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Allicin and Health: A comprehensive review
Abstract
Background: Allicin is an organosulfur and defensive compound found in garlic (Allium sativum L.) and other Allium species. Its unique odor is easily detectable, and its effects on human health have been studied since ancient times. Scope and approach: In this compressive review we report the presence of allicin in different Allium species, their biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, absorption, and safety profile. Among the main allicin applications highlight its antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties, reviewed in the present work from in vitro evidence and in vivo studies. Finally, special attention was also given to the allicin state of the art in human health, including in vitro and in vivo assays, and clinical trials, on antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory effects, besides to its contribution as a cardioprotective agent. Key findings and conclusions: The promising capacity of allicin to interact with thiol groups seems to be directly related to its antimicrobial potential, showing both antibacterial and antifungal activities. Allicin also displayed an interesting potential in the prevention and treatment of several diseases including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Indeed, its antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects are some of the mechanisms that may explain their biological activities. Future applications should be directed to allicin pharmaceutical formulation, its delivery and its compatibility with food matrices and other drugs due to allicin biosynthesis, instability, reactivity, and volatility.
... Allicin is an unstable, volatile, and cytotoxic liposoluble organosulfur compound [83]. It is also garlic's most important active component, with antiseptic, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antibacterial properties [63,84]. ...
... It is also garlic's most important active component, with antiseptic, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antibacterial properties [63,84]. In addition, allicin and ajoene are the active components used in veterinary medicine and livestock production [85,86], and their benefits and antiparasitic properties on the zootechnical performance of farm animals have been reported [63, [78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88]. ...
... Allicin condenses into ajoene, a molecule with antiviral activity that blocks integrin-dependent processes in the infected cellular system [95]. Furthermore, allicin efficiently inhibits viral replication and stimulates the immune system through the host proteome [96], improving the host immune response through mechanisms involving interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL-12P70), and T-cells [83]. Moreover, another advantage of garlic is immunostimulation, which is attributed to organosulfur, polysaccharide, and fructan compounds [97]. ...
How to cite this article: Delgado DLC, Caceres LLC, Gómez SAC, and Odio AD (2023) Effect of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) on the zootechnical performance and health indicators of aquatic animals: A mini-review, Veterinary World, 16(5): 965-976. Abstract Considerable efforts have been made by modern aquaculture to mitigate the environmental damages caused by its practices while also attempting to improve the quality of the aquatic organisms by promoting alternatives, such as the use of natural products, like garlic (Allium sativum), and instead of chemical agents. Garlic has multiple properties, including antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antitoxic, and anticancer effects. In fish, the antiparasitic activity of garlic is one of the most reported effects in the literature, mainly using immersion baths for aquatic organisms. Using garlic also has an antimicrobial effect on the culture of aquatic organisms. Therefore, this review focuses on the impact of garlic on the health and production of aquatic organisms.
... One of the most active feed additives used in aquaculture is garlic (Allium sativum) and its extracts (e.g., allicin) for their growth-promoting and immunostimulant efects [27]. Garlic contains several active compounds, including thiosulfnates, diallyl thiosulfate (allicin), vitamins, linoleic acid, favonoids, silicates, and iodine salts that are involved in several pharmacological efects [28,29]. Allicin has been proven to enhance the activity of digestive enzymes, feed utilization, feed palatability, and diversity of benefcial intestinal microorganisms in aquatic animals [30,31]. ...
... Similarly, including garlic lowered ALT and AST levels in Nile tilapia [66] and common carp [40]. Te high content of favonoids rutin, tangeretin, S-allyl cysteine, diallyl-di-sulfde, and nobiletin [28,29] in garlic is involved in the inhibition of the antioxidation of lipids in liver cell membranes, thereby regulating the secretion of ALT and AST [37]. Te results also revealed reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in striped catfsh fed dietary allicin before and after heating stress. ...
... Te increased protein profle in this study by dietary allicin is similar to that reported by Jahanjoo et al. [37], Jha et al. [76], Chesti et al. [77], and Nya and Austin [78], who indicated elevated blood proteins in sobaity sea bream, Catla catla, amur carp, and rainbow trout, respectively. Te enhancement of blood proteins may result from the abundant content of amino acids in allicin and the positive role of sulfur compounds, including S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, involved in forming proteins in the liver tissue [28,29]. Exposure to stress requires enough energy to alleviate stress' impacts on fsh and regulate the suitable response [79]. ...
Global warming is a challenge facing the aquaculture industry, and mitigating its effects on aquatic animals’ productivity is mandatory. Hence, the present study investigated the alleviation of heat stress impacts on the performances of striped catfish by dietary allicin. For 60 days, striped catfish were fed dietary allicin at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4%, and then the fish were exposed to 35°C. The results indicated that dietary allicin remarkably enhanced the growth performance (FBW, WG, and SGR) and feed utilization (FCR and PER) in striped catfish in a dose-dependent manner. Further, striped catfish fed allicin at 1 and 2% before heat stress, and those fed on 1% after heat stress had the highest lipase, amylase, and protease activities. The intestinal villi of allicin-treated fish showed increased length and branching. Before heat stress, the AST value was not affected by dietary allicin, but after heat stress, the AST was markedly reduced in fish fed on allicin at 1, 2, and 4%. Significantly, T-CHO and triglycerides were higher after heat stress than before with or without allicin. The blood proteins, albumin, and globulin were markedly lower after heat stress than before heat stress. The glucose and cortisol levels were increased after heat stress, either with or without dietary allicin. Heat stress reduced lysozyme activity, and the best activity was seen in fish fed 2% allicin. In addition, the phagocytic activity before and after heat stress was increased by dietary 1, 2, and 4% allicin. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were increased by dietary allicin before and after heat stress. The regression analysis illustrated that the best performances of striped catfish could be achieved by using 1.89–2.28% dietary allicin, leading to high resistance to heat stress.
... Diallyl thiosulfinate (DATS), is a nutraceutical phytochemical and an organosulfur molecule, which is also known as allicin can be abundantly found in the newly prepared extract of garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.). It is produced when alliinase (the enzyme) reacts with alliin (the corresponding substrate) upon external physical injury to the plant [2,3]. DATS demonstrates a wide range of bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial (multidrug resistant strains), anticancer effects etc. [2,4]. ...
... It is produced when alliinase (the enzyme) reacts with alliin (the corresponding substrate) upon external physical injury to the plant [2,3]. DATS demonstrates a wide range of bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial (multidrug resistant strains), anticancer effects etc. [2,4]. Additionally, in humans, DATS promotes the basic leucine zipper protein (Nrf2), which is responsible for lowering oxidative stressors in cardiovascular and neurological disorders [5,6]. ...
... Up till now, findings on the use of ultrasound in conjunction with biocompatible PEG based carrier system development for the extraction of bioactive molecules from plant origin, particularly DATS, for obtaining improved yield and stability are still infrequent. Therefore, it requires further deep investigation because of the rising exigence for bioactive compounds globally [2,5]. ...
... Moreover, isoquercetin and quercetin were detected only in Allicin (S-(prop-2-en-1-yl)prop-2-ene-1-sulfinothioate; allyl 2-propenethiosulfinate, diallyl thiosulfinate, S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide; C 6 H 10 OS 2 ) presents the basic odor component in garlic (A. sativum L.) and several other Allium species, including the well-known smell when a garlic clove is crushed [57]. This is probably the most common organosulfur compound isolated from Allium species with highly expressed bioactivity. ...
... This is probably the most common organosulfur compound isolated from Allium species with highly expressed bioactivity. It is biosynthesized from alliin, a non-protein S-containing amino acid [58], through the activation of the alliinase enzyme when plant material is pressured or damaged [57]. Actually, non-protein amino acids are an important group of secondary metabolites among Allium species comprising about 1-5% of the dry-weight mass of intact plants [51]. ...
... Actually, non-protein amino acids are an important group of secondary metabolites among Allium species comprising about 1-5% of the dry-weight mass of intact plants [51]. Allicin is a colorless, highly reactive oil with stability strongly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, applied solvent system, and pH [57,59]. A lower temperature (4 • C) is recommended for allicin preservation in plant material as the shelf life of allicin rapidly decreases when the temperature rises [59]. ...
Ever since ancient times, Allium species have played a significant role in the human diet, in traditional medicine for the treatment of many ailments, and in officinal medicine as a supplemental ingredient. The major metabolites of alliums, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, with an emphasis on the species most represented in the Balkan region, are discussed in this review. Due to its richness in endemic species, the Balkan region is considered the genocenter of alliums. There are 56 recorded Allium species in the Balkans, and 17 of them are endemic. The most common and well-studied Allium species in the Balkans are A. cepa (onion), A. sativum (garlic), A. ampeloprasum (leek), A. schoenoprasum (chives), A. fistulosum (Welsh onion), and A. ursinum (wild garlic or bear's garlic), which are known for their pungent taste and smell, especially noticeable in garlic and onion, and attributed to various organosulfur compounds. These plants are valued for their macronutrients and are used as desirable vegetables and spices. Additionally, phytochemicals such as organosulfur compounds, phenolics, fatty acids, and saponins are associated with the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these species, among many other bioactivities. All parts of the plant including the bulb, peel, clove, leaf, pseudostem, root, flower, and seed exhibit antioxidant properties in different in vitro assays. The characteristic phytocompounds that contribute to the antimicrobial activity of alliums include allicin, ajoene, allyl alcohol, and some diallyl sulfides. Nanoparticles synthesized using Allium species are also recognized for their notable antimicrobial properties.
... Carvacrol with chemical formula C 6 H 3 CH 3 (OH)(C 3 H 7 ) is a liquid phenolic monoterpenoid that has been known as the major constituents of the essential oils and plant extracts [12]. This chemical compound belongs to the Lamiaceae family of plants including oregano and thyme [12,15]. In comparison with other volatile compounds present in plant extracts and essential oils, carvacrol displays higher antimicrobial activity due to the presence of the free hydroxyl group, hydrophobicity, and the phenol moiety [15]. ...
... This chemical compound belongs to the Lamiaceae family of plants including oregano and thyme [12,15]. In comparison with other volatile compounds present in plant extracts and essential oils, carvacrol displays higher antimicrobial activity due to the presence of the free hydroxyl group, hydrophobicity, and the phenol moiety [15]. Volatile compounds instability is one of the important problems for using these compounds. ...
... The obtained results indicated that extract Aloe vera inhibited A. avus or A. parasiticusmycelial . Carvacrol with lipophilic properties and a density of 0.976 g/ml at room temperature (25°C) possesses a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial and antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer that is putatively useful for clinical applications [15]. Carvacrol antimicrobial activity is mainly attributed to the presence of the free hydroxyl group, hydrophobicity, the phenol moiety, and the delocalized electron system [15,27]. ...
Background
Aspergillus species are the reason for the wide range of infections especially invasive fungal infections. The aim of this study was defined to evaluate the antifungal activity of plants and compounds including thyme, Aloevera, Thyme, carvacrol, and nano-encapsulation of carvacrol on growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus.
Methods and Results
The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extracts, carvacrol, nanocarvacrol, and fluconazole as control were determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) by serial microdilution method. Then, the effect of inhibitory concentrations of the studied compounds on the amount of aflatoxin B1 production was evaluated by real time PCR and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Our results indicate that the Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavusare sensitive to selected plants and compounds.
Conclusion
our result showed that we can be used the extracts of plants and their compounds with the help of nanotechnology to control the production of aflatoxin.
... Green peas and rice bran have the lowest concentration, whereas tomato and broccoli have the most. [120] With the aid of an enzyme called lipoic acid synthase, it is It also has a role that helps in the regeneration of many physiological antioxidants. [110,121] Studies conducted in isolated rat liver mitochondria have shown the ameliorative effect of α-LA against the Asinduced oxidative stress. ...
... It is a highly reactive organosulfur compound because of its thiol groups; it is hard to isolate, and it immediately reacts with itself to form different organosulfur compounds. [134] It acts as a physiological antioxidant because it has the ability to induce a process called phase 2 detoxification, [120] where it employs enzymatic pathways in the liver to convert toxic substances in the body to less toxic substances, which can be easily eliminated from the body. [135] Further, an intermediate of allicin biosynthesis called sulfenic acid has a profound antioxidant effect. ...
... The natural compounds and antioxidants present in these herbs play a potential role in heavy metal treatment. [120,137] 9 | MICRONUTRIENTS Micronutrients may play a vital role in protecting against the toxic effect of As. Studies conducted in an animal model have shown the ameliorative effects of selenium, calcium, and magnesium. ...
Arsenic (As) poisoning has proven to be a major threat worldwide because of its toxic effects on the human body. As toxicity through drinking water is a global health concern. The toxicity of As is known to affect the liver, kidney, lungs, muscles, cardiovascular system, and nervous system and can even induce diabetes. Further As can cause skin lesions leading to notable diseases in the skin like Bowen's disease. Chronic exposure to As has caused many tragedies in Eastern, and several Southeast Asian and Latin American countries. Long‐term exposure to As makes it an immediate threat that should be dealt with as a priority, and one of the ways to handle it may be with the use of antioxidants. In this review, we have discussed the natural and anthropogenic sources of As, its metabolism, pathophysiology, and mechanism of toxicity. Besides, we have also discussed some of the synthetic chelators and the ameliorative role of antioxidants and natural compounds in reducing As toxicity. Mechanism of arsenic induced toxicity.
... Garlic has substances with a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial actions. Possibly, the antimicrobial potential presented in the aqueous and alcoholic extracts investigated in this work is related to the presence of allicin, the main active phytochemical found in this food [53]. Similar results were already indicating the antibacterial action of garlic allicin against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant E. coli strains [21,[54][55][56]. ...
... Indeed, activated carbon has been used as a support for bioactive natural extracts due to its chemical stability Garlic has substances with a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial actions. Possibly, the antimicrobial potential presented in the aqueous and alcoholic extracts investigated in this work is related to the presence of allicin, the main active phytochemical found in this food [53]. Similar results were already indicating the antibacterial action of garlic allicin against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant E. coli strains [21,[54][55][56]. ...
Contamination of water resources by pathogenic microorganisms is a major concern worldwide. As an example, hospitals generate effluents with a wide range of chemical and microbiological contaminants. These effluents are generally not treated beforehand due to the high costs and are, therefore, mixed with domestic effluents in regional treatment systems. Thus, actions to maintain water quality include the development of appropriate materials for its sustainable treatment. In this context, this study aims to develop natural antibacterial materials by impregnating aqueous and alcoholic extracts of garlic in activated babassu charcoal to reduce the microbial load of effluents. This material has been tested in a standard saline solution, which simulates the composition of hospital wastewater and allows bacteria to develop. The biomaterials were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, pHPZC assays, Boehm’s method, and microbiological assays. Significant antibacterial activities were verified for the garlic extract-impregnated biomaterials; the activated carbon functionalized with HNO3 and impregnated with aqueous garlic extract inhibited 100% of E. coli growth. This result pointed to garlic extract associated with babassu activated carbon as a green alternative for the pre-treatment of complex effluents, such as hospital effluents.
... Allicin (All) is an oxygenated sulfur compound, which was isolated from crushed garlic petals in 1944 and identified as a compound with antibacterial activity. As one of the important organic sulfur compounds, it is beneficial to human health but is also accompanied by a typical penetrating odor [5,6]. The interaction of alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide) with the catalytic action of alliinase (alliin lyase; EC 4.4.1.4) ...
... Allicin can rapidly pass through cell membranes with ease owing to its hydrophobic nature, reaching cellular compartments where it reacts rapidly with free thiol groups. Acetyl-CoA synthetase blockage and glutathione oxidation initiation, which result in a shift in cellular redox potential, disrupt the membrane, leading to cellular-content leakages [5]. AOB plays a major role in scavenging free radicals (Figure 7). ...
The effects of allicin and antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) on the quality of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana) during refrigerated storage (4 °C) were investigated. The quality changes in samples treated with deionized water (CK), allicin solution (All), antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB), and allicin solution combined with AOB solution (AA) in microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory evaluation were analyzed, respectively. The results demonstrated that combination treatment inhibited the increase in total viable counts, delayed the decrease in amino acid content, and retarded the sensory deterioration. Preservative treatment has an inhibitory effect on the early storage of PBC, which can reduce PBC by about 1.0 log CFU/g. The reduction in thiobarbituric acid (TBA) content and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content indicated that combination treatment could better restrain the lipid oxidation and degradation of protein than the CK group and single-treatment group. In addition, the TVB-N content in the AA group still did not exceed the threshold on the 14th day. As a consequence, combination treatment prolonged the shelf life of bullfrogs for another six days. Therefore, allicin and AOB with excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity could be an effective approach to delay the biochemical reaction of refrigerated bullfrogs. This study has provided a potential approach for increasing the shelf life of bullfrogs and preserving their quality during refrigerated storage.
... which are originally confined to the cells of the vascular bundle sheath and quickly transform alliin (compartmentalized in mesophyll cells) into allicin [20]. Allicin, which is the primary sulfur molecule in garlic, makes about 70-80% of its bioactive chemicals and is what gives it its characteristic odor [21]. Allicin is extremely unstable, reactive, and sensitive to organic solvents, oxygen, temperature, and pH levels, which cause it to quickly decompose and produce other stable organosulfur constituents such as vinyldithiines (3-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin and 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin), ajoenes, DADS, DATS, DAS, diallyl disulfides, and diallyl trisulfides [22,23] represented in Fig. 1. ...
... Minimum inhibitory (MIC), sensitivity and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentration tests are often used to quantify and report on garlic's and allicin's antimicrobial capabilities [21,51,52]. The antibacterial properties of allicin in garlic have been recognized for quite some time. ...
... Češanj češnjaka sadržava približno 4 do 5 mg alicina, a njegovu je prisutnost lako otkriti zbog jedinstvenog mirisa. 4 Alicin se ne nalazi u netaknutom režnju češnjaka, već nastaje enzimskom reakcijom iz prekursora aliina uz piruvat i amonijak kada se ošteti tkivo češnjaka. Aliin i aliinaza zatvoreni su u različite odjeljke unutar češnja bijelog luka. ...
... Utvrđeno je da je pri pH-vrijednosti 5 do 6 vrijeme poluživota alicina 10 do 17 dana. 4 Alicinu se može pripisati širok spektar bioloških aktivnosti. Pri njegovoj primjeni alicin brzo prolazi kroz stanične membrane zahvaljujući svojoj hidrofobnoj prirodi te nestaje iz cirkulacije nakon svega nekoliko minuta. ...
Alicin (dialil-tiosulfinat ili dialil-disulfid-oksid, C6H10OS2) je obrambeni organosumporni spoj koji pronalazimo u bijelome luku ( Allium sativum L.) te u drugim vrstama roda Allium poput crvenoga luka ( Allium cepa L.). Alicin se proizvodi pri oštećenju tkiva češnjaka iz aminokiseline aliina (S-alil cistein-sulfoksid) u reakciji koja je katalizirana enzimom aliinazom. Smatra se glavnom komponentom bijeloga luka koji se proučava i upotrebljava u medicinske svrhe još od davnina. Karakterističan i lako prepoznatljiv miris bijeloga luka potječe upravo od alicina. Alicin je molekula sa širokim spektrom bioloških aktivnosti. Kao tiosulfinat, pripada reaktivnim sumpornim spojevima (RSS) te ulazi u redoks-reakciju s tiolnim skupinama u glutationu i proteinima, što se smatra esencijalnim za njegovu biološku aktivnost. Pokazao je nedvojbene korisne učinke na ljudsko zdravlje, među kojima su najvažniji antimikrobni i antiparazitni učinci. Posebna pozornost u istraživanjima posvećuje se i njegovim antikancerogenim, antidijabetičkim, imunomodulatornim, antioksidacijskim i kardioprotektivnim učincima. Alicin pokazuje potencijal za prevenciju i tretiranje nekoliko bolesti, uključujući diabetes melitus , kardiovaskularne bolesti i rak. Vjeruje se da takav biološki učinak ima upravo zbog svojih antioksidacijskih i imunomodulatornih svojstava. Jasno je da alicin ima široku i zanimljivu primjenu u medicini, odakle i detaljna rasprava o njegovu ogromnom potencijalu u ovom pregledu. Buduće primjene trebale bi se usmjeriti na farmaceutsku formulaciju alicina, njegovu isporuku te kompatibilnost s hranom i lijekovima zbog njegove biosinteze, nestabilnosti, hlapljivosti i reaktivnosti.
... Molecules containing allylic fragments are present in garlic, nutmeg, parsley, or mustard [15] and active molecules containing propargylic fragments have been identified in cyanobacteria and marine mollusks [16]. Numerous extensive literature review papers have compiled many of the pharmacological effects of garlic extracts and some of its allyl sulfides [17][18][19][20][21][22][23], including preclinical, in vivo, and clinical trials. Two of the most characterized allylsulfides are allicin and Sallylcysteine (depicted in Figure 1). ...
... Moreover, propargyl compounds have attracted great interest due to their wide application in organic synthesis as well as the development of active propargyl molecules such as erlotinib and noreynodrel [29,30]. A common feature among these garlic active principles, depicted in Figure 1, is Numerous extensive literature review papers have compiled many of the pharmacological effects of garlic extracts and some of its allyl sulfides [17][18][19][20][21][22][23], including preclinical, in vivo, and clinical trials. Two of the most characterized allylsulfides are allicin and Sallylcysteine (depicted in Figure 1). ...
Nowadays, oxidative cell damage is one of the common features of cancer and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Se-containing molecules, such as ebselen, which has demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, have demonstrated well-established preventive effects against both diseases. In this study, a total of 39 Se-derivatives were synthesized, purified, and spectroscopically characterized by NMR. Antioxidant ability was tested using the DPPH assay, while antiproliferative activity was screened in breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer cell lines. In addition, as a first approach to evaluate their potential anti-Alzheimer activity, the in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChEI) was tested. Regarding antioxidant properties, compound 13a showed concentration- and time-dependent radical scavenging activity. Additionally, compounds 14a and 17a showed high activity in the melanoma and ovarian cancer cell lines, with LD50 values below 9.2 µM. Interestingly, in the AChEI test, compound 14a showed almost identical inhibitory activity to galantamine along with a 3-fold higher in vitro BBB permeation (Pe = 36.92 × 10−6 cm/s). Molecular dynamics simulations of the aspirin derivatives (14a and 14b) confirm the importance of the allylic group instead of the propargyl one. Altogether, it is concluded that some of these newly synthesized Se-derivatives, such as 14a, might become very promising candidates to treat both cancer and AD.
... It was observed that the trend of DPPH was similar to that of TPC retention. The high positive correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was also reported in another study [65]. In this study, the free radical scavenging activity of the blanched samples was the best, followed by the samples pretreated with ultrasound and saline immersion. ...
... that of TPC retention. The high positive correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was also reported in another study [65]. In this study, the free radical scavenging activity of the blanched samples was the best, followed by the samples pretreated with ultrasound and saline immersion. ...
In the current study, the effects of steam blanching, saline immersion, and ultrasound pretreatment on the drying time, three-dimensional (3D) appearance, quality characteristics, and microstructure of potato slices were investigated. All the pretreatment methods enhanced the drying kinetics relative to the untreated potato slices. The 3D appearance was evaluated by reconstructed 3D images, shrinkage, and curling degree. The reconstructed images could well reproduce the appearance changes in the potato slices during drying. All the three pretreatment methods reduced the shrinkage during the drying process relative to the untreated potatoes. The curling degree was evaluated by the height standard deviation (HSD) of the material surface. The results showed that saline immersion inhibited the curling of the potato slices during the drying process, while ultrasound aggravated the curling of the potato slices. The potatoes treated by blanching obtained a lower total color difference (ΔE), higher total polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity compared with the samples treated with saline immersion and ultrasound pretreatments. The observation of the microstructure by scanning electron microscope (SEM) verified the effects of the pretreatments on the drying time and appearance deformation. Therefore, it is of great significance to regulate the 3D appearance and quality characteristics of agricultural products during the drying process by an appropriate pretreatment.
... Allicin also downregulates Keap1 and upregulates Nrf2 expression, leading to an increase in antioxidant enzymes and a reduction in oxidative stress. Therefore, allicin demonstrates antihypertensive, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, 27 and antioxidant effects through the downregulation of AT1R and Keap1 expression. 28 Simple extraction methods of natural ingredients, such as onions containing allicin, 29 can reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure. ...
Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide suffered from hypertension. Dayak onion is an herbal plant found in Indonesia, particularly in Kalimantan and traditionally used to treat hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Dayak onion steeping water on the reduction of systolic-diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in hypertensive patients. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental research design with a time series approach, utilizing a pre-post-test design with a control group. The sample included two groups (intervention and control), totaling 30 participants. The independent variable was the steeping of Dayak onion bulbs, while the dependent variables were blood pressure values and MAP. The instruments used were Standard Operating Procedures (SPO) Dayak onion herb, SPO blood pressure measurement, SPO calculation of MAP, and a digital sphygmomanometer. Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests. Results: The results of the paired t-test statistical analysis of systolic-diastolic values and MAP in each group revealed significant findings. In the intervention group, a significant result was obtained in the pre-post test difference test, with a p-value of < 0.05 from day 1 to day 3 assessments. This suggests that Dayak onion steeping water had an effect on systolic-diastolic and MAP values in the intervention group. In contrast, the pre-post test in the control group yielded a p-value of < 0.05 for systolic values on days 2 and 3, diastolic values on days 1 and 3, and MAP values on days 1, 2, and 3. This indicates differences in systolic-diastolic and MAP values in the pre-post assessments, although these differences were not evenly distributed across every day. Conclusion: The study found that Dayak onion steeping water had an effect on systolic-diastolic and MAP values in the intervention group. Thus, the use of Dayak onion steeping water, containing allicin, can be considered an approach for controlling hypertension in the realm of complementary and alternative medicine, utilizing natural ingredients for herbal therapy.
... Studies have demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of garlic is not only attributed to individual compounds but is also influenced by their intricate interactions and synergistic effects (Arreola et al. 2015). For instance, allicin, which is formed when garlic is crushed or chopped, has been extensively researched for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (Salehi et al. 2019). Additionally, the conversion of alliin to allicin, catalyzed by the enzyme alliinase upon garlic tissue damage, adds another layer of complexity to its antioxidant capabilities (Nadeem et al. 2021). ...
The amalgamation of garlic's antibacterial potency with olive oil's nutritional benefits provides a natural, effective way to boost health and counters microbial threats. This study explored the antioxidant and antibacterial traits of garlic-enriched virgin olive oil (VOO) samples, focusing on various garlic forms (fresh, oven-dried, freeze-dried). Comparative analysis revealed fresh garlic's highest total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and strongest DPPH scavenging activity. GC/MS analysis unveiled distinct volatile profiles. Fresh garlic oil contained elevated allyl-methy-sulfide, diallyl-trisulfide, methyl-propyl-disulfide levels. Antibacterial evaluation displayed substantial inhibition zones, especially fresh garlic oil against E. coli, and oven-dried /freeze-dried garlic oils against P. aeruginosa. Lower Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for fresh garlic oil and freeze-dried garlic oil against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria signify potent antibacterial activity of garlic-enriched VOO. These findings underscore garlic-enriched VOO's potential as natural antibacterial agents, fortified with antioxidant traits, while emphasizing drying methods' role in shaping volatile compounds.
... It has been found to have antiinflammatory, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant properties (Mandal et al. 2019). Studies have also shown that allicin is capable of modulating gene expression, in particular, down regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (Horev-Azaria et al. 2009;Salehi et al. 2019). Sallylcysteine is another compound found in garlic that has been found to induce the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, and is able to modulate the expression of genes involved in inflammation, as well as genes involved in the metabolism of cholesterol, fatty acids, and glucose (Ansary et al. 2020). ...
AB S T RA C T This study aimed at evaluating the interleukin-13 gene in small intestine of three genotypes of chickens reared in the derived savannah. The study adopted a 3 x 3 factorial (3 genotypes and 3 treatments) in a completely randomized design. The genotypes that were used for the study were exotic genotype (White Leghorn), local (Nigerian Heavy Ecotype) chicken and crossbred (cross between exotic and local chicken). The treatments were: Control (water + No extract), Ciprofloxacin (water + Ciprofloxacin) and Garlic (water + Allium sativum extract at a dose of 800 mg/ml). A total of 360 F1 chicks (120 chicks from each genotype were randomly distributed into 3 groups (40 chicks per treatment) having 4 replicates (10 chicks in each). At 2, 4, and 6 months of age, the small intestines were collected and stored in RNA later for expression of interleukin-13 using the qPCR method expression studies. The effect of genotype x treatment interaction on the expression of interleukin-13 gene in the small intestinal tissues showed significant variations (P<0.05) at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. The local and crossbred birds fed garlic showed a greater upregulation of the interleukin-13 gene compared to the rest of the group. The results suggested chicken administered garlic had a higher expression of interleukin-13 gene in the small intestine at 2 and 4 months compared with chickens on the control diet and those given ciprofloxacin. The effect of garlic on gene expression however reduced at 6 months of age.
... Allicin (35), diallylthiosulfinate, is a naturally available anticancer agent extracted from Allium sativum L. (garlic) (Salehi et al. 2019). When garlic is chopped, alliinase enzyme gets activated and produce allicin from alliin. ...
The study of epigenetic translational modifications had drawn great interest for the last few decades. These processes play a vital role in many diseases and cancer is one of them. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key enzymes involved in the acetylation and deacetylation of histones and ultimately in post-translational modifications. Cancer frequently exhibits epigenetic changes, particularly disruption in the expression and activity of HDACs. It includes the capacity to regulate proliferative signalling, circumvent growth inhibitors, escape cell death, enable replicative immortality, promote angiogenesis, stimulate invasion and metastasis, prevent immunological destruction, and genomic instability. The majority of tumours develop and spread as a result of HDAC dysregulation. As a result, HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) were developed, and they today stand as a very promising therapeutic approach. One of the most well-known and efficient therapies for practically all cancer types is chemotherapy. However, the efficiency and safety of treatment are constrained by higher toxicity. The same has been observed with the synthetic HDACi. Natural products, owing to many advantages over synthetic compounds for cancer treatment have always been a choice for therapy. Hence, naturally available molecules are of particular interest for HDAC inhibition and HDAC has drawn the attention of the research fraternity due to their potential to offer a diverse array of chemical structures and bioactive compounds. This diversity opens up new avenues for exploring less toxic HDAC inhibitors to reduce side effects associated with conventional synthetic inhibitors. The review presents comprehensive details on natural product HDACi, their mechanism of action and their biological effects. Moreover, this review provides a brief discussion on the structure activity relationship of selected natural HDAC inhibitors and their analogues which can guide future research to discover selective, more potent HDACi with minimal toxicity.
... Allicin Allicin ( Figure 6) is an organosulfur compound derived from garlic and has various biological activities such as anthelmintic, antimicrobial, nematocidal, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory actions [373]. In an in vitro study, allicin demonstrated effectiveness against cisplatin-resistant A549 and NCI-H460 cells, evidenced by increased ROS-mediated cell death and decreased proliferation. ...
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with high incidence worldwide. It is the most frequently occurring cancer in men and the second most common in women. Due to its frequent diagnosis and variable response to treatment, lung cancer was reported as the top cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020. Many aberrant signaling cascades are implicated in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, including those involved in apoptosis (B cell lymphoma protein, Bcl-2-associated X protein, first apoptosis signal ligand), growth inhibition (tumor suppressor protein or gene and serine/threonine kinase 11), and growth promotion (epidermal growth factor receptor/proto-oncogenes/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase). Accordingly, these pathways and their signaling molecules have become promising targets for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. Recent research provides compelling evidence for the use of plant-based compounds, known collectively as phytochemicals, as anticancer agents. This review discusses major contributing signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of lung cancer, as well as currently available treatments and prospective drug candidates. The anticancer potential of naturally occurring bioactive compounds in the context of lung cancer is also discussed, with critical analysis of their mechanistic actions presented by preclinical and clinical studies.
... Also, carvacrol is considered an attractive and safe food additive in many countries because of its low toxicity and low cost of production. European Union Food Improvement Agents and Joint FAO/ WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, have classified carvacrol as a safe flavoring agent in human consumption (Marchese et al., 2018;Sharifi-Rad et al., 2018;National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2020). Previous studies have reported that different herbal essential oils and their bioactive components of them, especially tea tree oil have great acaricidal efficacy against mites of the Demodex genus (Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis) in humans (Gao et al., 2005;Savla et al., 2019;Akkucuk and Kaya, 2022). ...
Background:
Canine generalized demodicosis is an inflammatory skin disease, which usually has time-consuming and frustrating treatments.
Aim:
The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of carvacrol as a green drug and a combination of carvacrol and amitraz on Demodex canis mites and investigate mites' survival lifetime.
Methods:
Mite samples were collected from a dog affected by demodicosis and had been diagnosed with deep skin scrapings. The motility of mites was examined by using optical microscopy. Samples were tested with 5% of carvacrol, the combination of Carvacrol 5% + Amitraz 0.05%, Amitraz 0.05% as a positive control, and mineral oil as a negative control. The interval time between the adding the test solutions and the moment the last mite ceased was defined as the survival time in the samples and the killing times of mites in each group were compared with each other.
Results:
It was determined that after administration of a 5% concentration of carvacrol, lethal effects were faster than the combination solution of Carvacrol 5% + Amitraz 0.05%, and the survival times in the control groups were longer than in both treatment groups.
Conclusion:
Carvacrol, as one of the most important bioactive terpenes, had the most effective in vitro miticidal activity, and it seems that carvacrol alone or in combination with amitraz can be suggested as a possible therapy in the treatment of canine demodicosis.
... For example, the volatile oil extracted from Incense has antibacterial and antiviral effects [13,14] . Similarly, allicin is widespread on the earth and has many biological functions, such as lowering serum cholesterol, inhibiting bacterial growth and reducing oxidative stress [15,16] . In animals, the effect of applied herbal medicine is not obvious, but it can significantly improve nutrient digestibility and the reduction of E.coli bacteria population in intestine and also reduce the number of clostridia [17] . ...
This study investigated the effects of herbal extracts on growth performance, organ
development, immunity parameters and intestinal microbial population of broilers. A
total of 840 (one day old, initial weight 45±2 g) broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups
with 6 replicates having 28 chicks in each. The control group (G1) fed with basal diet,
and the antibiotic group (G2) was added with 15 mg/kg virginiamycin, while herbal
extracts were given coneflower 20 mL/L (G3), neem 20 mL/L (G4), and thyme 20 mL/L
(G5), respectively, in drinking water. The results showed that G3 presented significant
results (P
... However, further analysis may be necessary to tell the mechanistic process of reactions and changes occurring in crushed garlic and the roles of the various components in resulting in antimicrobial inhibition. Garlic is known to be rich in sulphur compounds and the process of crushing causes reactions that include the interaction of alliin with the enzyme alliinase to form allicin. Allicin, which has been suspected to be one of the main compounds that may be responsible for antimicrobial activity of garlic, is reported to be relatively unstable and would further lead to the derivation of other metabolites which include ajoene, diallyl sulphide (DAS), diallyl disulphide (DADS), diallyl trisulphide (DATS), etc. (Fujisawa et al., 2008;Iciek et al., 2009;Salehi et al., 2019;Tedeschi et al., 2022). However, the roles and mechanism of each of these compounds or a combination thereof in causing inhibition of microbial growth are yet to be established and need to be explored. ...
Garlic (Allium sativum) is generally known to be of medicinal value, possessing potentials that include antimicrobial activity, but are often consumed in foods after subjection to cooking heat. The antimicrobial potential of heat stressed garlic may become decreased or lost when cooked, making its medicinal benefit unavailable to consumers. The potential of uncooked and cooked extracts from garlic imported to Jamaica, to inhibit the growth of eight microbes of clinical significance was investigated. Aqueous extracts of fresh garlic of 15 g/100 ml (fw), and dried and pulverized garlic cloves of 12.5 g/100 ml, 25 g/100 ml, 50 g/100 ml, and 100 g/100 ml (dw), were tested for inhibition of microbial growth. Extracts were tested uncooked, and cooked by boiling for 5, 10, and 15 min respectively. Of all the microbes studied, C. albicans incurred the largest zone of inhibition (57.7 ± 0.6 mm at the 100 g/100 ml of the dried extract, F(3, 8) = 51.778, p < 0.001, ω2 = 0.93). Cooking of garlic extracts resulted in statistically significant decreases in zones of inhibition of microbes, as evident in the linear regression and one-way ANOVA analyses, and/or complete loss of microbial inhibition. C. albicans was the most inhibited microbe, followed by E. coli, and Salmonella sp., respectively. The use of uncooked garlic may be the best route for obtaining the greatest antimicrobial potential of garlic against susceptible bacteria and fungi because cooking heat stress resulted in the decrease and complete loss of the antimicrobial potentials of the garlic.
... This bactericidal effect indicated that the product could be effective not only in the prevention but also in the treatment of colibacillosis when used at higher doses. The bactericidal effect may depend on the structural characteristics of various microorganisms that influence their susceptibility to Allium components [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. ...
Colibacillosis, caused by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), is one of the most common diseases in rabbit farms, resulting in economic losses due to mortality and decrease in production. Until recently, antimicrobials were used to both treat and prevent disease on livestock farms, leading to the possible risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the selection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Therefore, interest in alternative control methods, such as the use of natural substances, has increased in the scientific community. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Phyto-L (Pro Tech s.r.l.), a product containing organosulfur compounds (OSCs) such as propyl propane thiosulfonate (PTSO) from Allium spp., against 108 strains of E. coli isolated from rabbits with colibacillosis from 19 farms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Phyto-L were assessed. Bacterial suspensions with a charge of 108 CFU/mL, corresponding to those found in the rabbit gut under pathologic conditions, were tested with different concentrations from 20 to 0.15 μL/mL of Phyto-L. For each strain, the MIC and concentrations above the MIC were plated on Tryptic Soy agar (TSA) without Phyto-L to assess the MBCs. MIC and MBC values ranged from 1.25 to 5 μL/mL and 1.25 to 20 μL/mL, respectively, depending on the strain tested. The data showed an interesting antibacterial activity of Phyto-L against EPEC strains. Therefore, this product could be effective in preventing colibacillosis in field application, especially considering that 104–105 CFU/g of feces is the amount of E. coli usually found in the gut contents of rabbits under physiological condition.
... However, the low stability of allicin [10], the absence of variety in industrial processes to produce natural garlic derivatives [11,12], and the lack of a connection between medical and chemical investigations regarding the properties of garlic have all contributed to ambiguous conclusions concerning garlic extracts. These factors have prevented the use of garlic products in the modern medical treatment of a wide range of diseases [13,14], despite the fact that their use as probiotics is recommended by some guidelines [15]. ...
The present work studies the influence of pH on the stability of thiosulfinates, compounds responsible for the bacteriostatic properties shown by ethanolic and acetonic garlic extracts (EGE and AGE) against the in vitro growth of Helicobacter pylori (Hp), a bacterium which is implicated in the etiology of diverse gastrointestinal diseases. The influence of pH and time on the stability of thiosulfinates and the microbiological activities of EGE and AGE has been evaluated at human body temperature (37 °C) and in a pH range of 0.9–4.7. A marked decrease in thiosulfinate concentration was observed in a relatively short time at pH values below 2.0. However, at pH values over 2.0, the samples maintained 70% of thiosulfinate concentration for 12 h. The inhibition halo diameters showed a maximum value at pH 2.50, with an inhibition halo of 28.94 ± 0.61 mm. The reduction in the activity at pH values below 2.0 was particularly remarkable. These results suggest that, for medical application, the pH of the selected extracts must only be maintained above 2 to maintain a high level of antibacterial activity. This fact would overcome the need for proton pump inhibitors and/or antibiotics during the treatment of Hp infections in human patients.
... Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is an important organosulfur compound found in garlic and other Allium species, with a broad range of biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral activities (12). Regarding the effects of allicin on fungi, numerous studies have demonstrated its remarkable antifungal activity against various clinically important fungal species, including Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Aspergillus spp., Trichophyton spp., and others (13). ...
Trichosporon asahii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes potentially fatal disseminated trichosporonosis. The global prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an increasing fungal infection burden caused by T. asahii. Allicin is the main biologically active component with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in garlic. In this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the antifungal characteristics of allicin against T. asahii based on physiological, cytological, and transcriptomic assessments. In vitro, allicin inhibited the growth of T. asahii planktonic cells and biofilm cells significantly. In vivo, allicin improved the mean survival time of mice with systemic trichosporonosis and reduced tissue fungal burden. Electron microscopy observations clearly demonstrated damage to T. asahii cell morphology and ultrastructure caused by allicin. Furthermore, allicin increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, leading to oxidative stress damage in T. asahii cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that allicin treatment disturbed the biosynthesis of cell membrane and cell wall, glucose catabolism, and oxidative stress. The overexpression of multiple antioxidant enzymes and transporters may also place an additional burden on cells, causing them to collapse. Our findings shed new light on the potential of allicin as an alternative treatment strategy for trichosporonosis. IMPORTANCE Systemic infection caused by T. asahii has recently been recognized as an important cause of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Invasive trichosporonosis remains a significant challenge for clinicians, due to the limited therapeutic options. The present work suggests that allicin holds great potential as a therapeutic candidate for T. asahii infection. Allicin demonstrated potent in vitro antifungal activity and potential in vivo protective effects. In addition, transcriptome sequencing provided valuable insights into the antifungal effects of allicin.
... OSCs that are actually formed in aqueous media are water-soluble organosulfur compounds with less odor, more active and less characteristic taste than oil-soluble OSCs. However, water-soluble OSCs are the most important compounds in functional foods, although they make up a small portion of garlic (10,11). As a result, aldehydes formed when garlic is heated are the predominant compounds in black garlic, while esters and phenols are key flavor compounds in aged garlic extract. ...
The anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-helmintic properties ofgarlic (Allium sativum) have been well known throughout history.This review describes and discusses the various health benefitscurrently associated with the preparation and consumption ofthe bioactive components of garlic.Garlic is a popular functionalfood that has been widely used in traditional medicine forthousands of years. Over time, the various organosulfurcompounds in garlic extract have become increasingly importantfor their beneficial effects on health. Evidence from clinicalstudies and pre-clinical trials in recent years supports the anti-cancer, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic andhypolipidemic effects of garlic.Examples of bioactive compoundswith these positive functional properties in garlic are diallyltrisulfite, allicin, allyl mercaptan diallyl disulfide and diallylsulfide. In conclusion, the health benefits associated with garlicconsumption include various allicin, ajoene vinyl-dithiin, andother volatile organosulfur compounds metabolized from alliin.Therefore, it has been reported that various active metabolitesof garlic may be useful in the treatment and prevention ofdiseases due to their multi-targeted molecular activities and theabsence of serious side effects. The aim of this review is tosummarize the mechanisms related to the exchange andformation of organosulfur compounds in garlic depending on thegarlic preparation methods
... This is due to their desirable flavor and antibacterial properties (Zhang et al., 2020;Zhu et al., 2022). They contain high levels of fiber, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants such as phenols, flavonoids and allicin which been shown to be antiinflammatory agents that can prevent and treat many diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer (Rose, Moore, & Zhu, 2018;Salehi et al., 2019). Garlic scapes (the flower stalk of garlic plant) form when the bulbs begin to burst after a prolonged period of low temperature called "vernalization" period (Chen, Hu, Yan, & Hu, 2019;Naheed, Cheng, Wu, Wen, & Ding, 2017). ...
... Although high allicin concentration (30-59 mg) may have mild adverse effect such as stomach irritation, but the application of allicin table (5 mg), and injection (1 mg) could not show adverse effect to human suggesting that allicin is safe (Salehi et al., 2019). The combination of ivermectin and allicin showed synergistic and promising results, which indicated that it can be used as a novel treatment option against PRMs. ...
Background:
Existing treatments against poultry red mite (PRM; Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation have reduced efficacy or exhibit hazardous effects on chickens. Considering the economic importance of chickens, development of a safe and effective method for exterminating PRMs is necessary. Ivermectin and allicin are effective against some ectoparasites; however, their acaricidal efficacies against PRMs remain unknown.
Objective:
To evaluate individual and combined efficacies of ivermectin and allicin in exterminating PRMs.
Methods:
Different concentrations (0.10-1.0 mg/mL) of ivermectin (1 mL) were applied via dropping method in different insect culture dishes (ICDs), prior to transferring PRMs. For the spraying method, PRMs were transferred to ICDs, before spraying ivermectin (1 mg/mL) solution (1 mL). Further, the acaricidal effect of allicin on PRMs was evaluated by applying different concentrations (0.25-1.0 mg/mL) of allicin (1 mL). The combined acaricidal effects of ivermectin and allicin were analysed using four concentration combinations. PRM death rates were determined after 2 h, 24 h, 2 days, 5 days and 7 days of drug application.
Results:
Ivermectin application (1 mg/mL) exterminated 64% and 100% of PRMs on 1 and 5 days, respectively, and prevented their revival. Further, 0.5 mg/mL ivermectin and 1 mg/mL allicin individually exterminated 98% and 44% of PRMs, respectively, within 7 days of treatment. In combination, 0.5 mg/mL ivermectin and 0.5 mg/mL allicin exterminated 100% of PRMs within 5 d of treatment. The most effective combination was 0.25 mg/mL ivermectin + 1.00 mg/mL allicin.
Conclusions:
The efficacy of ivermectin-allicin combination in exterminating PRMs was demonstrated. This novel approach could be optimised for industrial applications.
... Chemical denaturation of proteins with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), this occurs because the flavonoid component dissolves substances in the cell walls with fat which results in inhibition of the transport of the intended bacterial substance. When the transport of substances is inhibited, these three components produce reactive allyl sulfonic acid, ammonia and pyruvic acid for destruction of the bacterial cell wall and as an antibacterial mechanism itself (Salehi et al., 2019). There are 2 effects of disrupting the transport of substances, namely causing the death of the bacterial cells or disrupting the growth of bacterial cells which causes the death of gram-negative bacteria (Upa et al., 2017). ...
Diarrheal disease continues to be one of the major public health problems worldwide, with more than 1.5 million deaths each year and most of them in children under 5 years of age. The incidence of diarrheal diseases averages 2-3 episodes per child per year. Excessive use of antibiotics as antidiarrheals is associated with an increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics, medical costs, and the incidence of side effects. In past research, it has been found that garlic has a wide antimicrobial spectrum so that it can kill gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, so it can be used as an alternative treatment for diarrhea. The purpose of carrying out this study was to describe the potential for garlic extract that have an effect on gram-negative bacteria that cause diarrhea, this natural ingredient can be used as a safe alternative treatment to treat infectious diseases that cause gram-negative bacterial diarrhea. This research method is Narrative review (Literature review). In a journal that discusses the effectiveness of garlic as an antimicrobial regarding the antibacterial activity of thiosulfinates using the petri plate diffusion test, the efficacy of the substances cannot be compared with each other because the assumed diffusion rates are different. In the journal on Comparison of the antibacterial activity of thiosulfinates using the petri plate diffusion test, the efficacy of the substances cannot be compared with each other because the assumed diffusion rates are different. The results showed that the MIC and MBC results of each bacteria given garlic extract were different, even though they were both gram-negative bacteria. Garlic extract has the highest effectiveness on E. coli bacteria based on in vitro studies conducted, compared to Salmonella, Shigella, V. cholerae bacteria according to the characteristics of these bacteria
... Vitamin C is used as an immunomodulatory agent and used to control immunodeficiency diseases. Vitamin C has also contained immunostimulant activity to increase the level of T-lymphocytes and to inhibit the death of Tcells by signaling pathway (Salehi et al. 2019). Vitamin C inhibits the replication of P. multocida by restricting the expression of virulence factors of the bacteria. ...
Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is a Gram-negative rod-shaped coccobacilli with non-lactose fermenting property. This study examined the potential efficacy of allicin, vitamin C, and doxycycline in reducing the intensity of P. multocida infection in rabbits. 20 locally bred, adult rabbits were divided into five equal groups. Different treatments such as allicin, vitamin C and doxycycline were applied in all groups. Rabbits in group 1 and 2 were kept as control and did not receive any treatment. Group 3 was treated with 500mg allicin and similarly, group 4 and group 5 treated with 100mg doxycycline and combined treatment like allicin 500mg, 100mg, doxycycline and 100mg Vitamin C respectively. Challenge and protection were given after one week in all groups. Except group 1, all remaining groups of rabbits were infected (intranasal) with P. multocida 2×10 4 CFU ̸ ̸ ml. Antioxidative activity, biochemical assay, hematological and immunological assays were performed. The results showed significant decrease in count of lymphocytes, hemoglobin and RBCs in infected group with increased phagocytic percentage. Serum biochemical enzyme including ALT, ALP and LDH level were significantly increased in infected group. SOD level showed significant increase in combined treated group and significant decrease in infected group. Sera were collected and titrated for antibody titers through indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). Results were subjected and data was analyzed by 2 factorial CRD. The results depicted significantly higher IHA titers in group 5 followed by group 3 and 4 with short term sustainability. Rabbits in group 3 treated with 500mg allicin presented promising results than the group 4 rabbits treated with doxycycline. Hence, concluded that the use of antibiotics like doxycycline did not provide maximum protection against P. multocida. While the synergistic effect of allicin, vitamin C and doxycycline showed maximum protection providing evidence for promising remedy for HS.
... Enzim alliinase menghidrolisis kedua senyawa tersebut menjadi sulfida,disulfida dan trisulfida, diallil dan ajoenes dan metabolit organosulfur lainnya seperti S-allylcysteine. Allisin merupakan senyawa organosulfur yang konsentrasinya paling tinggi di dalam bawang putih yaitu sebesar 70-80% (Salehi et al., 2019). Komponen organosulfur tersebut memberikan aroma dan rasa yang tajam dan seringkali tidak dapat diterima oleh konsumen. ...
Bawang putih (Allium sativum) memiliki kandungan bioaktif yang tinggi dan beragam. Organosulfur merupakan komponen bioaktif utama pada bawang putih yang menjadi penentu rasa, aroma serta memberikan efek farmakologis, sehingga bawang putih memiliki manfaat fungsional. Bawang putih telah dimanfaatkan sejak lama sebagai bumbu masak. Teknologi pengolahan bawang putih telah banyak dikembangkan untuk menghasilkan sediaan bawang putih dalam beragam jenis olahan, salah satunya adalah bubuk bawang putih. Namun demikian, teknologi pengolahan yang tidak tepat dapat menghilangkan kandungan komponen bioaktif. Berbagai metode pengeringan (beku, vakum dan microwave) diterapkan untuk mendapatkan produk bawang putih, yang dapat mempertahankan kandungan bioaktif yang ada. Bawang putih lokal Indonesia memiliki kandungan organosulfur khususnya senyawa allisin yang tinggi sehingga menghasilkan aroma yang kuat. Ulasan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi peluang pengembangan produk bawang putih dengan menggunakan teknologi pengeringan dan enkapsulasi. Informasi ulasan diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat untuk perancangan rekayasa proses pengeringan maupun enkapsulasi bawang putih lokal yang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik fisik dan kimia ekstrak bawang putih lokal.
... Cells in the WIG1 and G2lM phases of the cell cycle accumulate in response to growth inhibition. As a result, allicin in garlic as being shown to be a bioactive compound in garlic that acts as antiproliferative activity (Salehi et al., 2019). ...
The rural communities of the sub‐Sahara regions in Africa are rich in diverse indigenous culinary knowledge and foods, food crops, and condiments such as roots/tubers, cereal, legumes/pulses, locust beans, and green leafy vegetables. These food crops are rich in micronutrients and phytochemicals, which have the potentials to address hidden hunger as well as promote health when consumed. Some examples of these are fermented foods such as ogi and plants such as Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf), Zingiber officinales (garlic), Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle), and condiments. Food crops from West Africa contain numerous bioactive substances such as saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, and monoterpenoid chemicals among others. These bioresources have proven biological and pharmacological activities due to diverse mechanisms of action such as immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant activities which made them suitable as candidates for nutraceuticals and pharma foods. This review seeks to explore the different processes such as fermentation applied during food preparation and food crops of West‐African origin with health‐promoting benefits. The different bioactive compounds present in such food or food crops are discussed extensively as well as the diverse application, especially regarding respiratory diseases.
Practical applications
The plants and herbs summarized here are more easily accessible and affordable by therapists and others having a passion for promising medicinal properties of African‐origin plants.The mechanisms and unique metabolic potentials of African food crops discussed in this article will promote their applicability as a template molecule for novel drug discoveries in treatment strategies for emerging diseases. This compilation of antiviral plants will help clinicians and researchers bring new preventive strategies in combating COVID‐19 like viral diseases, ultimately saving millions of affected people.
... Relatively few phytochemicals have been measured in ramps, but of those measured seasonally, all have been shown to accumulate in ramps as they develop across the spring stages. For example, ramps contain the organosulfur compound allicin (Calvey 1997) which is believed to be responsible for many allium health benefits including improved cardiovascular health, reduced LDL cholesterol and antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects (Salehi et al. 2019). Ramps also contain phenolic compounds (Jordan 2020;Dabeek 2019) which can have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties (Hedges and Lister 2007). ...
A ramp or wild leek (Allium tricoccum Ait.) is a perennial forest plant indigenous to mid-western and eastern North America. Throughout this range, ramps are a popular non-timber forest product collected for edible bulbs and leaves. Regarded as a cultural keystone Appalachian wild food in the United States, demand has increased in recent years outside of this region resulting in the development of commercial collection and forest farming. Accordingly, there is a need to identify harvest and stewardship practices that can lessen harvest impacts on wild populations and improve forest farm production. One important component of ramp production is harvest timing, which typically occurs between March 1 and May 30. This study examined the influence of harvest timing on yields, using seven recognizable phenological stages. Total ramp and bulb weight increased 250% and 400%, respectively, between early season and late season stages. This trend was observed regardless of leaf number; three-leaved ramps were significantly larger than two-leaved ramps at each phenological stage. Based on these results, two ways to promote ramp conservation are to delay ramp harvests until ~ 30 days after emergence in the spring to ensure that the late season stage has been attained and to restrict harvesting to three-leaved plants. Because ramps are mostly sold by weight, both actions will lessen harvest impacts by significantly reducing the number of individual plants being removed from a population to achieve a desired weight. However, this must be balanced against the greater contribution of three-leaf plants to seed and clone production.
... It is well known that fresh garlic extract has health promoting properties, including lower the risks of diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer (Banerjee & Maulik, 2002;Salehi et al., 2019). On the other hand, it has been reported that fresh garlic induces some adverse effects, such as allergic reactions and gastrointestinal symptoms (Borrelli et al., 2007). ...
Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been shown to protect the skin against UV‐induced damage, but effects of its volatile components remain unknown. We investigated the effects of the volatile fraction of AGE on the responses of cultured skin fibroblasts subjected to UV‐B irradiation. UV‐B irradiation (20 mJ/cm²) reduced the cell viability to 55% of control. The nonvolatile and volatile fractions of AGE inhibited the UV‐B‐induced reduction of cell viability; the cell viabilities were 100% and 73%, respectively. The volatile fraction inhibited the UV‐B‐induced increase in apoptotic cell death by 28%. The volatile fraction also inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) induced by UV‐B irradiation. GC–MS analysis revealed that a large number of volatile compounds were generated during aging of garlic. These results suggest that the volatile fraction of AGE has protective effects against the UV‐B‐induced death of skin fibroblasts, and that this effect may partly be due to an inhibition of apoptosis via the downregulation of MAPK signaling. The volatile compounds of AGE may have beneficial applications for skin health.
Practical applications
In this study, we investigated the effects of AGE against cell damage of UV‐B‐irradiated human skin fibroblasts. The aging process of garlic produced characteristic volatile compounds that have significant protective effects against UV‐induced cell damage. Our results demonstrated that the aging process is a suitable method to develop added value in garlic extracts to improve skin health.
... Allicin is unstable due to its sulfoxide and allyl structure and can be decomposed in a few hours at room temperature in the air. Allicin is the main component of fresh garlic homogenate (Salehi et al., 2019). Allicin can be further decomposed to produce the more stable ajone, dallyl sulfide (DAS), dallyl disulfide (DADS), and a small amount of dallyl trisulfide (DATS), dallyl Tetrasulfide (DATTS), which is the main component of new garlic oil extracted by steam distillation (Cao and Chen, 2008). ...
The prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have achieved initial results, but the number of CVDs patients will increase rapidly in the next 10 years. Atherosclerosis (AS) is a significant risk factor for CVDs. The impact of lifestyle and daily diet varies considerably between different countries and continents and has been shown to affect the development of various diseases such as diabetes and CVDs. Primary and secondary prevention using alternative supplements and methods to avoid or reduce the use of traditional pharmacological drugs have also become popular. One of the reasons for this is that pharmacological drugs with lipid-lowering, and blood pressure-lowering effects cause many side effects that may negatively impact the quality of life. Patients are now emphasizing reliance on lifestyle changes to reduce cardiovascular risks. Garlic is a medicinal and edible plant that has been used for a long time. In order to reveal garlic application in the prevention and treatment of AS, reviewing the latest domestic and international studies through searching databases. The result shows that the antiatherogenic role of garlic is eximious. And the mechanisms are mainly related to hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antithrombotic, inhibiting angiogenesis, protecting endothelial cells, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, inhibiting vascular smooth muscle proliferation, and regulating gut microbiota. The main signaling pathways involve AMPK/TLRs, Keap1/Nrf2, PI3K/AKT, PPARγ/LXRα, GEF-H1/RhoA/Rac, etc. The antiatherogenic actions and molecular mechanism of garlic were reviewed in this study to obtain a robust evidence basis for the clinical application and mechanistic study and provide a theoretical basis for further utilization of garlic.
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most commonly used over-the-counter drugs, although they have a number of adverse effects. Therefore, long-term use of PPIs may cause toxic effects on host cells and organs. This study evaluated the toxicity of five commonly used PPIs, namely esomeprazole (EPZ), lansoprazole (LPZ), omeprazole (OPZ), pantoprazole (PPZ), and rabeprazole sodium (RPZ-Na), on three plant-based eukaryotic test models (Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., and Cicer arietinum L.). The PPIs were tested at 100 µg/mL on A. cepa and A. sativum at 24, 48, and 72 h, and on C. arietinum at 72 h of exposure time. Copper sulfate at 0.6 µg/mL was used as a positive control. Root growth profile was considered in the cases of A. cepa and A. sativum, while both shoot and root growth profiles were considered for C. arietinum. All the PPIs showed significant (p < 0.05) toxic effects as they reduced the number of roots and length of roots and shoots in the three test systems in comparison to the negative control group. PPZ exerted higher toxic effects on all the test systems than the other PPIs. All the PPIs exerted more toxic effects at 72 h than at 48 h of exposure time on A. cepa and A. sativum. In conclusion, PPIs exerted toxic effects on the root and/or shoot of A. cepa, A. sativum, and C. arietinum in a time-dependent manner. In this study, the results obtained with the A. sativum and C. arietinum tests were similar to those obtained with the A. cepa, suggesting that these less widely used tests may be useful as a complement to the traditional Allium test.
Antibacterial activity is a common and highly studied property of plant secondary metabolites. Despite the extensive literature focusing on identifying novel antibacterial metabolites, little work has been undertaken to examine variation in levels of antibacterial activity in any plant species. Here, we used large-scale sampling of leaves of the antibacterial plant, wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.), assembling a set of tissue extracts from 168 plants, with 504 leaves collected and analysed. We assayed extracts for antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and used LC-MS to carry out a chemometric analysis examining variation in individual metabolites, comparing them with several ecological parameters. We found that allicin was the only metabolite which was positively related to antibacterial activity. Soil temperature was a key determinant of variability in the concentrations of many foliar metabolites, however, neither allicin concentrations nor antibacterial activity was related to any of our measured ecological parameters, other than roadside proximity. We suggest that the synthesis of allicin precursors may be largely independent of growing conditions. This may be to ensure that allicin is synthesised rapidly and in sufficiently high concentrations to effectively prevent herbivory and pest damage. This finding contrasts with flavonoids which were found to vary greatly between plants and across sites. Our findings suggest that key biologically active metabolites are constrained in their concentration range compared to other compounds in the metabolome. This has important implications for the development of wild garlic as a health supplement or animal feed additive.
Garlic, a common culinary spice, is cultivated and used around the globe. Consumption of garlic and its supplements reduces the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease and boosts the immune system with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-aging, and anti-cancer properties. Diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, triallyl trisulfide, phenolics, flavonoids, and others are the most commercially recognized active ingredients in garlic and its products. In recent years, global demand for medicinal or functional garlic has surged, introducing several products such as garlic oil, aged garlic, black garlic, and inulin into the market. Garlic processing has been demonstrated to directly impact the availability of bioactive ingredients and the functionality of products. Depending on the anticipated functional qualities, it is also recommended that one or a combination of processing techniques be deemed desirable over the others. This work describes the steps involved in processing fresh garlic into products and their physicochemical alterations during processing. Their nutritional, phytochemical, and functional properties are also reviewed. Considering the high demand for functional food, this review has been compiled to provide guidance for food producers on the industrial utilization and suitability of garlic for new product development.
The use of food products and functional foods to manage and treat several health conditions is expanding globally. Garlic (Allium sativum) consumption is commonly used
for its potential therapeutic functions in numerous cardiometabolic disorders, including hypertension. The proposed blood pressure–reducing effects of garlic after its
consumption influence several metabolic pathways, resulting in potentially beneficial health outcomes. The first postulated mechanism is nitric oxide (NO) activation, leading to vasodilation. Furthermore, garlic consumption was also shown to promote vasodilation by suppressing the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and the formation of prostaglandins, suppressing angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. The mechanism of garlic-related vasodilation is related to its high sulfur-containing content associated with forming hydrogen sulfides (H2S). The H2S binds to and activates vascular ATP-sensitive potassium channels (kATP), leading to hyperpolarization, which induces vasodilation. This review summarizes garlic’s features and the mechanical paths that could contribute to blood pressure control.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding different doses of garlic powder (GP) into milk on the growth and health parameters of Holstein calves. Thirty Holstein calves were randomly divided into groups as follows: control (CON), T1 (10 mg GP/kg live weight (LW)), and T2 (30 mg GP/kg LW). Four days old calves were used as animal material. The calves were weaned when they consumed 800 g of starter for 3 consecutive days. The experiment was terminated when the calves reached 8-week age. Starter and water were available ad libitum. Both GP doses significantly decreased respiratory score, the number of illness days, and diarrheal days (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant improvement was observed in the general appearance of calves that received both GP doses (p < 0.05). Garlic powder created a significant decrease in oxidative stress index at 28 days old and total oxidative status at the end of the experiment (p < 0.05). Garlic powder was not significantly effective for the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria growth at the 28-day-old and the end of the experiment. The application of 30 mg/kg LW GP significantly reduced the incidence of cases such as diarrhea and respiratory diseases, which are common during the suckling period.
In this study, we designed a bilateral disulfurating reagent via S−S motif “snip and stitch” processes, allowing diverse functional groups to be bridged via S−S bonds. The reagent is readily synthesized in high yield using a one‐step reaction from easily available starting materials and is air‐stable. With this reagent, diverse electrophiles including inactivated alkyl Cl/Br/I/OMs and benzyl chloride were sequentially installed on either side of the S−S motif. Natural products, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals can be successively cross‐linked with S−S bonds. Notably, the disulfurating reagent can be used in cyclic disulfide synthesis. At last, some desired products of this work showed good antibacterial activities, which could be employed as novel candidates to control plant pathogenic bacteria.
In this study, we designed a bilateral disulfurating reagent via S-S motif "snip and stitch" processes, allowing diverse functional groups to be bridged via S-S bonds. The reagent is readily synthesized in high yield using a one-step reaction from easily available starting materials and is air-stable. With this reagent, diverse electrophiles including inactivated alkyl Cl/Br/I/OMs and benzyl chloride were sequentially installed on either side of the S-S motif. Natural products, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals can be successively cross-linked with S-S bonds. Notably, the disulfurating reagent can be used in cyclic disulfide synthesis. At last, some desired products of this work showed good antibacterial activities, which could be employed as novel candidates to control plant pathogenic bacteria.
Background:
Soybean meal, an abundant by-product of oil production industry, has a high content of protein. The compact globular structure of protein from soybean meal limits its wide application in food processing. Allicin has been found to have numerous functional properties. In this study, allicin was used to interact with soy protein isolate (SPI) and the functional properties of adducts were further investigated.
Results:
Binding of allicin significantly quenched the fluorescence intensity of SPI. Static quenching was the main quenching mechanism. The stability of adducts decreased with the increase of temperature. The greatest extent of binding between allicin and sulfhydryl groups (SH) of SPI was obtained at allicin/SH molar ratio of 1:2. The amino groups of SPI didn't bind to allicin covalently. SPI was modified by allicin through covalent and non-covalent interactions. Compared with SPI, the emulsifying activity index and foaming capacity of adducts with ratio 3:1 were improved by 39.91% and 64.29%, respectively. SPI-allicin adducts also exhibited obvious antibacterial effects. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SPI-allicin adducts on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 200 and 160 μg mL-1 , respectively.
Conclusion:
The interaction of allicin with SPI is beneficial to perfect the functional properties of SPI. These adducts can be used in different food formulations as emulsifiers, foamers and transport carriers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
This study aims to explore 'historical literary archives related to local culture' of Indonesia so that certain knowledge about cross-cultural activities, attitude structures, and cultural references that have influenced historical culture can be used as cultural references that are valued as the values of today's society. One of the old texts that contains various cross-cultural events in the past in South Sulawesi is the 22nd Diary of the King of Bone, namely La Tommassongek To appawelling Matinroe in Mallimongan. The works which are classified as historical literature contain experiences, expressions, and cross-cultural understandings of their time. The object of research is the Diary of the King of Bone in the 17th Century AD. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a cross-cultural psychological approach. The results of the research show that cross-cultural representation in the form of strong individualism-collective values. This is based on four aspects of indicators, namely: a) Harmony in socializing is represented in the relationship between the King of Bone and other powerful kings, as well as foreigners such as the Dutch (Tomarajae); b) Cooperate in social groups that are represented in the culture of building houses, irrigation facilities, places of worship, and cultural celebrations, and; c) Self-control in relation to social groups is represented in an attitude of mutual assistance and protection in defending oneself, family and country; d) Give recognition or appreciation that is represented by mappacella and massolo culture
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous biomolecule, is considered a key player in the regulation of various essential cellular events. Normal physiology is determined by the level of endogenous H2S. Any alterations (upregulation and downregulation) to the level of endogenous H2S may lead to illness, including the onset of tumorigenesis. Over the past two decades, extensive research on the role of H2S in cancer development has affirmed the potential pharmacological means to suppress cancer progression by either inhibiting H2S synthesis in cells or exposing exogenously supplied H2S donors to treat different cancers. Some H2S donors and inhibitors release H2S or affect its synthesis. As a result, they have progressed through the development process into widespread clinical use and become increasingly important. The present study draws a detailed discussion on the types of H2S donors and inhibitors and their role in cancer research. We believe that this state-of-the-art review will empower the synthesis of H2S -based chemopreventive drugs and promote the need for further in-depth exploration of the associations between H2S and cancer treatments in clinical settings.
Considerăm că cei care au curajul de a pune sub semnul întrebării legi sau fenomene considerate înrădăcinate sau de neschimbat, aceia vor aduce o adevărată contribuție la dezvoltarea societății prin cunoaștere. Curiozitatea, pasiunea pentru citit – inclusiv lucrări din alte domenii ale științei – gândirea critică, creativitatea și spiritul analitic se adaugă listei cu abilități esențiale pentru un viitor cercetător. Cât timp mimetismul față de predecesori pune stăpânire pe gândirea ideatică, cât timp adevărul științific se află în afara oricărei îndoieli, cercetătorul nu va face decât să crească numărul celor lipsiți de idei și interesați doar de chestiuni pecuniare. Prezenta lucrare, aduce în prim plan o abordare inedită a cercetării experimentale in vivo, prin analiza rezultatelor experimentale atât din perspectivă fiziopatologică cât și prin interpretarea acestora în raport cu modelul experimental folosit.
Background
Common spices have been used worldwide due to their flavor enhancement characteristics. A variety of naturally occurring bioactive ingredients derived from common spices, such as capsaicin, piperine, allicin, and ginger extracts including 6-gingerol and 6-shogoal, have been proved to have multiple pharmacological functions. As a cation channel that serves as a detector of pain-producing stimuli, the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) could be activated by many pungent principles in natural spices, which plays a key role in the regulation of many biological activities. A summary of the molecular mechanisms underlying biological effects via involvement of TRPV1 channel of these compounds is in need to help us better understand their health benefits.
Scope and approach
In this review, commonly existed bioactive components in pungent spices are introduced in the aspect of their chemical and biological characteristics. Major activities of these phytochemicals are summarized, including antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and circadian-modulation effects. The essential role of TRPV1 channel in the regulation of these phytochemicals on the pharmacological functions are analyzed.
Key findings and conclusions
TRPV1 is an important modulator of inflammatory conditions in human organs, thermogenesis in adipose tissues, tumorigenesis and circadian clock gene oscillations. These pungent phytochemicals are helpful in the prevention and treatment of many disorders by activation of TRPV1 channel, which have great potential to be used in food and pharmaceutical industry with significant health-promoting effects.
In this narrative review, we have comprehensively reviewed the plant sources used as antiulcer agents. From traditional uses as herbal remedies, we have moved on to preclinical evidence, critically discussing the in vitro and in vivo studies focusing on plant extracts and even isolated phytochemicals with antiulcerogenic potential. A particular emphasis was also paid to Helicobacter pylori activity, with emphasis on involved mechanisms of action. Lastly, the issue of safety profile of these plant products has also been addressed.
Allicin is considered responsible for most of the pharmacological activity of crushed raw garlic cloves. However, when garlic supplements and garlic foods are consumed, allicin bioavailability or bioequivalence (ABB) has been unknown and in question because allicin formation from alliin and garlic alliinase usually occurs after consumption, under enzyme-inhibiting gastrointestinal conditions. The ABB from 13 garlic supplements and 9 garlic foods was determined by bioassay for 13 subjects by comparing the area under the 32-h concentration curve of breath allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), the main breath metabolite of allicin, to the area found after consuming a control (100% ABB) of known allicin content: homogenized raw garlic. For enteric tablets, ABB varied from 36⁻104%, but it was reduced to 22⁻57% when consumed with a high-protein meal, due to slower gastric emptying. Independent of meal type, non-enteric tablets gave high ABB (80⁻111%), while garlic powder capsules gave 26⁻109%. Kwai garlic powder tablets, which have been used in a large number of clinical trials, gave 80% ABB, validating it as representing raw garlic in those trials. ABB did not vary with alliinase activity, indicating that only a minimum level of activity is required. Enteric tablets (high-protein meal) disintegrated slower in women than men. The ABB of supplements was compared to that predicted in vitro by the dissolution test in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP); only partial agreement was found. Cooked or acidified garlic foods, which have no alliinase activity, gave higher ABB than expected: boiled (16%), roasted (30%), pickled (19%), and acid-minced (66%). Black garlic gave 5%. The mechanism for the higher than expected ABB for alliinase-inhibited garlic was explored; the results for an alliin-free/allicin-free extract indicate a partial role for the enhanced metabolism of γ-glutamyl S-allylcysteine and S-allylcysteine to AMS. In conclusion, these largely unexpected results (lower ABB for enteric tablets and higher ABB for all other products) provide guidelines for the qualities of garlic products to be used in future clinical trials and new standards for manufacturers of garlic powder supplements. They also give the consumer an awareness of how garlic foods might compare to the garlic powder supplements used to establish any allicin-related health benefit of garlic.
Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is a defence molecule from garlic (Allium sativum L.) with broad antimicrobial activities in the low µM range against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including antibiotic resistant strains, and fungi. Allicin reacts with thiol groups and can inactivate essential enzymes. However, allicin is unstable at room temperature and antimicrobial activity is lost within minutes upon heating to >80 °C. Allicin's antimicrobial activity is due to the thiosulfinate group, so we synthesized a series of allicin analogues and tested their antimicrobial properties and thermal stability. Dimethyl-, diethyl-, diallyl-, dipropyl- and dibenzyl-thiosulfinates were synthesized and tested in vitro against bacteria and the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, human and plant cells in culture and Arabidopsis root growth. The more volatile compounds showed significant antimicrobial properties via the gas phase. A chemogenetic screen with selected yeast mutants showed that the mode of action of the analogues was similar to that of allicin and that the glutathione pool and glutathione metabolism were of central importance for resistance against them. Thiosulfinates differed in their effectivity against specific organisms and some were thermally more stable than allicin. These analogues could be suitable for applications in medicine and agriculture either singly or in combination with other antimicrobials.
Allicin (2-propene-1-sulfinothioic acid S -2-propenyl ester, diallyl thiosulfinate) is the main biologically active ingredient in garlic. The present study investigated the protective effect of allicin against cardiomyocyte apoptosis that was induced by ischemia in vitro and the potential molecular mechanisms that were involved in this antiapoptotic effect. The results indicated that allicin increased H9c2 cell activity and attenuated the rate of apoptosis that was induced by ischemia/hypoxia. Intracellular calcium concentrations significantly decreased in the allicin-treated groups. Bax expression significantly decreased, and Bcl-2 expression increased in allicin-treated rats. Nitric oxide blockade significantly inhibited these effects. Allicin also increased the activity of SOD and NO release and decreased MDA levels. Allicin significantly increased the expression of eNOS, Nrf2, and HO-1 proteins. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that allicin protects H9c2 cells against apoptosis, and this protective effect appears to occur via eNOS/NO pathway-mediated antioxidant activity.
DOI No: 10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00738.7
ABSTRACT:
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Allium sativum is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Allium chinense. With a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use, garlic is native to the region between the Mediterranean and China, and has long been a common seasoning worldwide. Herbs such as garlic with the potential to significantly modulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (notably cytochrome p450 isozymes) and/or the drug transporter P-glycoprotein participate in potential pharmacokinetic interactions with anticancer drugs. Among the active compounds present in the plant, DTS and DDS are the most active against yeasts and ajoene is the main compound responsible for the antiviral activity of garlic. A great deal of low quality clinical research has been conducted to determine the effect of garlic on preventing cardiovascular diseases and on various biomarkers of cardiovascular health, but as of 2015, the results were contradictory and it was not known if there are any effects. Because garlic might reduce platelet aggregation, people taking anticoagulant medication are cautioned about consuming garlic. Meta-analysis found decreased rates of gastric cancer associated with garlic intake, but cited confounding factors as limitations for interpreting these studies. Further meta-analyses found similar results on the incidence of gastric cancer by consuming allium vegetables including garlic. Garlic is known to cause bad breath (halitosis) and body odor, described as a pungent "garlicky" smell to sweat. This is caused by allyl methyl sulfide (AMS).
KEYWORDS:
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A review, Anti-microbial, Anti-inflammatory, Cardiovascular, Allium sativum.
BACKGROUND
Hyperlipidemia is one of the important diseases in pregnancy that causes fetal abnormalities during pregnancy and after the birth. Unfortunately, the usual anti-fat drugs are associated with high morbidity in fetus and due to people's inclination towards taking herbs, it is required to identify side effects of medicinal herbs in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to present hypolipidemic herbs that would not any complications for mother and fetus.
METHODS
In this review article, the major electronic databases such as EBSCO, Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), China Network Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Cochrane, Google scholar, MEDLINE, SciVerse, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using the key words “herbal” and “hyperlipidemia”, “herbal” and “pregnancy” matched by MeSH from their respective inceptions till September, 2016. Total of 1723 publications (145 review articles, 855 original research articles, and 723 abstracts) about the effect of herbals on hyperlipidemia and 682 publications (200 abstracts, 423 original research articles, and 59 review articles) about the effect of herbals in pregnancy were retrieved. At the end, a list of medicinal plants effective on hyperlipidemia alongside their effects on pregnancy was developed. Finally, the plants effective on hyperlipidemia and safe during pregnancy were determined and their dosage, complications, mechanism of action, and side effects were reported.
RESULTS
A total of 110 effective herbs on hyperlipidemia were identified and complications of 95 plants in pregnancy were studied. At last, among the 55 selected plants effective on hyperlipidemia and examined for pregnancy, we reported 12 herbs with their dosage and special considerations that can be used to treat hyperlipidemia during pregnancy.
CONCLUSION
Some medicinal plants can be used to treat hyperlipidemia during pregnancy without any significant side effects both on mother or fetus.
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common and severe complication of diabetes and results in high mortality. It is therefore imperative to develop novel therapeutics for the prevention or inhibition of the progression of DCM. Oxidative stress is a key mechanism by which diabetes induces DCM. Hence, targeting of oxidative stress-related processes in DCM could be a promising therapeutic strategy. To date, a number of studies have shown beneficial effects of several natural products on the attenuation of DCM via an antioxidative mechanism of action. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive and concise overview of the previously reported antioxidant natural products in the inhibition of DCM progression. Clinical trials of the antioxidative natural products in the management of DCM are included. In addition, discussion and perspectives are further provided in the present review.
The present study was designed to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of garlic supplement in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) by using the terms garlic and T2DM up to April 2017. The quality of included RCTs was assessed by the Cochrane tool of risk of bias, and data of outcomes were pooled by REVMAN 5.3. Clinical factors were handled by meta-regression and subgroup analysis, and risk of publication bias was explored by inverted funnel plots. Nine RCTs involving 768 T2DM patients were included in the meta-analysis, and the dose of daily garlic (allicin) supplement ranged from 0.05g to 1.5g. A significant reduction in the level of fasting blood glucose in 1–2 weeks [SMD = −1.61, 95%CI (−2.89, −0.32)], 3–4 weeks [SMD = −2.87, 95%CI (−4.74, −1.00)], 12 weeks [SMD = −9.57, 95%CI (−12.39, −6.75)], and 24 weeks [SMD = −21.02, 95% CI (−32.47, −9.57)] was achieved in favour of the garlic group rather than the control group. Significantly decreased fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin (both in 12 and 24 weeks) were also found in garlic group. Meanwhile, significantly improved blood liquids of total cholesterol [SMD = −1.93, 95%CI (−2.98, −0.87), 3–4 weeks], high density lipoprotein [SMD = −0.41, 95%CI (−0.83, −0.00), 3–4 weeks] and low density lipoprotein [SMD = −3.47, 95%CI (−5.76, −1.18), 12 weeks] were confirmed after garlic administration. There was no significant difference in complications. Current data confirms that garlic supplement plays positive and sustained roles in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and high/low density lipoprotein regulation in the management of T2DM.
Purpose: To evaluate the protective and restoring effects of allicin in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Methods: 1 week after receiving allicin (20 mg/kg body weight) orally, the buccal pouches of hamsters were painted daily with 0.5% 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in liquid paraffin for 14 weeks and then every other day for another 2 weeks, after receiving allicin orally and thereafter for 14 weeks. The protective effects of allicin was evaluated by measuring the tumour incidence, tumour volume and tumour burdens as well as the levels of glycoconjugates were analyzed by using specific colorimetric methods. Animals not exposed to allicin and/or DMBA, those exposed to DMBA alone and others exposed to allicin alone served as controls. Results: Allicin significantly reduced the tumour incidence, tumour volume and tumour burden. DMBA-altered glycoconjugates in plasma, buccal mucosa tumour tissues and erythrocyte membrane of tumour bearing hamsters were normalized after treated with allicin. Conclusion: The results suggest that allicin has considerable potential to protect and restore the cell surface glycoconjugates moieties in the presence of allicin or possibly other oral carcinogenic agents. © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. All rights reserved.
PurposeDoxorubicin (DOX) is a highly active antineoplastic agent; however, its clinical use is limited due to associated cardiotoxicity. This study was performed to evaluate the beneficial effects of allicin, a dietary garlic active constituent against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Methods
Forty male Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups, which received normal saline, oral allicin (20 mg kg−1 once daily), intraperitoneal DOX (on the 7, 9 and 11th day of the experiment), or DOX plus once daily allicin at 10 or 20 mg kg−1. Sera were collected for evaluation of cardiac injury markers and proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, heart tissue spacemen were harvested for determination of oxidative stress markers, as well as for histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis. ResultsDOX administration induced significant (p < 0.05) reductions in cardiac tissue level of reduced glutathione and activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase). Moreover, it induced significant (p < 0.05) elevations in cardiac tissue concentrations of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde as well as serum levels of cardiac injury biomarkers (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-MB) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). The histopathological examination showed necrotic and degenerative changes in the cardiac tissue, while immunohistochemical analysis revealed marked myocardial expression of activated caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2, following DOX adminstration. Allicin pretreatment significantly improved (p < 0.05) all examined parameters, and restored the cardiac architecture. Conclusion
The current study demonstrated that allicin effectively mitigates cardiac oxidative damage, apoptosis and inflammation, induced by acute DOX intoxication. Therefore, allicin could be a promising cytoprotective agent against DOX cardiotoxicity.
The current strategy for the control of helminth infections relies on chemotherapy. However, resistance appearance is promoting the necessity of developing new drugs against trematodes. Herein, potential trematocidal effects of garlic (Allium sativum) are investigated in the context of intestinal foodborne trematodes, employing the Echinostoma caproni-mouse model. Daily administration of dietary doses of garlic was conducted in three groups of mice: (i) before infection (prophylaxis), (ii) after infection (therapeutic) and (iii) both, before and after infection (continuous). A fourth group of mice, not exposed to garlic, was used as control. No differences in worm recovery, fecundity and local cytokine expression profiles were found with respect to control infections. However, considerable alterations in tegument structure, including swelling, furrowing, vacuolization and changes in secretory bodies were detected in garlic-exposed parasites using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Protein secretion was markedly reduced in response to garlic, whereas up-regulation of several proteins, such as major vault protein and tER-ATPase, was observed in treated worms. The results presented herein provide new insights in the anthelminthic activity of bioactive garlic compounds and the manner that parasites respond to toxins.
Urea is the most widely used form of N fertilizer in agriculture. However, if it is not incorporated into soil soon after application, urea has the disadvantage of undergoing considerable losses as ammonia gas due to hydrolysis in the presence of soil urease. Urease inhibitors are some of the most commonly used approaches to overcome nitrogen losses in fields, as they delay urea hydrolysis and thus increase the chances of urea incorporation into soil. Among the known soil urease inhibitors is the chemical based N(butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) but it is found to cause some phytotoxic effect on plants among assimilation issues. Allicin, a natural based bio-inhibitor from garlic (Allium sativum L.), has shown potential to inhibit urease activity. In this context, laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effect of different allicin concentrations on soil urease inhibition period. The loss of applied urea was quantified, using diacetylmonoxime (DAM) calorimetric method, following application of urea with and without allicin. Urea and a mixture of urea and allicin at different concentrations (5%, 10% and 15% w allicin/w urea) were surface-applied at a rate of 1000 μg Urea N/kg soil to small circular containers. The soil was irrigated to maintain the moisture content between 25-30% throughout the study. This study suggest that prilled form urea application gave more consistent results than when urea was dissolved and added to the soil as a solution. Through this study, it was shown that allicin exerts inhibitory effects on urease in soil for agricultural applications, where 5% weight allicin to weight urea applied resulted in the best urease inhibition. At the given operating parameters, allicin inhibition was about 75% less than NBPT at steady state. While this study demonstrated the potential of allicin as a viable bio-inhibitor to retard the loss of urea in soil and thus it may be used along with urea for improved utilization of the applied –N by plants.
Background & Aims
Metformin is currently the most widely used first-line hypoglycemic agent for diabetes mellitus. Besides glucose-lowering action, there is increasingly interest in the potential anti-inflammatory action of this drug. In the present study, we investigated the actions of metformin on experimental insulitis using STZ-induced diabetic mice.
Methods
Mice with acute diabetes induced by STZ were administered metformin by gavage. Changes of blood glucose and body weight, and the daily amount of food and water intake were measured. Pancreatic tissues were collected for histologic analyses. Pathological assessment and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to determine the effect of metformin on insulitis. Inflammatory cytokines in the pancreas and insulin levels were measured through ELISA analysis.
Results
Metformin significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved aberrant water intake behavior in experimental diabetic mice. No significant differences were observed in terms of body weight and food intake behavior in metformin-treated animals. In the STZ-induced model of diabetes, we found the appearance of pronounced insulitis. However, metformin administration reduced the severity of insulitis assessed by blind pathological scoring. In addition, metformin treatment improved insulin levels in experimental diabetic mice. ELISA assay revealed decreased levels of inflammatory response marker IL-1β and TNF-α in the pancreatic tissues following metformin treatment.
Conclusion
Metformin attenuated insulitis in the STZ-induced mice model of diabetes. This islet-protective effect might be partly correlated with the anti-inflammatory action of metformin.
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used as a spice and medicinal plant since ancient times. Garlic produces the thiol-reactive defence substance, allicin, upon wounding. The effects of allicin on human lung epithelium carcinoma (A549), mouse fibroblast (3T3), human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), human colon carcinoma (HT29) and human breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines were tested. To estimate toxic effects of allicin, we used a standard MTT-test (methylthiazoltetrazolium) for cell viability and 3 H-thymidine incorporation for cell proliferation. The glutathione pool was measured using monobromobimane and the formation of reactive species was identified using 2 ,7-dichlorofluoresceine-diacetate. The YO-PRO-1 iodide staining procedure was used to estimate apoptosis. Allicin reduced cell viability and cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. In the bimane test, it was observed that cells treated with allicin showed reduced fluorescence, suggesting glutathione oxidation. The cell lines tested differed in sensitivity to allicin in regard to viability, cell proliferation and glutathione oxidation. The 3T3 and MCF-7 cells showed a higher proportion of apoptosis compared to the other cell types. These data show that mammalian cell lines differ in their sensitivity and responses to allicin.
This work was performed to study the effect of allicin on hypertension and cardiac function in a rat model of CKD. The groups were control, CKD (5/6 nephrectomy), and CKD-allicin treated (CKDA) (40 mg/kg day/p.o.). Blood pressure was monitored (weekly/6 weeks). The cardiac function, vascular response to angiotensin II, oxidative stress, and heart morphometric parameters were determined. The CKD group showed hypertension and proteinuria. The coronary perfusion and left ventricular pressures were decreased in CKD group. In contrast, the vascular response to angiotensin II and expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) were increased. These data were associated with the increment in morphometric parameters (weight of heart and left ventricle, heart/BW and left ventricular mass index, and wall thickness). Concurrently, the oxidative stress was increased and correlated inversely with the expression of Nrf2, Keap1, and antioxidant enzymes Nrf2-regulated. Allicin treatment attenuated hypertension and improved the renal and the cardiac dysfunctions; furthermore, it decreased the vascular reactivity to angiotensin II, AT1R overexpression, and preserved morphometric parameters. Allicin also downregulated Keap1 and increased Nrf2 expression, upregulated the antioxidant enzymes, and reduced oxidative stress. In conclusion, allicin showed an antihypertensive, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, and antioxidant effects, likely through downregulation of AT1R and Keap1 expression.
The chemical composition of garlic essential oils (GEOs) extracted from two different cultivars has been
characterized using GC–MS analysis. GEO that was extracted from the white-skin cultivar (WGO) had a
lower percentage of the major constituents diallyl trisulfide and diallyl disulfide (45.76 and 15.63%) than
purple-skin cultivar (PGO) which contained higher percentages (58.53 and 22.38%) of the same components,
respectively. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of WGO and PGO delivered in organic solvent
(isopropanol) showed dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria and
fungi, especially with WGO. On the other hand, formulation of both GEOs in water-based emulsions
totally suppressed the antimicrobial activity of GEO. Re-formulation of GEOs in water-based microemulsion
(particle size 10.1 nm) showed better antimicrobial activity than emulsions at the same concentration
of GEOs. This study can assist in designing the proper water-based delivery system of GEO for
application in food preservation.
Garlic has the charisma of a potent remedy and holds its repute of a therapeutic panacea since the dawn of civilization. An integrated approach was adopted to evaluate the genetic diversity among Chinese garlic cultivars for their antifungal potency as well as allicin content distribution and, furthermore; a bioassay was performed to study the bio-stimulation mechanism of aqueous garlic extracts (AGE) in the growth and physiology of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Initially, 28 garlic cultivars were evaluated against four kinds of phytopathogenic fungi; Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora capsici, respectively. A capricious antifungal potential among the selected garlic cultivars was observed. HPLC fingerprinting and quantification confirmed diversity in allicin abundance among the selected cultivars. Cultivar G025, G064, and G074 had the highest allicin content of 3.98, 3.7, and 3.66 mg g −1 , respectively, whereas G110 was found to have lowest allicin content of 0.66 mg g −1. Cluster analysis revealed three groups on the basis of antifungal activity and allicin content among the garlic cultivars. Cultivar G025, G2011-4, and G110 were further evaluated to authenticate the findings through different solvents and shelf life duration and G025 had the strongest antifungal activity in all conditions. minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of Allicin aqueous standard (AAS) and AGE showed significant role of allicin as primary antifungal substance of AGE. Leaf disk bioassay against P. capsici and V. dahliae to comparatively study direct action of AGE and AAS during infection process employing eggplant and pepper leaves showed a significant reduction in infection percentage. To study the bioactivity of AGE, a bioassay was performed using cucumber seedlings and results revealed that AGE is biologically active inside cucumber seedlings and alters the defense mechanism of the plant probably activating reactive oxygen species at mild concentrations. However, at higher concentrations, it might cause lipid peroxidation and membrane damage which temper the growth of cucumber seedlings. At the outcome of the study, an argument is advanced that current research findings Frontiers in Plant Science | www.frontiersin.org 1
Background:
Leishmania is a unicellular protozoan parasite that produces several human diseases, ranging from localized self-healing cutaneous lesions to deadly visceral infections.
Objective:
The effect of allicin on the growth of Leishmania major (L. major) promastigotes was evaluated under in vitro conditions. Moreover, the efficacy of a topical allicin cream was examined in BALB/c (Bagg albino, laboratory-bred strain of the House Mouse) mice with cutaneous leishmanial lesions compared to the currently used drug, sodiumstibogluconate (pentostam).
Methods:
Cytotoxiciy and promastigote proliferation were measured. Different concentrations (50, 100, 150, and 200 μM) of liquid allicin were tested on L. major promastigotes twice: after 24 and 48 hours using an MTT colorimetric assay. In the in vivo condition, the efficacies of allicin cream and liquid allicin at two concentrations (0.15 μM/mouse and 0.30 μM/mouse) were evaluated. Serum factors of the control and treated groups were tested to evaluate the toxic effects of allicin on the liver and kidney.
Results:
Allicin at a concentration of 50 μM inhibited the growth of Leishmania promastigotes. Topical application of allicin cream reduced lesion sizes in mice. No significant differences in biochemical analysis were observed between the control and treated groups.
Conclusions:
Allicin has antileishmanial effects under in vitro and in vivo conditions and may be used in clinical applications.
Background:
Vascular endothelial apoptosis is significantly associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, for which oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is a major risk factor. Allicin, the primary active ingredient of garlic, has been found to have cardiovascular protective effect by changing the fatty-acid composition, but its effect on ox-LDL-induced vascular endothelial injury remains unclear. We investigated the protective effect of allicin on cell viability, LDH release, apoptosis and apoptotic signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).
Methods:
In cultured HUVEC cell line, ox-LDL induced injury was investigated. The cell viability and injury were evaluated by using cell proliferation Assay kit and LDH release assay. The apoptosis was evaluated by the Annexin V-FITC kit. The activity of caspase-3 was assessed using a colorimetric caspase-3 assay kit. The ROS production was evaluated by fluorometric assay and NADPH oxidase activity was assessed with a GENMED kit.
Results:
Exposure of HUVECs to ox-LDL (150 μg/ml) reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis and increased activity of caspase-3, NADPH oxidase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The pretreatment with allicin (30 and 100 μM) significantly rescued the cell viability, inhibited ox-LDL-induced apoptosis and activity of caspase-3, NADPH oxidase and ROS production in HUVECs, and the protective effect is concentration-dependent. The allicin (100 μM) alone did not show significant difference from control. Our study demonstrated that allicin protected HUVECs from ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury by reducing the apoptosis, mediated by inhibition of caspase-3 and NADPH oxidase related apoptotic signaling.
Conclusions:
Allicin prevents ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress pathway.
Drug resistance and hepatic dysfunction are the two major factors that limit the application of chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been reported that allicin has the hepatic protective effect and antitumor activity. Hence allicin may be an ideal enhancer to chemotherapy regimen of HCC. In the present study, we demonstrated that allicin enhanced 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inducing cytotoxicity in HCC cells. In vivo experiment, combined treatment group with allicin (5 mg/kg/d; every two days for 3 weeks) and 5-FU (20 mg/kg/d; 5 consecutive days) showed a dramatic inhibitory effect on the growth of HCC xenograft tumors in nude mice. The co-treatment group showed highly apoptotic level compared with 5-FU treated alone. Cells combined treatment with allicin and 5-FU increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), activated caspase-3 and PARP, and down-regulated Bcl-2 compared with DMSO, allicin and 5-FU treated alone. Moreover, the increase of activated caspase-3 and PARP was blocked by the ROS inhibitor antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that allicin sensitized HCC cells to 5-FU induced apoptosis through ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. These results provided evidences for the combination used of allicin and 5-FU as a novel chemotherapy regimen in HCC.
Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) from garlic is a highly potent natural antimicrobial substance. It inhibits growth of a variety
of microorganisms, among them antibiotic resistant strains. However, the precise mode of action of allicin is unknown. Here,
we show that growth inhibition of Escherichia coli during allicin exposure coincides with a depletion of the glutathione pool and S-allylmercapto modification of proteins,
resulting in overall decreased total sulfhydryl levels. This is accompanied by the induction of the oxidative and heat stress
response. We identified and quantified the allicin-induced modification S-allylmercapto cysteine for a set of cytoplasmic
proteins by using a combination of label-free mass spectrometry and differential OxICAT labeling. Activity of isocitrate lyase
AceA, an S-allylmercapto-modified candidate protein, is largely inhibited by allicin treatment in vivo. Allicin-induced protein modifications trigger protein aggregation, which largely stabilizes RpoH and thereby induces the
heat stress response. At sublethal concentrations, the heat stress response is crucial to overcome allicin stress. Our results
indicate that the mode of action of allicin is a combination of a decrease of glutathione levels, unfolding stress, and inactivation
of crucial metabolic enzymes through S-allylmercapto modification of cysteines.
Objective:
In the Mexican ethno-medicine, a number of plants have shown a successful anthelmintic activity. This fact could be crucial to identify possible green anti-parasitic strategies against nematodes affecting animal production. This research evaluated the in vitro and in vivo nematocidal effects of two single and combined plant extracts: bulbs of Allium sativum (n-hexane) and flowers of Tagetes erecta (acetone). The in vivo assay evaluated the administration of extracts either individually or combined against Haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected gerbils.
Methods:
The in vitro larvicidal activity percentage (LAP) of A. sativum and T. erecta extracts against H. contortus (L3) was determined by means of individual and combined usage of the extracts. Similarly, the extracts were evaluated in terms of reduction in the parasitic population in gerbils infected with H. contortus by individual and combined usage.
Results:
The LAP at 40 mg/mL was 68% with A. sativum and 36.6% with T. erecta. The combination caused 83.3% mortality of parasites. The oral administration of A. sativum and T. erecta extracts at 40 mg/mL, caused 68.7% and 53.9% reduction of the parasitic burden, respectively. Meanwhile, the combined effect of both extracts shown 87.5% reduction.
Conclusion:
This study showed evidence about the effect of A. sativum and T. erecta plant extracts by means of individual and combined usage against H. contortus in in vitro and in vivo bioassays in artificially H. contortus-infected gerbils as a model.
Spices are indispensable components of Indian cuisines since ancient times and are considered as rich source of bio-active antimicrobial compounds. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of individual as well as ethanolic extracts of cumin (Cuminum cyminum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) was evaluated against bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilus, Pseudomonas fluroscens, Salmonella Typhi and fungal strains of Candida albicans and Rhizopus azygosporus. Agar well diffusion assay for antimicrobial activity yielded the inhibitory zone of 12.8 to18.3 mm diameter for cumin, 11.5 to 16.3 mm diameter for ginger and 16.8 to 19.3 mm diameter for garlic extract indicating that garlic was the most effective spice in inhibiting the microbial growth. The combined extracts showed inhibition zones ranging from 12.3 to 19.6 mm in diameter against bacteria and 15.6 to 19.6 mm against fungus. The combined extract of cumin and garlic was found to be most effective in inhibiting the microbial growth. The MIC of individual extracts was 12.5 mg/ml against all the tested microorganisms. The MIC of combined extracts fluctuated from 3.8 to 6.7 mg/ml and the most sensitive microbial species in relation to the MIC of combined extracts was S. Typhi. The fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) values of the combined extracts suggested additive inhibitory effect of the combined spice extracts (0.5 ≤ FIC index ≤ 1).
