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Aristolochia lorenae, a New Cauliflorous Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from the Brazilian Amazonian Forest
Abstract
We describe and illustrateAristolochia lorenae, a new species found in the state of Pará, Brazil. The new species is assigned to subseries AnthocaulicaeF. Gonz´alez, which is characterized by the presence of extremely short cauliflorous and/or ramiflorous racemes that have shortened internodes and flowers subtended by a small bract. We provide a taxonomic description complemented with illustrations, photographs, a map of geographical distribution, and a conservation assessment based on field observations. In addition, a detailed comparison of the new species and its closely morphologically similar species as well as a key to species ofAristolochiasubseriesAnthocaulicaeare also presented
... Lianas and climbing plants greatly contribute to the biological diversity of the world, representing about 10% of the tracheophyte flora in the Neotropics; these plants however, have not been appropriately studied and are underrepresented in herbaria (Acevedo-Rodr ıguez 2015). Hence, there are still species of lianas to be discovered, especially in tropical forests such as the Amazon forest (Acevedo-Rodr ıguez and Somner 2018; Frazão and Lohmann 2018;Toledo and Souza 2018;Freitas et al. 2019;Camargo et al. 2022). ...
A new species of liana, Dicranostyles yrypoana (Convolvulaceae) is described from the Central Amazon rainforest in Brazil. The specimens of D. yrypoana remained with dubious identification in herbaria for at least 60 yr. This new species is distinguished from other species of Dicranostyles mainly for its tomentose leaves, in addition to its cylindric glabrous ovary, short style (0.5–0.6 mm long), and globose stigma. The specific epithet yrypoana refers to yripo, which means liana in the language of the Sateré-Mawé people that originally live in the region of occurrence of this new species. We provide morphological and palynologic descriptions, a distribution map, illustrations, taxonomy comments, an identification key, and comparisons with similar species. Dicranostyles yrypoana is informally assessed as Endangered (EN) based on IUCN criteria and guidelines.
... F.Gonz alez), which includes species that have ramiflorous to cauliflorous racemes with very short internodes, and flowers subtended by reduced bracts (Gonz alez 1990). It is comprised of ca. 25 species, distributed mainly in the Amazon basin and the Atlantic Forest in Brazil (Freitas et al. 2019(Freitas et al. , 2020. This subseries was retrieved as monophyletic in a phylogenetic study based on morphological characters only (Gonz alez and Stevenson 2002). ...
Two new cauliflorous species of Aristolochia subseries Anthocaulicae from southern Central America are described and illustrated. Aristolochia guanacastensis from northwestern Costa Rica resembles A. ruiziana, from which it is distinguished by having glabrous and narrower leaves, larger flowers without a syrinx, and shorter fruits. Aristolochia povedae from the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica and Panama is similar to A. cordiflora, but it is distinguished by its smaller, suborbicular and concave perianth limb with a shallower sinus, and slightly larger fruits. Comments about their distribution, habitat, phenology, conservation status, and distinction from related species are provided, and also a key to the species of Aristolochia subseries
Anthocaulicae present in Central America. Evidence that supports the synonymization of A. cruenta under A. goudotii is presented.
... Flowers in a group of 23 neotropical species of Aristolochia are arranged in shortened, cauliflorous or ramiflorous racemes, often with reduced internodes (up to 1 mm long) and minute, scale-shaped subtending bracts (Freitas et al. 2019). This group was formally described as Aristolochia subseries Anthocaulicae F. González (González 1990, 1991, 1997, 1998, Freitas et al. 2013, 2014, 2019 and it is often found in primary or mature secondary lowland forests from Belize and Guatemala to Bolivia, Peru and central Brazil. ...
Aristolochia wankeana (Aristolochiaceae), a new species from French Guiana and Guyana, is described and illustrated here. Floral traits, primarily of the shape and size of the perianth limb, examined through a morphometric geometric analysis, are diagnostic to distinguish the new species from its relatives A. cornuta and A. iquitensis. The species belongs to Aristolochia subser. Anthocaulicae, characterized by having extremely short cauliflorous racemes with scale-like, triangular subtending bracts. This is the first study that uses morphometrics for taxonomic purposes in Aristolochia, an approach that becomes promising to solve species complexes in this genus.
Geometric morphometry has evolved as a powerful tool to unravel species delimitations within the genus Aristolochia. A survey conducted on the variation of Aristolochia trilabiata flowers and leaves revealed an overlooked entity in its affinity, which is newly described herein as Aristolochia franzii. The new species differs from its relative A. trilabiata by various floral characters, notably the presence of papillae on both the upper and lower limb zones, the presence of a well defined medial upper limb zone, the number of veins on the lateral upper limb zone, a considerably shorter tube, and the relative position of upper and lower limb zones. Furthermore, the leaf shape of A. franzii is cordiform-elongate to hastate, compared to the consistently more compact and shorter cordiform leaves of A. trilabiata. So far, A. franzii has been recorded from Northern Brazil (Amazonas) and French Guiana. An illustration of the diagnostic characters and comparison with A. trilabiata is provided, as well as the geographic distribution and a preliminary assessment of the conservation status.
Aristolochia holostylis has long been construed as constituting a single widespread and variable species, ranging across Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil. However, our morphological analysis shows that populations in Bolivia, Paraguay and western Brazil differ by several constant characters of the perianth and indumentum from those in northeastern Brazil. The type specimen possesses the typical morphology of the latter populations; thus, they retain the name A. holostylis, whereas the former populations are recognized here as belonging to a new species, A. pyriflora. We provide new descriptions for both species, along with morphological comparison between them, illustration of diagnostic characters and geographic distributions, and assessment of their respective conservation statuses. The often overlooked infraspecific name Holostylis reniformis f. minor is placed in the synonymy of A. pyriflora.
An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country’s
biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been
updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and
23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon
Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for
Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except
for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed
plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes:
trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa,
and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only
to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a
framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil’s unique and diverse flora
Aristolochia disticha was originally described based on a specimen collected by R. Spruce in Santarem (Pará, Brazil). Unfortunately, the specimen lacks flowers and fruits, although it has four slender, ramiflorous inflorescences that distinguish the species. Here we fully describe the species, based on the holotype and additional flowering and fruiting specimens that allow us to report a range expansion to the states of Acre, Ama-zonas, Bahia, Paraíba, and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and also to Venezuela, French Guiana, Surinam, Peru, and Bolivia. Finally, we reduce the recently described A. setulosa to the synonymy of A. disticha.
We describe and illustrate Aristolochia assisii, a new species assigned to subseries Anthocaulicae. This subseries is characterized by the presence of extremely short and ramiflorous racemes in which each flower is subtended by a small bract. The inflorescences and the flowers of the new species are morphologically similar to those found in three woody climbers of this subseries (A. bahiensis, A. disticha and A. subglobosa); however, it clearly differs by the herbaceous condition, a trait extremely rare in cauliflorous species that suggests neoteny, and the possession of a long, cylindrical rhizome and a tapered rostrum to 1.2 cm long in the capsule. So far, A. assisii is the third species of the subseries Anthocaulicae known to occur in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.
The recently published monograph of Aristolochiaceae for the Flora of Paraguay revives the traditional delimitation of Aristolochia with respect to the monotypic genera Euglypha y Holostylis. The presence of both morphological and molecular synapomorphies of Aristolochia in Euglypha and Holostylis, as well as the reevaluation of the diagnostic and differential traits of Euglypha and Holostylis, which are shown to be ambiguous, homoplasic, clinal or present only in late floral semaphoronts, provide conclusive evidence to subordinate E. rojasiana y H. reniformis in Aristolochia. The reconognition of Aristolochia, such as that followed in the mentioned monograph, implies the paraphyly of this taxon, which stands against the logic principles of the phylogenetic systematics. The morphological and molecular-based phylogenetic analyses of the Aristolochiaceae, which provide sufficient evidence to merge Euglypha and Holostylis within Aristolochia, as the first two laare nested in the clade formed by the subgenera Aristolochia + Pararistolochia, and more precisely within the New World subgenus Aristolochia sect. Gymnolobus.
Aristolochia bahiensis pertence à Aristolochia ser. Hexandrae subser. Anthocaulicae, esta subsérie é caracterizada pela presença de racemos caulifloros extremamente curtos e com folhas reduzidas a pequenas brácteas, até o momento, esta é a única espécie desta subsérie encontrada na floresta tropical "Mata Atlântica". Neste trabalho são relatados a ampliação da distribuição de A. bahiensis, a descrição e ilustração, pela primeira vez, das cápsulas e das sementes da espécie, antes desconhecidas, e a variação do perianto ao longo do desenvolvimento da flor, o qual foi utilizado para complementar a descrição original.
We describe and illustrate Aristolochia subglobosa, a new species assigned to subseries Anthocaulicae. The subseries is characterized by the presence of extremely short and cauliflorous racemes in which each flower is subtended by a small bract. The new species is related to A. bahiensis, A. daemoninoxia and A. guentheri. So far, A. subglobosa is the second species of this subseries known to occur in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.
GeoCAT is an open source, browser based tool that performs rapid geospatial analysis to ease the process of Red Listing taxa. Developed to utilise spatially referenced primary occurrence data, the analysis focuses on two aspects of the geographic range of a taxon: the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO). These metrics form part of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria and have often proved challenging to obtain in an accurate, consistent and repeatable way. Within a familiar Google Maps environment, GeoCAT users can quickly and easily combine data from multiple sources such as GBIF, Flickr and Scratchpads as well as user generated occurrence data. Analysis is done with the click of a button and is visualised instantly, providing an indication of the Red List threat rating, subject to meeting the full requirements of the criteria. Outputs including the results, data and parameters used for analysis are stored in a GeoCAT file that can be easily reloaded or shared with collaborators. GeoCAT is a first step toward automating the data handling process of Red List assessing and provides a valuable hub from which further developments and enhancements can be spawned.
A new species of Aristolochia from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil is here described: A. insolita, from Rio de Janeiro, which belongs to subser. Hexandrae. This species, based on current knowledge, has a restricted distribution and does not occur in any conservation unit. A description, illustration, morphological comparisons, geographic distribution, and risk assessment are provided.
Aristolochia dalyi, from western Peruvian and Brazilian Amazonia, andA. bahiensis, from Bahia, Brazil, are described and illustrated. The species belong toAristolochia ser.Thyrsicae andA. ser.Hexandrae subser.Anthocaulicae, respectively. A key to the eight western Amazonian species of the seriesThyrsicae is presented.Aristolochia dalyi closely resemblesA. silvatica Barb. Rodr. from the Río Negro basin, andA. bahiensis—the first cauliflorous species ofAristolochia known from the Mata Atlantica—is similar toA. guentheri O. C. Schmidt andA. klugii O. C. Schmidt, from the Western Amazon basin. Characters based primarily on the perianth shape, along with some vegetative
features, are used to distinguish the two newly described species from their close relatives.
Peduncle plus ovary 5.7-12 cm long. Limb of the perianth 8-35 cm long
- . . . . . . . . . . . . Abaxial
Abaxial leaf surface glabrescent or pubescent.............................................................................. 6
6. Peduncle plus ovary 5.7-12 cm long. Limb of the perianth 8-35 cm long.................................................... 7
7. Utricle up to 2.7 cm long; tube up to 1.7 cm long.................................................... A. stahelii O.C.Schmidt
Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Colombia. González, F. 1991. Notes on the systematics of Aristolochia subsect. Hexandrae
- F González
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Copenhagen: Council for Nordic Publications in Botany. González, F. 1997. Hacia una filogenia de Aristolochia y sus congéneres neotropicales
- F González
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SYSTEMATIC BOTANY
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Limb of the perianth with lateral lobes
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bilobed
Limb of the perianth bilobed................................................................................................ 20
20. Limb of the perianth with lateral lobes..................................................................................... 21
21. Lobes of the perianth limb erect, linear, 1.0-1.5 3 0.1-0.2 cm.................................................... A. cornuta Mast.
Leaf lamina slightly peltate at its base. Upper lobe of the perianth limb 0.2-2 cm wide
- O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A C Cm
- Schmidt
Lobes of the perianth limb curvate, oblong, hypocrepiform, 0.5-1.2 3 1-2 cm.............................. A. iquitensis O.C.Schmidt
20. Limb of the perianth with an upper and a lower lobe........................................................................ 22
22. Leaf lamina not peltate at its base. Upper lobe of the perianth limb 4-5 cm wide............................... A. klugii O.C.Schmidt
22. Leaf lamina slightly peltate at its base. Upper lobe of the perianth limb 0.2-2 cm wide.......................................... 23
23. Lower limb of the perianth obovate, up to 0.8 cm long, smooth on its inner surface............................. A. cremersii Poncy
23. Lower limb of the perianth linear, ca. 4 cm long, ornate with papillae on its inner surface............................ A. flava Poncy
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