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Procedural Harmonization and Private Enforcement in the area of Personal Data Protection .... 2

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Marta Requejo Isidro at Max Planck Institute Luxembourg
Marta Requejo Isidro
  • Max Planck Institute Luxembourg
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Abstract

Individuals’ control over personal data has a role to play in the field of data protection. The GDPR offers to the data subject a number of possibilities to manage his/her data and to keep the control on them; in this way it helps building up an empowerment feeling. By recognising the data subject the rights of access, rectification, erasure, data portability…, and imposing on controllers and processors limits to the processing as well as obligations of information, the European GDPR endorses the protagonism of the individual. At the level of enforcement, however, the EU lawmaker privileges unambiguously the public mechanisms. Whereas in the GDPR private enforcement is addressed and improved relative to the situation under Directive 95/46/EC, it keeps still relegated to a discrete second place; as a consequence, the harmonization of the corresponding procedural rules remains restricted as well.
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Procedural Harmonization and Private Enforcement in the area of
Personal Data Protection
Marta Requejo Isidro
Senior Research Fellow
MPI Luxembourg
1. Introduction
2 $   ,  6 (    7"  , 
4)6*5"&8
9&" 2:&67
 "  1#*
.*"9..3

9.9.&
91!;0:;,,0<.11!
    9           
=
1+;::;,,
!.11+"     
 
%
&  9   ## .   ##;!$;," 
    4 )>*5"
0
   ##1 . 
 ##1;%:;,
!
 2    (       
,
    ##;!$;, 4(     
,5"  
:
 1!;0:;,  .  .  ( 475
#:;:+1,+2#:
 9        
"1!;0:;,"'("9#: 
.    !" #$
+
   9      8 
 
62$:&,?9. 
<@/$"%11!
%
<@/0"%#11$
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<@/#"%+##
!
<@/%%+"$##1
:
,<;#+;##-#+;#%
+
 <@ / 1 0!#: 6          ?  
 475 #:;:$#         ,"  + 2 #:"    
 9    .     
""8"
",69>##$;1++;@2"<@/1"0!#:5
A   ( -     ( 475 #$;$#+   
,0A.#$9>  9- 
7"<@/%#%"$#$
   ( ,B2
    .  
. '(C=
 '(
$
D'(>9 1!;0:;,"
  9    9   9  6"   
  .  . 9      
  "          
7
1
2'(
      .3"    .   
"    9    9  "   
".
& )  9* 3        . = 
.   .3     '(      
3       
#
 2   "  9 
2+143 52$#4
5"    .  6"   .   .   
        ;   "  '(
.       9 9  7 2   >"
9"'( ."
       9 9 9 9  
'(8=99
  .            
7
2. Setting the scene. Status quo prior to May 25
th
, 2018
2 21!;0:;,4(5".9.>
 3   .    .     .    9
.    2 %    4/. 5    
         .      
9" .9
 
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  2  4 .>  2 ++" +$  +1 '(5" 2   4 2 $=     
 .5&42$#'(5=2 .
-8
1
&7    9 .    9  
4 "59

#
( / /" B @  ,-E   2  
'(C">6 /9"(!+"0
    E"     ."   9  
?*9"

9 :
.          7 .  .   7
2 6("6(2"
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9 9
  3  -   9 
         .3    
%
 2 
     . 8 .       ? 
)459 
  *"    ) 
*").  *4("+"#"":$=92
5 9"      =       
  >  9  
0
     
. .   ) .* <  "  9>      
"       =  ."       
* <"
?
  9           
  .   " .      " 
. . 
     =
!
    9       
".  "".)
-*&
:
9
    1!;0:;, & .   >       
               
.per se
".3.".
   .   )*?   .3  .
9      . 8   
+
    " 
          ?     
 

  F" BA9 ,      - , ,?  .9 
/9  7C 46. !"##5 ,'@" 6  (
2.  (A? ?;;;.G:%$1!  ?;;8;#%1;:%$1! 4 
0##15/E "Data Privacy Law"<7"#0"+$

?;;;;.;#0;-----.- 4 
+##15
%
6(2 45"%"6/E 45? 
 3".9
0
</ > " The Foundations of EU Data Protection Law"<7"#!"    " ,0"  
.9 
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  1#*",,!0;11%"##+11%"BOEA
1+"$#$11%":
:
6         "         @
("2 "B( ?2A9,69C":>/H&(#
+
Id. loc."+</ > 405"
  . - )     *"    
  .9        9  
= )   .*"     .
=). -*
     . 9=     -
$
&     
   9>   .   ?         
.=             9 " ; 
 .       <"      
   9"       .     
"    .3     
1
   . 
    9        
  9?  " . #0   9    
9I+!#9I
#
.   9
?-9
    =   -  . ."    " .   =
.".. " 9 9
8 .3  -=            
.--.


 9-
8-= .


3. The GDPR and Private Enforcement
3.1 ‘Putting individuals in control of their personal data’
  ,  )     , D 2  
 69>    , *"  #"
%
  , >9 
 )4J5           &      
9"99
<"   >9 9 8 * 2 " 9 
 
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</ > 405",:"96(2 45"%(
   =       "     " 
"
1
6(2 45"%#-%
#
   2>" B     ?     C" %##+"
?;;999.93.;--;;-;#+;#; ---
-- ---4%##15

6(2 45"0

 " B   2  @C" ?  D"    45" Enforcing
Privacy. Regulatory, Legal and Technological Approaches""#:"1!-""0
%
,<4#51"##
9)">
  .9.
8 *
0
& '( >        *    
 2  . "   8 .3    
  , ?    "      "   
.". ".3
   "  . .3   .    
"=..-2$-
  .  -2 #-  9 & .    " 
 ,K"< 
-9=9.-"..3
8;(   
.           .3"   
" .  8   2     >   
"". ."
"   9          &  
    .3  2 !  -    1!;0:;,? 
.3      9 
9. 4    5"    9
    .     .3  "    
 
2+8"
 2 1      .    
""9
.
6    .3vis-à-vis ". 
6
  . ? 2 $ 4(  . 5"  
9-
(

    .     '(   9  
  , K"       2 +1  
.33 =
  "  9   . "     2 $  
!
 
0
Loc. ult. cit.":
!
          = 9"    
.  > 8&'( 
  ? --   3    .       .
.   .  
E1!;0:;,?
2"2%&"2$"
  . "  ( .>   9 
 9 9      , "  
99"9
 
3.2 Procedural tools
2 '(  45 . " 
9
3.2.1 Cross-border litigation and parallel proceedings
 1!;0:;,       3
:
 2  "
   3 9  .    7 ( -  " 
( 475 A !;#"        ,"
+
  
 " .  ,@7- 9 .= 9"  
   .  <   "   2 +1 '(" )
       . . .     . 
9.2 " .
... 9.3.
 4J5* ( 0! >            ( 0+
8   3    ( 475A !;#
3'(
2 "  '(   2 $      
..,
8 =."   
      =    
" 33
9&9
  ?        .     3   
    
 (= 3.32
+++1420#F'(5&(9.
  42 :5       42 +5" 9  >9 .    9 
=99  
:
.9"2 0    - -   7 
 . 94"?
"..95
+
 ( 475 A !;#        ,   . # 
3       3     " <@ / %!"
##
          "       .9 

3.2.2 Legal standing
  2 $# '("
$
-- . "     
89 
 "      3   4     "   
5.3; .D. .
9.3"..
8
3.2.3 Evidence
'(.
2!'("" 9
 ) . *" 9  .   9  
  ." -       - .  
?)&. . "..9"
*68(.
     9    . .   
"(  9 . 
 "       4    2 0#" ), 
*54 20"),*5 
.    .  9    9 .?  2
0%"2!%" 2$!"2%%"2%!$& (?
9     .   .     .   " 
             
 .9.
;4($5
  2 :  9       
".  .3 . .
"...3
        42 +" (  05 "   .
 =9 . . 9
.           .   
 "       "      " 
        .     
42+"(0%5
 
$
9(0
2".38
    2 !      9    
.3  9(=9"
  9 . 8              
 .3 42 5 D     .3     
8"." 
     =   .  .     
842!5
2  '( .    .3    .3    .3 
           
 9 "  
.3."8
1

2  2 $"      . "   
 . 8  .      .   9  
( 4 5"  9     9 .   (
      9         9
45" 9 .

3.2.4 Remedies
.3..
  9 2 +1"   .    9 2 $
   "       .  .     9 
   -          ("
   ;   2  ."    .  .
8. . ?
in any way.45
< "(0:.. 
-9,@"9 
.3(
 
1
9(:1?B4J5.
.3C
4. Assessment
4.1 In terms of procedural harmonization
&8'((98 
  .     -  -      
  4  ( #"(15
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  
    (    . 8     - 
 9 -    3  -  
        .  7   
.
4.1.1 Rules on international jurisdiction and parallel proceedings
2+1'(   9 .
934 (
475 A !;#5"   8  9    . "  
 .  2+1 '(" 9 )*  2
89..397.9is
7"  9 .  7. = 
 '(2 %"
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.
     2 +1    .   9 . 
).*-(". (
9   0!;1:;," >    9   ,@7   
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-"  
). *  .3"
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9      )
* 4    9   9        "
2+E.(5 
" ,@ 9   3
9>."9
 
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&  9 .   "          >   
.9  "(9
4($5
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B&(.397. 
  .7"9   ?45 
"  9  .3 " .3 7=
4.5..>97C
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 'L" B& A9 &   7   /9?   (
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7MC"4#+5:1(N+!"
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84 9"." 9J59
    2 $# '(  . ..     . 
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       " 2 $"     9 
    .  3          
   "       .9   ( 00   
"? )9
.   .
 "  .3
. ""..
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4.1.2 Rules on standing (and on the identification of the defendant)
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  4  . 5   .    9  2
     7    "  8"
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  
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  "     .  .    
'(-" 9.
9.. .3=..
   . ("       ad hoc" 3  
.=
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7F .. 
.   4 Lloyd v Google LLC   .9  
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    (3 O/M      M    P 
       475 #:;:+1Q 4#+5 0 //  R"
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.D>"   .   & 9 .    ,( 1:"
9  B(9C&, 99
             "   . 
   9       .   ,=    " 
,*  9     . 8         
,97? 6-7  ." Echavarria et
al. v Facebook Inc", %?$--#!1$" .  ?
?;;999;.;;!++:0+;,2K2((2VVVV6.>"V 4 
:#1#15
" 9     4)2  *5 & >    8
 .
<" . 
     -    )*-"     
".("20+4
5 2 $ 4 5 9"  9 9  .9"   .
   9  >    " .       
. 
4.1.3 Rules on evidence
& 8        ). .  
*"9'("&9"(
  9  . 8 vis-à-vis   .3  4W5   
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2"9 
."9?)<X
 *X  *8 *
  ('*
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 ,     )    S2 +T 
.  burden of proof       4J5*"
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. T  . 4J5
ST .         .3 4J5 "  .   
     ..     . *=
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".  '(.  4J5
         ). *     
>    . .. 
.3".   
.39 *
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4.1.4 Rules on remedies
 
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A priori"  .9 2$%42"Y2
+Z" ?  9 45" Europaïsche Datenschutzgrundverordnung,
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 . 52 "2%#0($.   
9 
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 F (" 2 " B/ X    .X   .      -
 ('Z"?&9;(45"Le Règlement Général sur la protection des Données (RGPD)"/"
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4.  5     " 2 E" Tèglement Européen sur la Protection des données" 
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(C"4#:5@&,+"%%
&'(=;
    . 8 6 "      
?      . '("
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.33   9
     ( have been infringed        -
9(45
(3".> .
 & ... ". 
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   - 2 $-"       '(  .  
9".(0:.
 8 -) .3         
 *-"... 
8-)& ..  -9
, @ 9  .3 (*"
             -
48 2$5"..?
 9   9             
.
0!
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"92$9
  " 9    "  .      

0:
 6"          
 .4
.. 9>= 5" 

0+
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 
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 (%+" 2 :+" 2::"8  3 
  
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     2'    ,-!#!;+" 7?,?#1?!" ###1   9  ,-$;$
4##15
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& 87F"Google Inc. V. Vidal Hall"S#:TUE##%"S#!TD,2,%
0:
 " ,  (   4,((5" ,    9>  -  ,((  
" !##:" .  ?  ?;;999;;;;:#!V,((V V6"   !$ 
& 7FLloyd v. Google S#$TD,!114UE5" !!-  2
11$-9 
0+
 2 '"   " B&     (  7   /9?
&9.3- (  C" #! (92
/9!"01"79>89".
 9 "8*
4.2 In terms of private enforcement
4.2.1 Preliminary evaluation
 9   ' 
>"     9      .
?
(? =  ==

. (      4   9 5?   
4"         . =  -
"5
( 9 ?     "   " . 
"   "  = "    .9 ;.
 49- "        
5
" 
1!;0:;,"  '(   .     9 &    
"  "  3"  "   
.3.;.
> Richardson v Facebook" 9         
[3..
".,@ 

0$
   .       ." 9    .
 . . 9   9>" 9 .  9 9.=
     .     "  
9&3
9.. 9
8998"9.
.  "    9. 9[ 7F . " 9 9 
.        9 9 .  & 
>.9...
9.9[7F. "99.
   9 9 .          " 
.  '(            
42%"205 .
 
0$
S#!T D, %!0 4UE5 E  9  <         2
"B6.>?K /9   <  C" 8
>  /8." :##+"  .= F &>" B7> 2  <
 (C"4#!;#:5+\.>/9$
4.2.2 A second glance
     "    .        
  '(    8   9"     
  " ;
?
 ,   &  9"  (        
=. 
01
 
          "     
. &9->9Google Inc. V. Vidal Hall
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9?3
          .  =   
                
      3"      3  9=
."9
. /  2  -       
" 9        '( &   
   ( :!       8? 
.").3 9
  >  .   "   9     "
     &  .3  . .  8  
9*
. 3
.'(*  
9 .3   .9"  
."92+1"
9. 2$
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"
   )*        9    
  ,@7    Google Spain"
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'".  
      '(   . >     8
   .      
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   '(      .    
  -".9.
 42!+"(05-.vis-à-vis
("8..
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       .   "       
.9.9- 9 9 9 
    45 prima facie 

(2 3  9.? 3
 .      .  9       
'(42 %5  > . 
">3
 ,"  &     '(       -  
((4,5A$:;##+
,   @  ##+ .    , "
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 2 :-" 
   - >  2 00" 0! , (  4,5A  0;##1  $ .
##$3".9"
.
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 .(
  .?   , (    .   -.
=(9-.
9".8      
 
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,F&>40$5".@"6"7
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, & D" B, A- ?     - 6  ,8C" 0  
/(4#$5$"1
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2'"40+5"0$
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<@/11"%+##+
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'(=."9>
-.
 ><"
. >93 .9
-   9"   9    >  .    .
 9    .  <   "  -.  
 .."7.
&  ,        
       inter privatos   7  . " 9
.93 =
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>9 
8 (  "   9       
  8   )@ 3*  &  , 4 
,        3    
"  .  ,    #$5" 9    .9
.>28 8
 
:
2" & 7          
 "        =
>*7
   7 9>  >     . 
. ..
.
:
&.'(
5. Conclusion
 1!;0:;,          
    7        9  
?    3
 .
&     9  '(  . 
    9   ?  )  * .  
. "
:%
.      &     
 
:#
            ,      9
               4'  
(5" ,<4#5  " 2 +!0? B& .      .   
2C
:
,, " B&8        &  ,
@C" 4#+;#$5 \.>    /9 0+!" 0$:"      9
 .>"9
:
,20,4!$5
:%
,"B?&,C"0/(:!4#$5"::
       7 -     
 .
9 >9
:0

&  8             " 9 . 
           9   
. ,
    .  "    9  
"     .   =   9    .   9
   .3 .    ) -*   
2 "   '(       . & . " 
'(9..
  9   .      ."   6.> 
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.9"""."
=Lloyd v Google LLC
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" 9    9>    
   .  &    . -?       .  9
=9"    . "      
> 99" .?."
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    ..   ".  
9?. ,"B,26(,
6.>*&     C"0   /(0 4#$5   9 (" B
 9   9- 9    .     
9C"#+,/%
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ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Regulating Data as Property: A New Construct for Moving Forward
Article
  • Mar 2018
The global community urgently needs precise, clear rules that define ownership of data and express the attendant rights to license, transfer, use, modify, and destroy digital information assets. In response, this article proposes a new approach for regulating data as an entirely new class of property. Recently, European and Asian public officials and industries have called for data ownership principles to be developed, above and beyond current privacy and data protection laws. In addition, official policy guidances and legal proposals have been published that offer to accelerate realization of a property rights structure for digital information. But how can ownership of digital information be achieved? How can those rights be transferred and enforced? Those calls for data ownership emphasize the impact of ownership on the automotive industry and the vast quantities of operational data which smart automobiles and self-driving vehicles will produce. We looked at how, if at all, the issue was being considered in consumer-facing statements addressing the data being collected by their vehicles. To formulate our proposal, we also considered continued advances in scientific research, quantum mechanics, and quantum computing which confirm that information in any digital or electronic medium is, and always has been, physical, tangible matter. Yet, to date, data regulation has sought to adapt legal constructs for “intangible” intellectual property or to express a series of permissions and constraints tied to specific classifications of data (such as personally identifiable information). We examined legal reforms that were recently approved by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law to enable transactions involving electronic transferable records, as well as prior reforms adopted in the United States Uniform Commercial Code and Federal law to enable similar transactions involving digital records that were, historically, physical assets (such as promissory notes or chattel paper). Finally, we surveyed prior academic scholarship in the U.S. and Europe to determine if the physical attributes of digital data had been previously considered in the vigorous debates on how to regulate personal information or the extent, if at all, that the solutions developed for transferable records had been considered for larger classes of digital assets. Based on the preceding, we propose that regulation of digital information assets, and clear concepts of ownership, can be built on existing legal constructs that have enabled electronic commercial practices. We propose a property rules construct that clearly defines a right to own digital information arises upon creation (whether by keystroke or machine), and suggest when and how that right attaches to specific data though the exercise of technological controls. This construct will enable faster, better adaptations of new rules for the ever-evolving portfolio of data assets being created around the world. This approach will also create more predictable, scalable, and extensible mechanisms for regulating data and is consistent with, and may improve the exercise and enforcement of, rights regarding personal information. We conclude by highlighting existing technologies and their potential to support this construct and begin an inventory of the steps necessary to further proceed with this process.
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The new territorial scope of EU data protection law: Deconstructing a revolutionary achievement
Article
  • Apr 2017
  • COMMON MKT LAW REV
The entry into force in May 2018 of the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will see the territorial scope of EU data protection expand to include certain processing operations by third country data controllers. The prevailing view is that this will be a revolutionary achievement, both in terms of effective fundamental rights protection and establishing a level playing field for competitors on the EU market. In contrast, this article argues that the broadening is not revolutionary - as it was largely foreshadowed by the Court of Justice's judgment in Google - nor does it significantly improve the effectiveness of EU data protection law. The contribution first analyses the Court's interpretation of the Data Protection Directive, before focusing on the GDPR's lack of legal certainty, which it identifies as a core deficiency of the legislative expansion.
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Liability under EU Data Protection Law - From Directive 95/46 to the General Data Protection Regulation
Article
  • Jan 2016
This article analyses the liability exposure of organisations involved in the processing of personal data under European data protection law. It contends that the liability model of EU data protection law is in line with the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL), provided one takes into account the “strict” nature of controller liability. After analysing the liability regime of Directive 95/46, the article proceeds to highlight the main changes brought about by the General Data Protection Regulation. Throughout the article, special consideration is given to the nature of the liability exposure of controllers and processors, the burden of proof incumbent upon data subjects, as well as the defences available to both controllers and processors.
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New Challenges to Data Protection Study - Comparative Chart: Divergencies between Data Protection Laws in the EU
Article
  • Feb 2010
This paper was produced in the context of the study on "New Challenges to Data Protection." commissioned by the European Commission. It contains charts reflecting the findings of Working Paper No. 2: Data Protection Laws in the EU: The difficulties in meeting the challenges posed by global social and technical developments, by the same author (the Team Leader for the current project).That paper can be separately downloaded from the present SSRN page, as can the full final report on the study, the executive summary of that final report, and three country reports written by the same author, Douwe Korff.
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5 3.1 'Putting individuals in control of their personal data'
  • The
  • . . Enforcement
The GDPR and Private Enforcement....................................................................................... 5 3.1 'Putting individuals in control of their personal data'...................................................... 5
10 4.1.1 Rules on international jurisdiction and parallel proceedings
  • . . Assessment
Assessment........................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 In terms of procedural harmonization............................................................................ 10 4.1.1 Rules on international jurisdiction and parallel proceedings.................................. 10 4.1.2 Rules on standing (and on the identification of the defendant)............................. 11
at 32, referring to Finland. L. Bygrave (fn. 11): national courts are increasingly generating data privacy jurisprudence
  • Fra Study
FRA Study (fn. 12), at 32, referring to Finland. L. Bygrave (fn. 11): national courts are increasingly generating data privacy jurisprudence, but the development is slow.
The Foundations of EU Data Protection Law
  • Jan 2015
  • See O Lynskey
See O. Lynskey, The Foundations of EU Data Protection Law, OUP, 2015, in particular Part I, Chapter 4, on the relationship between data protection and privacy.
Aspectos internacionales de la protección de datos: las sentencias Shrems y Weltimmo del Tribunal de Justicia
  • Jan 2015
  • 31
  • P De Miguel Asensio
P. de Miguel Asensio, "Aspectos internacionales de la protección de datos: las sentencias Shrems y Weltimmo del Tribunal de Justicia", (2015) 31
The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary
  • Jan 2018
  • 105
  • L Feiler
  • N Forgó
  • M Weigl
L. Feiler, N. Forgó, M. Weigl, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary, GLP, 2018, p. 87 (bold in original). In the same lines, A. Bensoussan, Tèglement Européen sur la Protection des données, 2 nd ed., Bruylant, 2018, 105.