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E-ISSN: 2278-3229
IJGHC, December 2017 – February 2018; Sec. B; Vol.7, No.1, 020-032.
DOI: 10.24214/IJGHC/HC/7/1/02032.
International Journal of Green and
Herbal Chemistry
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences
Available online at www.ijghc.com
Section B: Herbal Chemistry
Research Article CODEN (USA): IJGHAY
20
IJGHC, December 2017 – February 2018; Sec. B; Vol.7, No.1, 020-032.
DOI: 10.24214/IJGHC/HC/7/1/02032.
Antimicrobial Properties of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) in
Relation to Shelf Life Enhancement of Fruits &
Vegetables
Pramod K. Raghav & Mitu Saini*
Department of Food & Biotechnology, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur, India.
Received: 07 December 2017; Revised: 30 December 2017; Accepted: 06 January 2018
Abstract: Plants are excellent source of active components which act as a natural
antimicrobial agent and used for treatment of various diseases in whole world from
ancient time. As a result the main focus of researchers is on the plants, especially
herbs and spices. Tulsi is most sacred plant of the India. It is cultivated for medicinal
and religious purposes. Ocimum sanctum has many beneficial properties namely anti-
oxidative, antimicrobial, antistress, antidiabetic, antiviral and many others that’s why
this plant is also given the term “Queen of Herbs”. Tulsi is one of the most important
aromatic herb, which is widely used in Pharmaceutical Industry. O. sanctum is mostly
used in the form of extract and oil. The main secondary metabolites of Tulsi extract is
Eugenol, Linalool, β-Caryophyllene, Carvacrol, Apigenin, Rosmarinic Acid, Urosolic
Acid, these are derivatives of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, terpenoids, steroids and quinone isolated from Ocimum sanctum and other
medicinal plants. Tulsi leaves extract also inhibit the growth of pathogens which is
responsible for spoilage of fresh produce. Tulsi extract shows inhibitory effects
against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella
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typhae, Shigella dysentriae, Bacillus pumilus, Aspergillus spp., Candida albican and
Penicellium spp. Essential oil and extract of Tulsi leaves have antiviral properties
that’s why it is used extensively in medical practices. It is an excellent antimicrobial
agent so it is used in food products as an ingredient as well as medicine.
Keywords: Ocimum sanctum, Phytochemicals, Antimicrobial Properties, Health
Benefits and Fruits & Vegetables.
INTRODUCTION
The Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is one of the most valued and holistic medicinal plant which is having
medicinal importance and is used for the preparation of traditional medicines from many years in
India. Tulsi has been described as ‘Queen of Herbs’ and ‘Mother of Medicine of Nature’ because of
many useful medicinal properties1. This plant is widely growing in India and many other countries of
South-East Asia. O. sanctum is commonly known as Tulsi in India. It is traditionally important
medicinal herb containing many useful compounds2.
About 85% population of the whole world partially or wholly is dependent on herbal medicines for
the treatment of primary health related issues. According to traditional medical system, herbal
medicines are the major remedies.
Tulsi has been used in medical practices from thousands of years and it has a great contribution to
maintaining human health3. The whole plant of Tulsi is used in medicines and has been found to
possess various therapeutic properties and many useful phytochemicals which act as antimicrobial
agents against pathogenic microbes. Tulsi has therapeutic application in cardiovascular disorders
according to the ancient system of medicines including Greek, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Roman4.
Tulsi is used in different forms such as extract and essential oil in medicines from ancient in India.
Tulsi extract is commonly used for various medicines for therapeutic uses to treat many diseases such
as fever, headache, malaria, heart diseases and inflammation2. Tulsi leaves and inflorescence are
mostly used in the extraction of oil, this Tulsi oil have numerous properties such as hepatoprotective,
immune-modulatory, hypotensive, stress reducer, inflammation reliever and anti-asthmatic5.
According to Indian “Padmottara Purana”, a home where a garden of Tulsi plant exists is itself a
centre of pilgrimage; neither servants of “Yama” nor disease can enter there and wherever Tulsi plant
fragrance goes, the air get purified6. The Tulsi plant having many active constituents and essential oil
which produces the specific fragrance, because of its volatile nature and it can kill many types of
microorganism such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.
The extract and essential oil of O. sanctum is found to possess insecticidal and antibacterial
properties4. In recent years, Tulsi is used in different forms in Indian medicines such as the aqueous
extract from leaves (fresh and dried powder) or oil of extract.
Tulsi extract is commonly used for various medicines for therapeutic uses for treatments of many
diseases such as fever, headache, malaria, heart diseases and inflammation. Aqueous Tulsi extract and
essential oil of Tulsi seed has been used as an antimicrobial ingredient in ‘Food Preservation’ to
inhibit the bacterial and fungal infestation7,8.
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Table 1: Nutritional composition of Tulsi extract (1a).
1. The active constituents of Ocimum sanctum extract: The Tulsi leaves extract has some quantity
of volatile oil which contain phytochemicals such as aldehyde, terpenes (sesquiterpenes,
monoterpenes) and phenols and it also contains some quantity of saponins, tannins, glycosides,
quinone, phlobatanin, Flavonoids (orientin & vicenin), steroids, coumarin and alkaloids9.
Kelm et al.10 investigated that O. sanctum leaves contain anthocyans. The aqueous extract of Tulsi
leaves having primary active constituents which are eugenol, urosolic acid, carvacrol, rosmarinic acid,
α & β- caryophyllene, linalool, euginal (Also known as eugenic acid), β-elemene, geraneol and oc-
imene11. The other active constituents of tulsi extract is α-thujene, isothymusin, octane, α-pinene,
oleanolic acid, cirsimaritin, toluene, apigenin, nonane, β-pinene, isoborneol, camphene, α- guaiene,
sabsinene, ethyl benzene, borneol, germacrene D, α-amorphene, dimethyl benzene, lactate limocene,
myrecene, p-cymene,
Principle
Nutrient Value
Percentage of
RDA
Energy
23 Kcal
1%
Carbohydrates
2.65 g
2%
Protein
3.15 g
6%
Total Fat
0.64 g
2%
Cholesterol
0 mg
0%
Dietary Fibre
1.60 g
4%
Vitamins
Folates
68 µg
17%
Niacin
0.902 mg
6%
Pantothenic acid
0.209 mg
4%
Pyridoxine
0.155 mg
12%
Riboflavin
0.076 mg
6%
Thiamin
0.034 mg
2.5%
Vitamin A
5275 IU
175%
Vitamin C
18 mg
30%
Vitamin E
0.80 mg
5%
Vitamin K
414.8 µg
345%
Electrolytes
Sodium
4 mg
0%
Potassium
295 mg
6%
Minerals
Calcium
177 mg
18%
Copper
385 mg
43%
Iron
3.17 mg
40%
Magnesium
64 mg
16%
Manganese
1.15 mg
57 %
Zinc
0.81 mg
7 %
Phyto-nutrients
Carotene-β
3142 µg
--
Crypto-xanthin- β
46 µg
--
Lutein-zeaxanthin
5650 µg
--
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Table 2: Primary active constituents of Ocimum sanctum2,12-15
S.
No.
Name of Active
constituents
Chemical
Formula
Structure of active
constituents
Properties
1.
Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-
methoxy-4-allylbenzene)
C10H12O2
Antimicrobial, Anti-cancer
agent, Antiinflamatory,
Antidiabetic,
Cardioprotective,
Hypolipidimic &
Hepatoprotective agent
2.
Urosolic acid
(2,3,4,56,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12
,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-
picene-4a-carboxylic acid)
C30H48O3
Antitumor, Antimicrobial,
Anti-viral activities,
Hepatoprotective, Anti-
inflammatory (oral &
topical), Anti-ulcer & Anti-
hyperlipidemic
3.
Carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-
methylphenol)
C10H14O
Anti-cancer agent,
Antioxidant, Antibacterial,
Anti-insecticidal.
4.
Linalool (3,7-dimethylocta-
1,6-dien-3-ol)
C10 H8 O
Antibacterial, Antiviral,
Antifungal, Anti-cancer
agent.
5.
Caryophyllene (4,11,11-
trimethyl-8-methylene-
bicyclo [7.2.0] undec-4-
ene)
C15H24
Anti-cancer agent,
Antioxidant, Antimalarial,
Antiviral.
6.
Estragol (1-allyl-4-
methoxybenzenes)
C10H12O
Antidiabetic, Antistress.
7.
Rosmarinic acid ((2R)-2-
[[(2E)3(3,4 –Di-hydroxy-
phenyl)-1-oxo-2–propeny-
l]]oxy]-3-(3,4-di-hydroxy-
phenyl) propanoic acid).
C18H16O8
Immunomodulatory,
Antimicrobial, Anticancer,
Anti-inflammatory
8.
Apigenin (5,7-dihydroxy-2-
(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-
benzopyran-4-one)
C15H10O5
Antiviral, Antibacterial,
Antioxidant, Anti-
inflammatory.
9.
Cirsimaritin (5,4’-
dihydroxy-6,7-
dimethoxyflavones
C17H14O6
Cardio protective, Anti-ulcer,
Antistress.
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iso-eugenol, butyl-benzene, ocimumoside A & B, γ-humulene, α-cubebene, α-terpeneol (1.7-7%),
terpiniolene, α-selinene, β-selinene, α- humulene, borneol, elemol, nerolidol2,10,16,17.
While the alcoholic extract of aerial parts (leaves, stem & flower) of O. sanctum have been reported to
contain apigenin, methyl eugenol, urosolic acid, linalool, β-caryophyllene, stigmesterol, orientin,
luteolin, isorienentin, molludistin, vitexin, triacontanol ferulate, aesculetin, chlorogenic acid,
circineol, caffiec acid, isovitexin, aesculin, gallic acid, procatechuic acid3,10,18-20. These constituents
are FDA approved food additive which are naturally present in Tulsi13.
1.2. Antimicrobial properties of aqueous extract of O. sanctum: Holy Basil or Ocimum sanctum
has been investigated to possess various pharmacological properties like anti-toxic, antioxidant, anti-
cancer, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant analgesic and anti-thyroid
18,21. The Phenolic constituents of O. sanctum leaf extract like isothymusin, apigenin, rosmarinic acid,
cirsineol and eugenol16. The aqueous extracts of O. sanctum leaves are more effective against
pathogens as compared to methanolic extract22-26. The leaf extract of O. sanctum shows potent
antioxidant activity and it inhibits the growth of E. coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus and
Proteus25.
1.3. Antimicrobial Properties of O. sanctum: Tulsi (O. sanctum) plant has the property to inhibit the
growth of pathogenic microbes such as bacteria, fungus and viruses. Antimicrobial properties of O.
sanctum (Shyam Tulsi) have been found to be higher as compared to commonly available other
species i.e. O. gratissimum, O. canum and O. basilicum etc. in India 27. The aqueous extract, seed oil
and alcoholic extract of O. sanctum exhibited antimicrobial properties against enteric pathogens25,28.
The Tulsi extract and essential oil is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria29.
Tulsi extract has also shown significant antimicrobial properties against some of the multi-drug
resistant and clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae30.
Antibacterial properties
O. sanctum fixed oil contains higher content of Linolenic acid which contributed towards its
antibacterial activity. Fresh leaves extract of O. sanctum and oil are more effective against bacterial
strains as compared to dried leaves extract. Mahmood et al.31 was investigated the O. sanctum is also
containing active constituents which have active effect against strain of S. aureus. O. sanctum extract
also found the antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and Bacillus pumilus. These
microbes are responsible for spoilage of food products, fruits and vegetables; these causes food
poisoning and other serious diseases in human being 31. The extract and oil of Ocimum sanctum has
shown inhibitory effects on the growth of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Essential oil of Tulsi has 1/10th anti-tubercular potency of streptomycin and 1/4th that of
isoniazid32. Tulsi (O. sanctum) leaves extract has shown growth inhibition for various species of
bacteria such as E. coli, S. aureus and Klebsiella; the O. sanctum extract inhibited the growth of
Vibrio cholera.
Devi et al. 14 investigated that the O. sanctum leaves extract is excellent antimicrobial agent; it is
highly effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus,
Klebsiella pnuemoniae, P. putida, B. subtilis and E. coli. Agarwal et al.33 investigated in his research
Tulsi leaves extract had been found maximum antibacterial potential against Streptococcus mutans.
Some other researchers have proved that it has its good antibacterial properties against
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and E. faecalis34.
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Table 3: Antimicrobial properties of Tulsi (Ocimum. sanctum) extract.
S. No.
Types of Extract
Microbial strain
Results
References
1.
Tulsi (Aqueous extract)
E. coli, Malassezia furfur, Proteus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
aerogens, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium,
Shigella dysentriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus cohni,
Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhimurium.
Fungi: Candida albicans, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
repens.
Virus: Rhinotracheitis virus (IBR), White spot syndrome virus (WSSV),
Buffalo pox virus (GTPV).
Positive
Chandra et al.43, Ali & Dixit44, Kumar et
al.28, Singh et al.45, Geeta et al.25, Pasha et
al.22, Joshi et al.23, Kaya et al.46, Sharma26,
Williamson24, Joseph et al.47,
Balasubramanian et al. 48, Bhanuprakash et
al.49,50,
2.
Tulsi leaves (Aq,
Methanolic & Acetone
extract)
Gram-positive & Gram-negative Bacteria.
Positive
Devi et al.14.
3.
Tulsi leaves extract
(Aqueous, Chloroform,
Alcoholic extract and oil)
Gram positive Bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes) & Gram negative Bacteria
(Salmonella enteritica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and E. coli).
Positive
Rathnayaka14.
4.
Tulsi Extract
Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus fumigates Candida albican.
Positive
Dharmagadda et al.52, Sharma26.
5.
Tulsi leaves (Methanolic
extract)
Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris,
Klebsiella pnuemoniae, S. aureus and S. saprophytica. Fungi: Candida crusei,
Fusarium solani.
Positive
Tantry et al.38, Kumar et al.53, Kaya et
al.46.
6.
Tulsi leaves (Alcoholic
extract
Bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Salmonella
typhi. Vibrio cholera. Fungi: Candida albicans.
Positive
Joshi et al. 23, Geeta et al.25.
7.
Tulsi leaves (Essential
oil)
Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli & Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Positive
Sharma et al.54, Yamani et al.55.
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According to Singh et al.17 Tulsi leaves extract having higher content of linoleic acid in fixed oil of
Tulsi extract which shows very good antibacterial properties against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus,
Bacillus pumius and S. aureus is most sensitive micro-organism. In another research, the investigators
found that the aqueous extract of Tulsi leaves shows antifungal and antibacterial activity against
Candida albicans, E. coli, Proteus, S. Aureus, Shigella, P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila,
Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella. Alcoholic extract of Tulsi leaves possess inhibitory effect
against Vibrio cholera 25,35-3. Tantry et al.38 and Kumar et al.39 found that the ether extract of Tulsi
leaves contain good antibacterial properties against M. tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus and E.
coli.
Antifungal Properties
Aqueous and Acetone extract of Tulsi (O. sanctum) has been found to be antifungal activity against
many fungi such as Curvularia penniseli, Alternaria tenuis and Helminthosporium spp.40,41. Rao &
Nigam42 concluded in his research that the Tulsi leaves extract & essential oil were effective against
pathogenic fungi such as Candida guillermondii, Colletotricum capsici, Alterneria solani, Fusarium
solani, Curvularia spp. and Helminthosporium oryzae, which is responsible for spoilage of fresh
produce. Dried leaves extract or oil of O. sanctum is more effective against fungal strains as compared
to fresh leaves extract of Tulsi.
Antiviral Properties
The different types of Holy Basil extract (O. sanctum) contain many useful secondary metabolites
(such as Eugenol, Urosolic acid, Apigenin, Linalool etc.) which act as antiviral agents against various
viruses. The aqueous extract and essential oil of Tulsi (O. sanctum) were evaluated for patients
suffering from viral encephalitis56. The essential oil and extract of O. sanctum possess inhibitory
effect against the growth of viruses such as polio virus type-357, Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
(IPNV)58 white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp, hepatitis B virus and RNA viruses viz.
coxsackie virus B1 (CVB1), herpes viruses (HSV), adenoviruses (ADV) and enterovirus 71
(EV71)48,59.
Antioxidative Properties
Tulsi extract and essential oil are natural antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of O. sanctum extract
and essential oil has been found by many researchers60,61. Tulsi extract contain flavonoids (vicenin &
orientin) and phenols (isothymucin, apigenin, cirsimaritin, cirsilineol. The scientists reported in his
research that the aqueous extract of O. sanctum considerably increases the antioxidant activity62. The
aqueous extract of O. sanctum prevents the hypercholesterolemia-induced erythrocyte lipid
peroxidation activity in a dose dependent manner in male albino rabbits. Oral feeding also gives
significant aortic and liver protection from hypercholesterolemia induced peroxidative damage62. In
another research the antioxidant activity of O. sanctum has been evaluated using a HPLC technique
based DPPH & hypoxanthine xanthine oxidase asays. In these assays, excellent antioxidant capacity
was found from Tulsi extract, IC50= 0.46 μL/ml 62.
2. CONCLUSION
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is most sacred and valuable medicinal plant which is used for treatment of
bacterial, viral, fungal and insecticidal diseases from long time in the whole world. O. sanctum has
many beneficial properties which are useful for human health without showing any side-effect. Thus,
these beneficial properties made to this plant unique from others. Tulsi leaves extract contain active
components which act as an antimicrobial agent. The best characteristic feature of O. sanctum plant is
easily available and non-toxic in nature because of these qualities; scientists have shown their interest
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in this plant. Many Scientists have reported that the Tulsi (O. sanctum) leaves extract and essential oil
both are good antimicrobial agent. Essential oil and extract of O. sanctum leaves are alternate sources
at the place of synthetic preservatives used in food industries. Tulsi extract are also used as a coating
material applied on fruits and vegetables which control bacterial and fungal spoilage. It acts as herbal
edible coating material for fruits and vegetables as well as nutraceutical.
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Websites:
[1a] http://studies-in-botany.blogspot.in/2013/12/details-about-ocimum-tenuiflorumtulasi.html
Corresponding author: Mitu Saini
Department of Food & Biotechnology, Mitu Saini (Ph. D. Research Scholar),
Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur, India.
Online Publication Date: 06.01.2018