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Travel To Work In India: Current Patterns and Future Concerns
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... Women tend to depend on public transport more than men [24]; women lack access to personal motorized vehicles, making public transit the most affordable motorized mode. The role of women as primary caregivers (despite their employment status) results in a more 'complex' travel demand than men who essentially have a single work trip demand. ...
Gender and mobility are strongly related and address challenges of safety and accessibility for women. Studies worldwide highlight the need to create more gender-responsive transport systems that maximize women's mobility, civic participation, and safety. Gender inequality in urban transport is evident in Indian cities in terms of women's longer walking trip lengths, longer time spent in commute and hence time poverty, impoverished health, and compromised personal safety. Even the public transport systems, often perceived as more gender-equal, overlook women's needs and mobility concerns such as affordability and scheduling. This article presents transportation challenges faced by women (recorded through primary surveys and focus-group discussions) and further investigates how low-carbon urban transport, as perceived under the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), can be delivered with gender-equitable outcomes. For a more holistic perspective, the assessment is grounded in two Indian cities, Surat (4.5 million population), a fast-growing industrial metropolis, and Udaipur (0.5 million population), a small but important tourist destination in the nation.
... I Based on figure 8, the majority trips in all size of urban areas are less than five km (only a few large/ megacities have comparatively higher average trip lengths). Tiwari and Singh (2018) Despite spending vast amounts of money to develop the metro systems, the modal share of the system in most cities remains dismal. Moreover, metro systems also increase the access and egress time, making shorter trips even more time intensive. ...
A shift towards sustainable transport could save hundreds of thousands of lives every year and deliver savings of 2 trillion worldwide, similar to the current “business as usual” spending of 2.1 trillion. Investment required in public transport in the years to come will be very large and investment decisions taken need to be coherent with the goal of enhancing access to opportunities. This implies shifting the focus of mobility policies from accommodating traffic growth through expanding road capacity to facilitating access through more affordable and sustainable transport modes, covering formal and informal public transport, walking and cycling. When considering full transport costs, including fuel, expenses and congestion costs, sustainable transport can deliver savings of $70 trillion by 2050.
... The density of highways is also not a correspondent of the longer trips. Instead, a study shows that the proportion of shorter trips is more in greater-density highway states than the lower-density ones (Tiwari and Nishant, 2018). ...
The last few decades have witnessed several dynamics in the global transportation scenario like shifting toward a sustainable transport system, implementing integrated land-use transport planning concepts, a strengthened transportation system with stable Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT), and a sturdy structure combining Information Technology (IT) and sustainable parameters. Last Mile connectivity (LMC) is a globally acclaimed sustainable measure in urban transportation. It discourses the issues commonly faced in recent times concerning environmental, economic, and social aspects of transit systems. In this paper, the authors have attempted to review various articles and literature documents concerning the global and contextual scenarios to understand the status of LMC in India. Published methodologies by multiple researchers are followed to analyze the literature documents, and subsequently, the descriptions and synthesis are summarized in outlined sections. Thus, this paper aims to understand the policy and implementation approaches for LMC in Indian cities and analyze the impact on the current transportation scenario. Finally, it outlines the status of LMC and briefly promotes the future scope toward building a sustainable environment holistically.
... The density of highways is also not a correspondent of the longer trips. Instead, a study shows that the proportion of shorter trips is more in greater-density highway states than the lower-density ones (Tiwari and Nishant, 2018). ...
The last few decades have witnessed several dynamics in the global transportation scenario like shifting toward a sustainable transport system, implementing integrated land-use transport planning concepts, a strengthened transportation system with stable Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT), and a sturdy structure combining Information Technology (IT) and sustainable parameters. Last Mile connectivity (LMC) is a globally acclaimed sustainable measure in urban transportation. It discourses the issues commonly faced in recent times concerning environmental, economic, and social aspects of transit systems. In this paper, the authors have attempted to review various articles and literature documents concerning the global and contextual scenarios to understand the status of LMC in
India. Published methodologies by multiple researchers are followed to analyze the literature documents, and subsequently, the descriptions and synthesis are summarized in outlined sections. Thus, this paper aims to understand the policy and implementation approaches for LMC in Indian cities and analyze the impact on the current transportation scenario. Finally, it outlines the status of LMC and briefly promotes the future scope toward building a sustainable environment holistically.
Research on the importance and performance of work trip attributes for users of different transportation modes—such as public transit, two-wheelers, and four-wheelers—and their impact on travel satisfaction remains limited. This gap is particularly evident when considering the influence of negative externalities of urban transport on travel satisfaction in developing countries. This study seeks to fill this gap by performing an importance-performance analysis of work trip attributes and evaluating the impact of these attributes on travel satisfaction through the use of an ordered hybrid choice model. Findings underscore the significant impact of negative externalities on work trip-related travel satisfaction across all mode users. Additionally, a higher travel cost is negatively associated while a lower travel time is positively associated with travel satisfaction. Higher-income individuals and four-wheeler users exhibit relatively high travel satisfaction compared with two-wheeler and public transit users. Furthermore, the analysis of work trip attributes reveals that the most crucial factors are the access time for public transit users, travel time reliability and travel time delay for four-wheeler users, and the risk of road crashes for two-wheeler users. The study's findings offer insights for policymakers and planners when prioritizing strategies within the urban transport sector in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR). On a global research scale, the study advocates for the inclusion of negative externalities in travel satisfaction research, emphasizing their pivotal role in shaping the travel experience.
There has been an increase in the urban population coupled with economic opportunities which have motorized and privatized travel patterns. Private motorized vehicles are given priority right of way, which has made pedestrians the most vulnerable set of road users. The policies governing walkability in Indian cities do not recommend grade-separated foot over bridges (FOBs) because the shortest direct route at crossings must be given to pedestrians. The current study looks at mobility parameters and the sociological perspective of pedestrians for utilization of FOBs in Delhi and suggests improvements for conducive pedestrian movement. It is found that in Delhi, 23% of people walk to work as compared to 3% of work trips by cars/vans/jeeps and 13% in scooters/motorcycles/mopeds yet infrastructure does not favour pedestrians. The four indicators selected were comfort, accessibility, security, and connectivity. Using the indicators, the locations studied were FOBs at Azadpur Chowk, IIT Gate and ITO. The ITO FOB scored the maximum but lacks accessibility for all users. From the survey, it was observed pedestrians crossing twice a day prefer crossing at grade and the younger population between 21 and 30 years were found to use the FOBs more compared to other age groups. For easy access, escalators are a must for pedestrians irrespective of their gender. Based on observations at the site and primary survey, improvements for mid-block crossings at IIT Gate and ITO and intersection crossing at Azadpur Chowk were recommended to propose better accessible and user-friendly pedestrian crossing facilities.KeywordsFoot over bridges (FOB)PedestriansDelhiWalkabilitySustainable transport
Globally, the increase in pedestrian fatalities due to road traffic crashes (Rtcs) on transport networks has been a major concern. in low- and middle-income countries (lMics), pedestrians face a high risk due to Rtcs on the rural highway network. the safety evaluation methods, such as observational before-after, empirical Bayes, full Bayes, and cross-sectional methods have been used to identify risk factors of Rtcs. however, these methods are data-intensive and have associated limitations. thus, this study employed a matched case–control method to identify the risk factors of fatal pedestrian crashes. this study utilized crash, traffic volume, speed, geometric, and roadside environment data of a 175 km six-lane rural highway in india. the identified major risk factors, such as clear zone width, the presence of habitation, service roads, and horizontal curve sections, increase the likelihood of a fatal pedestrian crash. this study provides specific insights for modifying the speed limit of highway sections passing through habitation. On such highway sections, designers should shift focus to pedestrian safety. it also suggests that the service road design needs to be reconsidered from a pedestrian safety viewpoint. the proposed method can be used in any other setting having similar traffic and socio-economic conditions.
In the recent years, there has been an increase in research exploring the factors that influence mode choice for commuting. Yet, the impact of gender (female vs. male) and work profile (formal vs. informal) on mode choice for decision-making is not well-known, especially in the Indian context. In this study, a multi-criteria decision-making tool was utilized to bridge this gap, exploring which attributes are most important to respondents from different genders and work backgrounds while choosing a mode of transportation for commuting. Focus group discussions were conducted at six selected locations. Using Fuzzy-AHP (analytical hierarchy process), it was determined that female respondents and formal workers place the greatest importance on travel time and safety, while male respondents and informal workers place the greatest importance on travel cost. In terms of their influence on mode selection, comfort and privacy were the least weighted factors for all four groups. Also, among the four categories, formal workers attributed the significant weight to hygiene and cleanliness (10%). In addition, it was revealed using Kendall's Concordance test that gender and work profiles are associated with the mode of transportation chosen by respondents for commuting. By examining the factors influencing intercity travel for commuting, traffic departments can gain insight into passengers' travel decision structures and develop an effective policy for travel demand management.
This chapter is concerned with a more detailed explanation of some of the methods that are provided for working with the spatial classes described in Chap. 2. We first consider the question of the spatial support of observations, going on to cover the handling and combination of features using in particular the rgeos package. Next we consider map overlay, also known as spatial join operations, including aggregation, extract operations in the raster package, and spatial sampling.
Outline
This paper describes the context for an interest in travel-to-work patterns by those concerned with labour market analysis and local economic development. The scope, coverage and content of Census of Population and local survey data on travel-to-work patterns are reviewed, and their strengths and weaknesses compared. Examples of the types of information which can be extracted from various sources are used to illustrate similarities and variations in travel-to-work patterns by population subgroup, and analyses on travel-to-work times and the geographical extent of job search areas derived from local labour force surveys are presented.
