Cyclo Drive Efficiency

Abstract

Cyclo drives have a many good characteristics: high gear ratio, compact design, two-thirds of its reduction components in contact at all times, reliability and long life in the most severe applications, minimal vibration, low noise, low backlash and extended operational life, high power density, wide variety of inputs available,… One of the most important its characteristics is high efficiency. Two methods for determining of cyclo drive efficiency are presented in this paper. Their complete analytical models are defined. The influence of various parameters on the cyclo drive efficiency is also analyzed (power, rotational angle of input shaft, gear ratio, …). The calculation of the cyclo drive efficiency by both methods is done for the real one-stage cyclo speed reducer. Concluding remarks and directions for future work are presented at the end of the paper.

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Serbian Tribology Society University of Kragujevac,
Faculty of Engineering
SERBIATRIB ‘13
13th International Conference on Tribology
15 – 17 May 2013, Kragujevac, Serbia
PROCEEDINGS
EDITORS: Miroslav Babić, Slobodan Mitrović

13th International Conference on Tribology – SERBIATRIB ‘13
PROCEEDINGS
ISBN: 978-86-86663-98-6
Editors: Miroslav Babić, Ph.D.
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering
Slobodan Mitrović, Ph.D.
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering
Publisher: Serbian Tribology Society
Sestre Janjić 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering
Sestre Janjić 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
For the Publisher: Miroslav Babić, Ph.D., Faculty of Engineering
Branko Ivković, Ph.D., Serbian Tribology Society
Technical editor: Slobodan Mitrović, Ph.D.
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering
Dragan Džunić, research assistent
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering
Marko Pantić, research assistent
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering
Printed by: KOPIRNICA MAŠINAC,
34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
Circulation: 100 copies
Copyright © 2013 by Serbian Tribology Society and Faculty of Engineering
The publication of this Proceedings was financially supported by the Ministry of Education,
Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

Supported by
Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia

International Scientific Committee
Aleksandar Marinković University of Belgrade (Serbia)
Aleksandar Rac Serbian Tribology Society (Serbia)
Aleksandar Vencl University of Belgrade (Serbia)
Andrei Tudor University Politehnica of Bucharest (Romania)
Bharat Bhushan The Ohio State University (USA)
Bogdan Sovilj University of Novi Sad (Serbia)
Branko Ivković Serbian Tribology Society (Serbia)
Damir Kakaš University of Novi Sad (Serbia)
Dušan Stamenković University of Niš (Serbia)
Emilia Assenova Technical University of Sofia (Bulgaria)
Friedrich Franek Vienna University of Technology (Austria)
Geetha Manivasagam VIT University (India)
Hakan Kaleli Yildiz Technical University (Turkey)
Konstantinos-Dionysios Bouzakis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)
Lorena Deleanu University Dunarea de Jos (Romania)
Mara Kandeva Technical University of Sofia (Bulgaria)
Marion Merklein Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg
(Germany)
Mehmet Baki Karamis Erciyes University (Turkey)
Miroslav Babić University of Kragujevac (Serbia)
Niculae Napoleon Antonescu Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti (Romania)
Nikolai Myshkin V.A. Belyi Metal-Polymer Research Institute of
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (Belarus)
Nyagol Manolov Technical University of Sofia (Bulgaria)
Slobodan Mitrović University of Kragujevac (Serbia)
Slobodan Tanasijević University of Kragujevac (Serbia)
Organising Committee
Honorary President:
Branko Ivković Serbian Tribology Society (Serbia)
Presidents:
Miroslav Babić University of Kragujevac (Serbia)
Slobodan Mitrović University of Kragujevac (Serbia)
Members:
Blaža Stojanović University of Kragujevac (Serbia)
Fatima Zivić University of Kragujevac (Serbia)
Marko Pantić University of Kragujevac (Serbia)
Dragan Dzunić University of Kragujevac (Serbia)

Preface
The International Conference on Tribology – SERBIATRIB, is traditionally organized by the
Serbian Tribology Society every two years, since 1989. The previous conferences were held in
Kragujevac (1989, 1991, 1993, 1999, 2005, 2007 and 2011), Herceg Novi (1995), Kopaonik
(1997), Belgrade (2001, 2003 and 2009). This year the 13th International Conference on
Tribology – SERBIATRIB '13 also takes place on May 15-17, 2013 in Kragujevac.
This Conference is organized by the Serbian Tribology Society (STS) and the University of
Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering. Organizing Scientific Conferences, STS plays a significant
role in helping engineers and researchers to introduce in the fundamentals of tribology and to
present their experience, solutions and research results.
The scope of the 13th International Conference on Tribology – SERBIATRIB '13 embraces the
state of art and future trends in tribology research and application. The following two aspects of
tribology practice require special attention. Firstly, the requirement for higher productivity of
machinery means that machines must operate under higher loads and at higher speeds and
temperatures, and that is why finding the right solutions for tribological processes is extremely
important. Secondly, the good tribology knowledge can greatly contribute to the saving of
material and energy.
The Conference program generally includes the following topics: fundamentals of friction and
wear; tribological properties of solid materials; surface engineering and coating tribology;
lubricants and lubrication; tribotesting and tribosystem monitoring; tribology in machine
elements; tribology in manufacturing processes; tribology in transportation engineering; design
and calculation of tribocontacts; sealing tribology; biotribology; nano and microtribology and
other topics related to tribology.
All together 76 papers of authors from 18 countries (Taiwan, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine,
Germany, Poland, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy,
Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey and Serbia) are published in the Proceedings.
Approximately 37 papers were submitted by the foreign authors and app. 39 papers by the
Serbian authors. All papers are classified into five chapters:
 Plenary lectures (4)
 Tribological properties of materials and coatings (29)
 Tribology in machine elements (23)
 Tribometry (13)
 Trenje, habanje i podmazivanje (7) – papers written in Serbian language
It was a great pleasure for us to organize this Conference and we hope that the Conference,
bringing together specialists, research scientists and industrial technologists, and Proceedings
will stimulate new ideas and concepts, promoting further advances in the field of tribology. The

Editors would like to thank the Scientific and the Organizing Committee and all those who have
helped in making the Conference better. We would like to thank especially prof. Miroslav Babić
and prof. Branko Ivković for the helpful suggestions and support.
The Conference is financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and
Technological Development, Republic of Serbia.
We wish to all participants a pleasant stay in Kragujevac and we are looking forward to seeing
you all together at the 14th International Conference on Tribology – SERBIATRIB '15.
Kragujevac, May 2013 Editors

Contents
Plenary Lectures
1. THE GREEN AUTOMOBILE – DEFINITION AND REALIZATION
Wilfried J. Bartz ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. THE ECO-LABEL AND THE CONFLICT BETWEEN BIODEGRADABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY
ACCEPTABILITY OF LUBRICANTS
Wilfried J. Bartz ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
3. ROUGHNESS AND TEXTURE CONCEPTS IN TRIBOLOGY
N.K. Myhkin, A.Ya. Grigoriev ....................................................................................................................................... 4
4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COATINGS’ CHARACTERIZATRION FOR FACILITATING THE COATED TOOL
LIFE PREDICTION
K.-D. Bouzakis, G. Skordaris, E. Bouzakis, N. Michailidis ......................................................................................... 10
Tribological Properties of Materials and Coating
5. PREDICTION OF COATED TOOLS PERFORMANCE IN MILLING BASED ON THE FILM FATIGUE AT
DIFFERENT STRAIN RATES
K.D. Bouzakis, R. Paraskevopoulou, G. Katirtzoglou, S. Makrimallakis, E. Bouzakis, P. Charalampous .................. 13
6. SELECTIVE TRANSFER OF MATERIALS IN THE ASPECT OF GREEN TRIBOLOGY
Emilia Assenova, Gottlieb Polzer, Dr. Tsermaa, Mara Kandeva ................................................................................ 21
7. ABRASIVE WEAR AND WEAR-RESISTANCE OF HIGH STRENGTH CAST IRON
CONTAINING Sn MICROALLOY
Mara Kandeva, Boryana Ivanova ............................................................................................................................... 26
8. INFLUENCE OF NANO-DIAMOND PARTICLES ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
NICKEL CHEMICAL COATINGS
Mara Kandeva, Dimitar Karastoianov, Boryana Ivanova, Viara Pojidaeva ................................................................ 31
9. WEAR BEHAVIOR OF AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE IRON
WITH NANOSIZED ADDITIVES
J. Kaleicheva ............................................................................................................................................................. 37
10. NICKEL COMPOSITE COATINGS MODIFIED BY DIAMOND NANOPARTICLES
M. Kandeva, N. Gidikova, R. Valov, V. Petkov .......................................................................................................... 42
11. TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMAL SPRAY COATINGS, DEPOSITED BY HVOF AND APS
TECHNIQUES, AND COMPOSITE ELECTRODEPOSITS Ni/SiC
AT BOTH ROOM TEMPERATURE AND 300°C.
A.Lanzutti, M. Lekka, E. Marin, L.Fedrizzi ................................................................................................................. 46
12. MECHANOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NANOSIZED MIXED OXIDES
N.G. Kostova, M. Kandeva, M. Fabian, A. Eliyas, P. Balaz ....................................................................................... 55

13. WEAR OF POLISHED STEEL SURFACES IN DRY FRICTION LINEAR CONTACT ON POLIMER COMPOSITES
WITH GLASS FIBRES
Dorin Rus, Lucian Capitanu ....................................................................................................................................... 58
14. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FRICTION COEFFICIENT AND WEAR RATE OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS SLIDING AGAINST SMOOTH AND ROUGH MILD STEEL COUNTERFACES
Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman,
Biplov Kumar Roy, Sohel Samad, Rayhan Sarker, Abul Hasnat Mohammad Rezwan ............................................. 65
15. ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF THE IRON- AND WC-BASED HARDFACED COATINGS EVALUATED
WITH SCRATCH TEST METHOD
Aleksandar Vencl, Bojan Gligorijević, Boris Katavić, Bogdan Nedić, Dragan Džunić ................................................. 75
16. TOPOGRAPHIC AND ELECTROCHEMICAL TI6AL4V ALLOY SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION IN DRY AND
WET RECIPROCATING SLIDING
Zinaida Doni, Mihaela Buciumeanu, Liviu Palaghian ................................................................................................ 80
17. FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF UHMWPE DURING DRY RECIPROCATING SLIDING
Fatima Živić, Miroslav Babić, Slobodan Mitrović, Dragan Adamović, Svetlana Pelemis ........................................... 87
18. THE POTENTIAL OF MAGNESIUM ALLOYS AS BIOABSORBABLE / BIODEGRADABLE IMPLANTS FOR
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Fatima Živić, Nenad Grujović, Geetha Manivasagam, Caroline Richard, Jessem Landoulsi, Vojislav Petrović ........ 92
19. ANALYSIS OF THE SURFACE LAYER FORMATION OF SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE COMBUSTION
CHAMBER WITH PHOSPHOROUS-FREE AND CONVENTIONAL ENGINE LUBRICANTS
L.Yüksek, H.Kaleli, D.Özkan, H. Hacikadiroğlu ......................................................................................................... 98
20. TRIBOLOGICAL STUDY OF BIOCOMPATIBLE HYBRID ORGANIC MOLECULES FILM WITH ANTIBACTERIAL
EFFECT
J.H. Horng, C.C.Wei, S. Y. Chern, W.H. Kao, K.W. Chern, Y.S. Chen ................................................................... 102
21. THE INFLUENCE OF CORROSION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF THERMALLY TREATED ZA27/SICP
COMPOSITES
Biljana Bobić, Aleksandar Vencl, Miroslav Babić, Slobodan Mitrović, Ilija Bobić ...................................................... 106
22. TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF PBT + GLASS BEAD COMPOSITES WITH THE HELP OF BLOCK-
ON-RING TEST
Constantin Georgescu, Mihai Botan, Lorena Deleanu ............................................................................................. 113
23. NORMAL FORCE INFLUENCE ON 3D TEXTURE PARAMETERS CHARACTERIZING
THE FRICTION COUPLE STEEL – PBT + 10% PTFE
Constantin Georgescu, Lorena Deleanu, Catalin Pirvu ............................................................................................ 119
24. WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITES BASED ON ZA27 ALLOY REINFORCED
WITH GRAPHITE PARTICLES
Slobodan Mitrović, Miroslav Babić, Ilija Bobić, Fatima Zivić, Dragan Dzunić, Marko Pantić .................................... 124
25. WEAR PROPERTIES OF A356/10SiC/1Gr HYBRID COMPOSITES IN LUBRICATED SLIDING CONDITIONS
Babić Miroslav, Stojanović Blaža, Mitrović Slobodan, Bobić Ilija, Miloradović Nenad, Pantić Marko, Džunić Dragan .... 129
26. A REVIEW OF THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PTFE COMPOSITES FILLED WITH GLASS, GRAPHITE,
CARBON OR BRONZE REINFORCEMENT
Miloš Stanković, Aleksandar Vencl, Aleksandar Marinković .................................................................................... 135

27. WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID COMPOSITES BASED ON ZA27 ALLOY REINFORCED WITH
SILICON CARBIDE AND GRAPHITE PARTICLES
Slobodan Mitrović, Miroslav Babić, Nenad Miloradović, Ilija Bobić, Blaža Stojanović, Dragan Džunić .................... 141
28. INFLUENCE OF OXIDATION LAYER GENERATED ON PREHEATED CONTACT PAIRS ON STATIC
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
Marija Jeremić, Dragan Adamović, Slobodan Mitrović, Bojan Bogdanović, Aleksandar Simić
Saša Ranđelović, Petar Todorović .......................................................................................................................... 147
29. DYNAMICS OF SAMS IN BOUNDARY LUBRICATION
Jelena Manojlović .................................................................................................................................................... 153
30. INFLUENCE OF RICE HUSK ASH – SILICON CARBIDE WEIGHT RATIOS ON THE
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF Al-Mg-Si ALLOY MATRIX HYBRID COMPOSITES
K. K. Alaneme, T. M. Adewale ................................................................................................................................. 160
31. TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOMETRIC ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITIONS
APPLIED ON AISI 420 STAINLESS STEEL
E. Marin, A.Lanzutti,L.Fedrizzi ................................................................................................................................. 169
32. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM
SURFACTANTS ON MUSCOVITE MICA
Jelena Manojlović ..................................................................................................................................................... 177
33. MO-C MULTILAYERED CVD COATINGS
A. Sagalovych, V. Sagalovych ................................................................................................................................. 184
Tribology of Machine Elements
34. EQUILIBRIUM STATE FORMATION FEATURES OF SURFACE LAYERS OF MACHINE PARTS
Vyacheslav F. Bezjazychnyj, Alexander N. Sutyagin .............................................................................................. 195
35. THE INVESTIGATION OF COATED TOOLS TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCE ON THE
CUTTING PROCESS AND THE QUALITY PARAMETERS OF THE PARTS SURFACE LAYER
Fomenko Roman Nikolaevich................................................................................................................................... 198
36. MODELING SURFACE ROUGHNESS EFFECTS ON PISTON SKIRT EHL IN INITIAL ENGINE START UP USING
HIGH AND LOW VISCOSITY GRADE OILS
Mubashir Gulzar, S. Adnan Qasim, Riaz A Mufti ..................................................................................................... 204
37. STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS ANALYSIS OF
A DRY FRICTION CLUTCH SYSTEM
Oday I. Abdullah, Josef Schlattmann, Abdullah M. Al-Shabibi ................................................................................. 210
38. THE WAVINESS OF AN ABRASIVE WATER JET GENERATED SURFACE
J.Baralić, P.Janković, B.Nedić .................................................................................................................................. 217
39. EFFECT OF REFRACTORY ELEMENTS ON WEAR INTENSITY OF THE SURFACE LAYERS
IN THE ABRASIVE SOIL MASS
J. Napiórkowski, P. Drożyner, P. SzczyglakP
P ............................................................................................................ 222
40. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF TOOTH HEIGHT CHANGING AT TIMING BELTS
Blaža Stojanović, Lozica Ivanović, Andreja Ilić, Ivan Miletić .................................................................................... 226

41. CYCLO DRIVE EFFICIENCY
Tihomir Mačkić, Živko Babić, Nenad Kostić, Mirko Blagojević ................................................................................. 230
42. TRIBOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROCESS OF WINDING THE STEEL ROPE
AROUND THE WINCH DRUM
Miloš Matejić, Mirko Blagojević, Vesna Marjanović, Rodoljub Vujanac, Boban Simić ............................................. 234
43. APPLICATIVE MONITORING OF VEHICLES ENGINE OIL
Perić Sreten, Nedić Bogdan, Grkić Aleksandar ....................................................................................................... 240
44. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS OF SELF-LUBRICATING PLASTIC BEARINGS
Aleksandar Marinković, Miloš Stanković .................................................................................................................. 247
45. EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION BETWEEN PARALLEL SURFACES
SUBJECTED TO HIGH ACCELERATION
Usman Ali Zia, Aamer A. Baqai, Waseem Akram .................................................................................................... 251
46. INCREASING OF TOOL LIFE FOR HOT FORGING USING SURFACE MODIFICATION
Milentije Stefanović, Dragan Džunić, Vesna Mandić, Srbislav Aleksandrović, Dragan Adamović,
Slobodan Mitrović .................................................................................................................................................... 261
47. ANALYSIS OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROCESS DURING IRONING OF SHEET METAL MADE OF AlMg3
Dragan Adamović, Milentije Stefanović, Srbislav Aleksandrović,
Miroslav Živković, Fatima Živić, Marko Topalović .................................................................................................... 265
48. OPTIMAL DESIGN OF A CAMMECHANISM WITH TRANSLATING FLAT-FACE FOLLOWER USING GENETIC
ALGORITHM
I. Tsiafis, S. Mitsi, K.D. Bouzakis, A. Papadimitriou ................................................................................................. 270
49. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ROCK AGGREGATES ON SELECTION OF THE WORKING PARTS
MATERIAL IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
V. Lazić, M. Mutavdžić, R. Nikolić, S. Aleksandrović, D. Milosavljević, B. Krstić, R. Čukić ..................................... 275
50. TECHNO-ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR REPARATORY HARD-FACING OF MACHINE SYSTEMS'
WORKING PARTS
V. Lazić, R. Čukić, S. Aleksandrović, D. Milosavljević, R. Nikolić, B. Krstić, B. Nedeljković .................................... 281
51. TRIBOLOGY ASPECT OF RUBBER SHOCK ABSORBERS DEVELOPMENT
Milan Banić, Dušan Stamenković, Miloš Milošević, Aleksandar Miltenović ............................................................. 286
52. EFFECTS OF USING OF MQL TECHNIQUE IN METAL CUTTING
Gordana Globočki Lakić, Branislav Sredanović, Davorin Kramar, Bogdan Nedić, Janez Kopač ............................. 292
53. TRIBOLOGICAL ASPECT OF RUBBER BASED PARTS USED IN ENGINEERING
Dušan Stamenković, Milan Nikolić, Miloš Milošević, Milan Banić,
Aleksandar Miltenović, Miroslav Mijajlović ............................................................................................................... 302
54. POSSIBILITY OF REPLACING THE CHORINATED PARAFFINS IN METALWORKING FLUIDS
Marica Dugić, Branka Kojić, Pero Dugić, Goran Dugić ............................................................................................ 308
55. QUALITY OF PLASMA CUTTING
Bogdan Nedić, Marko Janković, Miroslav Radovanović, Gordana Globočki Lakić .................................................. 314
56. TRIBOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SINTERED STEEL GEAR IN APPLICATION WORM-AND-GEAR SET
Aleksandar Miltenović, Milan Banić, Miroslav Mijajlović, Đorđe Miltenović .............................................................. 320

Tribometry
57. PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE SEIZURE TREND OF A MOM-THP WITH SELF-DIRECTED BALLS
Lucian Capitanu, Liliana – Laura Badita, Virgil Florescu, Dumitru Catalin Bursuc .................................................. 331
58. ANALYZING THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT POSITION ON TORQUE TRANSMISSION
BY FRICTION
Marija Jeremić, Bojan Bogdanović, Aleksandar Simić, Dragomir Miljanić, Petar Todorović,
Sasa Randjelovic, Branko Tadić .............................................................................................................................. 341
59. USE ALGORITHM FOR CONSTRUCTION 3D VISIBILITY GRAPHS TO DESCRIBE PLASTIC AND ELASTIC
DEFORMATION OF ROBOT LASER HARDENED SPECIMENS
M. Babič, P. Kokol, M. Milfelner, P. Panjan, Igor Belič ............................................................................................ 348
60. USE FRACTAL GEOMETRY TO DESCRIBE FRICTION OF ROBOT LASER HARDENED SPECIMENS
M. Babič, P. Kokol, M. Milfelner, P. Panjan, Igor Belič ............................................................................................ 351
61. USE NEW PROCESS IN ROBOT LASER HARDENING TO DECREASE WEAR OF SPECIMENS
M. Babič, P. Kokol, M. Milfelner, P. Panjan, Igor Belič ............................................................................................ 355
62. DIFFERENT WAYS OF FRICTION COEFFICIENT DETERMINATION IN STRIPE IRONING TEST
S Aleksandrovic, M. Stefanovic, V. Lazic, D. Adamovic, M. Djordjevic, D. Arsic ..................................................... 359
63. A NANOMECHANICAL APPROACH ON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF EPOXY
REINFORCED CARBON NANOTUBE NANOCOMPOSITES
G. Mansour, D. Tzetzis, K.D. Bouzakis .................................................................................................................... 364
64. SOME TRIBOLOGY STATE TESTS OF “EPDM” RUBBER BASED ON LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATIONS
Abhijit Mukhopadhyay .............................................................................................................................................. 373
65. APPLICATION OF 3D SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR DESIGNING TRIBOMETER OF MODULAR TYPE
Ivan Mačužić, Branislav Jeremić, Petar Todorović, Marko Đapan, Milan Radenković, Marko Milošević ................. 380
66. USING OF KALMAN FILTER AS A PROGNOSTIC TOOL FOR TRIBOLOGY PROCESSES
Ivan Mačužić, Petar Todorović, Marko Đapan, Milan Radenković, Branislav Jeremić ............................................ 384
67. FRICTION COEFFICIENT ESTIMATION DURING FRICTION STIR WELDING
WITH THE SINGLE SHOULDERED WELDING TOOL
Miroslav Mijajlović, Dušan Stamenković, Milan Banić, Aleksandar Miletnović, Miloš Milošević ............................... 388
68. MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION FOR DETERMINATION OF STATIC COEFFICIENT OF ROLLING
FRICTION
Petar Todorović, Ivan Mačužić, Branislav Jeremić, Marko Đapan, Branko Tadić ................................................... 396
69. IMPLEMENATION SQL REPORTING SERVICE IN THE TRIBOLOGYCAL DATA BASES
Milan Erić, Marko Djukić ........................................................................................................................................... 401
Trenje, habanje i podmazivanje
70. VEŠTAČKO STARENJE TIKSOLIVENE ZA27 LEGURE I ČESTIČNIH ZA27/SIC KOMPOZITA
I. Bobić, M. Babić, A.Vencl, S. Mitrović, B. Bobić .................................................................................................... 409
71. UTICAJ POVRŠINE PODLOGE NA KARAKTERISTIKE PREVLAKA CINKA
Desimir Jovanović, Bogdan Nedić, Milomir Čupović, Vlatko Matrušić ..................................................................... 414

72. DEFEKTACIJA REDUKTORA BKSH-335 ZA POKRETANJE TRAKASTIH TRANSPORTERA
BAGERA Sch Rs 630
Svetislav Lj. Marković, Ljubica Milović, Bratislav Stojiljković .................................................................................... 420
73. ISPITIVANJE MEHANIČKIH I STRUKTURNIH OSOBINA PREVLAKA
OTPORNIH NA EROZIJU I VISOKE TEMPERATURE
Mihailo R. Mrdak ..................................................................................................................................................... 426
74. IZBOR MERNE GLAVE DIFERENCIJALNOG PNEUMATSKOG KOMPARATORA ZA KONTROLU
UNUTRAŠNJIH MERA MAŠINSKIH DELOVA
Dragiša Skoko, Cvetko Crnojević, Mileta Ristivojević .............................................................................................. 433
75. POVEĆANJE POUZDANOSTI PODSISTEMA KOPANJA ROTORNOG BAGERA PODEŠAVANJEM
TRIBOLOŠKIH KARAKTERISTIKA REZNIH ELEMENATA
Vojin Vukotić, Dragan Čabrilo .................................................................................................................................. 440
76. PONAŠANJE NEHRĐAJUĆIH ČELIKA U KOMBINIRANIM UVJETIMA TROŠENJA
Goran Rozing, Antun Pintarić, Desimir Jovanović, Vlatko Marušić ......................................................................... 446
Authors Index ................................................................................................................................................................. 453

230 13th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13
Serbian Tribology
Society
SERBIATRIB ‘13
13th International Conference on
Tribology
Faculty of Engineering
in Kragujevac
Kragujevac, Serbia, 15 – 17 May 2013
CYCLO DRIVE EFFICIENCY
Tihomir Mačkić1, Živko Babić2, Nenad Kostić3, Mirko Blagojević4
1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, tihomir.mackic@unibl.rs
2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, zivkobabic@unibl.rs
3Faculty of Engineering University of Kragujevac, Serbia, nkostic@kg.ac.rs
4Faculty of Engineering University of Kragujevac, Serbia, mirkob@kg.ac.rs
Abstract: Cyclo drives have a many good characteristics: high gear ratio, compact design, two-thirds of its
reduction components in contact at all times, reliability and long life in the most severe applications,
minimal vibration, low noise, low backlash and extended operational life, high power density, wide variety of
inputs available,… One of the most important its characteristics is high efficiency.
Two methods for determining of cyclo drive efficiency are presented in this paper. Their complete analytical
models are defined. The influence of various parameters on the cyclo drive efficiency is also analyzed
(power, rotational angle of input shaft, gear ratio, …). The calculation of the cyclo drive efficiency by both
methods is done for the real one-stage cyclo speed reducer. Concluding remarks and directions for future
work are presented at the end of the paper.
Keywords: cyclo drive, cycloid, gear, power losses, efficiency
1. INTRODUCTION
Cycloidal speed reducer belong the group of
planetary drives (Figure 1). Because of very wide
area of application, production of cyclo drives has
growing character and wide area of application:
processing equipment, conveyors, presses, mixers,
food industry, automotive plants, spinning
machines, cranes,…
The most important working characteristics of
cyclo drives are: wide range of possible gear ratios,
quiet and reliable work, low level of noise and
vibrations, exceptionally compact design, high
efficiency rate, ... Lehmann gave the basic
information about cycloidal gearing, [1]. The
dynamic behavior of a cyclo drives is presented in
Refs. [2,3]. Kosse investigated the hysteresis
phenomenon in cyclo drives and damping
properties derived from dickey curves under
torsional impact load, [4]. Liu and other generated
a new type of double-enveloping cyclo drive and
calculated the torsional stiffness, [5]. The influence
of friction on contact forces distribution is
presented in papers [6,7]. Sensiger developed a new
method for cycloidal gear profile, efficiency and
stress optimization, [8]. Chmurawa and Lokiec
presented the inside meshing and force distributions
of cycloid disk with modified profile, [9]. A new
concept of a two-stage cyclo drive is presented in
paper [10].
Friction and wear have a greatest impact on the
cyclo drive efficiency, [11, 12]. The calculation of
the cyclo drive efficiency by two method (Malhotra
and Gorla) for the real one-stage cyclo speed
reducer is presented in this paper.
Figure 1. Cyclo drive

13th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13 231
2. EFFICIENCY OF CYCLO DRIVE
Efficiency of cyclo drive primarily depends on
the resistance due to friction between the elements
of cyclo drive. Two methods for determining of
cyclo drive efficiency are presented in this paper:
Malhotra method [11] and Gorla method [12].
2.1 Malhotra method for calculating of cyclo
drive efficiency,
[
11
]
The various sources of power loss in a cyclo
drive are:
• Rolling friction in the mounting of the
cycloid disc on the input shaft,
• Rolling friction between output rollers and
holes in the cycloid disc,
• Rolling friction between housing rollers
and the cycloid disc,
• Sliding friction in the mounting of the
output rollers,
• Sliding friction in the mounting of the
housing rollers.
Design parameters are presented on Figure 2,
and loads on Figure 3.
Figure 2. Geometry of cyclo drive
For the elemental rotation d
θ
of the cycloid disc,
the rotations of the input shaft, output rollers and
housing rollers are n
⋅
d
θ
, n
⋅
d
θ
and (n+1)
⋅
d
θ
,
respectively. The frictional work per rotation of the
input shaft can be determined as:
( )
( )
( )
( )
∫∑
=







⋅
+++
+
∫∑
=







⋅
++
+
∫
⋅⋅
=
∫
=
n
2π
0
q
1j
dθθ
Kj
F
2
O
d
s2
f
r3
f1
CR
u
n
2π
0
q
1j
dθθ
Kj
F
2
VK
d
s1
f
r2
fn
dθθ
n
2π
0E
F
r
D
n
m
D
r1
f
n
2π
0
dWW
(1)
where: fr1, fr2 and fr3 are lever arms of rolling
friction, fs1 and fs2 are sliding friction coefficients,
Dm is mean diameter of input shaft bearing, Dr is
input shaft bearing rollers diameter, FE is bearing
reaction, dVK is diameter of outpit mechanism pins,
FKj is force between output roller j and cycloid disc,
q is number of output rollers, uCR is cyclo drive
ratio and d0 is diameter of housing pins.
Figure 3. Loads on cycloid disc
The overall efficiency of cyclo drive is then:
π
π
η
2
2
a
a
M
WM −
=
(2)
where Ma is input torque.
2.2 Gorla method for calculating of cyclo drive
efficiency,
[
12
]
Power loss due to the bearing friction could be
computed by means of the following equation:
( )
outerinneraMa
MW
ωω
−⋅= (3)
where: ωinner is bearing inner race speed and ωouter
is bearing outer race speed.
Power loss due to the friction between the pins
of the output shaft and the holes of the cycloid disc
is:

232 13th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13
Kj
s
jKj KjKFfW
υ
⋅⋅= ∑
=1
(4)
where: fKj is friction coefficient between the pins of
the output shaft and the holes of the cycloid disc
and
υ
Kj is sliding speed between the pins of the
output shaft and the holes of the cycloid disc.
Power loss due to friction between the
cylindrical rollers, the surface of the ring gear and
their housing in the planet wheel is:
NiNi
F
n
Ni
farctgW
i
N
ωρ
⋅⋅⋅= ∑
=
))(sin(
1
(5)
where: ρ is radius of cylindrical roller, fNi is friction
coefficient between the cylindrical rollers and their
houses and ωNi is relative rotational speed between
the cylindrical rollers and the cycloid disc.
Vertical component of force FNi is calculated
based on following expression:
The efficiency of cyclo drive can be calculated
as:
EM
KMaEM
P
N
WWWP )( ++−
=
η
(6)
3. CALCULATION OF CYCLO DRIVE
EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of cyclo drive by two presented
method is has calculated for input parameters in
Table 1.
Table 1. Cyclo drive parameters
Mark
Value
PEM
4,0 kW
nEM
1420 min-1
uCR
13
fr1, fr2 , fr3
fr1 = fr2 = fr3 = 0,003
fS1, fS2
fS2 = fS2 = 0,03
d0
8 mm
D0
14 mm
q
8
dvk
8 mm
Dvk
14 mm
Cyclo drive efficiency is calculated in program
created in MATLAB. Values of cyclo drive
efficiency are:
•
η
= 94,55% (Malhotra method),
•
η
= 95,03% (Gorla method).
Analysis of the influence of input power PEM,
input number of revolutions nEM and gear ratio uCR
on cyclo drive efficiency by both method is
presented in the paper, too (Figure 4, Figure 5 and
Figure 6).
Dependence of cyclo drive efficiency on input
power is presented on Figure 4. Input power was
varied in range from 3 kW to 5 kW. Increasing the
input power, cyclo drive efficiency is increasing,
too (from 93% to 96%). Values of efficiency
calculated by Malhotra [11] and Gorla [12] method
are very similar.
Figure 4. Dependence of cyclo drive efficiency
on input power
Figure 5. Dependence of cyclo drive efficiency
on input number of revolutions
Dependences of cyclo drive efficiency from
input number of revolutions is presented on Figure
5. Number of revolutions was varied from 1180
min-1 to 1660 min-1. Increasing the input number
of revolutions, cyclo drive efficiency decreases (for
both method, Figure 5).
Dependence of cyclo drive efficiency on gear
ratio is presented on Figure 6. Gear ratio was varied
in range from 11 to 16. Increasing the gear ratio
(Malhotra method), cyclo drive efficiency
decreases from 95% to 94%. For Gorla method,
cyclo drive efficiency increases from 94,8% to
95,3%.

13th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13 233
Figure 6. Dependence of cyclo drive efficiency
on gear ratio
4. CONCLUSION
Two methods for calculating of cyclo drive
efficiency are presented in this paper (Malhotra and
Gorla method). Their complete analytical models
are defined. The calculation of the cyclo drive
efficiency by both methods is done for the real one-
stage cyclo speed reducer.
By analyzing the results, it can be concluded the
next:
• One-stage cyclo drive has very high
efficiency,
• Both method (Malhotra and Gorla) have
very similar values for efficiency,
• With increasing of input power, cyclo drive
efficiency is increasing too,
• With increasing of input number of
revolutions, cyclo drive efficiency
decreases,
• With increasing of gear ratio, cyclo drive
efficiency decreases (Malhotra method), or
increases, (Gorla method).
REFERENCES
[1] M. Lehmann: Calculation and measurement of
forces acting on cycloidal speed reducer (in
German), PhD Thesis, Technical University
Munich, Germany, 1976.
[2] S.V. Thube, T.R. Bobak: Dynamic analysis of a
cycloidal gearbox using finite element method,
AGMA Technical Paper, 2012.
[3] M. Blagojević, V. Nikolić - Stanojević, N.
Marjanović, Lj. Veljović: Analysis of cycloid drive
dynamic behavior, Scientific Technical Review,
Vol. LIX, No. 1, pp. 52-56, 2009.
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loading to asses damping and efficiency of cyclo
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Vibration, 9-12. July, 2007, Cairns, Australia.
[5] J. Liu, S. Matsumura, B. Chen, H. Houjoh:
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Design, Systems and Manufacturing 6, pp. 2-14,
2012.
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