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Higher diet quality in university students is associated with higher academic achievement: a cross‐sectional study
Abstract
Background
Unhealthy diets are typical of university students and the effects may be wider reaching than health. The present study aimed to describe the association between dietary intake and academic achievement in a sample of Australian university students.
Methods
A cross‐sectional analysis of data from an online survey of 278 students from the University of Newcastle (UON), Australia [mean (SD) age 26.9 (10.5) years; 70.9% female] was conducted. Dietary intake, in terms of diet quality score [Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS)], including individual sub‐scales, and percentage energy per day from energy‐dense nutrient poor (EDNP) foods, including individual sub‐groups, was assessed using the validated Australian Eating Survey Food Frequency Questionnaire, and academic achievement was assessed as self‐reported grade point average (GPA). The association between GPA and dietary intake was explored using linear regression, with adjustment for socio‐demographic and student characteristics.
Results
Higher GPA was associated with higher diet quality (ARFS) (β = 0.02, P = 0.011), higher sub‐scale scores for vegetables (β = 0.03, P = 0.026) and fruit (β = 0.05, P = 0.029) and with lower percentage energy per day from EDNP foods overall (β = −0.01, P = 0.047) and also from sweetened drinks (β = −0.06, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
The results of the present study demonstrate small associations between a healthier dietary intake and higher academic achievement, as well as vice versa. Given that the associations were small, they may not be particularly meaningful. However, this evidence could be used as a motivator for efforts aiming to improve dietary intake among university students.
... Whatnall and colleagues measured adherence to the Australian Dietary Guidelines through the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS), and the association with GPA. 45 Study results showed that ARFS was associated with GPA in unadjusted models (β = .019, p = 0.003), additionally, ARFS was associated with GPA in the adjusted models accounting for socio-demographic and student characteristics (β = 0.02, p = 0.011). ...
... 36,41,42 Finally, one study indicated moderate positive associations between overall dietary quality using the DASH score and general mental health and depression, anxiety and stress; the only study that used the DASH score as the measurement for dietary quality. 39 Results were more consistent, although data were again limited, when considering overall dietary quality and academic performance, where two studies suggested weak positive associations between dietary quality and GPA, 44,45 even when the measurement tools for overall dietary quality were different for the two studies. Preliminary searching suggested that a large body of literature was available on dietary quality and associations between mental well-being indicators or academic performance, but few studies specifically examined these associations in college students, a population susceptible to diet-related challenges. ...
... 53 Seven studies were included in the analysis, and results showed five studies having small to moderate significant positive associations between dietary quality and academic achievement. 53 Similar to our study, most previous studies used cross-sectional or Hei scores were significantly associated with stress, but not anxiety or depression low dietary quality was associated with high odds of stress Khan 44 Dietary Quality index-international (DQi-i); assess variety, adequacy, moderation, and balance canadian grade Point average (cgPa) total DQi-i scores were associated with cgPa; DQi-i variety scores were associated with cgPa; DQi-i balance scores were associated with cgPa Whatnall et al. 45 australian recommended food Score (arfS); adherence to the australian Dietary guidelines grade Point average; based upon a seven-point scale arfS were associated with gPa in the unadjusted models; arfS were associated with gPa in the adjusted models accounting for socio-demographic and student characteristics Abbreviations: n = total participants in the sample; %f = percentage of females in the sample population; age = age of participants. ...
... A good quality diet can also correct nutritional deficiencies, such as iron and iodine deficiencies, that are involved in cognitive functioning that in turn impact academic performance (Adolphus et al., 2013). Whatnall et al. (2019) indicated that there are many nutrients known to have vital roles in brain function and development (e.g., folate, iron, omega 3) and the link between achievement and diet quality may be explained by better nutrient intakes (see also Hasz & Lamport, 2012;Hoyland et al., 2009;Masoomi et al., 2020;Peña-Jorquera et al., 2021). ...
... Ptomey et al. (2016; see also Adolphus et al., 2013;Hasz & Lamport, 2012;Peña-Jorquera et al., 2021) found a positive link between the nutritional quality of food consumed (especially whole-grains) at breakfast and achievement, but their study was of young children; they recommended similar research be conducted among adolescents. Whatnall et al. (2019) found that a diet better aligned with nutritional guidelines (e.g., higher diet quality, such as those that include more vegetables and fruit) was associated with higher grade point averages (GPA) among university students, as did O'Dea and Mugridge (2012) with regards to literacy achievement among a sample of children in Grades 3-7. In contrast, high-calorie, nutrient-poor foods can impede performance (Cornil et al., 2020) and consumption of snack food and low nutrient-dense food (or a diet low in dairy content) was associated with poor school performance among adolescents (Faught et al., 2017). ...
... The links between breakfast and motivation, breakfast and achievement, and motivation and achievement (i.e., the key relationships in this study, see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) must be disentangled from personal, home, and classroom factors that are known to be significantly implicated in students' academic development. Many studies of breakfast do not adequately account for enough covariates and confounds, which is a limitation that needs to be addressed to ascertain the unique effects of breakfast on students' academic outcomes (Adolphus et al., 2013;Whatnall et al., 2019). These variables may precede or co-occur with the consumption of breakfast and thus may explain variation in student motivation and achievement that must be accounted for when seeking to determine the unique effects of breakfast. ...
Breakfast is often cited as the most important meal of the day and vital for students’ academic functioning at school. Although much research has linked students’ breakfast consumption to better achievement, there has been debate about why and how breakfast has academic benefits. The present study of 648 Australian high school students investigated (a) the role of breakfast consumption and breakfast quality in students’ self-reported motivation and their achievement in a science test, (b) the role of motivation in mediating the link between breakfast consumption and quality and students’ achievement, and (c) the extent to which breakfast consumption effects are moderated by the quality of breakfast (e.g., more vegetables, fruit, dairy/protein, wholegrains, cereals, water; less sugary drinks, processed meat, fast take-away and unhealthy snack foods). Findings indicated that beyond the effects of personal, home, and classroom factors, breakfast consumption predicted higher adaptive motivation (p < .05), breakfast quality predicted lower maladaptive motivation (p < .05), and in turn, students’ adaptive (positively, p < .01) and maladaptive (negatively, p < .01) motivation predicted their achievement. Moreover, adaptive motivation significantly mediated the relationship between breakfast consumption and achievement (p < .05). The effect of breakfast consumption was moderated by the quality of breakfast such that consuming a high-quality breakfast in the morning was associated with the highest levels of adaptive motivation (p < .01) and achievement (p < .05) later in the day. Findings have implications for educational practice and policy seeking to promote a healthy start to the school day to optimize students’ motivation and achievement.
... socio-economic status and gender) (3) . Overall, although some additional studies have been conducted since this systematic review, available findings in this area are limited to cross-sectional studies largely originating in the USA (3) , with a lack of longitudinal studies or studies published from the Australian higher education context (10) . Longitudinal studies are important as they enable determination of changes in university students' dietary intake and EO over time, whilst also considering and accounting for possible confounding factors that may also change over time (e.g. ...
... Previous studies measured vegetable intake as a categorised scale (e.g. meeting/not meeting guidelines), but only Whatnall (10) and the current study considered a continuous scale. Overall, the current findings are inconsistent with other literature reporting insignificant or very small cross-sectional associations between semester GPA and meeting vegetable intake guidelines alone (10,(38)(39)(40) or combined with fruit intake guidelines (38) . ...
... meeting/not meeting guidelines), but only Whatnall (10) and the current study considered a continuous scale. Overall, the current findings are inconsistent with other literature reporting insignificant or very small cross-sectional associations between semester GPA and meeting vegetable intake guidelines alone (10,(38)(39)(40) or combined with fruit intake guidelines (38) . The lack of a significant association between vegetable intake and GPA in the available evidence could be due to measuring vegetable intake as a categorical variable, which may not capture small but meaningful changes in intake. ...
Objective
This study aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between dietary intake and educational outcomes (EO) in Australian first-year university students.
Design
This cross-sectional and longitudinal study measured outcomes of interest at three points over one year. Measures included self-reported dietary patterns and dietary intake via a three-day estimated food record. Objective EO [corresponding semester grade point average (GPA), overall GPA, graduation status] variables were extracted from academic records. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were examined using regressions models and Generalized Estimating Equation, respectively.
Participants/setting
Participants ( n =80) were recruited from a large university in X, X. Participants were first year students and had completed high school in the previous year.
Results
Some significant associations were found with semester GPA, including (a) moderate positive associations between serves of vegetables and semester GPA at time point two and over time, and (b) a weak negative association between sodium intake and semester GPA at time point two. Although insignificant, meaningful negative associations were found between alcohol consumption and semester GPA at time point one and over time. Some significant associations were also found with graduation status, including (a) a positive association between meeting Australian carbohydrate recommendations and graduation status, and (b) a negative association between iron intake and graduation status, both at time point one.
Conclusions
Both cross-sectional and longitudinal findings highlight positive associations between vegetable intake and EO and negative associations between alcohol consumption and EO. Further relevant work is needed with larger, more variable samples in demographic, dietary and EO characteristics.
... In the past 5 years, a number of studies have been published examining the dietary behaviors of college students. Many are conducted in Australia [9][10][11][12][13][14], New Zealand [15,16], and Europe [2,17,18]. Poor dietary behaviors among college students are associated with lower academic achievement [9,19], poorer resilience [10], higher psychological distress [10], being male [2,3,11], being younger [12,20], being less physically active [6,17], and having lower socioeconomic status [20,21]. ...
... Many are conducted in Australia [9][10][11][12][13][14], New Zealand [15,16], and Europe [2,17,18]. Poor dietary behaviors among college students are associated with lower academic achievement [9,19], poorer resilience [10], higher psychological distress [10], being male [2,3,11], being younger [12,20], being less physically active [6,17], and having lower socioeconomic status [20,21]. ...
... Our study found that a greater academic achievement (higher GPA) was associated with higher Student Average FFHS among both male and female students. This finding is consistent with previous research [9,19]. Are students that are stronger academically better educated about nutrition and more attentive to food choice? ...
Universities typically offer residential students a variety of fast-food dining options as part of the student meal plan. When residential students make fast-food purchases on campus there is a digital record of the transaction which can be used to study food purchasing behavior. This study examines the association between student demographic, economic, and behavioral factors and the healthfulness of student fast-food purchases. The 3781 fast-food items sold at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte from fall 2016 to spring 2019 were given a Fast-Food Health Score. Each student participating in the university meal plan was given a Student Average Fast-Food Health Score; calculated by averaging the Fast-Food Health Scores associated with each food and beverage item the student purchased at a fast-food vendor, concession stand, or convenience store over a semester. This analysis included 14,367 students who generated 1,593,235 transactions valued at $10,757,110. Multivariate analyses were used to examine demographic, economic, and behavioral factors associated with Student Average Fast-Food Health Scores. Being of a low income, spending more money on fast-food items, and having a lower GPA were associated with lower Student Average Fast-Food Health Scores. Future research utilizing institutional food transaction data to study healthy food choices is warranted.
... Additionally, poor dietary behaviours whilst at university are associated with lower academic performance in first year university students, particularly in males [15]. On the other hand, favourable dietary behaviours (e.g., breakfast consumption) and higher diet quality have been linked to improved academic performance [19,20]. ...
... Overall, improving students' dietary behaviour could have many potential benefits, including improved academic performance [19,20], reduced risk of poor mental health linked to dietary choices [16], and reducing the likelihood of sustained poor dietary behaviours throughout life [6].Therefore, given the importance of eating healthily at university, studies that evaluate student engagement with any form of dietary intervention and accurately assess changes in diet quality in response to these interventions are warranted. ...
Students’ diets often change when leaving home and starting university due to increased responsibility for their diet and finances. However, there is limited qualitative research with students at UK universities about how their diets change during the transition to, and whilst at university and the reasons for these changes. The aim of this study was to qualitatively explore three topics: 1) specific dietary changes reported by students at UK universities, 2) reasons for these dietary changes and 3) how students can be supported to eat more healthily. Fifteen students (100% female, 54% white) across different academic years (60% undergraduate and 40% postgraduate) from the Universities of Reading and Hertfordshire were recruited. Four online focus groups were conducted, ranging from groups of 2 to 6 participants, using a semi-structured topic guide. Discussions were recorded and professionally transcribed. Transcripts were coded and themes derived for each research topic using qualitative analysis software. After joining university, dietary changes commonly reported by the students included either increased or decreased fruit and vegetable intake, increased snacking behaviour, and increased alcohol and convenience food consumption. Common reasons for changes included limited budget, time management struggles, a lack of cooking skills, and peer influence. Students suggested that reduced cost of healthy foods on campus and cooking classes to learn new skills could help them to adopt a healthier diet. These suggestions could be used to guide future healthy eating interventions for university students.
... In this regard, it has been reported that low quality breakfasts in university students also impact performance in cognitive tasks (Sámano et al., 2019); additionally, a statistically significant relationship has been found between the amount of fried foods consumed per day with the presence of hyperactivity in high school students in Mexico City (Moreno Altamirano et al., 2021). Furthermore, it has been shown that higher academic performance is associated with a higher quality of the diet, which indicates that there is a relationship between the quality of the diet and academic performance (Whatnall et al., 2019). ...
... Results from the present study are consistent with previous studies that indicate that there are significant correlations between academic achievement and eating habits (healthy food intake, UP foods intake and meal skipping). In this regard, in Mexico City high school students, evidence indicates that there is a relationship between the amount of fried foods consumed per day with the presence of hyperactivity (Moreno Altamirano et al., 2021); furthermore, in university students, academic performance has been associated with a higher quality of the diet (Whatnall et al., 2019) and with a frequency of three to four meals per day (Ibarra Mora et al., 2019), while consumption of UP food was associated with lower academic achievement during COVID-19 (Bravo Salinas et al., 2021). However, few studies have evaluated the overall eating habits with academic achievement in university students, a contribution of the present study. ...
Introduction
Young adults between 18 and 25 years of age are in an important transitional time and university students are considered vulnerable given that they generally maintain an unhealthy lifestyle characterized by poor diet quality and meal skipping. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between executive functions, academic achievement, eating behavior, eating habits, and BMI in university students.
Methods
Undergraduate university students (18–25 years) who lived in Mexico City were included in the sample; executive function, eating habits, eating behavior and academic achievement were measured.
Results
1903 university students (1,038 women, 865 men), with a mean age of 20.65 years (SD ±1.66), participated in the study. Spearman’s r correlation analysis revealed that there is a significant correlation between all variables of interest, with the most significant correlations found with academic achievement, emotional eating, and eating habits.
Discussion
Our study confirms previous findings in the association between EF, eating habits, eating behavior, and academic achievement in university students, and also provides a first approach to the association between UP food intake, overall meal skipping (breakfast, lunch, and/or dinner) and EF.
... In other words, we can theorize that students with better grades and fewer school absences would have better developed PL and HL skills and better health habits. Indeed, studies evidenced that students with higher grades had higher diet quality (Whatnall et al., 2019) and physical activity levels (Nelson & Gordon-Larsen, 2006;Schmitz et al., 2002). Moreover, a study conducted on adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina evidenced that students who are better in school (i.e., have better grades) managed to preserve their physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic, which indicates that they had good PL skills and that they were aware of the health benefits of physical activity (Sekulic et al., 2021). ...
... To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first investigations which directly observed mentioned relationships in southeastern Europe and almost certainly the first one on the territory of former Yugoslavia. However, previous studies in other regions support our findings (Nelson & Gordon-Larsen, 2006;Schmitz et al., 2002;Whatnall et al., 2019). ...
Theoretically, health literacy (HL) and physical literacy (PL) should be associated with overall education, but little is known about their association with scholastic achievement. The aim of this study was to investigate whether scholastic variables relate to HL and PL among high-school adolescents. We observed 268 high school students (202 females, 66 males) who were assessed on HL using the HLS-EU47 questionnaire and PL by PLAYself questionnaire. Scholastic variables included grade point average and excused and unexcused number of absences from school. Gender-stratified correlations, cluster analysis, and discriminant canonical analysis were calculated to establish the associations between study variables. The correlations between HL and scholastic variables were generally poor, while statistically significant correlations between grade point average and HL were noted only among girls (R=0.16, p<0.05). Cluster and discrim-inant analyses confirmed higher HL and PL among girls who were better at school. While associations between HL and PL with scholastic achievement were generally poor, our results point to the necessity of further investigation of a problem. Hence, specific types of knowledge should be explored as possible correlates of HL and PL in adolescence.
... As well as health and wellbeing, these findings could also have important implications for academic achievement. Indeed, literature has demonstrated that developing less healthful behaviours and outcomes (e.g., inadequate physical activity and increased stress) is associated with impaired cognitive function [71,72] and poorer academic grades [73,74]. As such, university stakeholders should consider targeting students within 'at-risk' demographics (i.e., women and TGD students, and students in second year) when developing health-based initiatives as a mechanism to enhance health and wellbeing, and subsequently, academic performance in the future. ...
Introduction
University students are a population notorious for developing adverse markers of health and related behaviours that can have negative consequences for current and future health status. However, there is a dearth of literature devoted to identifying students at greater risk of developing poorer health-related outcomes. The current study aimed to identify characteristics of UK university students at risk of developing adverse markers of health and related behaviours across one year at university.
Methods
Four hundred and thirty-eight students completed an online self-report survey to assess markers of health and related behaviours in term one (October) and term three (April) in one of three academic years (2021–22, 2022–23, and 2023–24). Latent Profile Transition analysis was employed to generate health-related profiles and assess transitions over time.
Results
Four latent profiles were detected, largely influenced by physical activity behaviours and psychological markers. The majority of students were identified in profiles considered as less healthy and remained in those profiles over time. Women and trans and gender diverse (TGD) students, and students in their second year at university were at greatest risk of being in, and remaining in, less healthful profiles.
Conclusions
Most students identify and remain in less healthful profiles throughout the academic year. Students that transition between profiles are more likely to transition to less healthful profiles. Work to develop bespoke interventions aimed at students with higher-risk demographic characteristics should now be prioritised.
... En este sentido existe una asociación entre la agitada vida universitaria con dietas no saludables, caracterizadas por bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales y un consumo elevado de alimentos hipercalóricos. Los resultados respecto a esta forma de alimentarse son evidentes y se traducen en cansancio mental, ganancia de peso corporal y riesgo en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas (6). ...
Existe correlación entre el estrés derivado de las exigencias académicas y los estilos de vida no saludables, caracterizados por consumo elevado de alimentos hipercalóricos y bajos niveles de actividad física. Objetivo. Determinar la correlación entre el perfil de estilo de vida y el nivel de estrés en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud en una institución de educación superior. Metodología. Investigación cuantitativa de corte correlacional. Se seleccionaron 163 participantes mediante un muestreo aleatorizado. Para medir el estilo de vida se aplicó el Cuestionario PEPS-I de Nola Pender (1996). El nivel de estrés se midió utilizando la Escala PSS-14 de Cohen, Kamarch y Mermelstein (1983). Los datos obtenidos se procesaron en el software estadístico GraphPad Prism v8.0.0; se realizó estadística descriptiva obteniendo medidas de tendencia central y cuadros de frecuencia para determinar la correlación de las variables. Resultados. Considerando la n=163, se evidenció la presencia de estrés elevado en 66.87% de los estudiantes; además el perfil de estilo de vida demostró un manejo deficiente del estrés (16.04), una falta de ejercicio (11.55) y hábitos alimentarios irregulares (15.17). Conclusión. En el presente estudio, se logra confirmar que existe correlación entre el perfil de estilo de vida y el nivel de estrés en los estudiantes, quienes manifestaron estrés y una modificación de las conductas en alimentación y actividad física, por lo que se requiere continuar investigando los factores implicados en este comportamiento para fundamentar futuras acciones orientadas a promover estilos de vida saludables, pues en esta etapa es crucial garantizar un óptimo estado
... The individual analysis of the health-related problems of university students has been widely evaluated from the epidemiological perspective as a public health issue (5). Alcohol consumption and psychotropic substance abuse (6) or diet (7) are some of the risk factors with the highest prevalence within the university community, and object of interest on the part of medical literature. For decades, these issues related to individual behavior have been a focal point of discussion in higher education textbooks (8). ...
Issue Addressed
The university setting represents a singular context to promote health and well‐being. Although health‐promoting university (HPU) initiatives exist worldwide, information on theoretical principles is sparse. The purpose of this integrative review is to describe how the HPU approach has been theorised.
Methods
A scoping review was carried out in PubMed, Medline, ERIC, Scielo, WoS, Scopus and CINAHL following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) statement. The articles included in the final step were content analysed according to: (a) reference; (b) country; (c) label; (d) objectives of work; (e) HPU definition and (f) type of study. For the empirical articles, some additional items were reviewed.
Results
After the analysis and exclusion of studies for not meeting the inclusion criteria, 22 articles were integrated into the final sample. Of those, 12 were theoretical papers and 10 were empirical studies. The review found that most of the studies define the HPU approach according to the principles described in the Ottawa Charter and the socioecological perspective on health promotion. Most of the empirical selected studies are based on qualitative data. The implementation of healthy policies and evaluative strategies are remaining challenges.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the HPU concept is underpinned by a wide array of theories and models. It also points to the need for a common university framework that integrates the basic principles into practice. The articulation between theoretical narrative and practical initiatives is a remaining threat that needs to be assessed in order to enable universities to become healthy spaces.
So What?
HPU generates enabling conditions that support communities to improve and maintain their health status and well‐being. In this sense, more evidence of effectiveness will be needed in future research.
... Additionally, the establishment of healthy dietary habits and younger ages helps reduce risk factors for the development of chronic diseases later in adulthood [33,34]. A higher quality of diet has also been shown to be associated with higher academic achievement [35], which should also be a top priority for student-athletes in secondary schools. Therefore, nutrition-focused educational interventions may serve as a priority for athletic organizations and school districts to help provide adequate general nutrition knowledge and key resources for student-athletes, their parents, and the sports coaching staff. ...
Background/Objectives: Adherence to sports-specific nutritional guidelines can help optimize athlete performance and health. However, adolescent athletes may not have adequate nutrition knowledge and understanding of specific nutritional requirements. The objective of the current study was to examine the nutrition knowledge and perceived dietary requirements of adolescent athletes. Methods: Male (n = 29, age: 15.7 ± 1.3 yrs.; height: 178.9 ± 8.3 cm; body mass: 74.7 ± 17.2 kg; body fat %: 13.9 ± 7.9%) and female (n = 15, age: 16.5 ± 1.4 yrs.; height: 169.9 ± 6.5 cm; body mass: 63.3 ± 4.5 kg; body fat %: 23.7 ± 3.8%) secondary school student-athletes completed body composition testing (hydrostatic weighing) and electronic surveys (Abridged Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (ASNKQ); self-perception of dietary energy and macronutrient requirements). Results: Athletes demonstrated poor sports nutrition knowledge, with no differences observed between sexes for the number of questions answered correctly (males: 45.1 ± 9.8% vs. females: 43.1 ± 12.7%; p = 0.57). No relationships were observed between ASNKQ scores and body composition parameters or between ASNKQ scores and self-reported perception of dietary energy and macronutrient requirements (p > 0.05). Athletes self-reported a lower perceived energy (−560 ± 1272 kcal/d; p = 0.014) and carbohydrate intake (−73 ± 376 g/d; p = 0.014) requirement compared to calculated nutritional recommendations. Athletes self-reported a higher perceived protein intake (263 ± 586 g/d; p = 0.026) requirement compared to calculated nutritional requirements. Conclusions: The current sample of adolescent athletes from the secondary school level appears to have a poor level of sports nutrition knowledge and understanding of energy and macronutrient requirements.
... These dietary patterns contribute to the dual burden of malnutrition, characterized by both undernutrition and overnutrition, leading to a significant proportion of the population being either underweight or overweight (5)(6)(7). In Pakistan, dietary habits among university students mirror these global trends, with a notable percentage consuming food that are high in calories but low in essential nutrients, potentially impairing their cognitive and academic performance (7,8). The link between diet and cognitive function is well-documented, with evidence suggesting that poor diet quality can adversely affect various aspects of brain function, including memory, attention, and processing speed. ...
Background: Clinical audits are essential for ensuring high-quality healthcare delivery, especially in surgical settings. Operation theater notes in urological surgeries are crucial for patient safety, postoperative care, and medico-legal purposes. However, their quality is often suboptimal.Objective: This study aimed to assess and improve the quality of urological operation theater notes through a closed-loop audit at a public sector hospital.Methods: A two-cycle audit was conducted at Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi. The first cycle involved a retrospective review of 100 urological operation theater notes against predefined criteria, including patient identification, preoperative diagnosis, intraoperative findings, and postoperative instructions. Following this, interventions such as educational workshops, standardized templates, and a checklist system were implemented. A second audit cycle evaluated the impact of these interventions on documentation quality.Results: In the first cycle, compliance rates were 95% for patient identification, 80% for preoperative diagnosis, 70% for intraoperative findings, and 75% for postoperative instructions. After interventions, the second cycle showed improved compliance rates of 100% for patient identification, 95% for preoperative diagnosis, 90% for intraoperative findings, and 90% for postoperative instructions.Conclusion: The closed-loop audit significantly improved the quality of urological operation theater notes. Implementing educational sessions, standardized templates, and checklists effectively enhanced documentation, underscoring the importance of structured approaches in healthcare quality improvement.
... Te fndings of this study indicate that there is no notable correlation between academic performance and the adherence to a vegetarian diet. Tis outcome diverges from the results of other studies [29,30] which reported signifcant association between higher academic performance and better diet quality, including a greater consumption of fruits and vegetables. Tese conficting fndings may be attributed to various factors, including the potential for inaccurate selfreported data. ...
Purpose
This cross-sectional survey study aimed to examine the association between vegetarian diet consumption and sleep quality, academic performance, and health-related quality of life among female undergraduate college students.
Method
A sample of 158 undergraduate female college students was recruited using a convenience sampling approach. Data collection utilized reliable and validated English-language instruments including the Vegetarian Quality of Life Questionnaire (VEGQOL), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and health-related quality of life scale (HRQoL). The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and appropriate descriptive statistics.
Results
Vegetarians exhibited a significantly lower BMI compared to nonvegetarians (F (1, 156) = [6.09], p=0.015). Those strictly adhering to a vegan diet (48.79 ± 9.41) had the lowest vegetarian quality of life among all participants following various forms of a vegetarian diet (F (3, 68) = [2.78], p=0.04). The majority of female college students reported good to excellent general health (91.7%), with 53.2% perceiving their sleep quality as fairly good. However, the mean PSQI global score of 8.04 (±3.35) indicated poor sleep quality. No significant association was found between diet type (vegetarian vs. nonvegetarian) and academic performance (cGPA) (χ² (4, N = 158) = 2.92, p=0.57). There was no significant relationship between diet types and academic performance, HRQoL, and sleep quality.
Conclusion
Despite a significant association between vegetarian diet and lower BMI, surprisingly, no substantial relationships were identified between diet type and academic performance, HRQoL, and sleep quality. These findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on the potential impacts of a vegetarian diet on various facets of female college students' well-being and highlight the need for further exploration in this field.
... Another theory states that a good quality diet provides not only the energy but also correct the nutritional deficiencies that are involved in cognitive functioning, such as iron and iodine deficiencies 33 . A balanced, nutrient-rich breakfast may intervene in students' mood, motivation and anxiety by targeting serotonin receptors 34 ; which may relate to why quality breakfasts, as well as fruit and vegetable consumption have been found to be related to motivation and achievement 35,36 . It is important that public policies consider integration with local food systems to promote breakfast, the better their academic performance 29 . ...
Introducción. Un desayuno completo es una comida importante que tiene múltiples beneficios para la salud y un papel determinante en el aporte de nutrientes esenciales, dependiendo de su composición. También contribuye al rendimiento físico e intelectual de los estudiantes y promueve la correcta distribución energética diaria, lo que se relaciona con el sobrepeso y la obesidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la frecuencia del desayuno y su relación con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. Metodología. Estudio analítico transversal, con muestreo por conveniencia, que incluyó a estudiantes universitarios de diferentes carreras académicas de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario sobre hábitos alimentarios, hábitos académicos y medidas antropométricas. Resultados. Participaron un total de 498 estudiantes universitarios (255 hombres y 244 mujeres). El desayuno escolar influyó en el rendimiento académico. Aquellos que siempre desayunaban (21%) tuvieron puntuaciones más altas (mediana: 9, RIC: 8-9) que aquellos que nunca desayunaban (2,4%) y casi nunca (11%), con puntuaciones más bajas entre 8-7. Los sujetos que nunca desayunan tienen 6,8 veces más probabilidades de tener peor rendimiento académico (OR=6,88, IC95%: 1,42-33,32). Conclusión. La frecuencia del desayuno está asociada con el rendimiento académico.
... Poor dietary behaviors among college students are associated with decreased health, lower academic outcomes, and lower socioeconomic outcomes [19][20][21][22]. Thus, college students are ideal for interventions designed to improve dietary choices and promote healthy lifestyles. ...
Background
While the retail food environment has been well studied, research surrounding the university food environment is still emerging. Existing research suggests that university food environments can influence behavioral outcomes such as students’ dietary choices, which may be maintained long-term. Despite a growing interest in assessing university food environments, there is no standardized tool for completing this task. How researchers define “healthy” when assessing university food environments needs to be clarified. This paper describes the protocol for systematically reviewing literature involving university food environment assessments.
Objective
This paper aimed to describe the protocol for a systematic review of the assessments of university food environments. The review will summarize previously used tools or methods and their implications.
Methods
Electronic databases, including PubMed (NLM), Cochrane Library (Wiley), Web of Science (Clarivate), APA PsycINFO (EBSCO), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health) Complete (EBSCO), ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health, and Google Scholar were searched for papers published between 2012 and 2022 using combinations of related medical subject headings terms and keywords. The electronic databases were supplemented by reviewing the reference list for all included papers and systematic reviews returned with our search results. The review will include all study types, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and other pre-post designs. Papers that examine at least 1 aspect of the university food environment, such as cafeterias, campus convenience stores, and vending machines, were considered for inclusion. A total of 2 reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts, complete a full-text review, extract data, and perform a quality assessment of included papers, with a third reviewer resolving any conflicts. The Quality Assessment for Diverse Studies (QuADS) tool was used to determine the methodological quality of selected studies. A narrative and tabular summary of the findings were presented. There will not be a meta-analysis due to the methodological heterogeneity of the included papers.
Results
The initial queries of 4502 records have been executed, and papers have been screened for inclusion. Data extractions were completed in December 2023. The results of the review were accepted for publication in May 2024. The systematic review generated from this protocol will offer evidence for using different assessment tools to examine the campus food environment.
Conclusions
This systematic review will summarize the tools and methods used to assess university food environments where many emerging adults spend a significant part of their young adult lives. The findings will highlight variations in practice and how “healthy” has been defined globally. This review will provide an understanding of this unique organizational food environment with implications for practice and policy.
Trial Registration
PROSPERO CRD42023398073; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=398073
International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/54955
... The low availability of salads and vegetables on the plate could be explained by the weak preference of university students for these food items, not requesting them during the plating moment. These results seem to be in line with studies that suggested that university students have a low intake of vegetables, pulses, fiber-rich foods and a high consumption of energy-dense foods [40][41][42][43][44], and they are also in accordance with the results of the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey [36]. ...
This study aims to evaluate food waste and the adequacy of portions served in a Portuguese university canteen. The sample included 10278 meals. Portions served and food waste (plate waste and leftovers) were measured through physical weighing. Portion inadequacy was determined, considering the Dietary Reference Values proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. The portions of all meal components served were inadequate. Meat, fish, salads and vegetables were those in the most inadequate portions (p < 0.001), with the quantities of meat and fish served being well above the recommended level (+77%) and the quantities of salad and vegetables below the recommended level (−37.7%). During the study period, 1253.6 kg of food was wasted, representing a daily average of 65.9 kg of food waste (20.8%). It was estimated that 126.6 g of food was wasted per consumer per day. Salads and vegetables represented the food category with high food waste values (41.4%), mainly from plate waste (29.6%). Our findings show an inadequacy in terms of the portions served for all meal components. High food waste values were found, for vegetable soup, vegetables, salads and fruit; these were the items most rejected by consumers, compromising the achievement of nutritional goals for the lunches served in the university canteen.
... Their results have shown that students with food insecurity have lower diet quality, including lower intakes of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and higher intakes of added sugars and sugar-sweetened beverages. In turn, poor diet quality is a risk factor for other suboptimal health behaviors, such as lower physical activity, more screen time [11,12], as well as lower academic achievement [13,14]. Furthermore, poor diet quality is associated with a higher risk of chronic diseases and poorer psychological well-being among adults [15][16][17]. ...
Background
Food insecurity is a pivotal determinant of health outcomes. Little evidence exists on the association between food insecurity and health behaviors and outcomes, including diet quality, among graduate students or postdoctoral trainees.
Objectives
This study aimed to examine the association between food insecurity and diet quality among graduate students and postdoctoral trainees at 3 health-focused graduate schools (public health, medical, and dental medicine) within Harvard University.
Methods
Between April and June 2023, 1287 graduate students and 458 postdoctoral trainees at the health-focused schools within Harvard University completed a web-based survey. The primary exposure was food security status, assessed using the United States Household Food Security Survey Module. The primary outcome was diet quality, measured using the 30-day Prime Diet Quality Score screener (ranges from 0 to 126, with higher scores indicating healthier diets). The associations between food insecurity and diet quality were examined using multivariable regression models, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates.
Results
Among graduate students, compared with those with high food security, diet quality was significantly lower among those experiencing marginal food security [β: −4.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): −6.5, −2.9], low food security (β: −5.4; 95% CI: −7.6, −3.3), and very low food security (β: −4.4; 95% CI: −7.4, −1.4). Poor diet quality included lower intake frequencies of vegetables, fruits, beans/peas/soy products, nuts/seeds, poultry, fish, low-fat dairy, and liquid oils, and higher intake frequencies of refined grains/baked products, sugar-sweetened beverages, and fried foods. Among postdoctoral trainees, compared with those with high food security, diet quality was significantly lower among those experiencing low food security (β: −5.1; 95% CI: −8.8, −1.4), and very low food security (β: −5.2; 95% CI: −10.2, −0.2). Poor diet quality included lower intake frequencies of dark green leafy vegetables, other fruits, and whole grains.
Conclusions
Graduate students and postdoctoral trainees who experienced degrees of food insecurity reported lower diet quality. These observations underscore the need for policies and interventions to simultaneously reduce food insecurity and improve diet quality.
... For medical students, nutrition plays a vital role in their overall health and academic success. Protein, vitamins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids contribute to energy, metabolism, muscle health and brain function (Whatnall, 2019). A well-balanced diet consisting of these nutrients will nourish students with the energy and mental clarity necessary to excel in medical school. ...
This study investigates the effects of nutrition, physical activity, and sleep patterns on the academic performance of medical students. A questionnaire-based survey involving 330 medical students from two universities was conducted to collect data on demographic characteristics, nutrition, sleep patterns, and physical activity. Academic performance was assessed by obtaining students’ grade point averages (GPAs) from the respective faculties' deanships.
The relationship between lifestyle factors and academic success was examined using advanced statistical analysis methods: cluster analysis and biplot method. The correlation of the lifestyle factors and GPAs was visualized in a low-dimensional space with a biplot.
The findings revealed that students residing with their families, without outside work commitments, engaging in daily walking, and maintaining regular sleep patterns achieved significantly higher GPAs. Students were divided into two distinct clusters based on lifestyle factors and differences in GPA to determine the factors with the greatest impact on academic performance including the impact of studying on physical activity, self-perception of nutritional quality, engagement in daily walking, and self-perception of physical activity. There was a significant statistical difference in GPA values between the clusters.
This study highlights the impact of nutrition, physical activity, and sleep patterns on students’ GPAs, emphasizing the importance of a stable family life, regular sleep routines, and engagement in physical activity for better academic performance. Further research is needed to establish causal relationships and explore potential interventions to support medical students in achieving optimal lifestyle habits for academic success.
... A study conducted among students at Newcastle University in Australia indicates little connection between healthy eating and high academic performance. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between GPA and nutrition based on data obtained from a cross-sectional analysis of an online survey administered to 278 students [21]. ...
... A study conducted among students at Newcastle University in Australia indicates little connection between healthy eating and high academic performance. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between GPA and nutrition based on data obtained from a cross-sectional analysis of an online survey administered to 278 students [21]. ...
The UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement are pushing the current generation to rethink and transform their behaviors. The importance of the research subject is due to the need for universities to implement the third mission and implement the University 4.0 model in response to emerging challenges of promoting sustainable development of society. The main purpose of the study is to assess the impact of students' dietary choices on students' academic achievements, taking into account environmental aspects. In the course of the study, a methodology based on a qualitative approach was used, including the development of questionnaires and the use of Chi-square statistics. The results obtained indicate that there is no relationship between students' academic performance and factors of rational nutrition. The analysis of the responses made it possible to conclude that there is an urgent need for universities to rethink the strategy and mechanisms for the implementation of the mission. It is necessary to give priority attention to the implementation of policies aimed at the formation of mechanisms for the transformation of students' eating behavior in order to achieve sustainable academic growth, taking into account environmental aspects.
... Also, students with high academic performance had high sleep disturbances [80]. The better the diet, the better performance in universities [81]. This can be used as a base to further investigate if academic performances are influenced by a healthy diet and timing of meal consumption. ...
This study is a review of articles from 1999 to 2023 that present how circadian rhythm and factors have created an impact on individuals. Chrononutrition is the latest concept of sleeping patterns and eating behaviors along with it. It includes meal frequency, regularity, and timing. Alteration in these can be a reason for healthy eating or risk of diseases. The pros and cons of chronotypes (morning and evening) and their relation with modernization are being studied. Meal skipping and its influence on body weight are deleterious for health and breakfast skipping and late dinners have a higher association with weight gain. Disruption in sleep and high-calorie consumption before bedtime causes disturbed and insufficient sleep. Nutrient intake is low in individuals who have poor sleep-wake cycles. Also, irregularity in the sleep-wake cycles and meal timings have an association with poor academic performance of students of school, college, and university levels. In conclusion, eating with a biological clock can help individuals reverse or recover from a disease and create a positive impact on academic performance.
... In addition to these health concerns, unhealthy eating patterns also impact sleep and cognitive functions, which are known to be interconnected with academic performance (13)(14)(15). Therefore, there is a growing body of research that shows an association between a more favorable dietary intake and higher levels of academic achievement, underlining the importance of healthy eating in this population (16)(17)(18). Finally, in a context where food choices are increasingly linked to both population and planet health (19,20), the current level of nutritional quality and the environmental impact of students' diets seem important to assess in order to identify how to improve both aspects. ...
Introduction
The student period is associated with changes in eating habits, usually leading to diets of lower nutritional quality. However, some variability may exist in students’ dietary patterns. We aimed to describe French students’ diets and identify dietary groups that may vary in nutritional quality and environmental impact.
Methods
A representative sample of French students (N = 582) for age, sex and scholarship status completed an online 125-item food frequency questionnaire. The nutritional quality of diets was assessed by a score of adherence to the French nutritional guidelines (sPNNS-GS2 score, ranging from−17 to 11.5) and its environmental impact by greenhouse gas emissions for an isocaloric diet (GHGE). An ascending hierarchical classification analysis on food and beverage intakes led to three dietary groups. Between-group differences in food consumption, dietary indicators and sociodemographic characteristics were investigated using ANOVA models.
Results
The average sPNNS-GS2 score of students’ diets was −0.8 ± 2.8, representing a 57% coverage of French nutritional recommendations, and GHGE were 5.4 ± 1.7 kg eCO2/2000 kcal. The three dietary groups were: a healthy diet group (20% of the sample) with the highest nutritional quality and high GHGE, which included older students with a higher level of physical activity; a Western diet group (40%) with the worst nutritional quality and high GHGE, which included more students who lived with their parents; and a frugal diet group (40%) with the lowest energy intake, intermediate nutritional quality, and low GHGE, which included more students who lived alone.
Conclusion
None of the dietary groups optimized both nutritional quality and environmental impact simultaneously, which suggests an apparent incompatibility in the student population between these two sustainability dimensions. These findings emphasize the need for tailored public health policies that acknowledge the diversity of student eating patterns and address specific individual barriers to healthy and sustainable diets.
... A study conducted among students at Newcastle University in Australia indicates little connection between healthy eating and high academic performance. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between GPA and nutrition based on data obtained from a cross-sectional analysis of an online survey administered to 278 students [21]. ...
The UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement are pushing the current generation to rethink and transform their behaviors. The importance of the research subject is due to the need for universities to implement the third mission and implement the University 4.0 model in response to emerging challenges of promoting sustainable development of society. The main purpose of the study is to assess the impact of students' dietary choices on students' academic achievements, taking into account environmental aspects. In the course of the study, a methodology based on a qualitative approach was used, including the development of questionnaires and the use of Chi-square statistics. The results obtained indicate that there is no relationship between students' academic performance and factors of rational nutrition. The analysis of the responses made it possible to conclude that there is an urgent need for universities to rethink the strategy and mechanisms for the implementation of the mission. It is necessary to give priority attention to the implementation of policies aimed at the formation of mechanisms for the transformation of students' eating behavior in order to achieve sustainable academic growth, taking into account environmental aspects.
... In recent years, there has been a growing interest in examining food choices and dietary habits among college students as well as the healthfulness of the university food environment [28]. Much of the research examines predictors of healthy food purchasing [13,18,19,[29][30][31][32][33][34] and perceptions of the campus environment [19,[35][36][37][38]. Additionally, some research has investigated the quality of food and beverages available to college students [5,16,17,[39][40][41][42][43]. However, most articles do not specify if the included universities self-operate or outsource food service operations. ...
In the United States, there is an opportunity to improve the nutritional health of university students through the campus food environment. This project used a content analysis approach to investigate whether healthy food standards and policies were incorporated into the contract agreements between North Carolina (NC) public universities and their food service management companies. Food service contracts were collected from 14 NC public universities using food service management companies on campus. Each contract was evaluated using the 35-item North Carolina Food Service Policy Guidelines Assessment to examine four elements of the campus food environment: Beverages, Packaged Snacks, Prepared Foods, and Other (e.g., strategic placement of healthier food). Five university food service contracts incorporated no North Carolina Food Service Policy Guidelines, three university contracts included one to five guidelines, and six university contracts included six to nine guidelines. Altogether, 13 of the 35 guidelines were incorporated into at least one university food service contract. This project presents a cost and time-effective assessment method for determining if evidence-based nutrition guidelines have been included in university food service contracts. This approach and findings may lead to contract revisions to improve the campus food environment and, subsequently, the nutritional health of college populations.
... Over the past decade, interest in embedded interventions in the university curricula following a settings-based approach has significantly increased [30]. This interest stems from the knowledge that mental and physical well-being are associated with optimal cognitive function and are important determinants of university students' academic achievements and future career successes [31][32][33]. Upsher et al. (2022) embedded a series of modules within the curricula that targeted applied evidence-based approaches to improve mental and physical well-being and found positive improvements in students' well-being and learning outcomes [34]. Two systematic reviews of settings-based approaches also reported a limited number of significant improvements in students' well-being outcomes across the included studies [30,35]. ...
Currently, more than ever, the mental and physical well-being of university students have been identified as priorities, and universities are well placed to address well-being by integrating health promotion into their courses. This study looks at the effectiveness of embedding an authentic assessment task to improve health-seeking behaviours related to sleep, stress, and nutrition into the curricula of undergraduate health-science students. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered both pre- and post-test, and content was qualitatively analysed. The study found that students were willing and able to improve health-seeking behaviours, with a significant increase in fruit consumption. There was no reported change in stress or sleep.
... Substantial evidence suggests associations between health behaviors of the university students and their academic achievement [24,25], and may be explained by the positive effects of balanced lifestyle on cognitive behavior, brain function, and memory [26,27]. For example, unhealthy diet, typical of university students due to time restraints, stress, unhealthy snacks, convenience of high-calorie food, cost of healthy food, and easy access to junk food [28], is found to have far reaching repercussions beyond health, and may affect academic performance [29]. According to previous results of a systematic review, dietary habits characterized by regular breakfast intake, lower consumption of energydense, nutrient-poor foods, and overall diet quality have positive associations on academic outcomes [30]. ...
Background
High academic achievement, an important determinant of future success, is known to be influenced by many factors including dietary behavior, lifestyle and mental health, among others. The objectives of the current study were to explore university students’ nutritive habits, daily lifestyle, and mental status, and to scrutinize the associations between these factors and students’ academic achievement.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of a private Lebanese university, using an electronic survey. Diet, eating habits, physical activity, sleep, and smoking were evaluated, and mental health was assessed using a validated Arabic version of the combined Depression, Anxiety, Stress Score (DASS-8). Academic achievement was measured using the Subjective Academic Achievement Scale (SAAS).
Results
A total of 1677 students participated in the questionnaire. The results of a linear regression taking the SAAS score as the dependent variable, showed that students who have a non-scientific versus scientific major (Beta = 0.53), and having breakfast ≥ 4 days per week compared to less than 2 days (Beta = 0.28) were significantly associated with higher SAAS scores. More psychological distress (Beta = − 0.06) and a higher number of days of eating out (Beta = − 0.07) were significantly associated with lower SAAS scores.
Conclusions
This is the first investigation on a Lebanese university students’ academic success in relation to lifestyle and mental profiles. Better academic achievement was demonstrated by students having healthier dietary and lifestyle habits, as well as less distressing mental status. Such results, in light of the compounded and unprecedented crises with which Lebanon has been assailed, suggest the need to focus on promoting healthy habits among students in higher education as a possible driver of better academic success.
... Young people are usually prone to adopt unhealthy dietary habits (8). They exhibit dietary restraint, low intake of fruit and vegetables, and high intake of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods such as takeaway foods and sugar-sweetened drinks (5,9). Factors influencing healthy eating among university students include individual factors (e.g., nutrition knowledge and education), social factors (e.g., social support from parents), and environmental factors (e.g., product prices and limited budgets) (10,11). ...
Background
Nutrition literacy (NL) encompasses the knowledge and skills that inform individuals' food choices. This cross-sectional study explored factors associated with NL among Chinese university students in Bengbu, China.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was carried out. Two thousand one hundred thirty-three university students were selected by stratified cluster sampling. A 43-item NL questionnaire was used to assess NL. Binary logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for NL and to test the interaction effects of multiple factors on total NL and its six dimensions.
Results
Of these participants, 1,399 (65.6%) were women and 734 (34.4%) were men. Students who were from urban areas (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.08–1.72), were living with both parents (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.02–1.65), and had high academic performance (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.34–2.57) were more likely to report higher NL levels than did other students. The ORs for NL (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.06–2.41), nutrition knowledge (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.00–2.26), obtaining skills (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.16–2.65), and critical skills (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.05–2.39) were higher for medical students who had received nutrition education than for other students. The ORs for NL (OR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.21–4.84), nutrition understanding (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.28–5.25), and interactive skills (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.04–4.08) were higher for only-child students and those with a monthly expenditure of >¥1500.
Conclusions
NL of university students differed in terms of place of origin, living arrangement, nutrition education, academic performance, and household income, and the findings imply that universities should have all students take a basic nutrition course to improve their NL.
... Findings from the needs assessment data collected by the student research partners in Phase 1 were consistent across the two universities. The cross-sectional survey data mirrored that of previous work in that college students experience poor diet quality [43][44][45], high amounts of stress [46], and struggle with food security [47][48][49]. While health/wellness professionals across the two campuses referenced these health issues, they also were big proponents of health resources and programs that currently are available on campus that they feel students are underutilizing. ...
College students face unique challenges with leading healthful lifestyles. Using a community-based participatory research approach, college student research partners at two land-grant universities collected data and developed a tailored intervention to improve the well-being of college students. To inform the design of the program, college students were trained to conduct a needs assessment that included a campus-wide survey on the health behaviors of college students, environmental audits of health policies and food pantries on campus, and stakeholder interviews with campus health professionals. Outcomes of the needs assessment data highlighted university students ranked their health as “good” but nutrition health as “fair/poor.” Low or very low food security was self-reported by 36.9% of participants and had an overall diet quality score of 47.6 ± 10.1 out of 100. Health professional interview data indicated campuses provide healthful resources to students, but students are not aware those resources exist. Utilizing the needs assessment data previously mentioned, the nominal group technique was then used for student research partners to collaboratively determine the best intervention approaches and develop a wellness program. Student partners identified (1) education, (2) sharing of campus resources, and (3) incentives as important areas of intervention. Using the data collected, the student research partners developed a program titled, The College Cooking Connection, to address health-related quality of life in college students. Using a community-based participatory research approach to program planning, educators and researchers have a greater likelihood of addressing the current needs of the population they are targeting and developing a successful intervention to meet those health concerns. This study aims to partner with young adult university students to understand the college environment and allow the target community to be involved with the development of intervention programs for their campus.
... Nos últimos anos, houve um aumento de estudos que elucidam fatores associados a um estilo de vida saudável da população jovem e, principalmente, universitária, visto que manter um estilo de vida saudável contribui para um melhor desenvolvimento acadêmico 9 . De forma semelhante, a diminuição do comportamento sedentário, a melhor qualidade de sono e uma dieta rica em nutrientes têm se mostrado eficazes na redução do desenvolvimento de doenças psicossomáticas no público universitário [10][11] . ...
Objective
to determine nursing students’ lifestyle at a university in Mexico, according to personal factors and previous behaviors of Nola J. Pender’s Health Promotion Model.
Method
this is a cross-sectional study developed at a public university of Minatitlán, Veracruz, Mexico, in 2019, with nursing students enrolled in the curricular internship course, totaling 130. Data were collected that include sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle and behavior characteristics through the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile I. We used Student’s t-tests, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation for the analyses.
Results
of the 130 participants, 92 (70.8%) were classified as healthy lifestyle and 38 (29.2%) had a moderately healthy lifestyle. Among the scale domains, the physical activity domain was the one with the lowest score. Negative correlations were found between the self-actualization domain and clinical variables, such as blood pressure, Body Mass Index and waist circumference, and also between this domain and the time of cell phone and television use.
Conclusion
the lifestyle general classification of most participants was healthy, but the analyzes of the individual domains demonstrate the need for political and clinical interventions that influence nursing students’ health-promoting behaviors.
DESCRIPTORS:
Lifestyle; Healthy lifestyle; Nursing students; Education in nursing; Health promotion
... There has been an increase in studies that elucidate factors associated with a healthy lifestyle of the young population and, mainly, university students, since maintaining a healthy lifestyle contributes to better academic development 9 . Similarly, decreased sedentary behavior, better sleep quality and a nutrient-rich diet have been shown to be effective in reducing psychosomatic diseases in the university public [10][11] . ...
Objective
to determine nursing students’ lifestyle at a university in Mexico, according to personal factors and previous behaviors of Nola J. Pender’s Health Promotion Model.
Method
this is a cross-sectional study developed at a public university of Minatitlán, Veracruz, Mexico, in 2019, with nursing students enrolled in the curricular internship course, totaling 130. Data were collected that include sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle and behavior characteristics through the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile I. We used Student’s t-tests, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation for the analyses.
Results
of the 130 participants, 92 (70.8%) were classified as healthy lifestyle and 38 (29.2%) had a moderately healthy lifestyle. Among the scale domains, the physical activity domain was the one with the lowest score. Negative correlations were found between the self-actualization domain and clinical variables, such as blood pressure, Body Mass Index and waist circumference, and also between this domain and the time of cell phone and television use.
Conclusion
the lifestyle general classification of most participants was healthy, but the analyzes of the individual domains demonstrate the need for political and clinical interventions that influence nursing students’ health-promoting behaviors.
DESCRIPTORS:
Lifestyle; Healthy lifestyle; Nursing students; Education in nursing; Health promotion
Во введении обоснована актуальность темы питания студенческой молодежи. Отмечено влияние и важность рационального (адекватного и сбалансированного) приема пищи для сохранения здоровья и успешного обучения в современном обществе. Проблема пищевой безопасности при переходе из школы, когда за этим следят родители и педагоги, к самостоятельной жизни стоит очень актуально во всем мире. Целью обзора литературы явилось обобщение имеющихся современных научных данных о продовольственной безопасности студенческой молодежи в глобальном масштабе и изыскание международных рекомендаций по его преодолению. Оценка значения автоматов по продаже продуктов питания в университетах. В основной части статьи представлены результаты современных исследований по оценке влияния изменений пищевого режима и баланса питательных веществ для студенческой молодежи, развитию на этом фоне метаболических болезней и зависимости успеваемости. Особое внимание уделено вопросу о возможности приготовления пищи, увлечению современными тенденциями быстрого питания и использованию готовых закусок, часто заменяющих полноценный прием пищи. Акцентировано внимание на активно входящим в студенческую жизнь автоматов по продаже готовой еды и напитков. В заключении указано, что проблема правильного питания студенческой молодежи должна найти скорое и всеобъемлющее решение. Только совместные стратегии, разрабатываемые руководителями университетских пунктов питания и администрацией, могут создать экономически эффективные и устойчивые модели, которые обеспечат сохранение здоровья молодежи и долгосрочную выгоду.
Objective University dormitories play a crucial role in shaping students' overall health, which is essential for their academic success. Current university dormitories, understanding the impact of living conditions on students' overall health is crucial for guiding their academic success. Method: This study was designed as a cross-sectional exploratory research. The sample of the study consisted of 627 students, with 331 males and 296 females. Data for the study were collected using the Personal Information Form, Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Results: The gender distribution among the participating students was balanced, with a mean age of 20.98±1.680 years and predominantly medium to low income levels. When examining the average scores of RCSQ, AEBQ, and PSQI scales, it was found that the "RCSQ" average is below the poor and moderate range (46.443±28.290). While male students had higher overall sleep scores indicating poorer sleep quality compared to females, the sleep quality index scores were higher among females, indicating better sleep quality. Generally, the average sleep score among students was 46.443 ±28.290, which is considered to be at a poor level. The students' total average score on the Adult Eating Behavior Scale was determined to be 90.893 ±17.019, indicating a high average score and suggesting negative eating behaviors among them. Students' average sleep quality was also found to be 5.096 ± 2.927, indicating poor sleep quality. According to correlation analysis, poor eating behavior negatively affects sleep quality and overall sleep, and academic performance is also influenced by eating behavior. Conclusion: Sleep quality, eating behaviors, and healthy lifestyle behaviors have significant effect on academic performance and quality of life.
Introduction: Eating healthily, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, managing stress, not taking drugs, leaning on friends and family, and cutting screen time are all proven predictors of long-term health and happiness. It is impossible to overestimate the significance of proper nutrition in a child's growth and development. Changes in diet during adolescence and young adulthood have far-reaching effects on later health and well-being.The problem and the aim of the study The two researchers looked at academic achievement and student malnutrition separately. The authors of this study hoped to shed light on how a bad diet affects academic performance, physical health, capacity to concentrate, and food choices. Research methods. In order to arrive at their findings, the researchers carried out several tests. The first step is to determine the height and weight of the children. A questionnaire will be given to the parents regarding the eating patterns of their family as well as the prevalence of Malnutrition. Finally, a test of pupil concentration will be administered. It should be noted that the sample was randomly selected from 105 children who were enrolled in grades three and four at Wadi Al-Seer, Amman's government-funded school for teachers. Results. The researchers used SPSS for statistical analysis, as well as descriptive statistics (rates and frequencies), to draw the following conclusions: Low academic achievement is strongly linked to Malnutrition. The degree of Malnutrition among students is strongly linked to their eating habits. A statistical comparison of well-nourished and malnourished students reveals that the former had weaker physical frames. A statistically significant difference exists between pupils who have problems focusing and those who eat less. Conclusion. If a parent is genuinely concerned about their child's health, they will provide them with healthy, well-balanced meals. We have a responsibility as parents and educators to help our children understand the value of a healthy diet and how it can help them reach their full potential throughout their lives. If they want to succeed, students must eat well. Schools must teach students and their families the importance of eating well. Received: 21 March 2024 / Accepted: 18 July 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024
Purpose
This study aims to understand university students' perception and engagement with sustainable food practices and the relationship with diet quality.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey assessed Australian university students' sustainable food perceptions and purchasing behaviours, diet quality using the validated Australian Recommended Food Score and attitudes towards on campus sustainable food options.
Findings
Of respondents ( n = 197; 63% female), over half (58%) perceived it was important to purchase sustainable foods. These students were eight times more likely report purchasing sustainable foods (OR: 8.1; 95%CI 4.2–15.7; SE: 0.3; p < 0.001) and had significantly higher diet quality (Beta coefficient: 2.9; 95% Confidence Intervals 0.4–5.4; Standard Error: 1.3; p = 0.024). Students who reported frequently purchasing all types of sustainable foods, except organic foods, had significantly higher diet quality. Few students perceived there were sufficient sustainable food choices on campus (19%), but most supported the development of an edible campus (80%).
Originality/value
The results highlight the potential impact of promoting sustainable food options and creating a supportive campus food environment towards improving students’ diet quality.
This study investigates the effects of nutrition, physical activity, and sleep patterns on the academic performance of medical students, with a focus on how these lifestyle factors can be incorporated into medical education. A questionnaire-based survey involving 330 medical students from two universities was conducted to collect data on demographic characteristics, nutrition, sleep patterns, and physical activity. Academic performance was assessed by obtaining students’ grade point averages (GPAs) from the respective faculties’ deanships. The relationship between lifestyle factors and academic success was examined using advanced statistical analysis methods: cluster analysis and biplot method. The correlation of the lifestyle factors and GPAs was visualized in a low- dimensional space with a biplot. The findings revealed that students residing with their families, without outside work commitments, engaging in daily walking, and maintaining regular sleep patterns achieved significantly higher GPAs. Students were divided into two distinct clusters based on lifestyle factors and differences in GPA to determine the factors with the greatest impact on academic performance including the impact of studying on physical activity, self-perception of nutritional quality, engagement in daily walking, and self-perception of physical activity. There was a significant statistical difference in GPA values between the clusters. This study highlights the importance of integrating lifestyle medicine into the medical curriculum emphasizing the importance of a stable family life, regular sleep routines, and engagement in physical activity for better academic performance. By promoting healthy behaviors within the medical education, educators can support the well-being and academic success of students. Further research is needed to establish causal relationships and explore potential interventions to support medical students in achieving optimal lifestyle habits for academic success.
Introduction: A healthy diet is an important factor in implementing health, and the way of eating depends on individual and environmental factors. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess diet quality indices among Polish and Spanish physical education students depending on country of residence and gender. Materials and methods: Research was carried out among 219 students from Poland and 280 from Spain. A questionnaire was used to evaluate views on eating and nutritional habits (Kom-PAN). Based on the daily frequency of consuming specific groups of products, 2 indices were calculated: the pro-healthy diet index (pHDI-10) and non-healthy diet index (nHDI-14). Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at p=0.05. Results: The values of the pro-healthy (pHDI-10) and non-healthy diet (nHDI-14) indices in the group of students were 4.65 and 4.05 (times/day), respectively, which means a low level of both favourable and unfavourable food choices. Students from Poland, regardless of gender, showed a higher level of eating a healthy diet (pHDI-10) than students from Spain. However, the level of the non-healthy diet index (nHDI-14) between students from Poland and Spain differed by gender (p<0.001). In the Polish group, men obtained a higher nHDI-14 index than women (p<0.001), while in Spain, these values were at the same level. Furthermore, it was found that differences between countries occurred only in men, with students from Poland obtaining higher values of the nonhealthy diet index (nHDI-14) than those from Spain (p<0.001), while students from both countries demonstrated similar values. Conclusions: Low levels of healthy and unhealthy diet indices were demonstrated in Polish and Spanish physical education students, with the quality of diet differentiated by country and gender.
University life is a critical period for establishing healthy eating habits and attitudes. However, university students are at risk of developing poor eating habits due to various factors, including economic conditions, academic stress, and lack of information about nutritional concepts. Poor diet quality leads to malnutrition or overnutrition, increasing the risk of preventable diseases. Food environments on university campuses also play a significant role in shaping the dietary habits of students, with the availability of and accessibility to healthy food options being important factors influencing food choices and overall diet quality. Disordered eating habits and body dissatisfaction are prevalent among university students and can lead to eating disorders. Income and living arrangements also influence dietary habits, with low household income and living alone being associated with unhealthy eating habits. This study is a narrative review that aimed to address nutritional issues and eating behaviours, specifically among university students. We investigated the eating behaviours of university students, including their dietary patterns, food choices, and food environments. The objective of this review was to provide insights into the nutritional issues and eating behaviours of university students, with the aim of identifying target areas for intervention to improve the overall health and well-being among college students. University food environments need to be restructured to promote healthy eating, including the availability, accessibility, affordability, and labelling of healthy foods, and policies to limit the availability of unhealthy foods and drinks on campus.
Amaç: Bu çalışma beslenme durumu ile akademik motivasyon arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amacıyla planlanmıştır. Bireyler ve Yöntem: Kesitsel tipteki araştırmanın örneklemini 881 gönüllü üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Katılımcılara ait veriler; sosyodemografik özellikler, Akademik Motivasyon Ölçeği (içsel motivasyon, dışsal motivasyon ve motivasyonsuzluk olmak üzere üç alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır) ve birbirini izleyen üç gün 24 saatlik besin tüketim kaydını içeren anket kullanılarak yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi ile toplanmıştır. Boy uzunluğu ve vücut ağırlığı ölçümleri yöntemine uygun şekilde yapılmış ve beden kütle indeksleri (BKİ) hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular: Korelasyon ve doğrusal regresyon analizleri sonucunda günlük protein alımının motivasyonsuzluk puanlarıyla negatif yönlü (r=-0.210, p=0.007; B=-0.015, p=0.010), dışsal motivasyon puanlarıyla pozitif yönlü ilişkisi (r=0.212, p=0.006; B=0.033, p=0.008) olduğu saptanmıştır. Günlük enerji alımıyla dışsal motivasyon puanı arasında negatif yönlü ilişki (r=-0.206, p=0.007; B=-0.001, p=0.013) bulunmuştur. Vücut ağırlığıyla motivasyonsuzluk puanı arasında (r=0.156, p=0.036), E vitamini alımıyla dışsal motivasyon puanı arasında (r=0.250, p=0.001) ve diyetle günlük antioksidan alımıyla içsel motivasyon puanı arasında (r=0.166, p=0.032) pozitif yönlü ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Diyetle günlük enerji, protein, yağ, E vitamini ve antioksidan alımının akademik motivasyonu etkilediği görülmektedir. Üniversitelerde sağlıklı beslenme ile ilgili bilinçlendirme ve farkındalık çalışmalarının öğrencilerde akademik motivasyona katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Aims
University students may experience food insecurity due to financial constraints, reducing the quality of their diet. This study aimed to identify students at higher risk of food insecurity, their engagement with on‐campus food initiatives and evaluate the relationship between food insecurity and a validated index of diet quality.
Methods
A cross‐sectional online survey used the six‐item Household Food Security Survey Module to assess food insecurity. Total diet quality and subscale scores for eight food groups were measured using the Australian Recommended Food Score (range 0–73). Univariate and multivariate regression identified groups at risk of food insecurity, their engagement with campus food initiatives and relationship with diet quality scores.
Results
Of student respondents ( n = 197), over half (54%) experienced food insecurity (14% mild, 23% moderate and 18% severe food insecurity). Male students and students not living with parents were at significantly higher risk. Food‐insecure students were significantly more likely to use the campus food pantry (odds ratio = 2.3 [95% confidence interval = 1.286–4.142]; p = 0.005) but not a campus community garden. The mean diet quality score was 32.9 (standard deviation = 8.9). Food‐insecure students reported a mean diet quality score over three points lower than food‐secure respondents ( B = −3.5 [95% confidence interval = −6.0 to −1.0]; p = 0.006), with significantly lower fruit and vegetable subscale scores.
Conclusions
Results suggest a high occurrence of food insecurity and poor dietary quality in university students. Despite high levels of engagement with the campus food pantry, the poor diet quality of food‐insecure students suggests an urgent need for greater university‐led interventions to improve students' dietary intake.
Purpose:
Food insecurity is associated with lower diet quality, adverse health outcomes, and academic difficulty among undergraduate students. The objective was to identify the relationship between food security status and diet quality in dental students.
Methods:
All dental students attending Howard University (n = 286) or the University of Iowa (n = 326) during the fall 2021 semester were invited to complete a cross-sectional survey designed to query demographics, food security status (i.e., United States Department of Agriculture's ten item Adult Food Security Module), and diet quality (i.e., short Healthy Eating Index). The survey was administered using the Qualtrics platform.
Results:
Response rates were similar for Howard (32.5%) and Iowa (29.4%). Students with food insecurity (46.0%) were slightly older and more likely to be Black or other, first generation professional/graduate students, and receive financial aid than peers with food security (p < 0.050). Food insecurity was associated with lower intakes of fruits and vegetables (p ≤ 0.005), higher intakes of added sugars (p < 0.001), and lower diet quality (p = 0.003). In linear regression analyses that controlled for other variables, food insecurity (p = 0.012), school site (p = 0.027), and gender (p = 0.039) were predictive of lower diet quality.
Conclusions:
The inability to procure adequate and appropriate foods was associated with marginal dietary habits (i.e., less than ideal food choices and eating behaviors) and lower diet quality in dental students. Both marginal dietary habits and lower diet quality increase chronic disease risk and may present a barrier to academic success. Addressing food insecurity among dental students is necessary to ensure equitable opportunities for a healthy workforce in the future.
Much past research on varsity student-athletes mainly emphasized assessing the factors associated with athletic success and performance. Enhancement of academic performance is also an equally important issue in student-athletes’ lives that the researchers have ignored to date. This research aimed to examine how factors like management, financial support, and diet affect the academic performance of university student-athletes. The participants were 126 field hockey players from eleven universities. We used a five-point Likert scale questionnaire to gather information for this cross-sectional study. That comprised twenty-four items related to four constructs: management, financial support, diet, and academic performance. The data collection tool exhibited adequate reliability (Cronbach's alpha, .767). We analyzed data using chi-square and simple linear regression tests, and the results indicated that management, diet, and financial support were significantly associated with varsity athletes' academic success. The findings suggest that effective management, sufficient financial assistance, and a healthy diet may contribute to the academic success of university athletes. This study is unique because earlier research mostly neglected student-athletes academics and concentrated on their athletic achievement. At the same time, academic and sports management are essential factors that need to be examined regarding student-athletes' academic progress. The study results have important implications for policymakers and professionals related to higher education, academic performance, sports management, and parents. Further studies are recommended to assess the generalizability of this data's findings
Introdução: A atividade física (AF) está associada ao melhor desempenho acadêmico, gerando efeitos positivos de aprendizagem, sendo a AF uma in-tervenção eficaz para aumentar a aprendizagem dos estudantes universitá-rios. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da ativi-dade física (AF) no desempenho acadêmico dos universitários. Materiais e métodos: O trabalho foi composto de uma revisão de literatura e utilizou-se das plataformas: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBESC e Google Acadêmi-co. Para tanto utilizou-se palavras-chave seguindo o método de busca pelo site DeCS, dos quais nortearam a seleção do material em português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: Selecionou-se estudos que abordavam sobre a AF como uma ferramenta que contribuiu para o desempenho acadêmico dos uni-versitários, afirmando, nesse caso, que a prática regular pode, também gerar beneficiar que contribuem para as questões psíquicas. A proteção do cérebro (neurogênese hipocampal), em que é importante reforçar que a neurogênese desempenha um papel fundamental na cognição. Aborda-se outros fatores além da AF que podem contribuir (ou prejudicar) o desempenho em sala de aula, referente ao estilo de vida. Conclusão: Diante dos achados, compreen-de-se que o desempenho acadêmico está relacionado com a saúde geral dos universitários. No entanto, destaca-se que a prática regular de AF é um fator chave para proteger o cérebro e dar efeitos imediatos durante a sala de aula, aumentando as notas e as chances de ter um futuro promissor no que se refere a estudos
Poor diet quality is commonly reported in young adults. This study aimed to measure the diet quality of students attending a large Australian university (including domestic and international students), and to examine the effect of food security status and other key factors likely to impact their diet quality. Using the Automated Self-Administered 24-h recall Australian version, a cross-sectional survey collected dietary recalls from domestic and international students in one university in Sydney. Diet quality was assessed using the validated Healthy Eating Index for Australian Adults (HEIFA-2013) which gives a score out of 100. Food security status was measured by the 18-item Household Food Security Survey Module. Differences in the mean HEIFA-2013 scores by student characteristics were determined by analysis of covariance. A total of 141 students completed one dietary recall. The mean HEIFA-2013 score for students was low (mean 52.4, 95% CI 50.0–54.8). Food-insecure students had a poorer diet quality (mean 43.7, 95% CI 35.7–51.8) than their food-secure peers (mean 53.2, 95% CI 50.8–55.7, p = 0.027). The mean HEIFA-2013 score was similar in domestic (mean 52.5, 95% CI 49.9–55.2) and international students (mean 51.9, 95% CI 46.3–57.5, p = 0.845). Those reporting self-perceived excellent cooking skills and higher cooking frequency had better diet quality. Interventions to improve food and nutrition knowledge and skills and address food insecurity may help tertiary education students cook more frequently and achieve better diet quality.
Introdução: A atividade física (AF) está associada ao melhor desempenho acadêmico, gerando efeitos positivos de aprendizagem, sendo a AF uma intervenção eficaz para aumentar a aprendizagem dos estudantes universitários. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da atividade física (AF) no desempenho acadêmico dos universitários. Material e métodos: O trabalho foi composto de uma revisão de literatura e utilizou-se das plataformas: PubMed, EBSCO, Google Scholar e Cochrane Library. Para tanto utilizou-se os descritores (“Desempenho acadêmico e atividade física dos universitários"; "Desempenho acadêmico e exercício físico dos jovens"; "universitários e desempenho acadêmico"; “Atividade física e neurogênese hipocampal”) que nortearam a seleção do material em portugues, inglês, espanhol e francês. Como critério de inclusão, foram aceitos os artigos e sites de organização que apresentavam texto completo, abordavam assuntos relacionados ao desempenho acadêmico de universitários ativos e inativos. Foram excluídos os artigos que apresentavam somente o resumo e os que não se relacionaram ao desempenho acadêmico de universitários ativos e inativos. Resultados: Selecionou-se estudos que abordavam sobre a AF como uma ferramenta que contribuiu para o desempenho acadêmico dos universitários, afirmando, nesse caso, que a prática regular pode beneficiar, reduzindo as questões psíquicas como ansiedade e depressão; a proteção do cérebro (neurogênese hipocampal), em que é importante reforçar que a neurogênese desempenha um papel fundamental na cognição; e que abordam outros fatores além da AF que podem contribuir ou prejudicar o desempenho em sala de aula, referente ao estilo de vida. Conclusão: Diante dos achados, compreende-se que o desempenho acadêmico está relacionado com a saúde geral dos universitários. No entanto, destaca-se que a prática regular de AF é um fator chave para proteger o cérebro e dar efeitos imediatos durante a sala de aula, aumentando as notas e as chances de ter um futuro promissor no que se refere a estudos.
Background: Unhealthy diets are typical of university students and are often thought to be unrepresentative of the general population. The main aim was to determine the energy and nutrient intakes of a large cohort of undergraduate university students; and to compare to gender-specific dietary reference values (DRVs) and nutrient data from the general population. Methodology: Data was collected from 639 university students aged 18–24 years who completed 4-day diet diaries. The energy and nutrient intake was determined and percentage energy values calculated and compared with dietary reference values (DRVs) and the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) and Family Food Statistics. Logistic regression methods were used to identify micronutrients functioning as predictors of exceeding DRVs. Results: Energy intakes were lower than the DRV. The percentage total energy values for protein, fat, saturated fat and carbohydrate exceeded DRVs but the percentage energy from alcohol was below the maximum 5%. The DRVs were met for vitamin C, thiamin, and sodium/salt. Iron and calcium intakes were met in males but not in females. Intakes for fibre and vitamin A were below the DRV. Student data was comparable to the NDNS, with the exception of alcohol, fibre, vitamin A, calcium and sodium/salt, which were all lower than the NDNS. Conclusions: This study contradicts the stereotypical assumption that students are following a high energy, fat, saturated fat, total sugars, salt and alcohol diet compared with the general population.
More than one-third of American adults are obese and statistics are similar worldwide. Caloric intake and diet composition have large and lasting effects on cognition and emotion, especially during critical periods in development, but the neural mechanisms for these effects are not well understood. A clear understanding of the cognitive–emotional processes underpinning desires to over-consume foods can assist more effective prevention and treatments of obesity. This review addresses recent work linking dietary fat intake and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary imbalance with inflammation in developing, adult, and aged brains. Thus, early-life diet and exposure to stress can lead to cognitive dysfunction throughout life and there is potential for early nutritional interventions (e.g., with essential micronutrients) for preventing these deficits. Likewise, acute consumption of a high-fat diet primes the hippocampus to produce a potentiated neuroinflammatory response to a mild immune challenge, causing memory deficits. Low dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can also contribute to depression through its effects on endocannabinoid and inflammatory pathways in specific brain regions leading to synaptic phagocytosis by microglia in the hippocampus, contributing to memory loss. However, encouragingly, consumption of fruits and vegetables high in polyphenolics can prevent and even reverse age-related cognitive deficits by lowering oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding relationships between diet, cognition, and emotion is necessary to uncover mechanisms involved in and strategies to prevent or attenuate comorbid neurological conditions in obese individuals.
The impact of diet on academic achievement is a growing area of research. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the current evidence examining dietary intake and academic achievement in college/university students. Eight electronic databases were searched for studies published in English to January 2016. To be included, studies must have been conducted in higher education (i.e., college, university) students, reported measures of dietary intake and academic achievement, and reported the association between these. Data were extracted using a standardised tool, and studies were assessed for methodological quality. Seven studies were included, with four rated as positive quality, and the remaining three rated as neutral. Most studies were cross-sectional (n = 4), and conducted in America (n = 5). The most common dietary outcomes were fruit and vegetable (n = 3), and breakfast consumption (n = 3). Standardised grade point average (GPA) was the most common measure of academic achievement (n = 4). Five studies reported small to moderate significant positive associations between diet and academic achievement, including for breakfast, regular meal consumption, and meeting national recommendations for fruit intake. This review examines the current evidence regarding diet and academic achievement in college/university students. The results demonstrate that few studies exist in this population group. Future studies should consider the use of validated dietary assessment methods, comprehensive measures of overall diet, and use standardised assessment and reporting of academic outcomes.
Higher scores obtained using diet quality and variety indices are indicators of more optimal food and nutrient intakes and lower chronic disease risk. The aim of this paper is to describe the overall diet quality and variety in a sample of Australian adults who completed an online diet quality self-assessment tool, the Healthy Eating Quiz. The Healthy Eating Quiz takes approximately five minutes to complete online and computes user responses into a total diet quality score (out of a maximum of 73 points) and then categorizes them into the following groups: ‘needs work’ (<33), ‘getting there’ (33–38), ‘excellent’ (39–46), or ’outstanding’ (47+). There was a total of 93,252 first-time respondents, of which 76% were female. Over 80% of respondents were between 16–44 years of age. The mean total score was 34.1 ± 9.7 points. Females had a higher total score than males (p < 0.001) and vegetarians had higher total scores than non-vegetarians (p < 0.001). Healthy eating quiz scores were higher in those aged 45–75 years compared to 16–44 years (p < 0.001). When comparing Socioeconomic Indices for Areas deciles, those most disadvantaged had a lower total score than those least disadvantaged (p < 0.001). Repeat measures showed that those who scored lowest (needs work) in their first completion increased their total score by 3.2 ± 7.4 at their second completion (p < 0.001). While the Healthy Eating Quiz data indicates that individuals receiving feedback on how to improve their score can improve their diet quality, there is a need for further nutrition promotion interventions in Australian adults.
Diet quality indices have been shown to predict cardiovascular disease, cancer, Type 2 Diabetes, obesity and all-cause mortality. This study aimed to determine the socio-demographics of Australian adults with poor diet quality. Diet quality was assessed for participants of the 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey aged 18 years or above (n = 9435), with the validated 11-component Healthy Eating Index for Australians (HEIFA-2013), based on the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines. Differences in scores by demographics (ANOVA) and regression models for associations between the HEIFA-2013 score and demographic characteristics were conducted. The mean (SD) HEIFA-2013 score was 45.5 (14.7) out of 100 due to poor intakes of vegetables, fruit, grains, dairy and fat and high intakes of added sugar, sodium and discretionary foods. Lower mean HEIFA-2013 scores (SD) were found for males 43.3 (14.7), young-adults 41.6 (14.2) obese 44.1 (14.3), smokers 40.0 (14.2), low socio-economic status 43.7 (14.9) and Australian country-of-birth 44.2 (14.6) (p < 0.05). The overall diet quality of the Australian population is poor and targeted interventions for young-adults, males, obese and those with lower socio-economic status are recommended.
This study compared Dutch alumni who previously participated in an honors program (n = 72) to non-honors alumni who entered university as high-achieving high school students (n = 72) with regard to (1) final university grade point average (GPA) and (2) early career outcomes. Final grades were drawn from university files. Using an online questionnaire, participants were asked to rate themselves on work engagement and other characteristics in their current jobs. Results indicate that, compared to the non-honors control group, honors alumni had a higher study GPA at the end of their studies and higher work engagement after graduation, while job characteristics were found to be similar. Implications for educators and job recruiters are discussed.
Much medical research is observational. The reporting of observational studies is often of insufficient quality. Poor reporting hampers the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a study and the generalisability of its results. Taking into account empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, a group of methodologists, researchers, and editors developed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of observational studies. The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items, which relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies and four are specific to each of the three study designs. The STROBE Statement provides guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of observational studies and facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of studies by reviewers, journal editors and readers. This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the STROBE Statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For each item, one or several published examples and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature are provided. Examples of useful flow diagrams are also included. The STROBE Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www.strobe-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of observational research.
Despite, and perhaps because of its amorphous nature, the term 'academic success' is one of the most widely used constructs in educational research and assessment within higher education. This paper conducts an analytic literature review to examine the use and operationalization of the term in multiple academic fields. Dominant definitions of the term are conceptually evaluated using Astin's I-E-O model resulting in the proposition of a revised definition and new conceptual model of academic success. Measurements of academic success found throughout the literature are presented in accordance with the presented model of academic success. These measurements are provided with details in a user-friendly table (Appendix B). Results also indicate that grades and GPA are the most commonly used measure of academic success. Finally, recommendations are given for future research and practice to increase effective assessment of academic success. Our discussion leaves open, for the moment, the definition of success other than to imply that without learning there is no success and, at a minimum, success implies successful learning in the classroom. (Tinto & Pusser, 2006, p.8)
Adult diet quality indices are shown to predict nutritional adequacy of dietary intake as well as all-cause morbidity and mortality. This study describes the reproducibility and validity of a food-based diet quality index, the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). ARFS was developed to reflect alignment with the Australian Dietary Guidelines and is modelled on the US Recommended Food Score. Dietary intakes of 96 adult participants (31 male, 65 female) age 30 to 75 years were assessed in two rounds, five months apart. Diet was assessed using a 120-question semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The ARFS diet quality index was derived using a subset of 70 items from the full FFQ. Reproducibility of the ARFS between round one and round two was confirmed by the overall intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.87 (95% CI 0.83, 0.90), which compared favourably to that for the FFQ at 0.85 (95% CI 0.80, 0.89). ARFS was correlated with FFQ nutrient intakes, particularly fiber, vitamin A, beta-carotene and vitamin C (0.53, 95% CI 0.37-0.67), and with mineral intakes, particularly calcium, magnesium and potassium (0.32, 95% CI 0.23-0.40). ARFS is a suitable brief tool to evaluate diet quality in adults and reliably estimates a range of nutrient intakes.
Purpose
To examine associations between academic performance and moderate-vigorous physical activity, strength training, fruit and vegetable intake, and sleep.
Design
Cross-sectional observational study.
Setting
Forty U.S. colleges and universities participating in the Fall 2008 National College Health Assessment-II (NCHA-II) (median response, 27%).
Subjects
A total of 16,095 undergraduate students (18–24 years; 703% female).
Measures
Self-reported lifestyle variables from the NCHA-II questions were dichotomized as meeting or not meeting public health recommendations. Grade average ranged from 1.00 to 4.00 points.
Analysis
Linear regression, adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related variables.
Results
The prevalence of meeting public health recommendations was as follows: moderate-vigorous physical activity, 41.9%; strength training, 32.4%; fruit and vegetable intake, 4.6%; and sleep, 23.6%. Grade average was higher in students meeting moderate-vigorous physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, and sleep recommendations (p ≤ .019). If moderate-vigorous physical activity was met, grade average was higher by .03 points, .15 points higher when meetingfruit and vegetable intake recommendations, and .06 points higher for sleep. There was no significant change in grade average in those meeting strength-training recommendations.
Conclusion
College students who adhere to public health recommendations for lifestyle behaviors have modestly higher grade averages after adjusting for sociodemographic and negative health behaviors.
Much medical research is observational. The reporting of observational studies is often of insufficient quality. Poor reporting hampers the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a study and the generalizability of its results. Taking into account empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, a group of methodologists, researchers, and editors developed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of observational studies. The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items, which relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies and four are specific to each of the three study designs. The STROBE Statement provides guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of observational studies and facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of studies by reviewers, journal editors and readers.This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the STROBE Statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For each item, one or several published examples and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature are provided. Examples of useful flow diagrams are also included. The STROBE Statement, this document, and the associated web site (http://www.strobe-statement.org) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of observational research.
Aim:
This study assessed sociodemographics, general health, personal and environmental factors associated with fruit and vegetable (F&V) and total fat intake in Belgian university students.
Methods:
In total, 185 students completed a self-reported online questionnaire assessing daily F&V and fat intake, as well as sociodemographic, personal and environmental variables related to F&V and fat intake. Mean F&V and fat consumption were compared with Belgian recommendations. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with F&V and fat intake.
Results:
Respectively, 90.3 and 50.8% of students failed to meet the recommendations for F&V and fat consumption. Agreeing more with the fact that one should eat F&V on most days of the week (individual subjective norm), finding it less difficult to eat F&V at home or at university (perceived behavioural control) and experiencing more modelling were associated with higher F&V consumption. Increasing age, higher educational level of the father and higher individual subjective norm about eating low-fat foods were associated with lower fat intake.
Conclusions:
Future interventions aiming to improve dietary intake among university students should focus on younger students with lower socioeconomic status and should enhance students' subjective norm and behavioural control concerning healthy eating.
Purpose: Prior research has highlighted gender differences in academic motivational attributes, and how these predict academic achievement for each gender, however, a vast amount of inconsistency exists amongst such literature. The main purpose of the present study was to examine the predictive value of academic motivation (achievement goal, leaning goal, performance goal, self-efficacy, and active learning strategies) and study time in explaining academic achievement amongst male and female students.
Design/methodology/approach: Cross-sectional survey design was applied. Participants were sampled opportunistically, and consisted of final year undergraduate students, including both males (n = 126) and females (n = 189) attending various courses at a UK university.
Findings: Multiple regression analysis carried out for each gender revealed that study time, active learning strategies, performance goal, and self-efficacy were significant predictors of achievement for males, whereas self-efficacy was the only significant predictor of achievement for females.
Originality/value: These findings offer practical implications in terms of methods employed by educators to enhance academic achievement. Such implications highlight the importance of the development of self-efficacy in both genders and propose methods in which universities can enhance motivation in male and female students. Recommendations for future research are also made.
Background:
The majority of literature examining the effect of dietary behaviour on academic achievement has focused on breakfast consumption only. Here, we aim to systematically review the literature investigating the broader effects of dietary intake and behaviours on school-aged children's academic achievement.
Methods:
A search was undertaken across seven databases using keywords. For studies to be included, they needed to be conducted in: school-aged children (5-18 years); assess and report: (i) a measure of academic performance; (ii) a measure of dietary intake/behaviour; and (iii) the association between dietary intake/behaviours and academic performance. Forty studies were included in the review.
Results:
The majority of studies were cross-sectional in design (n = 33) and studied children aged >10 years, with very few reports in younger age groups. More than 30 different dietary assessment tools were used, with only 40% of those using a validated/standardised assessment method. Half the studies collected outcomes of academic achievement objectively from a recognised educational authority, whereas 10 studies used self-reported measures. The dietary outcomes most commonly reported to have positive associations with academic achievement were: breakfast consumption (n = 12) and global diet quality/meal patterns (n = 7), whereas negative associations reported with junk/fast food (n = 9).
Conclusions:
This review highlights that moderate associations exist for dietary intakes characterised by regular breakfast consumption, lower intakes of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and overall diet quality with respect to outcomes of academic achievement. Future studies should consider the use of validated dietary assessment methods and standardised reporting of academic achievement.
Little is known about the reliability of college grades relative to how prominently they are used in educational research, and the results to date tend to be based on small sample studies or are decades old. This study uses two large databases (N > 800,000) from over 200 educational institutions spanning 13 years and finds that both first-year and overall college GPA can be expected to be highly reliable measures of academic performance, with reliability estimated at .86 for first-year GPA and .93 for overall GPA. Additionally, reliabilities vary moderately by academic discipline, and within-school grade intercorrelations are highly stable over time. These findings are consistent with a hierarchical structure of academic ability. Practical implications for decision making and measurement using GPA are discussed.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of fruits and vegetable consumption and associated factors among university students from 26 low, middle and high income countries.
Methods:
Using anonymous questionnaires, data were collected in a cross-sectional survey from 17,789 undergraduate university students (mean age 20.8, SD = 2.8) from 27 universities in 26 countries across Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Results:
Overall, 82.8% of the university students consumed less than the recommended five servings of fruits and/or vegetables. The mean fruit and vegetable consumption varied by country, ranging from ≤ 2.5 mean daily servings in Jamaica, Philippines and Barbados to ≥ 3.9 mean daily servings in Mauritius, Tunisia and Ivory Coast. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, sociodemographic factors, psychosocial factors, and behavioural factors (inadequate dietary behaviours, binge drinking and physical inactivity) were associated with low prevalence of fruit and vegetable intake.
Conclusions:
Findings stress the need for intervention programmes aiming at increased consumption of fruit and vegetables considering the identified sociodemographic, psychosocial and behavioural risk factors.
Assessments of college academic achievement tend to rely on self-reported GPA values, yet evidence is limited regarding the accuracy of those values. With a sample of 194 undergraduate college students, the present study examined whether accuracy of self-reported GPA differed based on level of academic performance or level of academic self-efficacy and whether those differences were moderated by gender and year in college. Significant gender differences were found only within the lower academic performance group and the lower academic self-efficacy group, with females on average overreporting their actual college GPA and males on average underreporting their actual college GPA. Thus, research on college achievement that is conducted with students in lower achieving groups or with lower academic self-efficacy may benefit from the use of university-record GPA data as opposed to self-report data and may need to consider gender differences carefully to guard against potential bias in self-reported values for these groups.
Objective
This study was designed to examine the relationship between stress and food selection patterns by gender among first year undergraduate students studying in an Australian university.
Research Methods & Procedure
A total of 728 (331 males and 397 females) first year students, aged >18 years, attending the Gold Coast Campus of Griffith University participated in this cross sectional study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of three sections: socio demographic information, stress measures and a 7-day food frequency questionnaire.
Results
Over half (52.9%) of the participants were found to suffer from some level of stress, with relatively more females (57.4%) suffering than males (47.4%). Male students who experienced mild to moderate levels of stress were 2-3 more likely to eat cereal foods (p <0.01), fish/seafood (p <0.001) and protein powder (p <0.05); and also tended to eat more meat alternatives (p <0.05), highly processed foods (p <0.05) and alcohol (p <0.05); than the unstressed male students. However, they were less likely to consume vegetables and fruit (p <0.05) compared with the unstressed males. The trend analysis results indicated significant dose-response patterns in the relationship between stress level and the consumption of cereal food, meat alternatives, vegetables and fruit (negative trend), highly processed food, protein powder, beverages and alcoholic beverages (all p values <0.05). Female students who experienced mild/moderate stress were 2.22 times more likely to eat processed food (p <0.01) than the unstressed females. Females who experienced severe stress were less likely to consume meat alternatives (p <0.05) than the unstressed females. Significant dose-response trends were found in the relationship between stress level and the consumption of meat alternatives, vegetables and fruit (both negative trends), and processed food (all p values <0.01).
Conclusion
These results show a clear difference in food selection patterns between stressed male and female students with stress being a more significant predictor of unhealthy food selection among male students. Further research is needed using a qualitative approach to understand how stress and eating behaviour are related among university students.
Background:
The benefits of healthy habits are well established, but it is unclear whether making health behavior changes as an adult can still alter coronary artery disease risk.
Methods and results:
The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) prospective cohort study (n=3538) assessed 5 healthy lifestyle factors (HLFs) among young adults aged 18 to 30 years (year 0 baseline) and 20 years later (year 20): not overweight/obese, low alcohol intake, healthy diet, physically active, nonsmoker. We tested whether change from year 0 to 20 in a continuous composite HLF score (HLF change; range, -5 to +5) is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis (coronary artery calcification and carotid intima-media thickness) at year 20, after adjustment for demographics, medications, and baseline HLFs. By year 20, 25.3% of the sample improved (HLF change ≥+1); 40.4% deteriorated (had fewer HLFs); 34.4% stayed the same; and 19.2% had coronary artery calcification (>0). Each increase in HLFs was associated with reduced odds of detectable coronary artery calcification (odds ratio=0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.98) and lower intima-media thickness (carotid bulb β=-0.024, P=0.001), and each decrease in HLFs was predictive to a similar degree of greater odds of coronary artery calcification (odds ratio=1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.33) and greater intima-media thickness (β=+0.020, P<0.01).
Conclusions:
Healthy lifestyle changes during young adulthood are associated with decreased risk and unhealthy lifestyle changes are associated with increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis in middle age.
Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) are used in epidemiological studies to investigate the relationship between diet and disease. There is a need for a valid and reliable adult FFQ with a contemporary food list in Australia.
To evaluate the reproducibility and comparative validity of the Australian Eating Survey (AES) FFQ in adults compared to weighed food records (WFRs).
Two rounds of AES and three-day WFRs were conducted in 97 adults (31 males, median age and BMI for males of 44.9 years, 26.2 kg/m(2), females 41.3 years, 24.0 kg/m(2). Reproducibility was assessed over six months using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and comparative validity was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) estimated by fitting a mixed effects model for each nutrient to account for age, sex and BMI to allow estimation of between and within person variance.
Reproducibility was found to be good for both WFR and FFQ since there were no significant differences between round 1 and 2 administrations. For comparative validity, FFQ ICCs were at least as large as those for WFR. The ICC of the WFR-FFQ difference for total energy intake was 0.6 (95% CI 0.43, 0.77) and the median ICC for all nutrients was 0.47, with all ICCs between 0.15 (%E from saturated fat) and 0.7 (g/day sugars).
Compared to WFR the AES FFQ is suitable for reliably estimating the dietary intakes of Australian adults across a wide range of nutrients.
This study expands on literature covering models on educational productivity, student integration and effectiveness of instruction. An expansion of the literature concerning the impact of higher education on workplace performance is also covered. Relationships were examined between the quality of the academic learning environment, the process of learning, learning outcomes, and career success of graduates. The responses to a questionnaire of 3324 graduates at a Dutch university, emphasising conventional large‐scale classes, were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results suggest an indirect influence of university education on career success. A learning environment increases the motivation of students, which, in turn, increases their learning outcomes. Learning outcomes show a significant relationship with success in the initial phase of graduates’ careers. Furthermore, success in subsequent phases of one’s career is influenced by experience gained by students during their involvement in extra‐curricular activities. Therefore, it is argued that the learning environment is important for students’ learning as well as their involvement in extra‐curricular activities, and that these two elements of university education are determinants of career success.
The aim of this study was the evaluation of dietary habits in regard to cardiovascular risk status in university students in Northern Greece. 215 students (101 males) (age 21.5±2.3 years) participated in the study. Dietary intake was determined by using 3-day food record (1 weekend day). Recorded energy and nutrient intakes were compared to RDA and recommendations given by the American Heart Association (AHA). Students' smoking status and familial chronic diseases were recorded. A percentage of 55.8% (males) and 45.7% (females) were physically moderately active. When compared to AHA guidelines, the students had averagely significantly higher intake of total fat, saturated fat, sodium and dietary cholesterol and lower intake of polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, folate, vitamin E and fiber. 95% of them failed to meet all AHA dietary recommendations, with polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio and the percentage of total fat being the top two failed parameters and sodium (10.2%) being the one less problematic. Dietary habits of Greek university students differ from what is considered as health promoting and, in the case that it they are not altered, may have an adverse effect on their CV health, despite the fact that their mean body weight is only moderately high.
It has long been suspected that the relative abundance of specific nutrients can affect cognitive processes and emotions. Newly described influences of dietary factors on neuronal function and synaptic plasticity have revealed some of the vital mechanisms that are responsible for the action of diet on brain health and mental function. Several gut hormones that can enter the brain, or that are produced in the brain itself, influence cognitive ability. In addition, well-established regulators of synaptic plasticity, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, can function as metabolic modulators, responding to peripheral signals such as food intake. Understanding the molecular basis of the effects of food on cognition will help us to determine how best to manipulate diet in order to increase the resistance of neurons to insults and promote mental fitness.
Australian Dietary Guidelines
National Health and Medical Research Council (2013)
Australian Dietary Guidelines. Canberra, NHMRC.
Eat for Health Educator Guide
National Health and Medical Research Council (2013) Eat
for Health Educator Guide. Canberra, NHMRC.
American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Fall
American College Health Association (2018) American
College Health Association-National College Health
Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Fall
2017. Hanover, MD.