Sheelawati M, Nirupa K. Present and Past Status of Indian Agriculture. Agri Res & Tech :Open Access J.
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The central government and the state government have initiated
several agricultural schemes and projects. With this background,
I am highlighting about present and past performance of Indian
agriculture with following factors i.e.
Figure 4: Gross Crop Area of Food grains.
Figure 5: Total Farm Machine and Tools utilization.
Figure 6: Annual Food Grains Production.
Area, production and productivity
The production is fundamental stages of Indian season. It
Indian economy. It promotes export and import of agricultural
raw materials. It also participates by private companies and our
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diligent or competent Indian farmers that shares revenue to the
nation. The highest cultivation of crop is estimated by the state
level, the national level and the international level every year. The
food grains production and major crops production are declining
each year. The food grains production has been recorded 259.32
million tonnes in 2011-12 and 257.13 in 2012-13. The total food
grains production has been reported 265.04 million tonnes in
2013-14, 252.68 million tonnes in 2014-15, 272 million tonnes in
2015-16 (Figure 6) [5-7].
Figure 7: Area of Production of Crops.
The area of production of rice was 441.36 lakh ha in 2013-14
and 438.56 lakh ha in 2014-15. The area of production of rice was
declined 28 lakh ha in 2014-15. The area of production of wheat
was 304.73 lakh ha in 2013-14 and 309.69 lakh ha in 2014-15. The
area of production of wheat was increased 4.09 lakh ha in 2014-
15. The area of production of coarse cereals was 252.20 lakh ha in
2013-14 and 241.49 lakh ha in 2014-15. The area of production of
coarse cereals was abated 10.71 lakh ha in 2014-15. The area of
production of pulses was 252.13 lakh ha in 2013-14 and 230.98
lakh ha in 2014-15. The area of production of pulses was abated
21.15 lakh ha in 2014-15. The area of production of fruits was
6982 lakh ha in 2013-14 and 6110 lakh ha in 2014-15. The area
of production of fruits was declined 872 lakh ha in 2014-15. The
area of production of vegetables was 9205 lakh ha in 2012-13 and
9542 lakh ha in 2014-15 (Figure 7). The area of production of
vegetables was abated 337 lakh ha in 2014-15 (Figure 8) (Annual
Report 2013-14, and Annual Report 2014-15).
Figure 8: Abatement of Production Area of Crops.
How to cite this article: Avinash s, Monoj S, Sheelawati M, Nirupa K. Present and Past Status of Indian Agriculture. Agri Res & Tech :Open Access J.
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Figure 9: Production of Crops.
The production of rice was 106.65 million tonnes in 2013-14
and 104.80 million tonnes in 2014-15. The production of rice was
declined 1.85 million tonnes in 2014-15. The production of wheat
was 95.85 million tonnes in 2013-14 and 88.94 million tonnes
in 2014-15. The production of wheat was abated 6.91 million
tonnes in 2014-2015. The production of coarse cereals was 43.29
million tonnes in 2013-14 and 41.75 million tonnes in 2014-15.
The production of coarse cereals was declined 1.54 million tonnes
in 2014-15. The production of pulse was 19.25 million tonnes
in 2013-14 and 17.20 million tonnes in 2014-15 (Figure 9). The
production of pulse was declined 2.05 million tonnes in 2014-15.
The production of fruits was 77701 million tonnes in 2012-13
and 88602 million tonnes in 2014-15. The production of fruits
was decreased 8901 million tonnes in 2014-15. The production
of vegetables was 159511 million tonnes in 2012-13 and 169478
million tonnes in 2014-15. The production of vegetable was
decreased 9967 million tonnes in 2014-15 (Figure 10) [6,7].
Figure 10: Decline of Production of Crops.
The productivity of rice was 2416kg/ha in 2013-14 and
2390kg/ha in 2014-15. The productivity of rice was decreased
26kg/ha in 2014-15. The productivity of wheat was 3145kg/ha
in 2013-14 and 2872kg/ha in 2014-15. The productivity of wheat
was decreased 273kg/ha in 2014-15. The productivity of coarse
cereals was 1717kg/ha in 2013-14 and 1729kg/ha in 2014-15.
The productivity of coarse cereals was increased 12kg/ha in 2014-
15. The productivity of pulses was 0.764kg/ha in 2013-14 and
0.744kg/ha in 2014-15. The productivity of pulses was decreased
0.02kg/ha in 2014-2015. The productivity of fruits was 1.130kg/
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ha in 2013-14 and 1.417kg/ha in 2014-15. The productivity of
fruits was increased 0.287kg/ha in 2014-15. The productivity of
vegetables was 175.9kg/ha in 2012-13 and 177.6kg/ha in 2014-
15 (Figure 11). The productivity of vegetables was increased
1.7kg/ha in 2014-15 (Figure 12) [6,7].
Figure 11: Productivity of crops.
Figure 12: Decreased Crop Productivity.
The food grains and the major crops area, production and
productivity are decreased due to overexploitation of fertilizer,
improper advent of season or monsoon, overexploitation of
land. The metropolis people are shifting toward countryside for
livelihood and business that transforms agricultural land into
infrastructure land. A man is bearer of agricultural land but his
present generation is not aim into agricultural profession. This
will reduce an experienced and skilled manpower into upcoming
schemes and projects. The commercial bank and the cooperative
bank are not passes agriculture loan appropriate manner of Indian
farmers. The extension and the awareness programme of media,
private companies and Krishi Vigyana Kendra (KVK) are less to
crop session.
Soils
Soil is an abiotic ecosystem that provide abode to organisms.
the higher plants are offer security of soil. The human interaction
has disturbed the physical, the chemical and the biological activity
of soil. Deforestation, improper drainage, overgrazing of animals,
excavation of soil to building construction, soil mining prepares
roads, railway tracks, private institution, government institution,
gowdons, industries, factories, multistorage building are devasted
the soil structure, soil texture, physical property and chemical
property of soil. The unrecomended dose of agrochemicals
like fertilizers, pesticide and herbicide has been retarding or
destroying every year physical or chemical action and soil fertility.
This is caused land degradation, soil erosion, saline soil, alkali soil,
sodic soil, hard soil and marshy soil every year.
How to cite this article: Avinash s, Monoj S, Sheelawati M, Nirupa K. Present and Past Status of Indian Agriculture. Agri Res & Tech :Open Access J.
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Figure 13: Area of Degradable Soils.
The geographical area of India is 328.9mha in which
173.65mha are degraded soils [8]. Nellemann et al. [9], reported
that every year 2-5mha new degraded land is added into this
category. This translates into a loss of nearly 10ha good land
per minute to various processes of degradation. The pesticide is
recommended into the soil then 1% pesticide is provide activity
in the soil and the remaining pesticide is persist on the soil every
year that causes various processes of degradation [10]. The
105mha of degraded farm land out of total 142mha net sown area
was recorded in Indian farm house [10]. As per Indian Council of
Agricultural Council (ICAR) area under problem soil increased
from 220 lakh ha (2005) to 243 lakh ha (2010), comprising of
alkali soil 37 lakh ha, saline soil including coastal area account
for 27lakh ha and acid soil 179 lakh ha (Figure 13) [11]. The
ministry of agriculture stated that about 5.3 billion tonnes of soil
degraded annually. All these activities are due to imbalance use of
agrochemicals into soil every year. The imbalance application of
urea has been found more into another fertilizer. This imbalance
application was observed in the state of Punjab, Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh [5]. The imbalance use of fertilizers is due to
lack of awareness about kind of fertilizers; the price of urea is
controlled by the government while Potassium and Phosphorus
fertilizers were decontrolled in 1992; the central government has
allocated more subsidy for fertilizers; the pesticide is monitored
by the ministry of chemical and fertilizers and its application
is administered by the ministry of agriculture. The ministry of
chemical and fertilizers has allocated subsidy; Soil extension
programme like soil management programme, demonstration of
agrochemical application are conducted less at distant villages
and blocks.
Farm machine and tools
Figure 14: Recession of Farm machine and Tools.
Farm machine and tools are primary input of agriculture.
It is applied into both agriculture sessions. It reduces time
consumption, cost of cultivation and progresses production,
productivity of agricultural crops. The West America was
converged with continent in 1801-1900 years. The American
farmers and the stockman were settled into the continent. The
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nation was weak and did not establish industry in 1801. The
in 1900. The factory had supplied sophisticated machines and
tools of the new agriculture. The Internal Combustion Engine
was invented in 19th century. It developed gas powered tractors
and harvesters. This powerful machine was replaced animals,
ploughmen, knives and scythes. The farmers were adopted farm
machines and tools in the mid 1900 year [12].
The ministry of agriculture had allocated tractors, power tillers,
and combine harvesters to state of Punjab or Haryana under RKVY,
NFSM, NHM and TMOOP in 2013-14. The ministry of agriculture
has been distributed farm machine and tools like rotavator, maize
harvesting combine, paddy happy seeder, DSR drill cum planter,
laser land leveler, seed drill/ zero drill/ spatial zero till drill, DSR
drill cum planter, sub soiler, power operated spray pumps, battery
powered sprayers, tractor operated hydraulic sprayers, hydraulic
plough/ mould board plough, Multicrop thresher, maize sheller,
mechanical cotton pickers, cotton cleaner to state of Punjab,
Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh under RKVY project They
trained 6773 farmers about farm machine and tools [7]. The
farmers are utilized more tilling tool, spreading of seed fertilizer
tool, harvesting & threshing machine. These facilities will abate
The government had disclosed 25-50% subsidy to farm
machine and tools in 2013-14 and 80% subsidy to farm machine
received by large farmers not by marginal and small farmers
due to shortage of mortgage. Most of the village farmers are not
aware about farm machine and tools subsidy. The information
of organized bank and another government institution are drive
less into block or villages. These are impacts on young farmers,
production, productivity and income doubling of farmers in
present agriculture.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Figure 15: Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Agriculture.
Agriculture was paramount sector after post-independence.
It forecasted the highest GDP among another sector. When two
continued droughts were incurred in India during 1966. The
Indian farmers had produced 72 million tonnes food grains in
1966. This successful was achieved due to ample water and land
resource for agriculture use. The agriculture GDP was grown 3%
per annum. That’s why the agriculture GDP of India was 28% in
1966 [13] and increases 44% GDP in 1970-71 (Figure 15) [14].
vegetables are sub-sector of agriculture that provides contribution
into agriculture GDP. This sub-sector had been provided 78%
share in 1960-61 but it had been declined 70% share in 1990-91.
The shares of cereals 26.6%, pulses 4%, oilseeds 6.7%, fruits &
condiment & spices 2.6%, crop sector 72.3% were reported in
1993-94 [14].
The agriculture GDP was reviewed 8.9% in 2007-08 (Figure
15) (Review of Economy, 2007-08). The shares of subsector
cereals 21.7%, Pulses 3%, Oilseeds 5.8%, fruits & vegetables
spices 3.1% and crop sector 69.5% were reported in 2007-08. The
share of agriculture imports and exports were declined in 2009-
10. The growth rate was declined 5.8% from 2007-08 to 0.8% in
2009-10. This period was the critical phase of agriculture that
agriculture and allied sectors contributed 14.9% GDP in 2009-10
[14].
The GDP of agriculture and allied sectors was 13.9% with
constant price in 2013-14 (Figure 15). The growth rate was 4.6%
[6]. The shares of subsector 12.5% livestock, 1.5% forestry, 1.4%
oilseeds were contributed in 2013-14 [16]. The current agriculture
GDP is 15.4% with constant prices in 2015-16 (Figure 15) (State
livestock produce is above 5% from last year, food grains is
declines 0.5% from last year, oilseeds is abate 4.1% from last year
and fruits & vegetables is increase 0.6% from last year [16]. The
How to cite this article: Avinash s, Monoj S, Sheelawati M, Nirupa K. Present and Past Status of Indian Agriculture. Agri Res & Tech :Open Access J.
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present agriculture GDP is declining due to overconsumption of
coverage, agriculture research and extension are not competent
to farmers welfare, price policies is not favorable to producers,
abatement of agriculture exports, transition of climate & weather,
reduction of employment, industrialization, urbanization,
reduction of activity of media, agriculture department, research
centers, directorates to remote block & villages, non-uniform
distribution of agriculture policy and scheme to distant farmers.
This aspect will impact on future agriculture GDP.
Climate
Climate is paramount physical factor of crop production
and productivity. The mean annual temperature was uniform
variable over the period of 1960-99 years [17]. The mean annual
India [17]. The global temperature was raised during 20th century.
The content level of green house gases like carbon dioxide (CO2),
and ozone (O3) had been increased the ambient temperature
of environment. It had reduced a rainfall, crop production, crop
productivity [18-20]. The carbon dioxide concentration was
steady state at 280ppm till the preindustrial period (1850). The
carbon dioxide concentration rate is eluviating 1.5%-1.8% in
atmosphere each year. This carbon dioxide concentration rate
has suddenly increased temperature of atmosphere. This carbon
dioxide concentration is likely to be doubled by the end of 21st
century. It impacts on crop production, productivity, water use,
photosynthesis rate and sugar accumulation [21].
India after the end of 2007 year. The mean winter temperature
was hastened in past years. The temperature rate from 1971-
temperature was transformed into maximum temperature. The
crop production and productivity when crop temperature is more
It is estimated that carbon dioxide level will increase to 397-
416ppm by 2010 year from the present carbon dioxide level of
371ppm and this would further increase by 607-755ppm by
area average annual mean warming by 2020 year & 2050 year
respectively. Comparatively, increase in temperature is projected
to be more in Rabi than in Kharif crop growing season. A large
uncertainty is associated with projected Rabi rainfall than Kharif
rainfall in 2050 year [22]. This variation of temperature is effect
on production, productivity of Kharif and Rabi crops in future era.
Rainfall
Rainfall is paramount abiotic factor of crop ecosystem. It
maintains stability of atmosphere and environment physical
factor and provides water or soluble nutrient to agricultural
crops. The rainfall activity is dependent on precipitation. The
rainfall activity was high when rainfall events with precipitation
were higher than 100mm in 1950-2000 years [23]. The long term
rainfall was 10% then the frequency of rainfall was high and long
term rainfall is below 10% then the scarcity of rainfall was found
1974, 1979, 1989, and 1987 years. The normal or excess rainfall
was reported in 1970, 1975, 1978, 1983 and 1988 years. The
food grain production [24].
The water availability had been declined during 18th, 19th
and 20th century. This period had been announced drought years
because of scarcity of rainfall. 10 droughts were observed between
1950-1989 years. 5 droughts have been reported in the last 16
years since 2000. The southern or Eastern Maharashtra (Western
India), Andhra Pradesh (Southern coast of India), Northern
Karnataka (South-western India), Odisha (Eastern Coast of India),
Telangana (Southeastern coast of India) and western Rajasthan
are current major drought prone region of India. The frequency of
drought is set to increase between 2020 to 2049 years [25].
The south west monsoon was predicted on June-September
month in 2013-14. The long period rainfall was evaluated 6%
above deviation. The 184 districts received excess rainfall,
264 districts received normal rainfall, 156 districts received
The meteorological department has been estimated 1 October
to 31 December 15 south west monsoon in present period. The
long period rainfall was observed 23% lower. The 62 districts
reported excess rainfall, 250 districts reported normal rainfall,
rainfall in 2015-16. The global warming has increased the ambient
temperature of Biosphere. The increased temperature formed
variation in precipitation. The present era of rainfall is declined
from precipitation variation. This is generate instability into
present and future food grains production.
Water
production. The earth surface is covered with 3/4th volume of
water. The total volume of water 1385.5 million km3 is available
on earth in which 97.3% saline water, 2.7% fresh water, 75.2%
polar ice, 22.6% ground water, 1.9% soil moisture and 0.3%
lakes or river water (Figure 16) [26]. The water is available in the
Ganga river, Indus river, Yamuna river, Brahmaputra river, parts of
Brahmaputra river, Godavari Krishna deltas, Chambal valley and
southern river etc in India. The Ganga river is the highest water
available among rivers. The canals, rivers, lakes, ponds, canals,
wells, tube wells, ground water tanks, rain water harvesting are
utilized for irrigation to agriculture activities. The world fresh
water of India is 4% out of 80% is used in agriculture. India
receives 4000 billion cubic meters of precipitation every year in
which 48% precipitation is utilized for ground water and surface
bodies.
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Figure 16: Water sources available on the Earth.
Figure 17: Application of canals for irrigation.
Figure 18: Applications of wells and tube wells for irrigation.
The canals, wells, and tube wells application were more than
ground water between 1950-51. The canal irrigated area was
8.3mha which is now 17mha. The canals utilization has come
down from 39.8% in 1950-51 to 26% in 2010-11 and 39.8% in
1950-51 to 23.6% in 2012-13 (Figure 17). The wells and the tube
wells were irrigate 29% area in 1950-51 which is now irrigate 64%
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(Figure 19). The net cultivable land of is 143.6mha in which 42mha
is irrigated by ground water and 22mha is irrigated by canals. So,
the ground water utilization has been increased in present period.
The total ground water is around 433 billion cubic meters and 398
billion cubic meters is net ground water in which 245 billion cubic
meters (62%) is consumed into irrigation, industrial and domestic
activity (Figure 20). 40% ground water is utilized for irrigation
in world and 50% ground water is utilized for irrigation in India
[25]. Uttar Pradesh (80%), Punjab (70% of the area irrigated by
tube wells and wells) and Uttarakhand (67%) are the highest
utilization of ground water for irrigation in India. The central part
of peninsular plateau, Maharashtra (Western India), Kerala coasts,
Rajasthan (Aravali Range), Bihar plain (Eastern India), Manipur,
Mizoram and Tripura are the lowest utilization of ground water
for irrigation due to inappropriate geographical factors. Andaman
& Nicobar Island (Southern India) is 0% irrigation intensity due to
adequate precipitation throughout the year.
Figure 19: Water efciency of Ground water and Canals.
Figure 20: Availability and Consumption of Ground water.
The ground water is depleted because of unsustainable
utilization of water resources for irrigation in present period.
The ground water level of wells is declined 39% for long term.
The 15 states and the two union territories of ground water
level are declined for long term. The districts of south and north
interior Karnataka (Southern India), Rayalseema in Andhra
Pradesh (Southeastern coast of India), Vidarbha & Marathwada
in Maharashtra (Western India), Western Rajasthan, Bundelkhand
region of Uttar Pradesh (Northern India) and Madhya Pradesh
(Central India) are state and region where the ground water level
has been abated to long term. These states and zones are facing
acute water stress. The water table of Latur has gone down by 3.5-
4 meters in 2015-16 and there is no water even 304 meters below
the ground. The depletion of ground water is because of climate
change and it impacts on production, productivity, crop selection,
time of cultivation and irrigation [25].
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DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.17.556040
