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The Effect of Different Amounts of Cinnamon Consumption on Blood Glucose in Healthy Adult Individuals

Authors:

Abstract

Background: This study was aimed at investigating the effect of consumption of different amounts of cinnamon on preprandial blood glucose (PrBG), postprandial blood glucose (PoBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and body mass index (BMI). Methods: This study was carried out on 41 healthy adult individuals. The individuals were divided into 3 groups and monitored for 40 days. The first, second, and third groups were given 1 g/day, 3 g/day, and 6 g/day cinnamon, respectively. Before the beginning of the consumption of cinnamon, HbA1c and PrBG blood tests of the individuals were examined on an empty stomach at family practice centers. Two hours after these tests were carried out and breakfast, PoBG tests were performed. Results: According to the findings of the study, the differences between the average weight measurements, BMI values, and HbA1c values before consumption on days 20 and 40 were not statistically significant in the individuals consuming 1 g, 3 g, and 6 g of cinnamon a day. The difference between the average PrBG measurements was found to be significant in the individuals consuming 6 g of cinnamon per day. The difference between the average PoBG measurements before consumption on days 20 and 40 was significant in the individuals consuming 1 g, 3 g, and 6 g of cinnamon per day. Conclusions: In particular a 3-6 g of cinnamon consumption was found to affect certain blood parameters of individuals positively. Therefore, it is considered to be beneficial to raise awareness of individuals to be conscious to regularly consume cinnamon.
Research Article
The Effect of Different Amounts of Cinnamon Consumption on
Blood Glucose in Healthy Adult Individuals
Nildem Kizilaslan 1and Nihal Zekiye Erdem2
1Istanbul Medipol University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Turkey
2Istanbul Medipol University School of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Turkey
Correspondence should be addressed to Nildem Kizilaslan; nildemkizilaslan@gmail.com
Received 7 December 2018; Accepted 14 February 2019; Published 4 March 2019
Academic Editor: Vita Di Stefano
Copyright ©  Nildem Kizilaslan and Nihal Zekiye Erdem. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
Background. is study wasaimed at investigating the eect of consumption of dierent amountsof cinnamon on preprandial blood
glucose (PrBG), postprandial blood glucose (PoBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAc),and body mass index (BMI). Methods. is
study was carried out on  healthy adult individuals. e individuals weredivided into  groups and monitoredfor  days. e rst,
second, and third groups were given  g/day, g/day, and g/day cinnamon, respectively. Before the beginning of the consumption
of cinnamon, HbAc and PrBG blood tests of the individuals were examined on an empty stomach at family practice centers. Two
hours aer these tests were carried out and breakfast, PoBG tests were performed. Results. According to the ndings of the study,
the dierences between the average weight measurements, BMI values, and HbAc values before consumption on days  and 
were not statistically signicant in the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g of cinnamon a day. e dierence between the average
PrBG measurements was found to be signicant in the individuals consuming  g of cinnamon per day. e dierence between the
average PoBG measurements before consumption on days  and  was signicant in the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g
of cinnamon per day. Conclusions. In particular a – g of cinnamon consumption was found to aect certain blood parameters
of individuals positively. erefore, it is considered to be benecial to raise awareness of individuals to be conscious to regularly
consume cinnamon.
1. Introduction
e most common metabolic disease in the world is reported
to be type  diabetes. It is estimated that this disease will
rise to  million by  []. e cause of type  diabetes
is considered to be multifactorial. However, it is stated that
nutrition has a signicant role in the disease’s turning into a
chronic disease [].
e chemical content of cinnamon species is seen to
be dierent from each other. Accordingly, while the Chi-
nese cinnamon has –% cinnamaldehyde, this ratio
is –% in the Ceylon cinnamon. Moreover, this ratio
varies according to the quality of the cinnamon. Studies
have shown that ground cinnamon is more eective than
its extract. It has been reported in clinical studies that
Chinese cinnamon is more eective than Ceylon cinnamon
[].
Today, it is seen that research studies arguing that cin-
namon can be used against diabetes, which has become an
important health problem, have increased.
One of the most discussed eects of cinnamon has been
its eect of regulating individuals’ insulin resistance and
preprandial blood glucose [–]. Cinnamon is also claimed to
be a natural insulin stimulant [, ]. e natural agents found
in cinnamon serve as insulin to keep the blood glucose level
stable [].
Cinnamon exhibits characteristics that mimic insulin,
such as the ac tivity of biologically ac tive substances to act ivate
insulin receptor kinase, increasing glucose uptake, autophos-
phorylation of the insulin receptor, and glycogen synthase
activity []. It has been stated that cinnamon increases
glycogen storage by aecting the glycogen synthesis activity
[]. In a study, it was found that the cinnamon peel extract
would increase insulin sensitivity and raise glucose intake
Hindawi
International Journal of Food Science
Volume 2019, Article ID 4138534, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4138534
International Journal of Food Science
[]. Water-soluble components of cinnamon have been
found to enhance the eectiveness of the insulin signaling
pathway [].
ere is evidence that cinnamon provides glucose regu-
lation. It is not known for sure whether it controls the type 
diabetes mellitus []. Procyanidin type-A polymers found in
cinnamon are stated to improve insulin receptor autophos-
phorylation and, thus, show their eect by increasing the
sensitivity to insulin [].
It has been shown that cinnamon, which is rich in
polyphenolic components, reduces oxidative stress and cor-
rects impaired preprandial glucose if consumed  mg/dl a
day for  weeks [].
Studies that examine the eects of cinnamon on individ-
uals are mostly focused on individuals who are not healthy.
However, literature reviews show that studies on the eects
of cinnamon consumption on healthy individuals are quite
insucient. is study was aimed at investigating the eect
of consumption of dierent amounts of cinnamon on PrBG,
PoBG,HbAc,andBMIinhealthyindividuals.
2. Material and Method
2.1. Research Agenda and Sample. e study was conducted
as a randomized-controlled clinical trial at the family practice
centers, Tokat/Turkey. is study was carried out between
March  and April , , on healthy and voluntary
adult individuals. Healthy and voluntary  adult people
participated in the study. e participants were divided into
 groups according to the amounts of their daily cinnamon
consumption. e research was completed with  people
in group ,  people in group , and  people in group
. Individuals without chronic disease and not using drugs
were included in the study. Individuals with an allergy to
cinnamon, patients with symptoms suggestive of peptic ulcer
disease and those with a past history of peptic ulceration,
patients with chronic illness, and individuals using medi-
cal drugs were not included in the study. is study was
conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the
Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving human
subjects/patients were approved by the Istanbul Medipol
University Non-Interventional Clinical Researches Ethical
Council. All persons gave their informed consent prior to
their inclusion in the study. is research did not receive
any specic grant from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or not-for-prot sectors.
2.2. Data Collection. e individuals in the rst, second, and
third groups who participated in the study were given  g/day,
 g/day, and  g/day cinnamon, respectively. Cinnamon was
prepared completely by the researcher. When cinnamon was
prepared by the researcher, its freshness, shelf life, quality,
lack of additives, storage conditions, and shape were taken
into consideration. Cinnamomum cassia type cinnamon peel
was brought to an herbalist to specially have it ground. By
considering the amounts of consumption, g,  g, and  g
ground cinnamon bags were prepared for the individuals
in each group. Each person was given  bags of ground
cinnamon depending on the amount he or she used. e
participants were recommended to take the cinnamon by
mixing it with some apple and milk. It was explained to
the individuals what would be done aer the th day of
the – days of cinnamon consumption. Body weights
(kg) and heights (cm) of the individuals were measured by
the researcher before they begun to consume cinnamon. A
portable stadiometer device was used to measure the heights.
Body weight measurements were carried out by using a +/-
 g precision digital scale. e body mass indices (BMI) of
the individuals were calculated with the following formula.
BMI kg/m2=Body Weight kg
Height (m)2()
Messages were sent to each individual personally every day
in order to inform and remind them, and a mailing group
was created. rough this formation, it was ensured that they
consumed cinnamon every day. Before the beginning of the
consumption of cinnamon, aer fasting for at least  hours,
preprandial blood glucose (PrBG) was obtained from the
subjects in the morning. Two hours aer these tests were
carried out and breakfast, postprandial blood glucose (PoBG)
tests were performed. Blood samples concentration in the
serum was determined by the hexokinase method. HbAc
was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
e serum samples were centrifuged for  minutes at a speed
of  rpm before the analyses. e same procedures for
preprandial blood glucose (PrBG) and postprandial blood
glucose were repeated on days  and  aer the start
of consumption. At the same time, the same procedure for
HbAc was repeated on day  aer the start of consumption.
e study was registered in family practice centers.
2.3. Statistical Methods Performed for Data Analysis. e
SPSS . package program was used for the statistical analy-
ses of the study. In statistical analyses, the data were expressed
through descriptive values, arithmetic means ±standard
deviations, minimum and maximum values, frequencies, and
percentages. e chi-square test was used when comparing
two or more independent groups in categorical variables, and
the normality of the numerical variables was tested using
the Shapiro-Wilk test [, ]. Parametric paired (dependent)
samples t-tests were carried out for the data with normal
distribution in two dependent groups, and parametric one-
way analyses of variance for repeated measures were used for
the data with normal distribution in more than two groups.
e analysis results were interpreted by evaluating at %
condence interval and p<. signicance level.
3. Results
3.1. Certain Demographic Characteristics of Individuals. e
distribution according to gender and age groups of the
individuals consuming cinnamon is given in Table . Of the
individuals voluntarily participating in the study, .%
were female and .% were male. e average age of the
individuals was .±. years. Of the individuals, .%
wereintheagegroupof,.%wereintheagegroup
International Journal of Food Science
T : Distribution of the cinnamon-consuming individuals by gender and age groups.
cinnamon consumption levels of individuals (g/day)
g g g Total P
Gender Number % Number % Number % Number % .
Women  .  .  .  .
Men  .  .  .  .
Total  .  .  .  .
Age groups .±. .±. .±. .±. .
- . . .  .
- . . .  .
+ . . .  .
Total  .  .  .  .
e chi-square test was used when calculating the p values.
T : Distribution of the cinnamon-consuming individuals according to their anthropometric measurements.
cinnamon consumption levels of individuals (g/day)
g g g
Wom e n Me n Wom e n Men Wome n Me n
Height
(cm) . ±.     .   ±. .±. .±. . ±. .±.
Mean±SD . ±. .±. . ±.  
Weig h t
(kg)
Body
Weig h t .±. .±.     .   ±. .±.     .   ±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
Body
Weig h t .±. .±.     .   ±. .±.     .   ±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
Body
Weig h t .±. .±. .±. .±.     .   ±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
P∗∗∗ . . .
BMI (kg/m2)
BMI ∗∗ .±. .±. .±. .±. .±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
BMI∗∗ .±. .±. .±. .±. .±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
BMI ∗∗ .±. .±. .±. .±. .±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
P∗∗∗ . . .
Body Weight : Before Consumption; Body Weight : Day ; Body Weight : Day 
∗∗BMI: Before Consumption; BMI: Day ; BMI Day 
∗∗∗One-way ANOVA for Repeated Measures was used when calculating the p values.
of,and.%wereintheagegroupofandabove.
ere was no statistically signicant dierence between the
levels of cinnamon consumption according to gender and age
groups of the individuals (p>.).
3.2. Height, Weight, and Anthropometric Measurements
of the Cinnamon-Consuming Individuals by Gender. e
distribution of the cinnamon-consuming individuals accord-
ing to their anthropometric measurements is given in Table .
Proportionally, there was no signicant change between the
preconsumption and postconsumption average body weights
of the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g of cinnamon.
Based on the analysis, there was no statistically signicant
dierence between the average body weight measurements
International Journal of Food Science
T : Eect of cinnamon on preprandial blood glucose level.
preprandial blood clucose (mg/dl)
Consumption Levels (g/day) before consumption () on day  () on day  () PResult
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.  
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) 0.035 significant(1-3)
One-way ANOVA for Repeated Measures was used when calculating the p values.
T : Eect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose level.
postprandial blood glucose (mg/dl)
Consumption Levels (g/day) before consumption () on day  () on day  () PResult
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) 0.028 significant(2-3)
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) 0.018 significant(1-3)
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) 0.017 significant(1-3)
One-way ANOVA for Repeated Measures was used when calculating the p values.
on days  and  before the start of the consumption of
cinnamon (p>.). ere were no proportional dierences
between the BMI averages before and aer consuming cinna-
mon. ere was no statistically signicant dierence between
the average BMI measurements on days  and  before the
start of the consumption of cinnamon (p>.).
3.3. Analysis of the Effect of Cinnamon on Blood Glucose
3.3.1. Preprandial Blood Glucose (PrBG) Level. Tabl e  shows
the eect of cinnamon on preprandial blood glucose levels of
the individuals.
Compared to the initial measurements of average pre-
prandial blood glucose levels of the individuals consuming
cinnamon, there were decreases in averages on days  and
, specically, .% and .% in those consuming  g of
cinnamon per day, .% and .% in those consuming  g of
cinnamon per day, and .% and .% in those consuming
 g of cinnamon per day, respectively. ere was no statisti-
cally signicant dierence between the average preprandial
blood glucose measurements before the consumption of
cinnamon on days  and  in the individuals consuming
g and  g of cinnamon per day (p>.). However, there
was a statistically signicant dierence between the average
preprandial blood glucose measurements before the con-
sumption of cinnamon on days  and  in the individuals
consuming  g of cinnamon per day (p<.). e signicant
dierence was found to be between the average preprandial
blood glucose level before consumption () and the average
preprandial blood glucose level on day  (). Accordingly,
the average preprandial blood glucose level measured aer
day  showed a signicant decline compared to the average
preprandial blood glucose level before consumption.
3.3.2. Postprandial Blood Glucose (PoBG) Level. Ta b l e 
shows the eect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose
levels of the individuals.
Compared to the initial measurements, an average of
.% of decline was observed on day  of the cinnamon
consumption in the postprandial blood sugar levels of the
individuals consuming  g of cinnamon per day, and an
averageof.%declinewasobservedonday.Statisti-
cally signicant dierences were found between the average
postprandial blood glucose levels of the individuals on the
initial day, on day  and day  (p<.). e signicant
dierencewasfoundtobebetweentheaveragepostprandial
blood glucose level on day  () and that on day  ().
Accordingly, the average postprandial blood glucose level
measured aer day  showed a signicant decline compared
to the average postprandial blood glucose level on day .
Compared to the initial measurements, an average of
.% of decline was observed on day  of the cinnamon
consumption in the postprandial blood sugar levels of the
individuals consuming  g of cinnamon per day, and an
average of .% decline was observed on day . e
postprandial blood glucose of the individuals consuming
g of cinnamon per day decreased similarly by .%
and .%, respectively. ere was a statistically signicant
dierence between the average postprandial blood glucose
measurements before the consumption of cinnamon on
days  and  in the individuals consuming g and  g
of cinnamon per day (p<.). e signicant dierence
was found to be between the average postprandial blood
glucose level before the beginning of cinnamon consump-
tion () and that on day  (). Accordingly, the aver-
age postprandial blood glucose level measured aer day
 showed a signicant decline compared to the average
International Journal of Food Science
T : e eect of cinnamon on the HbAc level.
HbAc level (%)
Consumption Levels (g/day) before consumption () on day () PResult
g . ±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
g . ±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
g . ±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
Paired samples t-tests were used when calculating the p values.
postprandial blood glucose level before the consumption of
cinnamon.
3.3.3. HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) Level. Ta b l e  s hows
the eect of cinnamon on the HbAc levels of the individuals.
Compared to the initial measurements, .% decline
was observed on day  of the cinnamon consumption in
the average HbAc levels of the individuals consuming  g of
cinnamon per day, .% decline in those consuming  g per
day, and .% decline in those consuming  g per day. ere
was no statistically signicant dierence between the average
HbAc level measurements before consumption and on day
 in the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g of cinnamon
per day (p>.).
4. Discussion
Considering the studies on individuals, it is seen that there
are positive eects of cinnamon consumption in healthy
individuals, although they have dierences. Predominantly
the studies on individuals who are not healthy attract atten-
tion in both the national and the international literature.
Studies on healthy individuals were observed to be very
limited. In this regard, studies on the eects of cinnamon
consumption of healthy individuals on blood glucose, as well
as studies on nonhealthy individuals, were covered. e main
aimofthisapproachwastoobservetheeectsofcinnamon
consumption not only on individuals who are healthy but
also on individuals who are not healthy, in terms of the blood
parameters that were addressed.
In a study on healthy individuals,  dierent oral glucose
tests were administered to  healthy individuals. Accordingly,
the individuals have consumed  g of placebo,  g of cinna-
mon, and  g of cinnamon  hours aer the oral glucose
test. In the group that consumed cinnamon, there was a
signicant decline in the total plasma glucose response, and
insulin sensitivity developed []. In another study of the
same researchers on healthy individuals, they have found that
cinnamon has made improvements in glucose and insulin
sensitivity during -day periods [].
In the study of Tang et al., it was found that there was
no change in preprandial blood glucose and blood lipids at
the end of  weeks in healthy individuals who were given
cinnamon [].
It was found also in the present study that dierent levels
of cinnamon consumption caused a decrease in preprandial
blood glucose levels, although small in magnitude. It was
seen that there was also a statistically signicant dierence
between the average preprandial blood glucose measure-
ments before beginning the consumption of cinnamon and
on day  in the individuals consuming  g of cinnamon per
day.
In the study of Kim et al., hydroxycinnamic acid was
obtained by rening from cinnamon. ey investigated this
acid as an antidiabetic derivative. ey found that it had the
highest glucose transport activity. ey determined that it
reduced the plasma glucose by improving glucose transport
[]. In a study of obese and normal weight individuals, in the
measurements made  minutes aer cinnamon consump-
tion, cinnamon was found to reduce the postprandial blood
glucose in both groups [].
It was seen also in the present study that there were
proportional declines in the postprandial blood glucose levels
of the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g of cinnamon
compared to the initial measurements and that there were
statistically signicant dierences, as well.
In a placebo-controlled study on  volunteer patients
over the age of , the volunteers were given  g,  g, and
 g of ground cinnamon aer meals for the rst  days,
and a placebo treatment was administered for the next 
days. Serum glucose levels dropped by –%. e supple-
mentationofgofgroundcinnamonperdaywasfoundto
improve preprandial blood glucose and blood lipid prole.
ere was no signicant change in the amount of ground
cinnamon supplementation in the placebo group []. Because
the target group was composed of diseased individuals, the
study has shown that cinnamon causes signicant positive
proportional changes in the blood glucose prole based on
the implementation. is may be attributed to the severity
of the diseased patients impaired preprandial blood glucose
levels.
However,asinthepresentstudy,thedeclineinthehealthy
individuals remained proportional at lower levels. is can be
explained by the fact that preprandial blood glucose levels are
within the normal range in healthy individuals. erefore, it
is possible to say that cinnamon consumed at certain amounts
contributes highly positively to the impaired preprandial
blood glucose levels of diseased individuals whereas it mainly
plays a regulating role in the preprandial blood glucose levels
in healthy individuals. As a matter of fact, there was no
signicant change in preprandial blood glucose and lipids in
the placebo group in the present study that was carried out,
International Journal of Food Science
which conrms this thought. erefore, in studies conducted
on individuals who are not healthy, when there are signicant
declines, the eect of drugs should not be overlooked,
considering that patients use drugs with eects that lower
their blood glucose levels.
It has been reported in a study that  mg of cinna-
mon capsule per day provides positive improvement in the
preprandial plasma glucose level of individuals diagnosed
with metabolic syndrome [].
In another study carried out to investigate the eect of
consuming cinnamon at dierent levels on blood glucose, 
patients with type  diabetes were divided into three groups
of  people. e patients in each group were given  g,  g,
and  g cinnamon capsules per day for  days. Blood glucose
levels of the patients included in the study were measured
at the beginning, on the th day, and on the th day,
aer consumption. According to the results of the study, it
was determined that cinnamon lowered the blood sugar of
patients distinctly and signicantly [].
In another study,  studies (clinical, in vivo, and in
vitro) conducted until  were identied and examined
by selecting  clinical trials. From among these clinical
trials that were examined,  studies with the desired char-
acteristics were evaluated. Ultimately, it was seen that, in all
studies demonstrating positive results, “Chinese cinnamon
was used. According to the results of that study, it has
been emphasized that the amount and duration of use is
important in order to achieve the eect. Accordingly, it has
been suggested that at least – grams of ground or extract
Chinese cinnamon should be used – months in order to
see a minimal impact. Again, based on research results, it has
been shown that although it causes no eect on blood glucose
of people with normal blood glucose levels, it is eective on
blood glucose in people with type  diabetes and prediabetes
[].
In the study of Stoecker et al.,  type  diabetes
mellitus patients were evaluated for  months. e use of
 mg cinnamon capsules was found to cause a decrease in
preprandial and postprandial blood glucose levels [].
Compared to the initial measurements of average post-
prandial blood glucose levels of the individuals consuming
cinnamon, there were declines also in the present study in
averages on days  and —specically, .% and .% in
those consuming  g of cinnamon per day, .% and .%
in those consuming  g of cinnamon per day, and .%
and .% in those consuming  g of cinnamon per day,
respectively. e decrease in the postprandial blood glucose
of the individuals who consumed  g was more than those of
the other groups.
In the study of Crawford et al.,  type  diabetes
mellitus (HbAc>) patients were evaluated for  days. It
was found that the daily consumption of  g of cinnamon
capsules signicantly reduced the HbAc level. In the group
that used cinnamon, a .% decrease was observed in the
HbAcvalue.eHbAcvalueinthecontrolgroupdecreased
by .% at the end of  months [].
In the study of Akilen et al.,  g/day Cinnamomum cassia
type cinnamon consumption for  weeks was observed to
cause a signicant decline in HbAc level [].
In a study of  prospective-controlled trials by Baker et al.,
cinnamon consumption was found to not alter preprandial
blood glucose, HbAc, and lipid parameters in patients with
type  and type  diabetes [].
A research study in Tabriz, Iran, was carried out on 
patients with type  diabetes. Of these  patients,  people
were in the experimental group, and  people were in the
control group. In the study, the experimental group was given
. grams of cinnamon a day, while the control group was
given a capsule as a placebo with no eect on diabetes.
According to the results of the study, the preprandial blood
glucose and HbAc did not have a signicant dierence in
the control group. is dierence was found to be signicant
in the experimental group (p<.). It was found also in this
study that cinnamon caused positive eects on preprandial
blood glucose levels as well as HbAc levels in patients with
type  diabetes [].
Another research study in Yazd, Iran, was carried out
on  patients with type  diabetes. Of these  patients, 
people were in the experimental group, and  people were
in the control group. e study continued for  weeks. e
experimental group was given  g of cinnamon per day (
 mg capsules every  hours). e control group was given
capsules as a placebo that had no eect on diabetes. At the
end of the study, there was no signicant dierence between
thebloodglucoseandHbAcvaluesoftheexperimentaland
control groups [].
In the study of Lu et al., a group that consumed ground
cinnamon was compared with a placebo group. e study
included  Chinese people with type  diabetes mellitus.
At the end of  days, a signicant decline was observed in
HbAc. No signicant decline was observed in the placebo
group. Preprandial blood glucose was found to decline
signicantly in both groups [].
A meta-analysis of  clinical trials involving cinnamon
has included  people. It was found that cinnamon reduced
preprandial blood glucose, and HbAc decreased in short-
term studies []. In another study,  diabetes patients with
an average HbAc level of.% were given  g of cinnamon per
day for  months. It was reported that there was no change in
preprandial blood glucose and HbAc levels [].
In the present study, although there were proportionally
small changes in HbAc levels at dierent levels of consump-
tion, they were not signicant. In all three groups, there
was no statistically signicant dierence between the average
HbAc level measurements before consuming cinnamon and
on day .
Research studies examining the eects of cinnamon on
blood sugar of animals were found during the literature
review. In a study, in which the eect of the cinnamon on
insulin resistance and body composition was examined, 
male Wistar mice were fed with a high-fat and high-fructose
diet. A total of  g of cinnamon per kilogram was given with
a high-fat and high-fructose diet. It was found that insulin
sensitivity decreased, and body composition changed in the
mice that were fed [].
Kannappan et al. carried out a study on male Albino
mice, dividing them into two groups: a control group and
a group consuming cinnamon along with a high-fructose
International Journal of Food Science
diet. A glucose tolerance test was administered. In mice with
a high-fructose diet, glucose tolerance was improved. No
signicant changes were found in low doses [].
In a study carried out by Qin et al, cinnamon components
were added to the control group’s drinking water to observe
whether the cinnamon components increased the glucose use
of male Wistar mice. A high-fructose diet was administered
to the control and experimental groups for  weeks. e
consumption of cinnamon components was found to prevent
the development of insulin resistance in mice with high-
fructose diet in the control group [].
In their study, Taher et al. found that water-soluble cin-
namon polyphenols developed adipogenesis []. In another
study, cinnamon was found to activate insulin-induced glu-
cose use in the epididymal adipose tissue in mice. us,
they have found that it improves the glucose and insulin
metabolism [].
In in vivo studies, plasma glucose and insulin concen-
trations of mice were examined. Cinnamomum cassia was
foundtobemoreeectivethanCinnamomum zeylanicum
and reduced glucose levels in the blood glucose tolerance test
[].
In a study investigating the antidiabetic eect of Cin-
namomum cassia, cinnamon was given to animals with type
 diabetes mellitus for  weeks. Glucose intensity in the
blood was found to be reduced signicantly in this period
[].
Streptozotocin was given to diabetic Wistar mice for
 days to examine the components of Cinnamomum zey-
lanicum exhibiting an antidiabetic eect, and cinnamalde-
hyde was administered. Plasma glucose concentration has
decreased signicantly compared to the control group. More-
over, the administration of cinnamaldehyde has lowered the
HbAc level [].
In another study, mice were given cinnamon oil
(. mg/kg and  mg/kg) for  days. In the group
receiving  mg/kg cinnamon oil, the preprandial plasma
glucose level was found to be signicantly reduced compared
to that in the control group. Additionally, healing was
observed in pancreatic cell islets [].
A study was carried out in Jordan on  patients with
type  diabetes for  weeks; the patients were asked to take
g of ground cinnamon (two  milligrams of cinnamon
capsules) immediately aer breakfast, lunch, and dinner; and,
as a result, a daily dose of  g of cinnamon was found to be
eective in reducing blood glucose in a short time [].
In a parallel study on patients with type  diabetes aer
menopause, the patients were given cinnamon (Cinnamo-
mum cassia, . g/day) and placebo supplements for  weeks.
Based on the study, no change was detected in preprandial
blood glucose, preprandial insulin and HbAc levels, blood
lipids, and whole-body insulin resistance/sensitivity []. In
another study,  postmenopausal women were examined.
e consumption of  mg of cinnamon per day has been
observed not to reduce blood sugar compared to placebo
[]. In another study,  postmenopausal women with type
 diabetes mellitus were evaluated. It was observed that
consuming capsules containing   mg of cinnamon  times
a day for  months had no signicant eect [].
5. Conclusion
It has taken place in both national and international literature
that cinnamon reduces blood glucose in nonhealthy individ-
uals, and many studies have been carried out on this subject.
However, studies demonstrating the eect of cinnamon on
thebloodglucoseofhealthyindividualsarelittleifany.In
this study, it has been proven that cinnamon causes positive
changes in the blood glucose levels of healthy individuals. In
healthy individuals, the eects of cinnamon on blood glucose
are positive but are in a way that is regulatory and to keep the
blood glucose within the normal values/limits. Cinnamon led
to signicant changes in certain blood parameters examined
at dierent consumption levels in both proportional and
statistical terms. However, it can be said that this change
diered depending on the daily consumed amount and that
the dierentiation increased when the consumed amount was
– g. For this reason, more detailed and long-term studies
are needed for the use of cinnamon in healthy individuals.
More benecial results can thus be achieved by enriching the
data on the eects of cinnamon on healthy individuals.
Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.
Ethical Approval
is study was conducted according to the guidelines laid
down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures
involving human subjects/patients were approved by the
Istanbul Medipol University Non-Interventional Clinical
Researches Ethical Council.
Consent
All persons gave their informed consent prior to their
inclusion in the study.
Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conict of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
Nildem Kizilaslan and Nihal Zekiye Erdem equally con-
tributed to the conception and design of the research,
contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation
of the data, draed the manuscript, critically revised the
manuscript, agreed to be fully accountable for ensuring the
integrity and accuracy of the work, and read and approved
the nal manuscript.
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... Cinnamon reduced FBG and HOMA-IR levels in T2DM and pre-diabetes patients [10,11]. Cinnamon is capable of activating insulin receptor kinase similar to that of insulin, thus increasing glucose uptake [12,13]. ...
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Barley, a low glycaemic index carbohydrate facilitates the reduction in postprandial sugar levels in diabetic patients. This prospective study helps to observe the effect of diet containing barley flour mix as a source of carbohydrate on the post-prandial blood glucose levels in known diabetic patients. The patients were given lunch and dinner that contained barley flour mix as a carbohydrate source. The blood glucose level was continuously monitored and noted before consuming the food and up to 180 minutes after eating with an interval of 15 minutes for 10 days. The study enrolled 29 patients (mean age: 55.79 ± 8.88 years, 66% males). Based on the HbA1c levels (%) the study population was divided into 3 groups-Group A (5.7 to 7), Group B (7.1 to 10) and Group C (> 10). The maximum post-prandial blood glucose level was maintained below 200 mg/dL in all groups. The study highlights that diet containing barley, wheat bran, fenugreek and cinnamon is useful in controlling the postprandial blood glucose levels in all diabetic patients irrespective of the severity of their condition.
... e bioactive compounds in tea have the ability to influence signal pathways and key molecules involved in the regulation of insulin, blood sugar, and energy metabolism [79]. On the other hand, the biologically active substances in cinnamon mimic insulin-like properties, including activating insulin kinase, increasing glucose uptake, and autophosphorylating the insulin receptor [80]. A study conducted by Hong et al. [81] found that the cinnamon peel extract increases insulin sensitivity and raises glucose intake. ...
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Background. Traditional medicine (TM) is widely used in both developing and developed countries to assist in the attempt to curtail the prevalence and increase in diabetes mellitus. Approximately 53% of South Africans use TM to prevent and treat their diseases. There is no conclusive evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of TM versus prescribed medicine. The most common therapies used by diabetics in Africa include herbal treatments, nutritional products, spiritual healing, and relaxation techniques. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of TM in patients with T2DM who are on chronic therapy and living in KwaZulu-Natal. Method. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a district hospital, in which purposive sampling was used to recruit participants and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Information collected included demographic data, information pertaining to home remedies/TM, and self-care practices employed by participants while using TM. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-squared test, t-test, and multivariate logistic regressions to determine predictors of TM usage. Results. Only 92 (27%) of 340 participants reported using TM, with Indians being the most frequent users (58.24%). Approximately, 83.72% (n = 72) used TM in conjunction with prescribed medication. Most participants (56.32%) acquired TM knowledge from family. The most frequently used TM was lemon and honey, Aloe vera, bitter gourd, green tea, and cinnamon. Traditional medicine use among African participants was 0.56 times (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.34, 0.93) lower than Indian participants. There were no significant predictors for TM usage among the variables tested. Conclusion. A low prevalence rate of TM usage in T2DM patients was found. A significant correlation was noted between ethnicity and TM use. Large-scale studies are required to determine the additive and synergistic effects of TM in health care. Consideration should also be given to integrating TM into mainstream health care.
... At 0 to 21 days, aqueous extracts of cinnamon and fenugreek substantially lowered blood glucose levels from 98.43.789 mg/dl to 212.012.41 mg/dl were recorded respectively. As compared to other research, cinnamon extracts were more effective in reducing blood glucose levels (Kizilaslan and Erdem, 2019). Cinnamon produces many phytochemicals, including cinnamic acid and proanthocyanidins (PACs), which have been related to bioactivities in a variety of cellular pathways, including enhancing glucose levels in vivo. ...
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Diabetes is a life-threatening disease around the globe and causes insulin resistance. Several herbal and allopathic medicines are used against diabetes but some may have fatal side effects. The current study was designed to evaluate the control of hyperglycemia by the use of the combined aqueous extract of cinnamon and fenugreek. Mice were divided into four groups. Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes in albino mice with an intraperitoneal dose (200mg/kg body weight). Group 1 (-ve control) consisted of 3 mice with no diabetes, group 2 (+ve control) included 6 mice with diabetes having no treatment, group 3 (herbal treated) contained 6 mice treated with Cinnamon and Fenugreek orally (200mg/kg) for 21 days (3 weeks) and 6 mice in group 4 were treated with metformin (allopathic). Alloxan monohydrate caused diabetes and an increase in blood sugar level from 98.40±3.89 mg/dl on day 0 to 212.00±12.41mg/dl on day 21 respectively. There was a decrease in body weight from 27.00±0.89gm to 24.42±0.73gm from 0 to 21 days respectively. Blood from alloxan-induced diabetic mice had a high level of urea from 13.2±1.02 to 34.4±1.47 and elevation of creatinine from 0.72±0.058 to 2.88±0.27 from 0 to 21 days respectively. Kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic mice showed marked degeneration of glomeruli with glomerular atrophies. There were a significant decrease in blood sugar, urea and creatinine levels in treated groups of diabetic mice after the administration of extracts.
... The current study has actively investigated the effect of cinnamon on blood glucose levels and observed the significant changes in both fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels. The present study was supported by the study conducted by Nildem Kizilaslan et al., that concluded the difference between the average post-prandial blood glucose measurements was found to be significant in the individuals consuming 6g of cinnamon per day and also found the difference between the average post-prandial blood glucose measurements before consumption on days 20 and 40 was significant in the Table 2: Frequency and percentage distribution of level of Fasting blood sugar level and among Type 2 diabetes patients in the experimental and control group Table 3: Frequency and percentage distribution of level of Post Prandial blood sugar level and among Type 2 diabetes patients in the experimental and control group Table 4: Effectiveness of cinnamon tea on fasting and post-prandial blood glucose level among type 2 diabetes patients in the experimental group individuals consuming 1g, 3g, and 6g of cinnamon per day [22]. Similarly in another study by Hlebowicz J et al., 2007 who have studied the effect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose, gastric emptying, and satiety in healthy subjects and concluded that the addition of 6 g cinnamon in rice pudding reduces post-prandial blood glucose and delays gastric emptying without affecting satiety [12]. ...
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Complementary interventions could be effective for type 2 diabetic patients as they cause a decrease in blood glucose levels within the clinical range. Hence the study was aimed to conduct to determine the effectiveness of cinnamon on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. A quasi-experimental research design was adopted to conduct the study at Dr.Padmanaba polyclinic with samples of 30 type 2 diabetes patients who met the inclusion criteria. Patients were assigned to the experimental group (n=15) and the control group (n=15). Demographic variables were collected from the participants using a structured questionnaire followed by pre-test was done by checking the fasting and post-prandial blood sugar level for both the groups. The experimental group received 2gms of cinnamon daily in the morning on an empty stomach for 30 days along with routine medical management, whereas the control group received regular routine care. Post-test was done at the end of 30 days for both groups. Data were tabulated and analyzed using the SPSS package. The result of the study reveals that there is a statistically significant reduction in the level of in the fasting blood glucose level and post-prandial blood glucose level of p<0.0001 and p<0.05 among patients with type 2 diabetes. The findings of the present study concluded that the prescribed cinnamon is effective in lowering the blood glucose level among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence, the cinnamon administration can be incorporated as an effective method in the management of diabetes mellitus after replicating the large study samples.
... The results of this study demonstrated that intake of 1, 3, or 6g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride level in people with type II diabetes but the 6g was more appropriate one and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type II diabetes will reduce the risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. 4. Kizilaslan et al. (2019) study was aimed at investigating the effect of consumption of different amounts of cinnamon on pre-prandial blood glucose (PrBG) and postprandial blood glucose level. The study was carried out on 41 healthy adult individuals. ...
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In science learning, it is important to develop procedural and conceptual understanding, one of which is to train students’ science process skills (SPS) in the classroom. SPS is very important for every student because it underlies students’ ability to train thinking such as formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments and analyzing data. The fact is that SPS is still not optimally implemented during the learning process and is still rarely trained to students. The purpose of this study was to create the profile of students’ SPS which includes basic SPS and integrated SPS on thermodynamic topics through authentic PBL with STEM approach and formative assessment. This study uses a descriptive analysis of the results of observations and student worksheets. The Indicators of SPS are categorized into four, namely very good (score 4), good (score 3), not good with (score 2), and very not good (score 1). The results of observations during the learning process showed that students’ basic SPS had percentages above 68% and integrated SPS above 70.6% with both categories being good and very good. The SPS indicators that students tend to master well are classification indicators, while those that tend to be difficult are predicting.
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Two in vitro digestion methods (static and dynamic) were applied in this study to investigate the effect of cinnamon on starch hydrolysis of rice pudding during in vitro digestion. The dynamic model simulated the major physiological processes including gastric emptying, motility, gastric acidification, and digestive secretions. The INFOGEST static method, which is widely adopted in digestion simulation studies, was conducted as a comparison. Two meals (i.e., rice pudding with and without cinnamon) were digested in oral, gastric, and small intestinal phases in both models. Higher starch hydrolysis was observed in the gastric and intestinal phases in the dynamic model compared to the static model (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant inhibitory effect of cinnamon on starch hydrolysis was observed in the dynamic model but no such effect was found in the static model. The difference could be attributed to the distinct gastric conditions including pH profiles, gastric emptying, and gastrointestinal (GI) motility in the two models. Our results indicated that the dynamic model could more closely estimate the effect of cinnamon on starch hydrolysis during digestion by simulating physiologically important GI conditions in humans. Our findings also contribute to the growing body of scientific data suggesting that cinnamon may benefit hyperglycemic management due to its inhibitory effects on digestion enzymes.
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Purpose Cinnamon can reduce levels of blood lipids, blood glucose, and inflammation, which are risk factors for ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA).The goal of this study was to observe the safety and efficacy of aspirin combined with cinnamon in the treatment of patients with mild stroke or TIA. Methods This pilot study included patients with mild stroke or TIA treated at Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital–Nanhai Hospital between January 2014 and December 2016. The primary end point was recurrent stroke (within 90 days after the first attack; intention-to-treat analysis). The secondary end points included biochemical indices, carotid color Doppler ultrasound, safety indices, and adverse reactions. Findings A total of 122 patients were included, including 62 in the aspirin-cinnamon group (41 men and 21 women; mean age, 62.0 [3.5] years) and 60 in the aspirin-placebo group (40 men and 20 women; mean age, 63.0 [3.2] years). The number of participants with recurrent stroke was two (3.2%) and nine (15.0%) in the aspirin-cinnamon group and the aspirin-placebo group, respectively (P = 0.002). Compared with aspirin-cinnamon, aspirin-placebo rates of unstable plaque and severe vascular stenosis were higher, whereas the rate of mild vascular stenosis with aspirin-cinnamon was higher than with aspirin-placebo (P < 0.05). One case of mild to moderate upper gastrointestinal bleeding in each group was observed. Implications Among patients with TIA or mild ischemic stroke, the combination of cinnamon and aspirin could be superior to aspirin alone for reducing the risk of 90-day recurrent stroke.
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The medicinal properties of Cinnamon cassia (C. cassia) bark have been reported for their clinical importance for many diseases including diabetes. However, there is no clear evidence so far regarding dose selection for its hepato- and nephroprotective effect in diabetic condition. Hence, the present study aims at evaluating in vitro antioxidant activity, the acute toxicity, and dose fixation of C. cassia bark for their effective medicinal values in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats. All the extracts exhibited potential in vitro antioxidant activity and showed a dose-dependent (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg BW) acute toxicity by in vivo model. The levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, and creatinine showed a significant elevation in animals treated with the highest dose. In further studies along with histopathological studies, animals treated with STZ (60 mg/kg BW) followed by a different dose (300, 400, and 500 mg/kg BW) of ethanolic extract of the C. cassia bark and glibenclamide (3 mg/kg BW) revealed that the altered level of mitochondrial enzymes, hepatic, and renal marker in STZ-induced animals were restored in C. cassia bark extract-treated group as of control. These results could be of scientific support for the use of the ethanolic extract of the C. cassia bark in folk medicine for the management of diabetes and its associated complications.
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Background: Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. Presl (cinnamon) have been used as food and herbal drug in Asia and Europe. Although some studies have been shown that cinnamon has blood glucose lowering effect but some reports denied it. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of cinnamon on blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods : This study was a double blind randomized controlled trial study. 61 type 2 diabetic patients with fasting blood glucose of 140 to 250 mg/dl were randomly divided in to two groups. The patients in cinnamon groups received two 500mg cinnamon capsules and patients in placebo group received two 500mg placebo capsules daily. The patients fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL were determined at starting and after 8 weeks at the end of the study. Results : There was no significant difference in patients fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL between intervention groups compared with placebo on starting of the trial. Further results indicated that there were no significant difference between two groups regarding lowering of blood glucose, HbA1c, and blood lipids after 8 week of cinnamon and placebo treatment. Conclusion : According to the study results, consumption of one gram of cinnamon per day, do not have blood glucose lowering effects.
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Background Cinnamon bark is one of the most popular herbal ingredients in traditional oriental medicine and possesses diverse pharmacological activities including anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-cancer properties. The goal of this study is to investigate the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory effect of cinnamon water extract (CWE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and its underlying intracellular mechanisms. Methods CWE was orally administrated to mice for 6 days prior to intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Serum levels of TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined 1 hour after LPS stimulation. Peritoneal macrophages from thioglycollate-injected mice were isolated and assayed for viability, cytokine expression and signaling molecules upon LPS stimulation. CWE was further fractioned according to molecular size, and the levels of total polyphenols and biological activities of each fraction were measured. Results The oral administration of CWE to mice significantly decreased the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. CWE treatment in vitro decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α. CWE blocked the LPS-induced degradation of IκBα as well as the activation of JNK, p38 and ERK1/2. Furthermore, size-based fractionation of CWE showed that the observed inhibitory effect of CWE in vitro occurred in the fraction containing the highest level of total polyphenols. Conclusions Treatment with CWE decreased LPS-induced TNF-α in serum. In vitro inhibition of TNF-α gene by CWE may occur via the modulation of IκBα degradation and JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 activation. Our results also indicate that the observed anti-inflammatory action of CWE may originate from the presence of polyphenols.
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The present study was designed to investigate whether cinnamon bark extract (CBEt) mitigates the adverse effects of fructose loading on glucose metabolism and lipid profile in rats. Adult male albino rats of body weight 150-170 g were divided into five groups and fed with either control or high fructose diet (HFD). CBEt was administered to HFD-fed rats orally at two doses (a low and a high dose) while the control diet-fed rats were treated with a high dose of CBEt. The treatment protocol was carried out for 60 days after which the oral glucose tolerance test was carried out. Biochemical parameters related to glucose metabolism and lipid profile were assayed. The levels of glucose, insulin and protein-bound sugars were higher and activities of enzymes of glucose metabolism were altered in HFD-fed rats, as compared to control animals. The levels were brought back to near-normal when administered with CBEt at high dose. CBEt also prevented the hyperlipidaemia observed in fructose-fed rats and improved glucose tolerance. CBEt did not show any significant effect in fructose-fed rats when administered at low dose. These findings indicate the improvement of glucose metabolism in-vivo by CBEt in fructose-fed rats.
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PURPOSE: To review the available information on prevalence, complications, and mortality of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and primary and secondary prevention activities in black persons, Hispanic persons, Native Americans, and Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States. DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE search from 1976 to 1994 through the PlusNet search system. STUDY SELECTION: Use of the key words non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the names of each specific minority group, socioeconomic status, acculturation, genetics, diet, complications, mortality, treatment, and intervention (lifestyle or medication) produced 290 unduplicated articles. Additional articles cited in the original articles were also included. DATA EXTRACTION: Risk factors, incidence, prevalence, complications, and mortality of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. DATA SYNTHESIS: All minorities, except natives of Alaska, have a prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that is two to six times greater than that of white persons. Most studies show an increased prevalence of nephropathy that can be as much as six times higher than that of white persons. Retinopathy has variably higher rates in black persons, Hispanic persons, and Native Americans. Amputations are done more frequently among black persons than among white persons (9.0 per 1000 compared with 6.3 per 1000), and Pima Indians have 3.7 times more amputations than do white persons. Diabetes-related mortality is higher for minorities than for white persons, and the rate is increasing. The relative importance of genetic heritage, diet, exercise, socioeconomic status, culture, language, and access to health care in the prevalence, incidence, and mortality of diabetes is not clear. Studies of interventions in minority populations are in progress. CONCLUSION: Diabetes should be treated as a public health problem for minority populations.
Article
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of supplementation of cinnamon on blood glucose and lipids levels among type1 diabetics. The samples consisted of 60 subjects with type1 diabetes and the doses of cinnamon were equally administered orally in the form of capsules with breakfast, lunch and dinner. The doses were given for 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken on the starting day of the experiment and at the end of 4 weeks. The fasting blood glucose and lipids levels of types1 were determined, from the results obtained the mean value of fasting blood glucose levels for cinnamon doses on the starting day, was found to be 241.5 mg/dl and the mean values for lipids were triglyceride (225.5 mg/dl), total cholesterol (300 mg/dl) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (165.7 mg/dl). When the diabetic individuals used the doses of cinnamon for 4 weeks, their mean fasting blood glucose level dropped to 126.67 mg/dl, triglycerides (150 mg/dl), total cholesterol (210 mg/dl) and LDL (115.5 mg/dl). The reduction in the mean fasting blood glucose and lipids levels were significant at P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 respectively.
Article
In healthy normal-weight adults, cinnamon reduces blood glucose concentration and enhances insulin sensitivity. Insulin resistance, resulting in increased fasting and postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels, is commonly observed in obese individuals. The objective of the study was to compare declines in postprandial glycemic response in normal-weight and obese subjects with ingestion of 6 g ground cinnamon. In a crossover study, subjects consumed 50 g available carbohydrate in instant farina cereal, served plain or with 6 g ground cinnamon. Blood glucose concentration, the main outcome measure, was assessed at minutes 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120. Repeated-measures analysis of variance evaluated the effects of body mass index (BMI) group, dietary condition, and time on blood glucose. Paired t-test assessed blood glucose at individual time points and glucose area under the curve (AUC) between dietary conditions. Thirty subjects between the ages of 18 and 30 years, 15 with BMIs between 18.5 and 24.9 and 15 with BMIs of 30.0 or more, completed the study. There was no significant difference in blood glucose between the two BMI groups at any time point. However, in a combined analysis of all subjects, the addition of cinnamon to the cereal significantly reduced 120-minute glucose AUC (P=0.008) and blood glucose at 15 (P=0.001), 30 (P<0.001), 45 (P<0.001), and 60 (P=0.001) minutes. At 120 minutes, blood glucose was significantly higher with cinnamon consumption (P<0.001). These results suggest cinnamon may be effective in moderating postprandial glucose response in normal weight and obese adults.
Article
For thousands of years, cinnamon has been used as a traditional treatment in China. However, there are no studies to date that investigate whether cinnamon supplements are able to aid in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Chinese subjects. We hypothesized cinnamon should be effective in improving blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. To address this hypothesis, we performed a randomized, double-blinded clinical study to analyze the effect of cinnamon extract on glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c) and fasting blood glucose levels in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and randomly divided into 3 groups: placebo and low-dose and high-dose supplementation with cinnamon extract at 120 and 360 mg/d, respectively. Patients in all 3 groups took gliclazide during the entire 3 months of the study. Both hemoglobin A(1c) and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in patients in the low- and high-dose groups, whereas they were not changed in the placebo group. The blood triglyceride levels were also significantly reduced in the low-dose group. The blood levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and liver transaminase remained unchanged in the 3 groups. In conclusion, our study indicates that cinnamon supplementation is able to significantly improve blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Article
A new approximation for the coefficients required to calculate the Shapiro-WilkW-test is derived. It is easy to calculate and applies for any sample size greater than 3. A normalizing transformation for theW statistic is given, enabling itsP-value to be computed simply. The distribution of the new approximation toW agrees well with published critical points which use exact coefficients.
Article
Cinnamon seems to be highly bioactive, appearing to mimic the effect of insulin through increased glucose uptake in adipocytes and skeletal muscles. This systematic review and Meta analysis examined the effect of cinnamon on glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. A systematic literature search was conducted from the earliest possible date through to 01 August 2011. Search terms included free text terms, MeSH and Medline medical index terms such as: "cinnamon", "cinnamomum", "cinnamomum cassia", "cinnamomum zeylanicum", "type 2 diabetes mellitus". Each was crossed with the term "diabetes mellitus". In addition, references of key articles were hand searched. A total of 6 clinical trials met the strict inclusion criteria and considered a total of 435 patients; follow up between 40 days-4 months, doses ranging from 1 g to 6 g per day. Meta-analysis of RCTs showed a significant decrease in mean HbA1c [0.09%; 95% CI was 0.04-0.14] and mean FPG [0.84 mmol/l; 95% CI was 0.66-1.02]. Use of cinnamon showed a beneficial effect on glycaemic control (both HbA1c and FPG) and the short term (<4 months) effects of the use of cinnamon on glycaemic control looks promising.