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The Effect of Different Amounts of Cinnamon Consumption on Blood Glucose in Healthy Adult Individuals

Wiley
International Journal of Food Science
Authors:

Abstract

Background: This study was aimed at investigating the effect of consumption of different amounts of cinnamon on preprandial blood glucose (PrBG), postprandial blood glucose (PoBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and body mass index (BMI). Methods: This study was carried out on 41 healthy adult individuals. The individuals were divided into 3 groups and monitored for 40 days. The first, second, and third groups were given 1 g/day, 3 g/day, and 6 g/day cinnamon, respectively. Before the beginning of the consumption of cinnamon, HbA1c and PrBG blood tests of the individuals were examined on an empty stomach at family practice centers. Two hours after these tests were carried out and breakfast, PoBG tests were performed. Results: According to the findings of the study, the differences between the average weight measurements, BMI values, and HbA1c values before consumption on days 20 and 40 were not statistically significant in the individuals consuming 1 g, 3 g, and 6 g of cinnamon a day. The difference between the average PrBG measurements was found to be significant in the individuals consuming 6 g of cinnamon per day. The difference between the average PoBG measurements before consumption on days 20 and 40 was significant in the individuals consuming 1 g, 3 g, and 6 g of cinnamon per day. Conclusions: In particular a 3-6 g of cinnamon consumption was found to affect certain blood parameters of individuals positively. Therefore, it is considered to be beneficial to raise awareness of individuals to be conscious to regularly consume cinnamon.
Research Article
The Effect of Different Amounts of Cinnamon Consumption on
Blood Glucose in Healthy Adult Individuals
Nildem Kizilaslan 1and Nihal Zekiye Erdem2
1Istanbul Medipol University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Turkey
2Istanbul Medipol University School of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Turkey
Correspondence should be addressed to Nildem Kizilaslan; nildemkizilaslan@gmail.com
Received 7 December 2018; Accepted 14 February 2019; Published 4 March 2019
Academic Editor: Vita Di Stefano
Copyright ©  Nildem Kizilaslan and Nihal Zekiye Erdem. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
Background. is study wasaimed at investigating the eect of consumption of dierent amountsof cinnamon on preprandial blood
glucose (PrBG), postprandial blood glucose (PoBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAc),and body mass index (BMI). Methods. is
study was carried out on  healthy adult individuals. e individuals weredivided into  groups and monitoredfor  days. e rst,
second, and third groups were given  g/day, g/day, and g/day cinnamon, respectively. Before the beginning of the consumption
of cinnamon, HbAc and PrBG blood tests of the individuals were examined on an empty stomach at family practice centers. Two
hours aer these tests were carried out and breakfast, PoBG tests were performed. Results. According to the ndings of the study,
the dierences between the average weight measurements, BMI values, and HbAc values before consumption on days  and 
were not statistically signicant in the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g of cinnamon a day. e dierence between the average
PrBG measurements was found to be signicant in the individuals consuming  g of cinnamon per day. e dierence between the
average PoBG measurements before consumption on days  and  was signicant in the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g
of cinnamon per day. Conclusions. In particular a – g of cinnamon consumption was found to aect certain blood parameters
of individuals positively. erefore, it is considered to be benecial to raise awareness of individuals to be conscious to regularly
consume cinnamon.
1. Introduction
e most common metabolic disease in the world is reported
to be type  diabetes. It is estimated that this disease will
rise to  million by  []. e cause of type  diabetes
is considered to be multifactorial. However, it is stated that
nutrition has a signicant role in the disease’s turning into a
chronic disease [].
e chemical content of cinnamon species is seen to
be dierent from each other. Accordingly, while the Chi-
nese cinnamon has –% cinnamaldehyde, this ratio
is –% in the Ceylon cinnamon. Moreover, this ratio
varies according to the quality of the cinnamon. Studies
have shown that ground cinnamon is more eective than
its extract. It has been reported in clinical studies that
Chinese cinnamon is more eective than Ceylon cinnamon
[].
Today, it is seen that research studies arguing that cin-
namon can be used against diabetes, which has become an
important health problem, have increased.
One of the most discussed eects of cinnamon has been
its eect of regulating individuals’ insulin resistance and
preprandial blood glucose [–]. Cinnamon is also claimed to
be a natural insulin stimulant [, ]. e natural agents found
in cinnamon serve as insulin to keep the blood glucose level
stable [].
Cinnamon exhibits characteristics that mimic insulin,
such as the ac tivity of biologically ac tive substances to act ivate
insulin receptor kinase, increasing glucose uptake, autophos-
phorylation of the insulin receptor, and glycogen synthase
activity []. It has been stated that cinnamon increases
glycogen storage by aecting the glycogen synthesis activity
[]. In a study, it was found that the cinnamon peel extract
would increase insulin sensitivity and raise glucose intake
Hindawi
International Journal of Food Science
Volume 2019, Article ID 4138534, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4138534
International Journal of Food Science
[]. Water-soluble components of cinnamon have been
found to enhance the eectiveness of the insulin signaling
pathway [].
ere is evidence that cinnamon provides glucose regu-
lation. It is not known for sure whether it controls the type 
diabetes mellitus []. Procyanidin type-A polymers found in
cinnamon are stated to improve insulin receptor autophos-
phorylation and, thus, show their eect by increasing the
sensitivity to insulin [].
It has been shown that cinnamon, which is rich in
polyphenolic components, reduces oxidative stress and cor-
rects impaired preprandial glucose if consumed  mg/dl a
day for  weeks [].
Studies that examine the eects of cinnamon on individ-
uals are mostly focused on individuals who are not healthy.
However, literature reviews show that studies on the eects
of cinnamon consumption on healthy individuals are quite
insucient. is study was aimed at investigating the eect
of consumption of dierent amounts of cinnamon on PrBG,
PoBG,HbAc,andBMIinhealthyindividuals.
2. Material and Method
2.1. Research Agenda and Sample. e study was conducted
as a randomized-controlled clinical trial at the family practice
centers, Tokat/Turkey. is study was carried out between
March  and April , , on healthy and voluntary
adult individuals. Healthy and voluntary  adult people
participated in the study. e participants were divided into
 groups according to the amounts of their daily cinnamon
consumption. e research was completed with  people
in group ,  people in group , and  people in group
. Individuals without chronic disease and not using drugs
were included in the study. Individuals with an allergy to
cinnamon, patients with symptoms suggestive of peptic ulcer
disease and those with a past history of peptic ulceration,
patients with chronic illness, and individuals using medi-
cal drugs were not included in the study. is study was
conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the
Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving human
subjects/patients were approved by the Istanbul Medipol
University Non-Interventional Clinical Researches Ethical
Council. All persons gave their informed consent prior to
their inclusion in the study. is research did not receive
any specic grant from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or not-for-prot sectors.
2.2. Data Collection. e individuals in the rst, second, and
third groups who participated in the study were given  g/day,
 g/day, and  g/day cinnamon, respectively. Cinnamon was
prepared completely by the researcher. When cinnamon was
prepared by the researcher, its freshness, shelf life, quality,
lack of additives, storage conditions, and shape were taken
into consideration. Cinnamomum cassia type cinnamon peel
was brought to an herbalist to specially have it ground. By
considering the amounts of consumption, g,  g, and  g
ground cinnamon bags were prepared for the individuals
in each group. Each person was given  bags of ground
cinnamon depending on the amount he or she used. e
participants were recommended to take the cinnamon by
mixing it with some apple and milk. It was explained to
the individuals what would be done aer the th day of
the – days of cinnamon consumption. Body weights
(kg) and heights (cm) of the individuals were measured by
the researcher before they begun to consume cinnamon. A
portable stadiometer device was used to measure the heights.
Body weight measurements were carried out by using a +/-
 g precision digital scale. e body mass indices (BMI) of
the individuals were calculated with the following formula.
BMI kg/m2=Body Weight kg
Height (m)2()
Messages were sent to each individual personally every day
in order to inform and remind them, and a mailing group
was created. rough this formation, it was ensured that they
consumed cinnamon every day. Before the beginning of the
consumption of cinnamon, aer fasting for at least  hours,
preprandial blood glucose (PrBG) was obtained from the
subjects in the morning. Two hours aer these tests were
carried out and breakfast, postprandial blood glucose (PoBG)
tests were performed. Blood samples concentration in the
serum was determined by the hexokinase method. HbAc
was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
e serum samples were centrifuged for  minutes at a speed
of  rpm before the analyses. e same procedures for
preprandial blood glucose (PrBG) and postprandial blood
glucose were repeated on days  and  aer the start
of consumption. At the same time, the same procedure for
HbAc was repeated on day  aer the start of consumption.
e study was registered in family practice centers.
2.3. Statistical Methods Performed for Data Analysis. e
SPSS . package program was used for the statistical analy-
ses of the study. In statistical analyses, the data were expressed
through descriptive values, arithmetic means ±standard
deviations, minimum and maximum values, frequencies, and
percentages. e chi-square test was used when comparing
two or more independent groups in categorical variables, and
the normality of the numerical variables was tested using
the Shapiro-Wilk test [, ]. Parametric paired (dependent)
samples t-tests were carried out for the data with normal
distribution in two dependent groups, and parametric one-
way analyses of variance for repeated measures were used for
the data with normal distribution in more than two groups.
e analysis results were interpreted by evaluating at %
condence interval and p<. signicance level.
3. Results
3.1. Certain Demographic Characteristics of Individuals. e
distribution according to gender and age groups of the
individuals consuming cinnamon is given in Table . Of the
individuals voluntarily participating in the study, .%
were female and .% were male. e average age of the
individuals was .±. years. Of the individuals, .%
wereintheagegroupof,.%wereintheagegroup
International Journal of Food Science
T : Distribution of the cinnamon-consuming individuals by gender and age groups.
cinnamon consumption levels of individuals (g/day)
g g g Total P
Gender Number % Number % Number % Number % .
Women  .  .  .  .
Men  .  .  .  .
Total  .  .  .  .
Age groups .±. .±. .±. .±. .
- . . .  .
- . . .  .
+ . . .  .
Total  .  .  .  .
e chi-square test was used when calculating the p values.
T : Distribution of the cinnamon-consuming individuals according to their anthropometric measurements.
cinnamon consumption levels of individuals (g/day)
g g g
Wom e n Me n Wom e n Men Wome n Me n
Height
(cm) . ±.     .   ±. .±. .±. . ±. .±.
Mean±SD . ±. .±. . ±.  
Weig h t
(kg)
Body
Weig h t .±. .±.     .   ±. .±.     .   ±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
Body
Weig h t .±. .±.     .   ±. .±.     .   ±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
Body
Weig h t .±. .±. .±. .±.     .   ±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
P∗∗∗ . . .
BMI (kg/m2)
BMI ∗∗ .±. .±. .±. .±. .±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
BMI∗∗ .±. .±. .±. .±. .±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
BMI ∗∗ .±. .±. .±. .±. .±. .±.
Mean±SD .±. .±. .±.
P∗∗∗ . . .
Body Weight : Before Consumption; Body Weight : Day ; Body Weight : Day 
∗∗BMI: Before Consumption; BMI: Day ; BMI Day 
∗∗∗One-way ANOVA for Repeated Measures was used when calculating the p values.
of,and.%wereintheagegroupofandabove.
ere was no statistically signicant dierence between the
levels of cinnamon consumption according to gender and age
groups of the individuals (p>.).
3.2. Height, Weight, and Anthropometric Measurements
of the Cinnamon-Consuming Individuals by Gender. e
distribution of the cinnamon-consuming individuals accord-
ing to their anthropometric measurements is given in Table .
Proportionally, there was no signicant change between the
preconsumption and postconsumption average body weights
of the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g of cinnamon.
Based on the analysis, there was no statistically signicant
dierence between the average body weight measurements
International Journal of Food Science
T : Eect of cinnamon on preprandial blood glucose level.
preprandial blood clucose (mg/dl)
Consumption Levels (g/day) before consumption () on day  () on day  () PResult
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.  
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) 0.035 significant(1-3)
One-way ANOVA for Repeated Measures was used when calculating the p values.
T : Eect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose level.
postprandial blood glucose (mg/dl)
Consumption Levels (g/day) before consumption () on day  () on day  () PResult
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) 0.028 significant(2-3)
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) 0.018 significant(1-3)
g .±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) 0.017 significant(1-3)
One-way ANOVA for Repeated Measures was used when calculating the p values.
on days  and  before the start of the consumption of
cinnamon (p>.). ere were no proportional dierences
between the BMI averages before and aer consuming cinna-
mon. ere was no statistically signicant dierence between
the average BMI measurements on days  and  before the
start of the consumption of cinnamon (p>.).
3.3. Analysis of the Effect of Cinnamon on Blood Glucose
3.3.1. Preprandial Blood Glucose (PrBG) Level. Tabl e  shows
the eect of cinnamon on preprandial blood glucose levels of
the individuals.
Compared to the initial measurements of average pre-
prandial blood glucose levels of the individuals consuming
cinnamon, there were decreases in averages on days  and
, specically, .% and .% in those consuming  g of
cinnamon per day, .% and .% in those consuming  g of
cinnamon per day, and .% and .% in those consuming
 g of cinnamon per day, respectively. ere was no statisti-
cally signicant dierence between the average preprandial
blood glucose measurements before the consumption of
cinnamon on days  and  in the individuals consuming
g and  g of cinnamon per day (p>.). However, there
was a statistically signicant dierence between the average
preprandial blood glucose measurements before the con-
sumption of cinnamon on days  and  in the individuals
consuming  g of cinnamon per day (p<.). e signicant
dierence was found to be between the average preprandial
blood glucose level before consumption () and the average
preprandial blood glucose level on day  (). Accordingly,
the average preprandial blood glucose level measured aer
day  showed a signicant decline compared to the average
preprandial blood glucose level before consumption.
3.3.2. Postprandial Blood Glucose (PoBG) Level. Ta b l e 
shows the eect of cinnamon on postprandial blood glucose
levels of the individuals.
Compared to the initial measurements, an average of
.% of decline was observed on day  of the cinnamon
consumption in the postprandial blood sugar levels of the
individuals consuming  g of cinnamon per day, and an
averageof.%declinewasobservedonday.Statisti-
cally signicant dierences were found between the average
postprandial blood glucose levels of the individuals on the
initial day, on day  and day  (p<.). e signicant
dierencewasfoundtobebetweentheaveragepostprandial
blood glucose level on day  () and that on day  ().
Accordingly, the average postprandial blood glucose level
measured aer day  showed a signicant decline compared
to the average postprandial blood glucose level on day .
Compared to the initial measurements, an average of
.% of decline was observed on day  of the cinnamon
consumption in the postprandial blood sugar levels of the
individuals consuming  g of cinnamon per day, and an
average of .% decline was observed on day . e
postprandial blood glucose of the individuals consuming
g of cinnamon per day decreased similarly by .%
and .%, respectively. ere was a statistically signicant
dierence between the average postprandial blood glucose
measurements before the consumption of cinnamon on
days  and  in the individuals consuming g and  g
of cinnamon per day (p<.). e signicant dierence
was found to be between the average postprandial blood
glucose level before the beginning of cinnamon consump-
tion () and that on day  (). Accordingly, the aver-
age postprandial blood glucose level measured aer day
 showed a signicant decline compared to the average
International Journal of Food Science
T : e eect of cinnamon on the HbAc level.
HbAc level (%)
Consumption Levels (g/day) before consumption () on day () PResult
g . ±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
g . ±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
g . ±.
(.-.)
.±.
(.-.) . not signicant
Paired samples t-tests were used when calculating the p values.
postprandial blood glucose level before the consumption of
cinnamon.
3.3.3. HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) Level. Ta b l e  s hows
the eect of cinnamon on the HbAc levels of the individuals.
Compared to the initial measurements, .% decline
was observed on day  of the cinnamon consumption in
the average HbAc levels of the individuals consuming  g of
cinnamon per day, .% decline in those consuming  g per
day, and .% decline in those consuming  g per day. ere
was no statistically signicant dierence between the average
HbAc level measurements before consumption and on day
 in the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g of cinnamon
per day (p>.).
4. Discussion
Considering the studies on individuals, it is seen that there
are positive eects of cinnamon consumption in healthy
individuals, although they have dierences. Predominantly
the studies on individuals who are not healthy attract atten-
tion in both the national and the international literature.
Studies on healthy individuals were observed to be very
limited. In this regard, studies on the eects of cinnamon
consumption of healthy individuals on blood glucose, as well
as studies on nonhealthy individuals, were covered. e main
aimofthisapproachwastoobservetheeectsofcinnamon
consumption not only on individuals who are healthy but
also on individuals who are not healthy, in terms of the blood
parameters that were addressed.
In a study on healthy individuals,  dierent oral glucose
tests were administered to  healthy individuals. Accordingly,
the individuals have consumed  g of placebo,  g of cinna-
mon, and  g of cinnamon  hours aer the oral glucose
test. In the group that consumed cinnamon, there was a
signicant decline in the total plasma glucose response, and
insulin sensitivity developed []. In another study of the
same researchers on healthy individuals, they have found that
cinnamon has made improvements in glucose and insulin
sensitivity during -day periods [].
In the study of Tang et al., it was found that there was
no change in preprandial blood glucose and blood lipids at
the end of  weeks in healthy individuals who were given
cinnamon [].
It was found also in the present study that dierent levels
of cinnamon consumption caused a decrease in preprandial
blood glucose levels, although small in magnitude. It was
seen that there was also a statistically signicant dierence
between the average preprandial blood glucose measure-
ments before beginning the consumption of cinnamon and
on day  in the individuals consuming  g of cinnamon per
day.
In the study of Kim et al., hydroxycinnamic acid was
obtained by rening from cinnamon. ey investigated this
acid as an antidiabetic derivative. ey found that it had the
highest glucose transport activity. ey determined that it
reduced the plasma glucose by improving glucose transport
[]. In a study of obese and normal weight individuals, in the
measurements made  minutes aer cinnamon consump-
tion, cinnamon was found to reduce the postprandial blood
glucose in both groups [].
It was seen also in the present study that there were
proportional declines in the postprandial blood glucose levels
of the individuals consuming  g,  g, and  g of cinnamon
compared to the initial measurements and that there were
statistically signicant dierences, as well.
In a placebo-controlled study on  volunteer patients
over the age of , the volunteers were given  g,  g, and
 g of ground cinnamon aer meals for the rst  days,
and a placebo treatment was administered for the next 
days. Serum glucose levels dropped by –%. e supple-
mentationofgofgroundcinnamonperdaywasfoundto
improve preprandial blood glucose and blood lipid prole.
ere was no signicant change in the amount of ground
cinnamon supplementation in the placebo group []. Because
the target group was composed of diseased individuals, the
study has shown that cinnamon causes signicant positive
proportional changes in the blood glucose prole based on
the implementation. is may be attributed to the severity
of the diseased patients impaired preprandial blood glucose
levels.
However,asinthepresentstudy,thedeclineinthehealthy
individuals remained proportional at lower levels. is can be
explained by the fact that preprandial blood glucose levels are
within the normal range in healthy individuals. erefore, it
is possible to say that cinnamon consumed at certain amounts
contributes highly positively to the impaired preprandial
blood glucose levels of diseased individuals whereas it mainly
plays a regulating role in the preprandial blood glucose levels
in healthy individuals. As a matter of fact, there was no
signicant change in preprandial blood glucose and lipids in
the placebo group in the present study that was carried out,
International Journal of Food Science
which conrms this thought. erefore, in studies conducted
on individuals who are not healthy, when there are signicant
declines, the eect of drugs should not be overlooked,
considering that patients use drugs with eects that lower
their blood glucose levels.
It has been reported in a study that  mg of cinna-
mon capsule per day provides positive improvement in the
preprandial plasma glucose level of individuals diagnosed
with metabolic syndrome [].
In another study carried out to investigate the eect of
consuming cinnamon at dierent levels on blood glucose, 
patients with type  diabetes were divided into three groups
of  people. e patients in each group were given  g,  g,
and  g cinnamon capsules per day for  days. Blood glucose
levels of the patients included in the study were measured
at the beginning, on the th day, and on the th day,
aer consumption. According to the results of the study, it
was determined that cinnamon lowered the blood sugar of
patients distinctly and signicantly [].
In another study,  studies (clinical, in vivo, and in
vitro) conducted until  were identied and examined
by selecting  clinical trials. From among these clinical
trials that were examined,  studies with the desired char-
acteristics were evaluated. Ultimately, it was seen that, in all
studies demonstrating positive results, “Chinese cinnamon
was used. According to the results of that study, it has
been emphasized that the amount and duration of use is
important in order to achieve the eect. Accordingly, it has
been suggested that at least – grams of ground or extract
Chinese cinnamon should be used – months in order to
see a minimal impact. Again, based on research results, it has
been shown that although it causes no eect on blood glucose
of people with normal blood glucose levels, it is eective on
blood glucose in people with type  diabetes and prediabetes
[].
In the study of Stoecker et al.,  type  diabetes
mellitus patients were evaluated for  months. e use of
 mg cinnamon capsules was found to cause a decrease in
preprandial and postprandial blood glucose levels [].
Compared to the initial measurements of average post-
prandial blood glucose levels of the individuals consuming
cinnamon, there were declines also in the present study in
averages on days  and —specically, .% and .% in
those consuming  g of cinnamon per day, .% and .%
in those consuming  g of cinnamon per day, and .%
and .% in those consuming  g of cinnamon per day,
respectively. e decrease in the postprandial blood glucose
of the individuals who consumed  g was more than those of
the other groups.
In the study of Crawford et al.,  type  diabetes
mellitus (HbAc>) patients were evaluated for  days. It
was found that the daily consumption of  g of cinnamon
capsules signicantly reduced the HbAc level. In the group
that used cinnamon, a .% decrease was observed in the
HbAcvalue.eHbAcvalueinthecontrolgroupdecreased
by .% at the end of  months [].
In the study of Akilen et al.,  g/day Cinnamomum cassia
type cinnamon consumption for  weeks was observed to
cause a signicant decline in HbAc level [].
In a study of  prospective-controlled trials by Baker et al.,
cinnamon consumption was found to not alter preprandial
blood glucose, HbAc, and lipid parameters in patients with
type  and type  diabetes [].
A research study in Tabriz, Iran, was carried out on 
patients with type  diabetes. Of these  patients,  people
were in the experimental group, and  people were in the
control group. In the study, the experimental group was given
. grams of cinnamon a day, while the control group was
given a capsule as a placebo with no eect on diabetes.
According to the results of the study, the preprandial blood
glucose and HbAc did not have a signicant dierence in
the control group. is dierence was found to be signicant
in the experimental group (p<.). It was found also in this
study that cinnamon caused positive eects on preprandial
blood glucose levels as well as HbAc levels in patients with
type  diabetes [].
Another research study in Yazd, Iran, was carried out
on  patients with type  diabetes. Of these  patients, 
people were in the experimental group, and  people were
in the control group. e study continued for  weeks. e
experimental group was given  g of cinnamon per day (
 mg capsules every  hours). e control group was given
capsules as a placebo that had no eect on diabetes. At the
end of the study, there was no signicant dierence between
thebloodglucoseandHbAcvaluesoftheexperimentaland
control groups [].
In the study of Lu et al., a group that consumed ground
cinnamon was compared with a placebo group. e study
included  Chinese people with type  diabetes mellitus.
At the end of  days, a signicant decline was observed in
HbAc. No signicant decline was observed in the placebo
group. Preprandial blood glucose was found to decline
signicantly in both groups [].
A meta-analysis of  clinical trials involving cinnamon
has included  people. It was found that cinnamon reduced
preprandial blood glucose, and HbAc decreased in short-
term studies []. In another study,  diabetes patients with
an average HbAc level of.% were given  g of cinnamon per
day for  months. It was reported that there was no change in
preprandial blood glucose and HbAc levels [].
In the present study, although there were proportionally
small changes in HbAc levels at dierent levels of consump-
tion, they were not signicant. In all three groups, there
was no statistically signicant dierence between the average
HbAc level measurements before consuming cinnamon and
on day .
Research studies examining the eects of cinnamon on
blood sugar of animals were found during the literature
review. In a study, in which the eect of the cinnamon on
insulin resistance and body composition was examined, 
male Wistar mice were fed with a high-fat and high-fructose
diet. A total of  g of cinnamon per kilogram was given with
a high-fat and high-fructose diet. It was found that insulin
sensitivity decreased, and body composition changed in the
mice that were fed [].
Kannappan et al. carried out a study on male Albino
mice, dividing them into two groups: a control group and
a group consuming cinnamon along with a high-fructose
International Journal of Food Science
diet. A glucose tolerance test was administered. In mice with
a high-fructose diet, glucose tolerance was improved. No
signicant changes were found in low doses [].
In a study carried out by Qin et al, cinnamon components
were added to the control group’s drinking water to observe
whether the cinnamon components increased the glucose use
of male Wistar mice. A high-fructose diet was administered
to the control and experimental groups for  weeks. e
consumption of cinnamon components was found to prevent
the development of insulin resistance in mice with high-
fructose diet in the control group [].
In their study, Taher et al. found that water-soluble cin-
namon polyphenols developed adipogenesis []. In another
study, cinnamon was found to activate insulin-induced glu-
cose use in the epididymal adipose tissue in mice. us,
they have found that it improves the glucose and insulin
metabolism [].
In in vivo studies, plasma glucose and insulin concen-
trations of mice were examined. Cinnamomum cassia was
foundtobemoreeectivethanCinnamomum zeylanicum
and reduced glucose levels in the blood glucose tolerance test
[].
In a study investigating the antidiabetic eect of Cin-
namomum cassia, cinnamon was given to animals with type
 diabetes mellitus for  weeks. Glucose intensity in the
blood was found to be reduced signicantly in this period
[].
Streptozotocin was given to diabetic Wistar mice for
 days to examine the components of Cinnamomum zey-
lanicum exhibiting an antidiabetic eect, and cinnamalde-
hyde was administered. Plasma glucose concentration has
decreased signicantly compared to the control group. More-
over, the administration of cinnamaldehyde has lowered the
HbAc level [].
In another study, mice were given cinnamon oil
(. mg/kg and  mg/kg) for  days. In the group
receiving  mg/kg cinnamon oil, the preprandial plasma
glucose level was found to be signicantly reduced compared
to that in the control group. Additionally, healing was
observed in pancreatic cell islets [].
A study was carried out in Jordan on  patients with
type  diabetes for  weeks; the patients were asked to take
g of ground cinnamon (two  milligrams of cinnamon
capsules) immediately aer breakfast, lunch, and dinner; and,
as a result, a daily dose of  g of cinnamon was found to be
eective in reducing blood glucose in a short time [].
In a parallel study on patients with type  diabetes aer
menopause, the patients were given cinnamon (Cinnamo-
mum cassia, . g/day) and placebo supplements for  weeks.
Based on the study, no change was detected in preprandial
blood glucose, preprandial insulin and HbAc levels, blood
lipids, and whole-body insulin resistance/sensitivity []. In
another study,  postmenopausal women were examined.
e consumption of  mg of cinnamon per day has been
observed not to reduce blood sugar compared to placebo
[]. In another study,  postmenopausal women with type
 diabetes mellitus were evaluated. It was observed that
consuming capsules containing   mg of cinnamon  times
a day for  months had no signicant eect [].
5. Conclusion
It has taken place in both national and international literature
that cinnamon reduces blood glucose in nonhealthy individ-
uals, and many studies have been carried out on this subject.
However, studies demonstrating the eect of cinnamon on
thebloodglucoseofhealthyindividualsarelittleifany.In
this study, it has been proven that cinnamon causes positive
changes in the blood glucose levels of healthy individuals. In
healthy individuals, the eects of cinnamon on blood glucose
are positive but are in a way that is regulatory and to keep the
blood glucose within the normal values/limits. Cinnamon led
to signicant changes in certain blood parameters examined
at dierent consumption levels in both proportional and
statistical terms. However, it can be said that this change
diered depending on the daily consumed amount and that
the dierentiation increased when the consumed amount was
– g. For this reason, more detailed and long-term studies
are needed for the use of cinnamon in healthy individuals.
More benecial results can thus be achieved by enriching the
data on the eects of cinnamon on healthy individuals.
Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.
Ethical Approval
is study was conducted according to the guidelines laid
down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures
involving human subjects/patients were approved by the
Istanbul Medipol University Non-Interventional Clinical
Researches Ethical Council.
Consent
All persons gave their informed consent prior to their
inclusion in the study.
Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conict of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
Nildem Kizilaslan and Nihal Zekiye Erdem equally con-
tributed to the conception and design of the research,
contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation
of the data, draed the manuscript, critically revised the
manuscript, agreed to be fully accountable for ensuring the
integrity and accuracy of the work, and read and approved
the nal manuscript.
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... The significant (p > 0.5) reduction in BG, including HbA1c and PBG, following the administration of cinnamon, its extracts, or products on people with T2D has been discussed extensively. Hlebowicz et al. [30] suggest that the substantial (p < 0.5) reduction in blood glucose could be attributed to improved function of the insulin receptor, activation of insulin receptor PI 3-kinase, and inhibition of tyrosine phosphates, which have an effect on cellular glucose uptake, while PBG response could be as a result of reduction in gastric emptying and controlled delivery of glucose to the small intestine [31]. Furthermore, the phytochemical constituents present in cinnamon, such as phenolic and volatile compounds, are useful in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that promote health [7]. ...
... In comparison, some of the studies reported only moderate or no observable impact (p > 0.05) on BG in people with T2D. These varying effects may be attributed to various forms of administration of cinnamon (food, extract, capsule, and supplement), doses, time, method/route, age, ethnicity, and use of other diabetic drugs [9,18,31]. Tables 2 and 3 provide highlights of the various doses of cinnamon, differences in the main inclusion criteria of included studies, such as body mass index, fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin, age, and duration of diabetes; the different types of medications taken by participants; and differences in sample sizes of participants to explain differences in the results of the studies included and the findings of this review. ...
... On the other hand, the effect of cinnamon on HbA1c was not significant in some of the studies [3,11,23]. These findings are in agreement with some studies that showed that while there were relatively minor variations in HbA1c with respect to the consumption levels, differences in levels of HbA1c before and after the consumption of cinnamon were not significant [31,38]. However, the analysis of the studies (9 studies and 605 participants) showed that cinnamon reduced HbA1c significantly (p < 0.05) in the cinnamon group with MD of −0.07 (95% CI, −0.13, −0.01, p = 0.02). ...
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Background: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is increasingly becoming a critical healthcare priority globally. Medical interventions are primary strategies for managing diabetes, but more recently, diet/nutrition therapy, including the use of functional food products such as cinnamon and/or cinnamon products, has garnered considerable attention. The focus of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose parameters, body mass index, and inflammatory markers in people with T2DM. Method: PRISMA and PICOS frameworks were used for the review. EBSCOhost was used to search for relevant literature in health science research databases, while EMBASE and reference lists were used to access other relevant articles. Results: For systematic review and meta-analysis, 14 and 12 studies, respectively, were included (five from Iran, two each from the USA and India, and one each from the UK, China, Germany, Portugal, and Iraq). All participants had T2DM with ages ranging from ≥30–65 years. The effect of cinnamon on glycaemic control and other parameters did not follow a regular pattern. Effect on HbA1c (nine studies and 605 participants; MD of −0.07 (95% CI, −0.13, −0.01, p = 0.02), postprandial blood glucose (PBG) and BMI showed significant (p < 0.05) reductions. However, cinnamon exhibited no significant (p > 0.05) impact on FBG (MD of −1.73 (95% CI, −3.98, 0.52, p = 0.13), CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 in people with T2D; neither did the sensitivity test reveal any change in relation to these parameters. Conclusions: Cinnamon or cinnamon extracts/products are significantly effective in diabetes management through reduction in HbA1c, PBG, and BMI.
... A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted at the Sri Jayawardenepura General Hospital and the Kandawala Medical Centre in Sri Lanka from 3 May 2021 to 29 ...
... Previous research has demonstrated that cinnamon, rich in polyphenolic components, reduces oxidative stress and improves pre-prandial glucose levels when consumed at 500 mg/ day for 12 weeks [28]. A trial carried out in 2018 aimed at investigating the effects of various amounts of cinnamon on factors including pre-prandial blood glucose and HbA1c levels in 41 healthy volunteers over 40 days found an average 5.92% reduction (p = 0.035) in pre-prandial blood sugar levels among those consuming 6g of cinnamon daily [29]. This trial also reported no statistically significant difference in average HbA1c levels, consistent with our findings. ...
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Background Cinnamon has been studied as a possible way to control blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels. However, there are no well-conducted randomized controlled trials that can accurately measure the lipid and glucose-lowering effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) extract. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the effect of a standardized C. zeylanicum extract on serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and secondarily on other lipid parameters (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol and triglycerides), glucose levels, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and safety outcomes in individuals with an LDL level between 100-190mg/dL. Materials and methods This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants were allocated to either C. zeylanicum extract or placebo group (1:1 allocation ratio). They were advised to take two capsules per day (1000 mg/day, a dose based on prior clinical studies suggesting potential efficacy and safety). Reduction in LDL-C at 12 weeks (from the baseline value) was compared between the two groups using ANCOVA. A complete-case analysis was adhered to in analyzing the outcome data. Results The mean age (SD) of the 150 participants was 50.4 (10.52) years, and 66% were females. Among the 127 participants assessed at 12 weeks, those in the C. zeylanicum extract arm had a lower LDL-C value than the placebo arm but the difference was not significant (the baseline adjusted mean difference was 6.05mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.43 to 14.52; p = 0.161). However, participants in the C. zeylanicum extract group showed significantly greater reductions in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (the baseline adjusted mean difference was 8.59mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.59 to 16.59; p = 0.036). There was a significant interaction effect between the supplement and participants’ glycemic status, with individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who received C. zeylanicum extract experiencing a notable reduction in FBS levels (standardized coefficient: -63, 95% CI: -102 to -25; p = 0.002). Conclusions C. zeylanicum extract did not have significantly reduce LDL-C but demonstrated a significant FBS-lowering effect, particularly in individuals with T2DM, with a favorable safety profile. Trials registration The trial was registered with the Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry: SLCTR/2021/011.
... Different blood glucose parameters were monitored before and after the meal. According to the results, consuming 3-6 g of cinnamon daily for 40 days significantly declined the blood glucose indicators (Kizilaslan & Erdem, 2019). These findings provide substantial evidence to support cinnamon's potential uses in the pharmaceutical and food industries (Dong et al., 2024). ...
... Blood glucose levels were measured before and after the consumption of cinnamon. Cinnamon ingestion of 3-6 g was found to favorably affect preprandial and postprandial blood glucose measurements (Kizilaslan & Erdem, 2019). ...
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Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most significant worldwide public health issues. Hypertension, visceral obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance are some of the contributing variables. The latest MetS preventative measures have focused on lifestyle factors and combination therapy, including exercise and herbal treatment. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is rich in phytochemicals, including phenolic and volatile compounds, responsible for its antitumor, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-hypertriglyceridemia potentials. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the value of cinnamon's anti-inflammatory properties in treating diabetes. Cinnamon is crucial in maintaining normal levels of lipids in the blood. In the past ten years, several clinical studies have examined the effectiveness of cinnamon administration in managing inflammation-related diseases, metabolic abnormalities, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Comprehensive information about the chemical composition, nutritional compounds, phytoconstituents, and protective role of cinnamon and cinnamaldehyde against metabolic syndrome has been presented in this review. An effort has also been made to explain the mechanisms of blood glucose management, visceral obesity management, and cinnamon safety and toxicity aspects
... The mixture was thoroughly mixed, and the kinetics of the decrease in optical density of the solution were measured at 517 nm every 5 min for a total duration of 30 min. The DPPG working solution served as the control sample against which the results were compared [73][74][75][76][77]. ...
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Three new coordination polymers (CPs) formulated—[Cu(5‐SSA)Cu2(MEA)2]·2H2O (1) (where 5‐SSA = 5‐sulfosalicylic acid, MEA = monoethanolamine); [Mn(SSA)4(H2O)2]n (MEA)(H2O) (2); [Na (SSA)]MEA (3)—have been prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction method. In 1, coordination numbers of both copper ions are six with octahedron geometry. Further, this compound has complicated intermolecular H‐bonds in the polymeric structure that incorporate polymeric chains into 3‐D networks. Compound 2 also exhibits a polymeric bimolecular chain structure and features two intramolecular hydrogen bonds, both having the same graph‐set notation of S11(6) in the structure. Further, it is a supramolecular compound (clathrate or host‐guest complex) with inclusion of monoethanolamine (MEA) and water. Similarly, 2‐D polymeric layer structure of compound 3 with strong H‐bonds generated a 3‐D network. All these CPs were explored to study their cytotoxicity, antiradical activity, and adsorption properties. The cytotoxicity results indicate that compound 1 has acute toxicity in the mice, characterized by adverse effects and a significant mortality rate. Further, the average lethal dose (LD50) of the compounds 1–3 is estimated 546, 708, and 750 mg/kg, respectively. In case of antiradical activity, the CPs 2 and 3 have high antioxidant radical forming (ARF) capability. The adsorption of N₂ at low temperatures was evaluated using an Autosorb device and the measured P0 value at 77 K was 101.3 kPa. In addition, the surface area of these compounds were also determined by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), which affirmed 311.9, 526.69, and 349.8781 m²/g for compounds 1–3, respectively. The nitrogen adsorption data revealed that compounds 1 and 2 contain only mesopores, while compound 3 consists exclusively of micropores. Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method was explored to determine mesopore volume with values of 0.171459, 0.808656, and 0.11969 cm³/g for compounds 1–3, respectively.
... It was demonstrated that the highest dose of cinnamon significantly decreased FPG (p = 0.035) compared to before consumption of the supplement. A significant reduction in 2h-PPG (p = 0.028) at the dose of 1 g/day of cinnamon compared to the measurement on day 20 was also observed, as well as at the dose of 3 g/day (p = 0.018) and 6 g/day (p = 0.017), compared to baseline [84]. ...
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Dysglycemia is a condition preceding diabetes mellitus. The two situations inherent in this condition are called impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). If one of these situations is found in the patient, after the advice of an appropriate diet and physical activity, the addition of nutraceuticals or supplements can be considered, which can stop or delay the progression to diabetes mellitus over time. The purpose was to compile a systematic review about the use of nutraceuticals for treating diabetes and prediabetes and to offer a valuable resource for colleagues working on this crucial subject, thereby improving patient health. The added value of the paper compared to other reviews is that it was written by experts appointed by five different scientific societies dealing with diabetes, nutrition, and complications.
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Caloric Restriction (CR) and cinnamon promote several benefits, including the modulation of lipid metabolism and body fat mass. We hypothesize that cinnamon may act as a mimetic of restriction or enhance the effects of caloric restriction on adipose tissue. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into Control (CT, n = 8) and Cinnamon (CIN, n = 7), with free access to standard chow; Calorie Restriction (CR, n = 8) and Calorie Restriction with Cinnamon (CIN-CR, n = 7), subjected to a 30% reduction in food intake compared to the average consumption of CT rats. Both CIN groups received 50 mg cinnamon powder (Cinnamomun verum) per kg body mass, by gavage, over 6 weeks. Cinnamon treatment did not alter food intake under either ad libitum or caloric restriction conditions. The CR and CIN-CR groups exhibit lower body mass. Basal glycemia, lipid profile, and triglyceride-glycemic index were similar between groups. The combination of both interventions induced lower visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, and smaller adipocyte diameter in the visceral and subcutaneous WAT compartments, accompanied by reduced expression of genes related to lipid metabolism (Acaca, Fasn, Cd36, Srebf1c), suggesting decreased lipid synthesis. Histological analyses identified a browning phenotype in the CR, CIN, and CIN-CR groups, positive for UCP1 immunostaining. The CR and CIN-CR groups showed lower Atg7 expression, and CIN-CR animals expressed increased levels of Lamp2, suggesting modulation of autophagy. Brown adipose tissue mass and lipid content were not influenced by any intervention. These findings suggest that cinnamon may enhance the effects of caloric restriction in promoting adipocyte metabolic health.
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Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, surpassed only by heart disease. Despite improved diagnosis and treatment, cancer cells still evade normal physiological processes such as apoptosis, metabolism, angiogenesis, cell cycle, and epigenetics. To mitigate the numerous side effects linked to chemotherapy, leveraging natural products emerged as a promising alternative, either alone or in tandem with traditional agents. Cinnamaldehyde, an active ingredient of Cinnamomum cassia's stem bark has emerged as a molecule of research with diverse pharmacological properties. In the present study, we report an in silico potential of cinnamaldehyde (CM) potential as an anticancer agent across thirteen anti‐cancer targets in comparison with chlorambucil (CB), docetaxel (DOC), melphalan (MP). Computational tools such as DFT, CHEM3D, molinspiration, vNNADMET, SWISS ADME, admetSAR, galaxyrefine, iGEMDOCK, and DS‐Visualizer were employed. Additionally, anti‐cathepsin B activity was assessed for cinnamaldehyde and the mentioned drugs and the results showed comparable inhibition at nano Molar concentrations. The results supported molecular docking using iGEMDOCK. Both in silico and experimental findings substantiate cinnamaldehyde as a promising drug for cancer treatment including metastasis and invasion where cathepsin B involvement is indicated.
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Introduction Contradictory claims about the efficacy of several medicinal plants to promote glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been explained by divergences in the administration form and by extrapolation of data obtained from healthy individuals. It is not known whether the antidiabetic effects of traditional herbal medicines are influenced by gelatin capsules. This randomized crossover trial aimed to evaluate the acute effect of a single dose of raw cinnamon consumed orally either dissolved in water as a beverage or as ordinary hard gelatin capsules on postprandial hyperglycemia (>140 mg/dL; >7.8 mmol/L) in T2DM patients elicited by a nutritionally-balanced meal providing 50 g of complex carbohydrates. Methods Fasting T2DM patients (n = 19) randomly ingested a standardized meal in five experimental sessions, one alone (Control) and the other after prior intake of 3 or 6 g of crude cinnamon in the form of hard gelatin capsules or powder dissolved in water. Blood glucose was measured at fasting and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2 hours postprandially. After each breakfast, its palatability scores for visual appeal, smell and pleasantness of taste were assessed, as well as the taste intensity sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, sourness and creaminess. Results The intake of raw cinnamon dissolved in water, independently of the dose, decreased the meal-induced large glucose spike (peak-rise of +87 mg/dL and Δ1-hour glycemia of +79 mg/dL) and the hyperglycemic blood glucose peak. When cinnamon was taken as capsules, these anti-hyperglycemic effects were lost or significantly diminished. Raw cinnamon intake did not change time-to-peak or the 2-h post-meal glycaemia, but flattened the glycemic curve (lower iAUC) without changing the shape that is typical of T2DM patients. Conclusions This cinnamon’s antihyperglycemic action confirms its acarbose-like property to inhibit the activities of the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes α-amylases/α-glucosidases, which is in accordance with its exceptionally high content of raw insoluble fiber. The efficacy of using raw cinnamon as a diabetes treatment strategy seems to require its intake at a specific time before/concomitantly the main hyperglycemic daily meals. Trial registration: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC), number RBR-98tx28b.
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Background: Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. Presl (cinnamon) have been used as food and herbal drug in Asia and Europe. Although some studies have been shown that cinnamon has blood glucose lowering effect but some reports denied it. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of cinnamon on blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods : This study was a double blind randomized controlled trial study. 61 type 2 diabetic patients with fasting blood glucose of 140 to 250 mg/dl were randomly divided in to two groups. The patients in cinnamon groups received two 500mg cinnamon capsules and patients in placebo group received two 500mg placebo capsules daily. The patients fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL were determined at starting and after 8 weeks at the end of the study. Results : There was no significant difference in patients fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL between intervention groups compared with placebo on starting of the trial. Further results indicated that there were no significant difference between two groups regarding lowering of blood glucose, HbA1c, and blood lipids after 8 week of cinnamon and placebo treatment. Conclusion : According to the study results, consumption of one gram of cinnamon per day, do not have blood glucose lowering effects.
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Background Cinnamon bark is one of the most popular herbal ingredients in traditional oriental medicine and possesses diverse pharmacological activities including anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-cancer properties. The goal of this study is to investigate the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory effect of cinnamon water extract (CWE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and its underlying intracellular mechanisms. Methods CWE was orally administrated to mice for 6 days prior to intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Serum levels of TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined 1 hour after LPS stimulation. Peritoneal macrophages from thioglycollate-injected mice were isolated and assayed for viability, cytokine expression and signaling molecules upon LPS stimulation. CWE was further fractioned according to molecular size, and the levels of total polyphenols and biological activities of each fraction were measured. Results The oral administration of CWE to mice significantly decreased the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. CWE treatment in vitro decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α. CWE blocked the LPS-induced degradation of IκBα as well as the activation of JNK, p38 and ERK1/2. Furthermore, size-based fractionation of CWE showed that the observed inhibitory effect of CWE in vitro occurred in the fraction containing the highest level of total polyphenols. Conclusions Treatment with CWE decreased LPS-induced TNF-α in serum. In vitro inhibition of TNF-α gene by CWE may occur via the modulation of IκBα degradation and JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 activation. Our results also indicate that the observed anti-inflammatory action of CWE may originate from the presence of polyphenols.
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The present study was designed to investigate whether cinnamon bark extract (CBEt) mitigates the adverse effects of fructose loading on glucose metabolism and lipid profile in rats. Adult male albino rats of body weight 150-170 g were divided into five groups and fed with either control or high fructose diet (HFD). CBEt was administered to HFD-fed rats orally at two doses (a low and a high dose) while the control diet-fed rats were treated with a high dose of CBEt. The treatment protocol was carried out for 60 days after which the oral glucose tolerance test was carried out. Biochemical parameters related to glucose metabolism and lipid profile were assayed. The levels of glucose, insulin and protein-bound sugars were higher and activities of enzymes of glucose metabolism were altered in HFD-fed rats, as compared to control animals. The levels were brought back to near-normal when administered with CBEt at high dose. CBEt also prevented the hyperlipidaemia observed in fructose-fed rats and improved glucose tolerance. CBEt did not show any significant effect in fructose-fed rats when administered at low dose. These findings indicate the improvement of glucose metabolism in-vivo by CBEt in fructose-fed rats.
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Based on insulin potentiating activity of cinnamon, effects of a water extract of cinnamon were tested in a 2‐mo double‐blind placebo trial with 137 participants in China. Mean±SEM age was 61.3 ± 0.8 years, BMI was 25.3 ± 0.3 and M/F ratio was 65/72. A placebo capsule or a 250 mg dried water‐extract cinnamon (CinSulin) capsule was given twice per day. At baseline, homeostasis model assessment‐estimated insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) was significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure (r=0.23) postprandial glucose (r=0.45) and insulin (r=0.42), triglycerides (r=0.29), fructosamine (0.23), BMI (r=0.29) and negatively correlated with HDLC (r=0.37). After 2 mo, fasting glucose decreased (p<0.001) in the aqua‐cinnamon‐supplemented group (8.85 ± 0.36 to 8.19 ± 0.29 mmol/L) compared with 8.57 ± 0.32 to 8.44 ± 0.34 mmol/L in the placebo group (p=0.45). Glucose 2 h after a 75 g carbohydrate load also decreased (p<0.0001) with CinSulin (15.09 ± 0.57 to 13.30 ± 0.55 mmol/L) compared to 14.18 ± 0.60 to 13.74 ± 0.58 mmol/L with placebo. Insulin concentrations and HOMA‐IR tended to be improved by aqua‐cinnamon supplements but differences were not significant. In summary, supplementation of a water extract of cinnamon had beneficial effects in subjects with hyperglycemia. (Supported by USDA‐ARS, Tang‐An Medical & Oklahoma State Univ).
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PURPOSE: To review the available information on prevalence, complications, and mortality of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and primary and secondary prevention activities in black persons, Hispanic persons, Native Americans, and Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States. DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE search from 1976 to 1994 through the PlusNet search system. STUDY SELECTION: Use of the key words non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the names of each specific minority group, socioeconomic status, acculturation, genetics, diet, complications, mortality, treatment, and intervention (lifestyle or medication) produced 290 unduplicated articles. Additional articles cited in the original articles were also included. DATA EXTRACTION: Risk factors, incidence, prevalence, complications, and mortality of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. DATA SYNTHESIS: All minorities, except natives of Alaska, have a prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that is two to six times greater than that of white persons. Most studies show an increased prevalence of nephropathy that can be as much as six times higher than that of white persons. Retinopathy has variably higher rates in black persons, Hispanic persons, and Native Americans. Amputations are done more frequently among black persons than among white persons (9.0 per 1000 compared with 6.3 per 1000), and Pima Indians have 3.7 times more amputations than do white persons. Diabetes-related mortality is higher for minorities than for white persons, and the rate is increasing. The relative importance of genetic heritage, diet, exercise, socioeconomic status, culture, language, and access to health care in the prevalence, incidence, and mortality of diabetes is not clear. Studies of interventions in minority populations are in progress. CONCLUSION: Diabetes should be treated as a public health problem for minority populations.
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The present study was designed to investigate the effects of supplementation of cinnamon on blood glucose and lipids levels among type1 diabetics. The samples consisted of 60 subjects with type1 diabetes and the doses of cinnamon were equally administered orally in the form of capsules with breakfast, lunch and dinner. The doses were given for 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken on the starting day of the experiment and at the end of 4 weeks. The fasting blood glucose and lipids levels of types1 were determined, from the results obtained the mean value of fasting blood glucose levels for cinnamon doses on the starting day, was found to be 241.5 mg/dl and the mean values for lipids were triglyceride (225.5 mg/dl), total cholesterol (300 mg/dl) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (165.7 mg/dl). When the diabetic individuals used the doses of cinnamon for 4 weeks, their mean fasting blood glucose level dropped to 126.67 mg/dl, triglycerides (150 mg/dl), total cholesterol (210 mg/dl) and LDL (115.5 mg/dl). The reduction in the mean fasting blood glucose and lipids levels were significant at P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 respectively.
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In healthy normal-weight adults, cinnamon reduces blood glucose concentration and enhances insulin sensitivity. Insulin resistance, resulting in increased fasting and postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels, is commonly observed in obese individuals. The objective of the study was to compare declines in postprandial glycemic response in normal-weight and obese subjects with ingestion of 6 g ground cinnamon. In a crossover study, subjects consumed 50 g available carbohydrate in instant farina cereal, served plain or with 6 g ground cinnamon. Blood glucose concentration, the main outcome measure, was assessed at minutes 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120. Repeated-measures analysis of variance evaluated the effects of body mass index (BMI) group, dietary condition, and time on blood glucose. Paired t-test assessed blood glucose at individual time points and glucose area under the curve (AUC) between dietary conditions. Thirty subjects between the ages of 18 and 30 years, 15 with BMIs between 18.5 and 24.9 and 15 with BMIs of 30.0 or more, completed the study. There was no significant difference in blood glucose between the two BMI groups at any time point. However, in a combined analysis of all subjects, the addition of cinnamon to the cereal significantly reduced 120-minute glucose AUC (P=0.008) and blood glucose at 15 (P=0.001), 30 (P<0.001), 45 (P<0.001), and 60 (P=0.001) minutes. At 120 minutes, blood glucose was significantly higher with cinnamon consumption (P<0.001). These results suggest cinnamon may be effective in moderating postprandial glucose response in normal weight and obese adults.
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For thousands of years, cinnamon has been used as a traditional treatment in China. However, there are no studies to date that investigate whether cinnamon supplements are able to aid in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Chinese subjects. We hypothesized cinnamon should be effective in improving blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. To address this hypothesis, we performed a randomized, double-blinded clinical study to analyze the effect of cinnamon extract on glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c) and fasting blood glucose levels in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and randomly divided into 3 groups: placebo and low-dose and high-dose supplementation with cinnamon extract at 120 and 360 mg/d, respectively. Patients in all 3 groups took gliclazide during the entire 3 months of the study. Both hemoglobin A(1c) and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in patients in the low- and high-dose groups, whereas they were not changed in the placebo group. The blood triglyceride levels were also significantly reduced in the low-dose group. The blood levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and liver transaminase remained unchanged in the 3 groups. In conclusion, our study indicates that cinnamon supplementation is able to significantly improve blood glucose control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.
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A new approximation for the coefficients required to calculate the Shapiro-WilkW-test is derived. It is easy to calculate and applies for any sample size greater than 3. A normalizing transformation for theW statistic is given, enabling itsP-value to be computed simply. The distribution of the new approximation toW agrees well with published critical points which use exact coefficients.
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Cinnamon seems to be highly bioactive, appearing to mimic the effect of insulin through increased glucose uptake in adipocytes and skeletal muscles. This systematic review and Meta analysis examined the effect of cinnamon on glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. A systematic literature search was conducted from the earliest possible date through to 01 August 2011. Search terms included free text terms, MeSH and Medline medical index terms such as: "cinnamon", "cinnamomum", "cinnamomum cassia", "cinnamomum zeylanicum", "type 2 diabetes mellitus". Each was crossed with the term "diabetes mellitus". In addition, references of key articles were hand searched. A total of 6 clinical trials met the strict inclusion criteria and considered a total of 435 patients; follow up between 40 days-4 months, doses ranging from 1 g to 6 g per day. Meta-analysis of RCTs showed a significant decrease in mean HbA1c [0.09%; 95% CI was 0.04-0.14] and mean FPG [0.84 mmol/l; 95% CI was 0.66-1.02]. Use of cinnamon showed a beneficial effect on glycaemic control (both HbA1c and FPG) and the short term (<4 months) effects of the use of cinnamon on glycaemic control looks promising.