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Past, Present and Future of Malaria Prevalence and Eradication in the Light of Climate Change
... In 2018, malaria was the second largest investment, being behind only HIV/AIDS (US$ 7,351 million), where total costs with medicines, basic research, and vaccines represented around 87% of this budget [12]. This fact is part of a set of strategies designed by the WHO to reduce 90% of this disease's incidence and mortality rates and eliminate it from at least 35 countries until 2030 [13]. ...
... .(13). Compounds (64-66) were designed from quinine (1) and mefloquine (7). ...
Medicinal chemists around the world have been inspired by nature and have successfully extracted chemicals from plants. Research on enzymatic modifications of naturally occurring compounds has played a critical role in the search for biologically active molecules to treat diseases.
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Volume 3 presents (1) a brief overview of botanical and pharmacological properties of alkaloids, (2) a summary of the synthesis of natural morphinans and related alkaloids, (3) caffeine-based compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, (4) piperine derivatives, (5) noscapine-based anti-cancer agents, (6) biogenic amines and amino acid derivatives as carbonic anhydrase modulators and (7) antimalarial compounds on quinoline scaffolds.
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... Increased temperature will increase malaria incident along with increased rainfall and surface area. It makes up longer transmission period in endemic areas [18]. Malaria incident distribution is restricted by tolerance of vectors in endemic areas. ...
Malaria is a disease caused by the parasite plasmodium sp, which is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquitoes Anopheles. Bengkulu is a malaria endemic province located at western Indonesia. Climate change due to global warming causes malaria outbreak. This study aimed to describe distribution pattern of mitigating malaria through factors related climate. It used ecology study based on climate factors using Geographic Information System (GIS). Data were total of malaria incident, temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed and sunlight. Data were analyzed by correlation test. We found that rainfall was high potentially correlated to malaria incident in South Bengkulu Regency.
Since the early twentieth century, the intensity of malaria transmission has decreased sharply worldwide, although it is still an infectious disease with a yearly estimate of 228 million cases. The aim of this study was to expand our knowledge on the main drivers of malaria in Spain. In the case of autochthonous malaria, these drivers were linked to socioeconomic and hygienic and sanitary conditions, especially in rural areas due to their close proximity to the wetlands that provide an important habitat for anopheline reproduction. In the case of imported malaria, the main drivers were associated with urban areas, a high population density and international communication nodes (e.g. airports). Another relevant aspect is that the major epidemic episodes of the twentieth century were strongly influenced by war and military conflicts and overcrowding of the healthcare system due to the temporal overlap with the pandemic flu of 1918. Therefore, military conflicts and overlap with other epidemics or pandemics are considered to be drivers of malaria that can-in a temporary manner-exponentially intensify transmission of the disease. Climatic factors did not play a relevant role as drivers of malaria in Spain (at least directly). However, they did influence the seasonality of the disease and, during the epidemic outbreak of 1940-1944, the climate conditions favored or coadjuvated its spread. The results of this study provide additional knowledge on the seasonal and interannual variability of malaria that can help to develop and implement health risk control measures.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41207-021-00245-8.
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