During the last decade, a wide variety of cellular RNA sensors and structural characteristics of their agonists have been identified. On the basis of this knowledge, RNA formulations were developed as innovative adjuvant candidates. In contrast to DNA, RNA does not have genotoxic potential and is rapidly degraded. In many aspects, RNA mimics viral infections and induces considerably strong immune responses. Additionally, RNA-based adjuvants can be designed so that distinct RNA sensors can be triggered according to requirements of individual vaccines. Furthermore, RNA can be synthesized in vitro in a cell-free system, and recent developments in formulation technology have led to reduced RNA degradation within the body. These features qualify RNA as a promising adjuvant candidate. Here, we discuss latest developments in the field of RNA-based adjuvants and highlight differences between human and mouse nucleic acid sensors, which constitute a challenge in the development of RNA-based adjuvants. Finally, we discuss how RNA-based adjuvants are currently handled with regard to regulatory requirements.
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June 1985 · The Quarterly Review of Biology
Read more April 2016 · Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)
DNA vaccines present the aquaculture industry with an effective and economically viable method of controlling viral pathogens that drastically affect productivity. Since specific immune response is rudimentary in invertebrates, the presence of RNA interference (RNAi) pathway in shrimps provides a promising new approach to vaccination. Plasmid DNA vaccines that express short or long double
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June 2017 · mSphere
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IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral available to treat norovirus disease. Multiple norovirus strains infect humans, but a single genotype (GII.4) has been regarded as the most important cause of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Its persistence and predominance have been explained by the continuous replacement of variants that present new antigenic properties on their capsid protein, thus evading the herd immunity acquired to the previous variants. Over the last three seasons, minor genotypes have displaced the GII.4 viruses as the predominant strains. One of these genotypes, GII.2, reemerged as predominant during 2016 to 2017. Here we show that factors such as minor changes in the polymerase may have driven the reemergence of GII.2 during the last season. A better understanding of norovirus diversity is important for the development of effective treatments against noroviruses. View full-text December 2008
Herpes Zoster is seen most frequently in the elderly population and its diagnosis is mainly clinical. In the elderly, it exposes to complications, in particular herpes zoster ophthalmicus and postherpetic neural gias (PHN). The treatment of the acute phase differs from the chronic phase. The acute phase treatment includes topical therapy, analgesics and antiviral whatever is the immunological
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AbstrakVirus dengue (DENV) telah menyebabkan sekitar 50 juta kasus infeksi demam berdarah setiap tahunnya, akan tetapi hingga saat ini belum terdapat vaksin maupun antivirus yang mampu mencegah atau mengobati penyakit tersebut. Selama pengembangan vaksin dan antivirus, diperoleh berbagai informasi tentang struktur protein DENV yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai target obat. Makalah membahas tentang
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The naturally-occurring RNA interference (RNAi) pathway represents a powerful tool for the sequence-specific post-transcriptional silencing of gene expression. By exploiting the endogenous mammalian RNAi pathway, several expression-based strategies have been developed to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene expression and replication. This approach potentially has utility as a
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Chickenpox and shingles can be more severe and occasionally life threatening in immunosuppressed patients. As such, some groups warrant a more detailed history, serological testing and consideration of prophylaxis following contact with the virus. Active disease may also require more aggressive treatment with antivirals. Guidance for the use of varicella zoster immunoglobulin has recently been
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Introduction: The present review summarizes the growing body of work defining the mechanisms of action of this exciting new vaccine technology that should allow rational approaches in the design of next generation mRNA vaccines.
Areas covered: Bio-distribution of mRNA, localization of antigen production, role of the innate immunity, priming of the adaptive immune response, route of administration
... [Show full abstract] and effects of mRNA delivery systems.
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An alternative model to nonhuman primates to study measles virus (MV) pathogenesis, to evaluate potential MV vaccines, or to screen for potential antivirals effective against this virus is highly desirable. The laboratory-adapted Edmonston strain of MV has been reported to replicate in the lungs of hispid cotton rats following intranasal inoculation, immunosuppress infected animals, and
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Dengue fever is a leading cause of illness and mortality in the tropics and subtropics. There are no therapeutics currently available and a recently approved vaccine is not very efficacious demanding an urgent need to develop an effective antiviral. The path to successful dengue drug development depends on availability of relevant preclinical testing models and better understanding of dengue
... [Show full abstract] pathogenesis. In recent years, efforts to develop dengue therapeutics have focused on both repurposing approved drugs as well as discovery of new chemical entities that act via virus or host targeted mechanisms. Here, we discuss the various innovative approaches, their outcome, and the lessons gleaned from the development efforts. Read more Last Updated: 30 Oct 2020
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