Effects of Sumac and Ginger as Feed Additives on the Performance, Egg Traits and Blood Parameters of Atak-S Laying Hens

Abstract

Gurbuz, Y. and Salih, Y.G. 2018. Effects of sumac and ginger as feed additives on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters of Atak-S laying hens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 18: 399-408. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of sumac (Rhus coriaria) seed powder (SSP) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) root powder (GRP) on the nutrient utilization, laying performance and blood parameters of Atak-S laying hens. Experimental laying hens (n=63) were assigned to seven dietary treatments, and fed a basal diet alone (control) or supplemented with SSP and GRP each at 1.0 (SSP-1 and GRP-1), 2.0 (SSP-2 and GRP-2), and 3.0 (SSP-3 and GRP-3) percent levels. Each treatment had nine replicates with one hen each and they were fed diets in mash form during the experimental period of 8 weeks (25-32 weeks of age). Dietary supplementation of GRP and SSP increased (P<0.05) egg production, egg weight, and egg mass over the 8-weeks period of study. Feed intake and FCR values were decreased (P<0.05) with increasing levels of GRP and SSP in laying hens diet. However, albumin height, yolk weight, yolk colour, yolk height and Haugh unit were significantly (P<0.05) affected in this study. Additionally, serum levels of LDL decreased in all treatment groups compared with the control group. It can be concluded that sumac seed-and ginger root-powder can be used as effective feed additives to improve egg traits and performance in Atak-S laying hens.

Full text

*Correspondence: yavuz@ksu.edu.tr
Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology (2018) 18 : 399-408
DOI: 10.5958/0974-181X.2018.00037.9
Effects of Sumac and Ginger as Feed Additives on
the Performance, Egg Traits and Blood Parameters
of Atak-S Laying Hens
Y. Gurbuz* and Y.G. Salih
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture
University of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam, Campus of Avsar
Kahramanmaras, Turkey
(Received April 03, 2017)
ABSTRACT
Gurbuz, Y. and Salih, Y.G. 2018. Effects of sumac and ginger as feed additives on the performance, egg
traits and blood parameters of Atak-S laying hens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 18: 399-408.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of sumac (Rhus
coriaria) seed powder (SSP) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) root powder (GRP) on the nutrient utilization,
laying performance and blood parameters of Atak-S laying hens. Experimental laying hens (n=63) were
assigned to seven dietary treatments, and fed a basal diet alone (control) or supplemented with SSP and
GRP each at 1.0 (SSP-1 and GRP-1), 2.0 (SSP-2 and GRP-2), and 3.0 (SSP-3 and GRP-3) percent levels.
Each treatment had nine replicates with one hen each and they were fed diets in mash form during the
experimental period of 8 weeks (25–32 weeks of age). Dietary supplementation of GRP and SSP increased
(P<0.05) egg production, egg weight, and egg mass over the 8-weeks period of study. Feed intake and
FCR values were decreased (P<0.05) with increasing levels of GRP and SSP in laying hens diet.
However, albumin height, yolk weight, yolk colour, yolk height and Haugh unit were significantly
(P<0.05) affected in this study. Additionally, serum levels of LDL decreased in all treatment groups
compared with the control group. It can be concluded that sumac seed- and ginger root-powder can be
used as effective feed additives to improve egg traits and performance in Atak-S laying hens.
Keywords: Atak-S hens, Egg traits, Feed additive, Ginger, Performance, Sumac.
INTRODUCTION
Poultry production operations have to find suitable alternatives to the use of
antibiotics (Hertrampf, 2001; Gurbuz and Salih 2017). Significant attention is being
given to the medicinal herbs as feed supplements as alternates to antibiotic growth
promoters; these phytogenic substances have several advantages over the generally used
antibiotics since they are mostly recognized as safe and are commonly used ingredients
in the livestock nutrition (Cayan and Erener, 2015; Gurbuz and Ismael, 2016). Medicinal
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plants have stimulatory effects on the digestive system and are often good sources of
some minerals and vitamins. Medicinal plants like sumac (Rhus coriaria) and ginger
(Zingiber officinale) contain organic acids such as malice, citric and tartaric acids, and
have shown health-promoting attributes including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-gastric,
antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiarrhoeal, antispasmodic, astringent, hepatoprotective, anti-
ulcer, fungicide, cyclooxygenase-inhibitor and lipoxygenase inhibitors due to their contents
of flavones, phenolic acids as gallic acid, myricetin, quercetin, isoquercitrin and tannic
acid (Duke et al., 2003).
The active principles found in sumac and ginger has been reported to increase of
BW gain and FCR in laying hens (Onu, 2010). Many studies have been conducted to
study the effectiveness of these two as dietary supplements. For example, supplementation
of sumac seed powder (SSP) at 1.0-1.5% in the ration of broiler chicks significantly
increased the serum levels of total protein, globulin and HDL-cholesterol accompanying
a reduction (P<0.01) in total- and LDL-cholesterol, glucose and uric acid (Kheiri et al.,
2015). In another study, Akbarian et al. (2011) observed that dietary addition of 0.50
or 0.75% ginger root powder (GRP) increased egg production and decreased cholesterol
levels in the egg. Also, Pavlík et al. (2007) observed lower blood triglyceride levels in
laying hens fed with GRP. However, the effects of SSP and GRP when used in the diets
of laying hens are not much studied. Therefore, the present study was conducted to
evaluate the effects of graded levels of SSP and GRP as feed additives on egg production,
feed utilization and select blood parameters (lipid profile) when supplemented in the diets
of Atak-S layer hens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental hens, design and feed preparation
A total of 63 Atak-S laying hens (25 weeks of age) were equally assigned to seven
treatment diets. The treatments included a control (basal diet alone) and supplementation
of GRP and SSP each 1, 2 and 3% (GRP-1, GRP-2 and GRP-3, and SSP-1, SSP-2 and
SSP-3) levels. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous (Table 1).
The laying hens were fed on a standard layer feed (17% CP and 2700 kcal ME/
kg) before the beginning of the trial for two weeks. After a 2-week adaptation period
in cages, the birds were allocated to seven groups with nine replicates of one hen in per
cage. Replicates were equally distributed into upper and lower cage levels to minimize
the cage level effect.
The hens were fed diets in mash form during the experiment (25-32 weeks of age)
for a period of eight weeks, including a 2-week adaptation period. All hens were housed
in an environmentally controlled house with the temperature maintained at approximately
24°C. The house had controlled ventilation and lighting (16L: 8D). All hens were
supplied with feed and water for ad libitum consumption. Animal housing and handling
procedures during experimentation were in accordance with the guidelines of the
Institutional Animal Care and Ethics.
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The SSP and GRP used in the current study were obtained from Kahramanmaras
city in Turkey. The proximate analysis of SSP and GRP samples was conducted according
to the methods of AOAC (2000). Besides, the total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds
in the samples were analysed; the total phenolic contents of the extracts were determined
by the Folin-Ciocalteu calorimetric method (Baydar and Baydar, 2013) while total flavanols
were assayed calorimetrically by the DMAC method (Arnous et al., 2001).
Laying performance and egg traits
Hen-day egg productions, feed consumption and egg weight were recorded daily.
Feed conversion ratio was calculated as kg of feed intake/kg of egg mass produced. Egg
mass was calculated by multiplying egg weight by egg production rate. All production
variables were determined for each replicate.
The parameters relative to egg quality were evaluated at 32 weeks of age. Twelve
eggs were randomly collected per treatment (2 egg/section cage) to determine these
parameters. The collected eggs were weighed. The eggs were broken out individually
onto a glass plate surface and allowed to sit for 5 min. The heights of the yolk and
albumen, and the diameter of yolk were measured using the callipers. The yolks were
separated from albumen manually, and both were weighed. The yolk pigmentation level
of the egg yolk was determined according to method of Roche Yolk Colour Fan (Gurbuz
et al., 2003).
The weight of shell, albumen and yolk were divided by whole egg weight and then
multiplied by 100 to determine the percentage weight. Eggshell thickness (without inner
and outer shell membranes) was measured at the middle part of the eggshell using shell
thickness micrometre. Haugh unit (HU) was calculated using albumen height in mm (h)
and egg weight in gram (w) as:
HU=100×log10 (h-1.7w0.37+7.56) according to Haugh (1937).
Blood analyses
At the end of the experimental period, two hens were randomly selected from each
treatment for blood analyses. The blood was drawn from wing vein using sterilized
needles and syringes in vacutainer tubes for blood serum collection. After the serum was
separated naturally, it was centrifuged for 10 min at 2200 rpm at room temperature. The
concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the serum samples were analyzed with
an automatic biochemical analyzer (RA-1000, Bayer Corp., Tarrytown, NY, USA) using
colorimetric methods.
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was performed using a completely randomized design and
the general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 2009). Duncan multiple
range test was used to compare means and in the evaluation of the results. Analyses of
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variance were performed according to the following model as described earlier (Orhan
and Yasar, 2010): Yij = m + ai + eij
where, Yij: observed value, μ: overall mean, αi: effect of i-th feed addition (SSP
and GRP levels), eij: random residual error effect.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total chemical, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of sumac and ginger
used in the experiment were determined. In particular, sumac and ginger were found to
have similar values in terms of their total flavonoids and total phenolics contents. The
proximate analysis of the feed additive samples indicated that the DM, CP, crude fat,
crude fibre, and crude ash, were 95.20, 4.33, 5.96, 12.52 and 7.64 for SSP, and 95.10,
9.20, 4.35, 5.02 and 5.96 percent for GRP, respectively.
The SSP contained 2.46% total phenolics and 4.81% flavonoids which were found
comparable to the respective values (2.41 and 4.33%) found in GRP.
Table 1. Ingredient composition (%) of the experimental diets.
Ingredients Diets†
Control‡GRP1 GRP2 GRP3 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3
Yellow corn 44.4 43.7 42.6 41.5 43.7 42.6 41.5
Soybean meal 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2
Full-fat soybean 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Wheat 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
Sunflower meal 9.2 8.9 9.0 9.1 8.9 9.0 9.1
Limestone 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
Di-calcium phosphate 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Common salt 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0..3 0.3
DL- Methionine 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
L-Lysine 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Sumac seed powder - 1.0 2.0 3.0 - - -
Ginger root powder - - - - 1.0 2.0 3.0
Vit-min mix§0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
†Basal diet supplemented with ginger root powder (GRP) and sumac seed powder (SSP) each at 1 (GRP-1 and SSP-
1), 2 (GRP-2 and SSP-2) and 3 (GRP-3 and SSP-3) percent levels; Control with no supplementation.
‡The basal diet contained: DM, 89.86%; CP, 17.00%; crude fat, 3.92%; crude fibre, 4.10%; ash, 9.90%; lysine,
0.82%; methionine+cysteine, 0.71%; calcium, 3.50%; available phosphorus, 0.38%; total phosphorus, 0.64%;
sodium, 0.17%; potassium, 0.77 %; chlorine, 0.22%; linoleic acid, 2.18%; Na+K+Cl, 200.2 Meq/kg; and ME,
2700 kcal/kg.
§Vitamin-mineral supplement for layers provided per kg of feed: vitamin A, 8000 IU/; vitamin D3, 1500 IU;
riboflavin, 4 mg; vitamin E, 15 mg; cobalamin, 10 μg; 1.5μg; vitamin B12, 2 mg ; vitamin K, 2 mg; niacin, 25 mg;
choline, 500 mg; manganese, 100 μg; zinc, 50 mg; folic acid 1 mg; Fe 20 mg; Se 37 mg; Zn 6 mg; Cu 1.14 mg;
I, 400 μg Cu.
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Laying performance
In terms of performance parameters, the differences among the groups consuming
different levels of sumac and ginger and the control group were found significant (Table
2). Supplementation of different levels of GRP and SSP significantly (P<0.001) influenced
on egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, egg mass, and total egg production
in laying hens ration. The mean egg weight was significantly higher in GRP-2 in
comparison to the control group while all other treatment groups showed values of egg
weight comparable to the control and GRP-2 groups. The egg production percent was
found significantly higher in GRP-1 when compared to the control group, while all other
treatment groups including three SSP-fed groups showed egg production (%) which was
comparable to the control group value. However, in terms of egg mass, hens of SSP-
2 and SSP-3 groups showed higher (P<0.01) values when compared to the control
group. Zhao et al. (2011) showed that by feeding of laying hens with GRP at the rate
of 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg the egg mass increased significantly in the supplemented
groups. Likewise, Incharoen and Yamauchi (2009) reported better egg mass in laying
hens with 1 and 5% GRP supplementation. Abd El-Galil and Mahmoud (2015) showed
that GRP powder supplementation in the diets of quail (at the rate 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 g/
kg) had a significant effect on their egg mass. Furthermore, it has been suggested that
the increase in egg production due to addition of GRP could be because of an improvement
in digestive tract performance in laying hens (Omage et al., 2007).
While the feed intake was reduced with feeding of GRP-1 among other treatment
groups, the FCR was found to be significantly improved with the feeding of SSP at 2
and 3% levels in comparison to the control. Incharoen and Yamauchi (2009) showed that
feeding of dehydrated fermented ginger to laying White Leghorn hens improved their
feed intake and feed conversation ratio. On the contrary, Mohamed et al. (2012) found
supplementation of GRP (0.1-0.2%) to broiler diet significantly increased feed intake.
But, Zhao et al. (2011) showed that daily feed intake did not change when laying hens
were fed GRP (5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg) in the ration. Similarly, Akbarian et al. (2011)
observed that feeding GRP at three different rates (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%) had no
significant effect on feed intake in laying hens. Zavaragh (2011) reported higher feed
consumption than control by quails when fed on diet with 2% SSP. However, Golzadeh
et al. (2012) observed that the use of 1% of SSP in the field had a significant effect on
feed intake by broilers, compared to the ration supplemented with no (control) or, 0.25
or 0.5% SSP. Overall, the results of the present study indicated that the addition of SSP
and GRP maintained the feed intake at par with the control except for the GRP-2 group,
which showed a decline. The lower feed intake could have been related to the polyphenol
compounds of the additives. These negative impacts of phenol compounds have been
related to their effect on the intake as well as availability of some nutrients. Similar
results on FCR were found by Onu (2010) who observed that the supplementation of
GRP (0.25%) in the basal feed of broiler chicks resulted in the improved feed conversation.
Likewise, the results of Elmakki et al. (2014) also showed significantly increased (P<0.05)
FCR in broilers with 0.25 0.50 and 0.75% GRP supplementation.
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Table 2. Laying performance, egg traits and egg quality parameters of hens fed graded levels of GRP and SSP
Attributes Dietary groups†
Significance
Control GRP1 GRP2 GRP3 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3
Performance parameters
Egg weight, g 59.90b±0.11 63.18ab±0.42 65.37a±0.41 62.63ab±0.19 62.74 ab±0.14 64.46ab±0.13 63.22ab±0.10 **
Egg production, % 71.00 ab±0.17 72.73a±0.17 71.93 ab±0.21 71.77ab±0.23 71.42ab±0.07 69.85bc±0.28 69.10c±0.25 **
Egg mass, kg 41.79c±0.29 45.40abc±0.52 45.20abc±0.61 44.55abc±0.47 43.18bc±0.52 47.14a±0.53 47.91a±0.59 **
Feed intake, g 119.16a±0.31 112.23c±0.38 114.96bc±0.37 114.55bc±0.25 116.01bc±0.28 115.68bc±0.25 117.82ab±0.26 **
FCR 2.74a±0.06 2.56b±0.10 2.55b±0.13 2.58b±0.11 2.61ab±0.12 2.51b±0.10 2.51b±0.10 **
Egg quality parameters
Egg shape index 74.12c±0.21 73.50c±0.22 75.60bc±0.43 73.50c±0.20 73.71c±0.11 76.66ab±0.26 78.43a±0.15 **
Breaking strength, kg/cm21.62±0.16 1.73±0.16 1.66±0.20 1.65±0.15 1.60±0.14 1.61±0.08 1.55±0.17 NS
Shell weight, g/egg 7.27±0.09 7.88±0.21 8.09±0.10 7.73±0.21 7.64±0.19 6.62±0.48 7.51±0.27 NS
Shell thickness, μm 0.28±0.01 0.31±0.01 0.33±0.01 0.32±0.01 0.33±0.01 0.32±0.01 0.33±0.02 NS
Albumin height, mm 5.87±0.31 6.56±0.38 6.8±0.43 7.05±0.60 6.23± 0.42 6.28±0.27 6.16±0.22 NS
Albumin length, mm 82.09d±0.32 92.31ab±0.42 92.58a±0.27 89.73abc±0.18 88.99c±0.10 89.54bc±0.16 92.38ab±0.19 **
Yolk weight (g/egg) 15.86ab±0.30 16.46a±0.15 16.58a±0.23 16.02ab±0.19 15.96ab±0.26 16.15ab±0.18 15.26b±0.30 *
Yolk height (mm) 17.43 ab±0.10 17.89a±0.16 17.24b±0.09 17.05b±0.13 17.19b±0.08 17.11b±0.04 17.14b±0.16 **
Yolk color 5.00e ±0.30 8.00c± 0.37 7.00d±0.23 8.00c±0.28 9.00b±0.33 9.00b±0.21 10.00a±0.23 *
Haugh unit 74.98 ±0.67 78.51±0.73 80.22±0.95 81.86±1.07 76.60±0.79 77.46±0.62 77.22±0.45 NS
†Basal diet supplemented with ginger root powder (GRP) and sumac seed powder (SSP) each at 1 (GRP-1 and SSP-1), 2 (GRP-2 and SSP-2) and 3 (GRP-3 and SSP-3) percent
levels; Control with no supplementation.
abcdeMeans in a row with different superscripts differ significantly; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, NS: Non-significant
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Egg quality traits
Table 2 refers to the results of different
levels of SSP and GRP supplementation on the
egg traits parameters. The egg shape index
was increased (P<0.01) in the treatment
groups SSP-2 and SSP-3 significantly compared
with the control and other groups. However,
the shell breaking strength, shell weight and
shell thickness did not show any significant
(P>0.05) effect of the dietary treatments.
Among the egg traits, while the albumin height
and Haugh unit remained similar among the
treatment groups, the albumin length, yolk
weight and height and yolk colour varied
significantly (P<0.01) among the dietary
groups
Blood lipid parameters
Table 3 refers to the data on the effect
of different levels of SSP and GRP on blood
cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL in
laying hens. Supplementation of both GRP
(GRP-1 and GRP-2), and SSP (SSP-2 and SSP-
3) significantly (P<0.01) reduced the serum
total cholesterol in comparison to the control
birds. The serum triglycerides, on the other
hand, was found to be reduced (P<0.01) only
with the GRP-1 diet. Serum levels of HDL
was found increased in all the GRP and SSP
supplemented groups, with the GRP-1 showing
the highest value. Moreover, LDL levels were
decreased in the treatment groups GRP-1 and
GRP-2 among GRP-supplemented groups, and
in SSP-3 among the SSP-supplemented groups
when compared with the control group.
Similar to the present findings, Kheiri
et al. (2015) reported that 0.2% SSP powder
in the diet significantly increased HDL and
decreased LDL levels in the serum of broilers.
Capcarova et al. (2011) reported a decreased
plasma cholesterol concentration in male rabbits
with dietary supplementation of 15g SSP fruit/
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Sumac and ginger in the diet of laying hens
Table 3. Blood lipid profile of hens fed graded levels of GRP and SSP
Attributes Dietary groups†
Significance
Control GRP1 GRP2 GRP3 SSP1 SSP2 SSP3
Total cholesterol, mg/dl 98.00a±0.42 92.00bc±0.29 86.00bc±0.15 93.00ab±0.43 94.00ab±0.72 87.50bc±0.22 82.00c±0.46 **
Triglyceride, mg/dl 86.15a±0.15 73.15b±0.60 84.20ab±0.44 85.05a±0.17 86.15a±0.54 86.80a±0.59 84.95a±0.18 **
HDL, mg/dl 83.95d±0.26 85.80bc±0.40 90.70a±0.25 88.40c±0.22 89.60b±0.53 85.50bc±0.38 88.15c±0.55 **
LDL, mg/dl 96.50a±0.35 83.50c±0.50 85.50bc±0.21 92.50b±0.22 90.58abc±0.22 91.05ab±0.44 85.00bc±0.27 **
†Basal diet supplemented with ginger root powder (GRP) and sumac seed powder (SSP) each at 1 (GRP-1 and SSP-1), 2 (GRP-2 and SSP-2) and 3 (GRP-3 and SSP-3) percent
levels; Control with no supplementation.
abcdeMeans in a row with different superscripts differ significantly; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, NS: Non-significant

kg. Furthermore, Zavaragh (2011) showed dietary supplementation of SSP at 2% levels
in quail’s diet decreases the cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the blood. Similar
results on the effect supplementation GRP on blood cholesterol was also reported by
Ademola et al. (2009) who found a significant reduction in blood cholesterol when
feeding birds with 6% GRP. The feed levels of GRP had a very strong antilipidemic
impact on blood cholesterol and triglycerides. The main reason behind the reduction in
blood levels of cholesterol and triglyceride could be the presence of substances such as
carvacrol and thymol in the additives used as has been observed earlier (Zargari, 2001).
The hypocholesterolemic action of SSP therefore is related to its polyphenolics contents.
Polyphenols have been shown to depress the reverse cholesterol transport, decrease
cholesterol absorption in the intestine and even increase bile acid excretion.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the present results, it is observed that dietary supplementation of
ginger root powder and sumac seed powder appears advantageous in terms of both
performance and blood parameters of laying hens. Based on the overall findings, it is
concluded that dietary supplementation of sumac seed powder at 2-3 percent levels could
be beneficial when used as a feed additive in the diet of laying hens.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was funded by Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Scientific
Research Project, and is part of the Master's thesis of Y.G. Salih. The authors would
you like to give thanks of Prof. Dr. Emin Ozkose for his support.
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