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In search of equity: Jahrbuch StadtRegion 2017/2018
Abstract
The paper suggests that despite the French model of centralized housing policy, different local housing markets have developed where social housing commitment plays a key role. French housing policy has been reoriented in recent decades and is now facing a challenge: implementing the right to housing (recently strengthened through the DALO Act, 2007) and, at the same time, achieving “social cohesion” and “social mix”, which concretely means developing approaches to tackle spatial concentrations of poor and migrant households. The Paris metropolitan area offers an interesting example of how different actors deal with the huge territorial inequalities that result from former housing policies and the recent and ongoing unemployment crisis. Housing construction has improved as well as institutional cooperation, but conflicts of interest and real estate speculation are still able to slow down solidarity at regional level.
How can metropolitan regions ramp up housing production to meet the demands of a growing population, after years of inadequate construction and mounting challenges for affordability? I consider recent policy reforms in the Paris region that have successfully doubled that area’s housing-unit completion rate. I show that a focus on social housing, harnessing of publicly owned land, new financial and regulatory incentives, and the enforcement of municipal policy by higher level governments have effectively encouraged development. These policies complemented one another and were implemented by multiple levels of government as part of a shared metropolitan strategy. Paris’ example offers a model for other regions looking to identify appropriate policies to spur construction.
While Shrinking Cities are the object of a growing interest in Europe and in the United States, they remain understudied in France. Indeed, few research works have been dedicated to the topic and urban policies, at least at the national level, do not deal with this question. This situation could find an explanation in the fact that the process of urban shrinkage, in France, has not reached the point where it could get academic and politic attention. In order to verify this hypothesis, this article aims at measuring the extent of the phenomenon of urban shrinkage in France. It will try to assess whether this process, although internationally recognized, is in France as marginal as the lack of interest it creates suggests or whether its evolution could lead to a better recognition by national policies.
Depuis plusieurs décennies, la ségrégation est un thème abondamment investi par les sciences sociales en général et par la géographie en particulier. Or quelles que soient les orientations adoptées (portant sur la question de la mesure du phénomène, ou celle des mécanismes, etc.), presque toutes ces recherches assimilent la ségrégation à une injustice spatiale. C'est cette implicite corrélation ségrégation/injustice que cet article examinera de plus près, à travers une revue de la littérature de différents champs disciplinaires (géographie, sociologie, histoire, urbanisme, sciences politiques, philosophie) : la ville ségrégée est-elle injuste par essence ? Toute division socio spatiale de l'espace – urbain en particulier – est-elle injuste ? Sinon, quand doit-elle être considérée comme injuste ? Et inversement, la ville mixte est-elle le modèle de la ville juste, vers lequel on doit tendre ? Autant de questions qui invitent à réinterroger les présupposés sur lesquels reposent de nombreux discours sur la ségrégation aujourd'hui...
“Greater Paris”, Urban Strategies and Geopoliticals Conflicts
Two years after his June 2007 speech at Charles-de-Gaulle Airport, Nicolas Sarkozy seems to have given up on his project of creating a Greater Paris. Local elected officials, from both left and right demonstrated great reluctance for the project, developed their own strategies to politically control the region’s territory and built alliances with some of their counter parts. The Mayor of Paris, Bertrand, counter-attacked and was particularly successful in putting on hold the president’s project, thanks to poor results of the president’s party at the local elections in march 2008. Delanoë managed to obtain the creation of a special district, gathering about a hundred cities called “Paris Metropole” which mission is ambiguous and could kill any of institutional reform effort in the Paris Region. Yet the government seems determined to create a public agency under its control called “Society of the Greater Paris” which would manage large scale projects such as the new transportation network.
Social Mixing in Urban Renovation: Dispersion or Re-concentration?
Social mixing is a central aim of the programmes of urban renovation launched in France and in Europe at the beginning of this century, housing diversification being the instrument to achieve this. This article, after having reviewed the risks of social mixing within programmes of renovation, which is associated with the patterns of people moving houses, focusses on the paradoxical effects of demolitions and relocations within ten operations within the Paris region. On the one hand – the reverse of the effects of renovation in the 1960s – the tendency is more towards the re-concentration of the poorest families in the
Zus
(fragile urban zones) rather than dispersion while the better-off families are moved to more valued localities within the
Zus
or beyond it. On the other hand, as a result of these relocations and the life styles of the residents, these urban social recompositions tend towards the fragmentation of the old and large housing estates and/or of the “communes” into small homogeneous residential localities but each differentiated one from the other. This raises concerns regarding the different levels of social mixing and indeed the choice of these social and spatial proximities returns us to the basic questions of cohabitation and inequalities.
Intercommunalités de l’agglomération parisienne
- Insee Analyses
- Ile-De-France
Étude relative à la mise en oeuvre d’une autorité organisatrice du logement en Île-de-France
- H Joinet
- C Corbillé
Métropolisation et spécialisation sociale du territoire francilien. Iau Ile-de- France, décembre
- M Sagot
Une brève histoire de l’aménagement de Paris et sa région. Direction régionale de l’Equipement d’Ile-de-France
- C Cottour
Le modèle français du logement social en danger
- I Rey-Lefèbvre
Rapport d’information au nom de l’Observatoire de la décentralisation sur les perspectives d’évolution institutionnelle du Grand Paris
- P Dallier
Grand Paris. Sortir des illusions, approfondir les ambitions
- J.-P Orfeuil
- M Wiel
L’intercommunalité francilienne : vers une généralisation en grande couronne
- A Parnaix
- I Zugetta
Au nom de la mixité sociale, le Grand Paris se fait machine à exclure
- I Rey-Lefèbvre