Chapter

Drivers and Motivation for 5G

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Abstract

This chapter will address the drivers and motivation for 5G. It will also provide insights into 5G use cases, requirements from various sources (i.e. International Telecommunication Union‐Radio Sector (ITU‐R), regional, global requirements) and its ability to enable new services. In addition, it will touch on the business models enabled with the new radio and architecture principles. Furthermore, it will provide insights into the Standards Developing Organization (SDOs) and organizations involved in developing 5G radio and architecture.

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... These applications/services typically fall under one of three major 5G use cases defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), namely: Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), and Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) respectively [2]. This is in addition to existing applications/services from previous generations (2G/3G/4G) such as mobile voice, messaging, and Internet access [3]. The COVID-19 pandemic has further increased the demand for such services which has resulted in a further surge in the Internet usage. ...
... For example, Austria reported that the percentage of individuals using the Internet to make audio or video calls increased from 41 to 60% between 2019 and 2020 [1]. Thus, 5G networks are expected to have a highly flexible architecture at all levels including at the radio, core, and transport levels [3]. Moreover, this entails having a high automation level in the deployment and maintenance of networks, parts of a network. ...
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The continued growth of both mobile broadband and fixed broadband subscriptions as well as the added deployment of Internet of Things devices has led to making 5G networks a reality. More specifically, 5G networks are expected to support a diverse set of new applications/services in addition to existing applications/services from previous generations (2G/3G/4G). The COVID-19 pandemic has further increased the demand for such services which has resulted in a further surge in the Internet usage. Thus, 5G networks are expected to have a highly flexible architecture at all levels including at the radio, core, and transport levels. Optical Transport Networks (OTN) have been proposed as one potential and promising supporting technology for 5G networks at the transport level, particularly for next generation transport networks featuring large-granule broadband service transmissions. This is because it allows for more flexible, efficient, and dynamic networks. However, adopting and deploying OTNs in 5G networks comes with its own set of challenges including control, management, and orchestration of such networks as well as their security. Accordingly, this paper overviews 5G networks along with their requirements and provides a brief summary of OTNs and the corresponding optimization mechanisms. Additionally, this work discusses the challenges facing OTNs and their optimization within the context of 5G. Moreover, it outlines some of the key research areas and opportunities for innovation stemming from the data-driven intelligent networking paradigm using Machine Learning techniques.
... The work toward definitions, standardization, specifications, design, and development is being carried out by various research groups and industries for fifth generation (5G) systems. 2 In the year 2018, the bands in most of the sub-6 GHz range were termed as 5G New Radio (NR) bands. During World Radio Conference (WRC) 2019 few more mmWave bands has been identified f or 5G applications which are 24.25 to 27.5 GHz, 37 to 43.5 GHz, 45.5 to 47 GHz, 47.2 to 48.2 GHz, and 66 to 71 GHz. ...
... In this section, CMA analysis of radiating conductor element is presented starting with a rectangular plate and then the modified geometries are also analyzed. The modal analysis is presented for sub-6 GHz band (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) showing the first six modes of the conductor element. Figure 1 presents the metallic plate, which is conventionally rectangular for PIFA structure. ...
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In this article, a two‐element multiband multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) antenna for 5G communication devices is presented. Characteristics mode analysis is used to develop the proposed antenna. The planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) structure is used as an antenna element operating at 3.5, 4.3, 28, and 35 GHz bands. The shape of the PIFA is L‐shaped patch with an L slot placed which is positioned above the ground plane at 4 mm height. The proposed antenna covers more than 400 MHz bandwidth at 3.5, 4.3 GHz bands, and wideband coverage of more than 12 GHz covering many millimeter Wave (mmWave) bands between 24 and 38 GHz. The use of complementary metamaterial unit cell resulted in a minimum of 21 dB isolation in 3.5 GHz band and a minimum of 24 dB in mmWave bands. The simulated and measured results are presented for the proposed MIMO antenna system, which is in good agreement with each other.
... In order to support 5G, the FCC separated the frequency range into three bands: below-1 GHz, sub-6GHz band, and Millimeter wave band. The mmWave frequency bands above 24 GHz have an abundance of spectrum that can provide extremely high capacity, extremely high throughput, and extremely low latency [1]. ...
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This research proposes a compact dual-band patch antenna for 5G mmWave wireless communication applications. The 5 × 4.8 × 0.508 mm ³ sized antenna is made of Rogers RT/duroid 5880(tm) dielectric material and is fed via a 50-Ω microstrip feedline. A rectangular slot was used on the radiating patch to create resonance at the 30GHz band from 29.2GHz to 31GHz. Another slot was etched from the ground to obtain another resonance at 49GHz from 48GHz to 50.1GHz. The S11 of -10dB and VSWR of less than 2 indicates that the designed bands have strong impedance matching capabilities. Peak gain of 4.99 dBi at 30GHz and 7.39 dBi at 49GHz are attained, as well as maximum radiation efficiency of more than 90% and sustained omnidirectional radiation characteristics are achieved. The results demonstrate that the suggested antenna is appropriate for next-generation wireless applications.
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