Effect of chabazitic-zeolites and effective microorganisms on growth and chemical composition of Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe arborescens Miller

Abstract

With the aim of improving the growth of plants of Aloe barbadensis and A. arborescens and improve the content of sugars and minerals, several experiments were conducted replacing chabazitic-zeolites with normal inorganic substrates and adding the effective microorganisms (EM) to assess whether they affected plant development. The experiment on both Aloe species involved three treatments: 1) soil; 2) soil with addition of chabazitic-zeolites; and 3) soil with addition of chabazitic-zeolites and treated with EM. The results showed that the use of zeolites and EM microorganisms increased the quality characteristics of Aloe plants under cultivation; specifically plant growth, root development and production of metabolites useful for nutraceutics.

Full text

ASJ: International Journal of Agricultural Research, Sustainability, and Food Sufficiency (IJARSFS)
Vol. 6(01) 13 March, 2019, Pp. 315-321
www.academiascholarlyjournal.org/ijarsfs/index_ijarsfs.htm
ISSN: 2360-932X©Academia Scholarly Journals
Indexed In: Directory of Research Journals Indexing - www.drji.org
Also Available@; Archive.org/Domenico Prisa
Open access
Effect of chabazitic-zeolites and effective microorganisms on growth
and chemical composition of Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe
arborescens Miller
Domenico Prisa
CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Council for Agricultural Research
and Economics, Via dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia, PT, Italy.
Author’s Emails ✉:domenico.prisa@crea.gov.it
Accepted February 28, 2019
With the aim of improving the growth of plants of Aloe barbadensis and A. arborescens and improve
the content of sugars and minerals, several experiments were conducted replacing chabazitic-
zeolites with normal inorganic substrates and adding the effective microorganisms (EM) to assess
whether they affected plant development. The experiment on both Aloe species involved three
treatments: 1) soil; 2) soil with addition of chabazitic-zeolites; and 3) soil with addition of chabazitic-
zeolites and treated with EM. The results showed that the use of zeolites and EM microorganisms
increased the quality characteristics of Aloe plants under cultivation; specifically plant growth, root
development and production of metabolites useful for nutraceutics.
Key-words: plant quality, ornamental, symbiontic bacteria, alternative substrates, metabolites.
INTRODUCTION
The Aloe barbadensis Miller is a perennial plant that
grows in the shape of a head, whose base is
surrounded by a rosette of fat and thorny leaves
with spiral-shaped evolution. Its structure and
consistency are vaguely reminiscent of cactus.
Originally from Africa, Aloe barbadensis, has spread
across the Americas, after the expeditions of
Columbus and Vespucci. Aloe barbadensis has
fleshy, succulent, spotted green leaves with delicate
contours, sometimes with pink dots during cold
periods (Rodriguez-Garcia et al., 2007). As time
passes, the bright green color tends to fade into
grey green (Lawless and Allan, 2000). After 1950,
plantations arose in the central-southern USA,
specifiaclly in Texas, Arizona and Florida. There are
also some extensions in Mexico and in South
America (Bassetti and Sala, 2001). Aloe
barbadensis Miller is currently the most widely used
and well-known type of Aloe in the world. This is
mainly attributable to the high yield of its leaves, its
robustness and easy transformation into pulp to
drink or gel for outdoor use (Anez and Vasquez,
2005).
Another species of Aloe is the A. arborescens
Miller, which is native, like the barbadensis, to
central-southern Africa. It is widespread in South
Africa, and Asia, especially in Russia and Japan.
The Aloe arborescens, unlike A. vera, does not
develop on a single stump but extends on a central
woody trunk, with alternating leaf growth, which can
reach, when mature, a height of two or three meters.
It is a perennial plant with fat, thorny leaves with
spiral-shaped evolution, of green-grey color and less
fleshy, filiform, of length between 50 and 60 cm and

316. Int. J. Agric. Res. Sustain. Food Sufficiency
weight from 10 to 100 g each (Bassetti and Sala,
2001).
Its narrow, filiform leaves have a larger outer
cuticle.. This makes the plant resistant to the rigidity
of the environmental climate. This characteristic is
responsible for a large amount of anthraquinone,
mainly the aloins responsible for the purgative,
cytoprotective and anticancer effects of aloe
(Bassetti and Sala, 2001; Hamman, 2008; Silva et
al., 2010; Yagi and Takeo, 2003).
Effective microorganisms (EMs) include a mixture
of live cultures of naturally isolated microorganisms
from fertile soils that are used during plant
cultivation (Olle and Williams, 2015). The main
activity of Effective microorganisms is to increase
the soil microfauna, leading to an increase in an
increase in field production of fruit and vegetables.
Photosynthetic bacteria, present in the EM,
synergistically with other microorganisms, improve
the absorption of nutrients from the soil and reduce
the incidence of disease (Condor et al., 2007). EM
technology is based on the inoculation of beneficial
micro-organisms into the soil to create a favourable
environment for plant growth and health. EMs
interact with the soil-plant ecosystem by controlling
plant pathogens and disease agents, solubilizing
minerals, increasing availability of plant energy,
stimulating the photosynthetic system, maintaining
the microbiological balance of the soil and fixing
biological nitrogen (Olle and Williams, 2015).
Natural Zeolites are a mineral family composed by
54 different species chemically defined as “hydrated
allumino-silicates of alkaline and alkaline earth
elements” and structurally belonging to the
tectosilicates (Passaglia and Sheppard, 2001). Due
to their crystal chemistry, zeolites show physical-
chemical peculiarities such as high and selective
cation exchange capacity (CEC), reversible
dehydration, selective molecular absorption, and
catalytic behaviour (Armbruster and Gunter, 2001).
Therefore, rocks containing more than 50% of
zeolites (zeolitites) are widely and profitably utilized
in the purification of municipal, zootechnical and
industrial wastewaters, as additive in animal
nutrition, agriculture and floriculture (Gottardi and
Galli, 1985; Galli and Passaglia, 2011).
Because of both the presence of the zeolites and
texture of the rocks, zeolitites exhibit high (130-200
meq/100g) and selective (mainly for NH4+ and K+)
cation exchange capacity, reversible dehydration,
permeability, and high water retention, which are all
useful in agricultural, horticultural and floricultural
applications. Accordingly, the zeolitites, itemized by
the predominant zeolitic species (chabazitic-
zeolites, cliniptilolitic-zeolites, etc), have been
recently included in the “ammendanti” (Legislative
decree, March 3, 2015). The zeolitites were used in
this experiment because they exhibit several
interesting features for use in agriculture,
horticulture and in particular in tomato (Passaglia et
al., 1997), celery (Bazzocchi et al., 1996), courgette
and melon (Passaglia et al., 2005), and vegetables
and fruit (Passaglia and Poppi, 2005).
The aim of the experiment was to improve the
quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress on
plants of Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe
Arborescens Miller by adding chabazitic-zeolites
and effective microorganisms to the growing
substrates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Greenhouse experiment and growing conditions
Trials were conducted in a commercial glasshouse
located in Rosignano Solvay, Tuscany, Italy (lat.
43°23' N, long. 10°26' E), under typical
Mediterranean climate conditions of coastal areas,
in early March 2017. The experiment involved
rooted cuttings of 10 cm of Aloe barbadensis Miller
and 12 cm for Aloe arborescens Miller placed in
pots ø18 cm, in three different mixtures of
substrates to assess their growth and content in
metabolites. 30 plants were used for 3 replicas, for 3
theses, 270 plants for each of the two species of
Aloe.
The 3 experimental theses in cultivation were:
- Control (CTRL): soil for acidophilic 40%, volcanic
lapillus 30%, quartz sand 30%, (root wetting every
20 days);
- Treated (T1): soil for acidophilic 40%, chabazitic-
zeolites 20%, quartz sand 40%, (root wetting every
20 days);
- Treated (T2): soil for acidophilic 40%, chabazitic-
zeolites 20%, quartz sand 40%, microorganisms
EM, (mixture of live cultures of naturally isolated
microorganisms, produced by the company Emiko,
in Germany) dilution 1:100 (root wetting every 20
days).
All plants were fed with the same amount of
nutrients supplied through controlled release
fertilizer (5 kg m−3 of Osmocote Pro® 3 - 4 months
containing 190 g kg−1 N, 39 g kg−1 P, 83 g kg−1 K)

Domenico Prisa. 317
Table 1. Effect of Chabazitic-zeolites and Effective microorganisms on the growth of Aloe barbadensis
Miller
Treatment
Number of
leaves per
plant (n°)
Number of
plantlets per
plant (n°)
Fresh leaf
weight
(g)
Fresh gel
weight
(g)
Fresh weight
of roots
(g)
CTRL
21.92 c
2.86 c
402.55 c
220.22 c
452.26 c
T1
23.50 b
3.41 b
438.15 b
277.44 b
491.81 b
T2
25.52 a
4.47 a
514.30 a
308.22 a
564.43 a
Each value reported in the graph is the mean of three replicates ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis
performed through one-way ANOVA. Different letters for the same parameter indicate significant differences
according to LSD test (P = 0.05).
blended with the growing medium before transplant.
The analysis of zeolites used in the tests determined
by X-rays using the Rietveld-Nir methodology
(Gualtieri, 2000) had a zeolithic content of: 67 ± 3%
(64% chabazitic-zeolites, 3% phillipsite).
The cation exchange capacity (CSC) determined
by exchange with 1 N solution of NH4+ according to
the methodology described in Gualtieri and
Passaglia (2006), showed the following analysis :
210 ± 10 meq/100g (131 meq/100g Ca, 68
meq/100g K, 7 meq/100g Na and 4 meq/100g
Mg).
Plant growth and Aloe gel anaysis
The experiment lasted 270 days until plants
development reached standard level for commercial
purposes. At the end of the experiment all plants
were subjected to destructive analysis for the
determination of: number of leaves per plant,
number of shoots per plant, fresh leaf weight, fresh
gel weight, fresh root weight. Once every fifteen
days the number of new leaves and shoots per plant
was counted, 15 plants per treatment, 5 plants per 3
replicas.
In addition, only in Aloe barbadensis the content of
sugars (Sturm et al. method, 2003), aloin (Waller et
al., 2004) and proline (Bates et al., 1973), has been
evaluated. 3 leaves per plant, 3 plants per treatment
for the evaluation of sugars, proline and aloin have
been selected.
Statistics
The experiment was carried out in a randomized
complete block design. Collected data were
analysed by one-way ANOVA, using GLM univariate
procedure, to assess significant (P ≤ 0.05, 0.01 and
0.001) differences among treatments. Mean values
were then separated by LSD multiple-range test (P
= 0.05). Statistics and graphics were supported by
the programs CoStat (version 6.451) and Excel.
RESULTS
In the experiments, the use of chabazitic-zeolites
and EM (Effective Microrganisms) has led to a
significant increase in the vegetative and radical
development of the plants of Aloe barbadensis Miller
and A. arborescens Miller. In (Tables 1-2), it can be
seen that the chabazitic-zeolites (T1) and
chabazitic-zeolites +EM (T2) mixtures have led to a
significant increase in the number of leaves per
plant (Figure 1), in the number of shoots per plant,
in the fresh weight of the leaves, in the fresh weight
of the gel and in the fresh root weight compared to
the fertilized control.
In particular, it is evident that the association of
chabazitic-zeolites plus microorganisms has
increased the development of plants, compared to
the use of zeolites alone. This fact is probably due
to the ability of the bacteria to solubilize (by naturally
acidifying the substrate) what the chabasite
captures during fertigation and then pass it to the
root system. Mechanism that in a substrate not
colonized by microorganisms is usually slower. In
Table 3 also shows how the treatment with
chabazitic-zeolites and EM microorganisms can
induce and stimulate in the plants of A. barbadensis
Miller, the accumulation of sugars (fructose and
glucose), proline and aloin compared to the fertilized

318. Int. J. Agric. Res. Sustain. Food Sufficiency
Table 2. Effect of chabazitic-zeolites and effective microorganisms on the growth of Aloe
arborescens Miller.
Treatment
Number of
leaves per
plant (n°)
Number of
plantlets per
plant (n°)
Fresh leaf
weight
(g)
Fresh gel
weight
(g)
Fresh weight
of roots
(g)
CTRL
23.37 c
3.42 c
468.06 c
247.67 c
502.55 b
T1
24.18 b
3.95 b
499.89 b
293.38 b
591.81 a
T2
26.46 a
5.11 a
575.55 a
369.12 a
626.40 a
Each value reported in the graph is the mean of three replicates ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis
performed through one-way ANOVA. Different letters for the same parameter indicate significant differences
according to LSD test (P = 0.05).
Figure 1. Effect of the substrate with the addition of
chabazitic- zeolites and effective microoganisms compared
to the control, on the development of the leaves and
plantlets of A. barbadensis Miller.
Control.
Particular interest is also the increase in the
content of aloin in the treated plants (T1 and T2), an
anthraquinone with countless activities, not least the
laxative, draining and purifying activity that is used a
lot by the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.
DISCUSSION
The use of zeolites and EM microorganisms can
therefore guarantee, as demonstrated by this
evidence, a clear qualitative improvement of Aloe
plants in cultivation, in terms of plant growth, root
development and production of metabolites useful
for nutraceutics. The main objective of potted plants
is the use of substrates and biostimulant that can
reduce the use of peat and increase plant quality.
As the price of these materials has been rising in
recent years as a result of rising energy costs that
are reflected in the entire process of production,
preparation and transport to farmers. The alternative

Domenico Prisa. 319
Table 3. Influence of chabazitic-zeolites and effective microorganisms on sugars, proline
and aloin on plants of Aloe barbadensis Miller.
Treatment
Fructose
(mg (g DW)-1
Glucose
(mg (g DW)-1
Proline
(mg (g DW)-1
Aloin
(mg (g DW)-1
CTRL
80.95 c
30.26 b
0.75 c
152.89 c
T1
91.18 b
32.48 ab
0.87 b
164.37 b
T2
93.52 a
34.40 a
1.17 a
172.95 a
Each value reported in the graph is the mean of three replicates ± standard deviation.
Statistical analysis performed through one-way ANOVA. Different letters for the same
parameter indicate significant differences according to LSD test (P = 0.05).
materials used often create problems for plants
related to rooting or water and salt stress. Zeolites
commonly utilized in agriculture for the cultivation of
horticultural and ornamental crops (Passaglia et al.,
1997; Bazzocchi et al., 1996; Passaglia et al., 2005;
Prisa and Burchi, 2015; Prisa, 2016; 2017a,b) and
for the reduction of NH4+ content in the liquid
manure in the pig farms (Bergero and Passaglia,
1994; Passaglia and Marchi, 2001), could resolve in
part this problem. These minerals, added to peat or
to other organic compost at 20% content, are
practical to use, easy to mix to the soil or to other
substrates, also for soilless cultivation. The active
nutrients and water content result always available
to plant and the adsorbed fertilizing elements are
safe from the risk of run-off due to rain or irrigation
(Passaglia and Prisa, 2018).
Also Effective Microorganisms can increase plant
quality, in particular in tomato and pumpkin plants
(Olle and Williams, 2015). EM microorganisms also
lead to an increase in calcium content by reducing
the incidence of insect disease and improves the
quality and preservation of fruit and vegetables
(Pavlovic et al., 1998). Some scientists have shown
that EM can increase fruit weight, yield,
photosynthesis (Idris et al., 2008). EM applied with
green manure significantly increased tomato yields
and in the third year were comparable to those
obtained with chemical fertilizers (Marambe and
Sangakkara, 1996).
The results of this research have shown that
chabazitic-zeolites and Effective microorganisms
can improve some traits of plant quality in Aloe
barbadensis and A. arborescens., such as number
of leaves per plant, number of shoots per plant,
fresh leaf weight, fresh gel weight, fresh root weight.
In particular, the use of chabazitic-zeolites and
effective microorganisms has led to an increase in
the content of sugars (glucose and fructose) and
proline and aloin in Aloe barbadensis. This could be
associated with a higher water and mineral content,
influenced by zeolite (Prisa and Burchi, 2015; Prisa,
2016; 2017a,b), and with a higher root development,
affected by the action of micro-organisms (Olle and
Williams, 2015).
CONCLUSION
These trials showed several benefits that can be
obtained through the use of chabazitic-zeolites and
effective microorganisms: improvement of quality in
Aloe barbadensis Miller and A. arborescens Miller,
in terms of number of leaves and shoots per plant,
fresh weight of the leaves and roots, fresh weight of
the gel. In A. barbadensis also increase the content
of sugar and nutraceutical metabolites.
Chabazitic zeolites and effective microorganisms
as demonstrated in other experiments (Passaglia
and Prisa, 2018), also prove to be a viable
alternative to conventional techniques, to improve
the use of fertilizers and irrigation water in potted
plants
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