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Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2019, 7, 52-63
http://www.scirp.org/journal/jss
ISSN Online: 2327-5960
ISSN Print: 2327-5952
DOI:
10.4236/jss.2019.73004 Mar. 8, 2019 52 Open Journal of Social Sciences
The Role of Family in Dealing with Juvenile
Delinquency
Rosemary Kakonzi Mwangangi
Juvenile Justice, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Abstract
The overall purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between var-
ious family-related factors and crime. The study also attempted to ascertain
whether those factors can act as causative
agents for “juvenile delinquency”.
The study postulated that although there are different factors that impact on
the development of child character,
the family plays a central role in child
development and consequentially impacting on the character of a ch
ild. In
order to critically analyze the hypothesis of study,
the paper reviewed the
concepts of juvenile delinquency and family. Although the paper centered on
the family factors influencing delinquency,
it equally attached premium on
the non-family factors influencing levels of juvenile delinquency. The study
found out that there are several notable family-related factors that impact on
child crime. These include parental attitudes, the degree of family cohesion,
physical violence, and uninvolved parenting. There are also non-family fac-
tors that impact on juvenile delinquency, which include the failure of the ju-
venile justice system, poverty, a lack of access to education,
drug abuse and
genetic problems.
Keywords
Juvenile Delinquency, Family, Family Structures, Character Change, Child
Development, Social Cohesiveness, Emotional Skills, Marriage, Criminal
Acts, Antisocial Behaviour
1. Introduction
The family has been seen to be a critical element for child development and as a
determining factor for children’s subsequent involvement in crime. This paper
seeks to explore the relationship between various family-related factors and crime.
It also attempts to ascertain whether these factors can act as causative agents for
How to cite this paper:
Mwangangi, R.K.
(201
9)
The Role of Family in Dealing with
Juvenile Delinquency
.
Open Journal of
Social Sciences
,
7
, 52-63.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.73004
Received:
January 17, 2019
Accepted:
March 5, 2019
Published:
March 8, 2019
Copyright © 201
9 by author(s) and
Scientific
Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY
4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access
R. K. Mwangangi
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10.4236/jss.2019.73004 53 Open Journal of Social Sciences
“juvenile delinquency” or whether this is caused by the interaction between the
family and other external factors.
2. The Concepts of Family; Child Development;
and Juvenile Delinquency
2.1. The Concept of Family
The concept of family has received a variety of definitions, because families
vary greatly in their sizes and constituent parts. These various types of family
accomplish different things for their family members [1]. The Population Ref-
erence Bureau defines a family as a group of people held together by common
birth, marriage, residence, close emotional attachment or adoption [2], while
for Desai a family means a unit of two or more persons united by blood, mar-
riage, adoption or consensual union who interact and communicate with each
other. Families may also include people with common ancestors, as part of a li-
neage, clan or tribe. UNESCO broadly defines a family as being a social reality,
although the kinship unit and members do not have to share a common house-
hold [3].
Although there are a number of differences in the types of families found in
the world, they have certain things in common. For example, families serve sev-
eral important functions within society, including socialization, economic sup-
port, nurturing, protection of vulnerable members, and perpetuating the family
grouping [4]. In general, despite differences between cultures, families serve the
three basic goals of economic self-sufficiency, improving family circumstances
and perpetuating their existence.
The traditional concept of family includes responsibilities and functions such
as intimacy and affection, security, childbearing and child-rearing [5]. Tradi-
tional family tasks include assigning roles, assuring social interaction between
family members, providing physical care, allocating resources, maintaining mo-
rale and motivation and relating to external society and its institutions.
Increasing rates of divorce and remarriage have led to the emergence of re-
constituted families (stepfamilies), which represent households containing a
child or children who are biologically related to only one of the adults. Changes
in the social environment often require adaptations in family structure and
functioning.
2.2. Concept of Child Development
The term “child development” denotes the healthy growth of a child, including
emotional, intellectual, perceptual and behavioral capabilities. It is also a term
referring to the scientific study of the patterns of change, growth and stability
that occur from conception through to adolescence. The stages of development
include the “prenatal period” from conception to birth, the “infancy period”
from birth up to 2 years, “early childhood” from 2 until 6 years old, “middle
childhood” from 6 to 12 years old, and “adolescence” from 12 to 19 years old.
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2.3. Concept of Child Character Determination
According to John Watson, who is credited as being the father of American Be-
haviorist Theory, children are passive beings who can be molded by controlling
stimulus-response associations, while the U.S. Department of Education believes
that children can be taught to become responsible human beings. “Responsibili-
ty” has been defined by Mitton and Harris as being the capacity to make choices
and to accept the consequences of those choices, so positive child development
should aim to teach children to accept full responsibility for their actions [6]. For
the process of acquiring responsibility to be effective, children must understand
the values they are being taught and must habitually apply these values to their
lives. This underscores the importance of parental instruction, as children need
guidance from their parents to help them succeed in tasks. According to White-
bread and Wingham, habitual success in tasks makes children successful in life.
Conversely, unsuitable home conditions and an unstable family can lead to neg-
ative attitudes and habitual failure in tasks, which in turn encourages children to
become delinquents.
2.4. Concept of Child Character Determination
The concept of “juvenile delinquency” can be understood from different theo-
retical standpoints [7]. While sociologists believe that “juvenile delinquency”
encompasses a variety of violations of legal and social norms, ranging from mi-
nor to serious offenses [8] criminologists view “juvenile delinquency” as entail-
ing all the public wrongs committed by those between the ages of 12 and 20.
Sociologists assert that antisocial behavior may be the expression of either the
beginning of a long term culture of criminal activity or a normal part of the
process of growing up [9].
The United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency do
not classify anti-social conduct or youthful behavior as “juvenile delinquency” or
conduct that could lead to future criminal tendencies. Instead, these guidelines
are clear that such behavior is often part of the process of growth and matura-
tion and tends to disappear spontaneously in most individuals during the transi-
tion to adulthood. The United Nations note that there is a common tendency for
young people to commit some kind of petty offence at some point during their
adolescence, without them subsequently turning into career criminals. Similarly,
the World Youth Report of 2003 recognizes that child delinquency is a common
phenomenon during the transition from childhood to adulthood.
The UN found that juvenile delinquency is largely a group phenomenon, as
between two thirds and three quarters of all juvenile offences were found to have
been committed by young people who belonged to groups such as gangs. In the
Russian Federation, criminal activity among juveniles in groups was found to be
higher than that of adult offenders. This tendency for juveniles to indulge in
criminal activity while belonging to groups can be traced to the fact that juvenile
peer groups have certain unique characteristics, such as hierarchical organiza-
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tion, high levels of social cohesiveness, and a code of behavior that is based upon
a common rejection of the values and experiences of adults [10]. Delinquent or
criminal behavior is caused by certain groups and juvenile subcultures (
subcul-
tures of violence
) that tend to use violence and aggression as an acceptable and
even preferable means of solving interpersonal conflicts.
3. The Roles of the Family in Controlling Juvenile
Delinquency through Enhancing Child Development
Uwo
et al.
believe that the proper nurturing of children is the primary responsi-
bility of parents, because the values given to children and the type of training
they receive from their parents seem to largely determine their future life-style.
Parents help their children establish certain behavioral attitudes, and once estab-
lished these attitudes are difficult to change or suppress. Parents who instill an-
tisocial attitudes and behaviors in their children encourage such attitudes to
persist into adulthood [11].
Child development has emotional, intellectual, social and physical aspects,
with the family being the foundation upon which this development occurs. The
family structure plays an important role in shaping a child by providing security
and developing their, values and skills.
3.1. Development of the Security of a Child
Children rely on the family for their basic needs, such as clothing, shelter and
food, with their family providing their primary sense of physical security [12].
They also get emotional security from the family that can find nowhere else, al-
lowing children to grow in confidence and be able to express themselves fully.
Giving children a stable home routine also enables them to feel secure, as they
know they will eat, drink, bathe, and sleep at certain times without being dis-
turbed [13]. The different committee have also been established such as; Com-
mittee on the Rights of the Child, Human Rights Committee, Committee against
Torture, Human Rights Commissioner, their advocacy is a sign of security if
followed and implemented which is not always the case.
Security for children is a recipe for them to develop their skills and talents, grow
physically, and develop cognitively and emotionally. Security is also important in
building trust between children and family members. When children know that
they can trust those around them, they feel more comfortable and secure.
3.2. Development of a Child’s Values
The family plays an important role in inculcating norms and values within
children [14]. These include an understanding of right and wrong, respect, fair-
ness, compassion and responsibility [15]. Children learn these values by observ-
ing and emulating their parents’ behavior, and being taught by their parents.
Thus, children learn both the importance of these values and the consequences
of not observing them.
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3.3. Development of a Child’s Skills
The moment children are born, they start learning skills that include cognitive,
emotional, interactional and language skills [16]. These skills are acquired over
time and are very important as they shape a person and improve their ability to
fulfill their potential. For example, emotional skills are important for children as
they teach them how to deal with life’s difficulties and when to have sympathy
and compassion for others. Without emotional skills, children are inclined to
engage in destructive choices when they are older. For example, children with
low emotional skills are likely to engage in criminal activities [17].
4. The Impact of Different Family Structures (Married,
Cohabiting and Divorced Families) on Determining Child
Delinquency
4.1. Married Families
According to Wardle, children need a stable marriage between their mother and
father to be able to enjoy the best preparation and opportunities for life success
and happiness [18]. Marriage has a strong, positive and consistent effect on the
wellbeing of children, and appears to play an important role in contributing to
their happiness, health and security and thus to accord them optimal life oppor-
tunities [19]. Hafen views the positive effect of marriage as being the most im-
portant causal factor in determining the well-being of children.
Children with married parents are better placed to avoid some of the “growing
up disasters” associated with adolescence and childhood. For example, it has
been found that children who are brought up in single-parent households are at
a higher risk of experiencing educational and behavioral problems, such as a
tendency to engage in criminal acts. Specifically, it has been noted that the sepa-
ration of children from their fathers is a major cause of many social problems,
including adolescent pregnancy, crime, child sexual abuse and domestic vi-
olence. The National Report on Juvenile Offenders and Victims provided by The
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention of the U.S Justice De-
partment found that juveniles who lived with both parents were less likely to be
engaged in delinquent acts, including sexual violence and drug abuse. The Re-
port found that only 5% of youths who lived with both parents engaged in de-
linquent acts, as opposed to 12% of youths who lived in other family arrange-
ments. A similar report in 2010 found that 45% of youths who were in custody
for delinquent acts were from single-parent families, while 30% were from
two-parent families.
Raising children with both parents has thus proved to be beneficial in devel-
oping emotional health and increasing the likelihood of academic success in-
cluding college attendance. Consequently, the remarkable increases in divorce
and family break-ups since the 1970’s has led to significant family instability and
decreasing parental investment in children. This has had an adverse impact on
the character development of children and increased the likelihood of their in-
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volvement in delinquent acts.
4.2. Divorced Families
Parental divorce has been cited as a consistent predictor of juvenile delinquency
and a major parent-related risk factor for criminal development in childhood
and adolescence, [20] leading to increased criminal convictions and antisocial
behavior. Disciplinary and behavioral issues have been studied from many theo-
retical perspectives, including the emotional distress that derives from parental
divorce. It appears that children from one-parent families are more likely to be
unemployed, drop out of school, have lower psychological well-being and en-
gage in sexual violence than children from two-parent families [21]. The transi-
tion from a two-parent to a single-parent family often results in the loss of eco-
nomic resources, because there is only one bread-winner in the family, and
causes a decrease in child supervision [22]. Fathers who live in separate house-
holds also tend to have less contact with their children, thus undermining com-
mitment and trust.
According to Amato, post-divorce negative outcomes, such as the transfer of
children to other schools, can lead to economic hardship, as well as causing the
disruption of family structures [23]. Such disruptions have been found to in-
crease poverty and depression, and cause ineffective parenting strategies that in
turn lead to high rates of criminal behavior. The correlation between divorce
and delinquency has been disputed by Capaldi and Patterson, however, who be-
lieve that delinquency can be due to some mothers having antisocial personali-
ties [24].
4.3. Cohabiting Families
A study of 74 child offenders by Sarantakos has shown that 74% come from fam-
ilies with cohabiting partners, while only 26% are from those with married
couples [25]. Moreover, while 49% of the children from families with cohabiting
couples committed two or more offences, just 21% of those from married
couples committed two or more offences, and only the children from cohabiting
couples committed three or more offences. These findings are clearly linked to
the family environments of most offenders, which are characterized by low inte-
gration, instability, domestic violence, hostile parental attitudes, parental indif-
ference and parental conflicts. The study did not find a causal relationship be-
tween delinquency and cohabitation as a lifestyle.
5. Family Factors Influencing Levels of Juvenile Delinquency
5.1. Parental Attitudes
For children, family is the major source of companionship, affection and reas-
surance. The nature of the relationship between parents and their children helps
to determine whether a child becomes a delinquent. Affectionate, supportive,
and understanding homes are likely to promote conformist and constructive so-
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cial behavior, because a positive family environment leads to healthy personality
development. Conversely, a lack of parental affection and support, or in more
severe cases parental indifference, hostility or rejection, causes children to feel
emotionally insecure and leads to poor personality development, thus encour-
aging antisocial or delinquent behavior. Negative parental attitudes often include
scolding and a lack of love [26].
Another negative attitude is that of authoritarian parenting, where excessive
control, using harsh and strict commands, deprives children of the freedom to
express themselves. The suppression of free expression and an absence of love
encourage children to revolt against their parents, to run away from their fami-
lies, and consequently to enter a life of crime.
Negative parental attitudes, including concealing information or failing to re-
spond to questions, have been shown to induce feelings of emotional and social
insecurity in children. Such insecurity can degenerate into children developing
mental problems, or can lead to delinquent behavior.
5.2. Level of Family Cohesion
Shields and Clark have noted that low levels of family cohesion are likely to
lead to juvenile crime [27]. Similarly, Sarantakos found that 73% of juvenile
offenders came from families with low cohesion, while just 27% of offenders
came from families with high cohesion. He also found that while 91% of
non-offenders came from high-cohesion families, only 9% of non-offenders came
from low-cohesion families.
5.3. Level of Violence
The level of violence between parents and towards their children can also influ-
ence levels of juvenile delinquency. Sarantakos found that 78% of child offenders
came from families that experienced physical violence and child abuse, while
only 22% of child offenders came from non-violent homes. Non-offenders are
much more likely to come from non-violent homes than from those that are
subject to physical or emotional violence.
5.4. Uninvolved Parenting
According to Hearne, “uninvolved parenting” describes situations where parents
are emotionally distant from their children and show little warmth and love to-
wards them, provide little supervision, intentionally avoid them, have few ex-
pectations or demands for their behavior, never attend school events, and are
generally too overwhelmed by their own problems to deal with their children
[28]. Sarantakos argues that juvenile offenders are more likely to come from
families with uninvolved parenting than from those with interested parents. He
found that approximately two thirds of offenders came from families in which
the children perceived their parents to show no interest in them, while only one
third of offenders came from families with parents who were interested in them.
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Similarly, 86% of non-offenders came from families with parents who were “in-
terested” in their children.
6. Non Family Factors Influencing Levels of Juvenile
Delinquency
6.1. Poverty
Birckhead has shown that an inability to afford certain basic commodities such
as food and clothing, has significantly contributed to juvenile delinquency [29].
Areas with high rates of poverty have correspondingly high rates of juvenile de-
linquency. Registered juvenile delinquents are concentrated in urban areas that
coincide with low poverty indices, while they are thinly scattered in better resi-
dential areas. High concentrations of juvenile delinquents can thus be found in
the slums of large cities, associated with extreme levels of poverty, bad housing,
overcrowding and a severe lack of recreational facilities.
6.2. Lack of Access to Education
Lack of access to education is also a major contributor to juvenile delinquency
[30]. Factors preventing children gaining access to education include the costs of
schooling, distance from schools, abusive or absent teachers, and poor quality
teaching. A lack of education may result in desperation and idleness among
children, encouraging them to engage in delinquent activities.
6.3. Drug Abuse
Drug abuse has been found to be a major contributor to juvenile delinquency, as
drugs have a number of highly negative impacts on children. For example,
children who persistently abuse drugs tend to experience learning difficulties,
poor peer and family relationships and health problems [31]. Drug abuse can
also cause compulsive economic behavior, a condition in which some drug users
resort to violence as a way of supporting their addiction [32]. Drugs can also re-
duce cognitive ability, thus exposing users to episodes of miscommunication and
limiting their capacity for compromise and for rational dialogue.
6.4. Delinquency Caused by Genetic Factors
Some children are born with antisocial personality disorder, a condition that is
associated with abnormal/destructive thinking, perception and relationships
with others [33]. This condition is closely linked with delinquent behavior, as
persons suffering from this condition have no regard for right and wrong, and
often engage in drug abuse and violence, leading to them being reprimanded as
juvenile delinquents [34].
7. Conclusion
This paper sought to assess the role of the family in contributing to juvenile de-
linquency. After examining the two concepts of family; child development; and
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juvenile delinquency, the paper concludes that the family has an important role
in determining whether a child might engage in delinquency or antisocial acts.
Owing to the centrality of families in children’s lives, they play a crucial role in
developing children’s values, skills and sense of self. The development of child-
ren thus greatly influences their future character and the likelihood of them en-
gaging in delinquent acts. Last and not least, it is very important to encourage
the formation of parents and to promote public policies that support the family
as a qualitative space for communication and affective relationships, with all
that, there is urgent need of relevant strategies on child protection with specific
focus on preventing child abuse, negligence among others which in some cases
has extended to gang recruitment and access to small arms, hence juvenile de-
linquency.
8. Recommendations
On the basis of the finding that the family plays a central role in determining the
levels of juvenile delinquency, this study makes the following recommendations:
1) There is need for an emphasis on the importance of stable family structures
as a means of offering children secure households in which they can be taught
and absorb constructive social values. This will help in reducing the rate of
child delinquency.
2) Governments ought to reconsider their economic policies in order to miti-
gate poverty levels in families. Specifically, governments should consider
making provisions for free educational opportunities, counseling, and men-
toring programs for children.
3) The juvenile justice system ought to be remodeled to take into account the
numerous factors that cause juvenile crime, and consequently offer viable
and all-inclusive solutions. In specific terms, the juvenile justice systems
should be structured to address child crimes from a solution’s perspective but
not treat the same from a linear approach of offenses and penalties.
4) There is need for multi-sectorial engagement in offering solutions to juvenile
crime. Sectors including the community, schools, the religious communities
and government authorities need to engage combined efforts to address ju-
venile crime. This is in contradistinction to the contemporary approach of
reserving juvenile offenses to the justice system.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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