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Keragaman Pala (Myristica spp) Maluku Utara Berdasarkan Penanda Morfologi dan Agronomi
Abstract
Pala merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia dan informasi keragamannya masih terbatas. Keragaman spesies dan varietas pala penting untuk di evaluasi sebagai dasar tindakan konservasi. Keragaman varietas dan spesies pala dapat dievaluasi dengan mengamati keragaman morfologi dan fenotipe di lapangan. Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan mengevaluasi keragaman fenotipik diantara aksesi pala dan mengevaluasi pengelompokan intra dan inter spesies pala dari Maluku Utara. Populasi pohon pala yang berumur minimal 15 tahun dari Tidore dan Patani Halmahera Tengah, Maluku Utara digunakan dalam penelitian. Aksesi yang digunakan terdiri atas spesies Myristica fragrans, Myristica fatua, Myristica argentea, Myristica succedanea, dan sejumlah aksesi yang tidak diketahui nama speciesnya. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan aksesi pala dari Patani dan Tidore menunjukkan variasi yang tinggi dalam bentuk buah, warna buah tua dan bentuk biji. Hanya aksesi pala asal Tidore yang menunjukkan variasi dalam bobot fuli. Dendogram yang dibuat berdasarkan karakter fenotipe menjelaskan aksesi pala yang dianalisis kedalam empat group pada indeks kesamaan 70%. Group pertama terdiri atas dua aksesi M. fatua dan satu aksesi pala yang tidak diketahui spesiesnya dari Tidore serta satu aksesi M. fragrans. Group kedua terdiri atas dua aksesi M. argentea dan dua aksesi pala yang tidak diketahui spesiesnya dari Tidore serta satu aksesi M. succedanea dari Patani. Group ketiga terdiri atas tiga aksesi M. argentea dan enam aksesi pala yang tidak diketahui spesiesnya dari Patani. Group keempat terdiri atas dua aksesi M. fragrans dari Tidore. Berdasarkan penanda morfologi dan agronomi spesies pala yang dikarakterisasi di Maluku Utara berkerabat agak jauh yang menunjukkan aksesi dalam populasi beragam.
... Identification of M. fragrans morphological characters were carried out on several nutmeg populations in the Banda Islands, Seram Island and Ambon Island [2], North Maluku [3], Ambon Island [4], Siau Island [5], Sangihe Islands and Sitaro, Central Maluku District [6], Maluku [7] and Papua [8]. ...
... To predict females and males in zalacca can use belt on seed, "belted seed" will produce female plants and otherwise will produce male plants. Morphological characters has been used to predict sex expression of nutmeg populations of Banda Island [11], North Maluku Province [3], and several nutmeg individuals at Cicurug research station [12]. ...
... There are no specific dominant characters which are associated with the male or female nutmeg trees. Das et al. [3] research showed that habitus of female tree is dominantly pyramid, while the male tree is semi-pyramid. When using quantitative characters of the vegetative and generative growth phases, the width of the canopy and the circumference of the stem (Figure 2), the length of the corolla and the diameter of the corolla (Figure 3) on female trees tend to be smaller than in male trees. ...
Nutmeg is a dioecious plant where male and female flowers are generally located on different trees. Identification of early tree sex phenotypes in the vegetative phase will help grower optimize land productivity. This aim of this study was to identify morphological characters that are associated with sex expression. In this research 188 accessions numbers of nutmeg were used as genetic material consisting of 104 female and 84 of male trees. The morphological characters observed were habitus, leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, and mace. The relationship between sex expression and morphological characters was tested by the individual proportion on each character and Pearson correlation. The results showed that morphological characters could not predict sex expressions. Male tree habitus and corolla size were generally bigger than female but female pedicellus size was bigger than male ones. There were no growth and yield component characters correlated to their yield.
... Pala merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia dan informasi keragamannya masih terbatas. Keragaman varietas dan spesies pala dapat dievaluasi dengan mengamati keragaman morfologi dan fenotipe di lapangan (Das et al, 2012). ...
Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) dikenal sebagai tanaman rempah yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi dan merupakan tanaman serbaguna karena setiap bagiannya dapat dimanfaatkan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pendapatan, kelayakan usahatani dan strategi pengembangan pala di Pulau Damer. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-Mei 2021 di Pulau Damer (Desa Kehli dan Desa Wulur, Kecamatan Damer). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi dan studi kepustakaan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara sengaja (purposive sampling) berdasarkan ketentuan besarnya populasi petani yang membudidayakan tanaman pala banda. Berdasarkan rumus Slovin untuk populasi dan tingkat kesalahan 15% maka diperoleh sampel sebanyak 40 petani di Desa Wulur dan 32 petani di Desa Kehli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usahatani pala banda di Pulau Damer menguntungkan sehingga layak untuk dikembangkan. Hasil analisis SWOT dan QSPM menunjukkan bahwa strategi yang diprioritaskan dalam upaya pengembangan pala Banda adalah peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia petani pala dan petugas PPL. Strategi prioritas ini penting dilakukan dengan program pengendalian hama dan penyakit tanaman melalui identifikasi, pengawasan dan pengendalian hama dan penyakit tanaman, pelatihan pengendalian hama dan penyakit tanaman bagi petani dan petugas PPL.
... Penentuan hubungan kekerabatan fenetik dilakukan dengan membandingkan beberapa karakteristik dalam suatu takson, seperti karakter morfologi, anatomi, embriologi, palinologi, sitologi, ekologi, dan fisiologi. Karakterisasi sifat morfologi adalah cara determinasi yang dianjurkan karena sifatnya yang akurat untuk menilai sifat agronomi dan klasifikasi pada suatu tumbuhan (Sudarsono, dkk, 2012). Semakin banyak persamaan dari parameter yang dikaji, maka semakin dekat hubungan kekerabatan antar individu tersebut, begitupun sebaliknya. ...
Asteraceae merupakan famili yang memiliki anggota di dalamnya terbesar kedua dalam kingdom Plantae. Famili ini terkenal dengan morfologi bunga yang berbentuk cawan. Inventarisasi famili Asteraceae berguna dalam pendataan anggota spesies yang ada di Kampus 2 UIN Walisongo Semarang. Metode penelitian menggunakan teknik identifikasi dan observasi. Pemilihan lokasi menggunakan teknik purpose sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 5 spesies dari famili Asteraceae, yaitu Cyanthillium cinereum, Bidens pilosa Synedrella_nodiflora, Tridax procumbens dan Emilia _sonchifolia. Masing-masing individu mempunyai hubungan fenetik yang terlihat dari morfologi. Kluster A, C. cinereum dan E. sonchifolia memiliki nilai koefisien similaritas sebesar 0,39. KLuster B, S. nodiflora dan T. procumbens memiliki nilai koefisien similaritas ±0,37. Kluster C, B. pilosa, E. sonchifolia, C. cinereum memiliki nilai koefisien similaritas sebesar ±0,33. Kluster D gabungan kluster B dan C memiliki nilai koefisien 0,32.
Indonesia is a biodiversity hotspot with high levels of endemism of globally important food crops and their crop wild relatives, as well as locally adapted cultivars. This rich diversity is essential to Indonesia's food and nutrition security, while underpinning the livelihood strategies of small-scale farmers (both men and women) and traditional communities, who act as guardians of this genetic heritage. However, many of Indonesia's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are experiencing genetic erosion due to increased crop uniformity and the reduced use and demand for local varieties. Changes in food preferences and consumption patterns have driven the species into agricultural neglect with only some smallholder farmers cultivating the species for cultural reasons. These problems are exacerbated by land-use changes and climate variability. Recognizing the imperative to conserve agrobiodiversity in the region to ensure future food security and sustain livelihoods, the status of conservation and sustainable use of taro, yams, cloves and nutmeg in three target provinces in Indonesia was assessed. Mixed-method analyses were used to document existing conservation efforts and what is currently known of these target crops' conservation status, both in ex situ collections and in the field, to identify unique biodiversity, as well as the barriers and knowledge gaps on how to better conserve and use this unique genetic diversity for future generations.
This study aims to characterize nutmeg in Sangihe based on the morphology of leaves and fruit. The research was carried out in the Sangihe Islands District from April to August 2019. The research was conducted in six sub-districts and two villages were selected as each research location. The six sub-districts with two villages per sub-district were Sub-district of Tabukan Selatan (Lesabe Village and Malamenggu Village), Sub-district of Kendahe (Kendahe 1 Village and Kendahe 2 Village), Sub-district of Manganitu (Taloarane Village and Bakalaeng Village), Sub-district of Tabukan Selatan Tengah (Hangke Village and Salurang Village), Sub-district of Tamako (Balane Village and Upel Village) Sub-district of Tahuna Barat (Pananekeng Village and Angges Village). Using the direct survey method in the farmers' nutmeg area. Next, the selection of nutmeg plants aged 15 years and above that has fruitful and healthy trees. After that the observations were made on the morphology of the selected nutmeg fruits and leaves. Variables observed were: leaf shape, leaf color, fruit shape, fruit skin color, fruit flesh color, mace color, fruit length, fruit diameter, seed fresh weight, seed length, seed diameter, mace fresh weight. The data obtained were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of the study showed that the shape of nutmeg on Sangihe Island consisted of round and long, the leaf shape consisted of elongated round and between long jorong and round leaves, the leaf color consisted of green and dark green, the shape of round and elliptic seeds, the color of red mace , white fruit flesh color, yellow fruit skin color, the highest average fresh fruit weight is in Balane Village (59.41 g), the highest average seed weight is in Malamenggu Village (9.90 g), average fresh weight the highest mace is found in Lesabe Village (1.73 g).*eprm*
Cucurbitaceae merupakan tumbuhan yang dapat tumbuh di daerah dataran tinggi maupun dataran rendah. Memiliki kandungan gizi yang tinggi dan serat buah yang halus sehingga mudah dicerna, banyak digunakan sebagai obat tradisional sebagai anti diabetes, anti hipertensi, anti tumor, immunomodulasi, dan anti bakteri karena banyak mengandung nutrisi dan senyawa bioaktif seperti fenolat, flavonoid, vitamin (termasuk vitamin β-karoten, vitamin A, vitamin B2, α-tokoferol, vitamin C, dan vitaminE) ,asam amino, karbohidratdan mineral(terutamakalium), kandungan energirendah(sekitar 17 Kcal/100 glabusegar)dan serat dalam jumlah yang besar.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan jenis tumbuhan famili Cucurbitaceae berdasarkan karakter morfologi di Kabupaten Pidie. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Juni-Agustus 2018 di Kabupeten Pidie, terdiri dari Kecamatan Pidie, Mila, Indrajaya, Peukan Baro, Mutiara, dan Tangse. Pengamatan morfologi dilakukan dengan mengamati organ batang, daun, bunga, buah dan biji. Analisis data dengan menggunakan software UPGMA NTSYS untuk memperoleh dendrogram hubungan kekerabatan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 8 (delapan) jenis tumbuhan famili Cucurbitaceae terdiri dari Cucumis sativus (mentimun), Luffa acutangula (gambas/oyong), Ligenaria siceria (labu air), Cucurbita moschata (waluh), Sechium edule (labu siam), Citrullus vulgaris (semangka), Cucumis melo (melon), dan Momordica charantia (pare). Karakterisasi morfologi pada tumbuhan famili cucurbitaceae menunjukkan adanya variasi morfologi pada organ batang, daun, bunga, buah dan biji. Pada koefisien kemiripan 0.67, dendogram dibagi menjadi 4 (empat) kelompok. Kelompok 1 terdiri dari Cucumis sativus (mentimun), Luffa acutangula (gambas/oyong), Ligenaria siceria (labu air), dan Citrullus vulgaris (semangka). Kelompok 2 terdiri dari Cucurbita moschata (waluh) dan Cucumis melo (melon). Kelompok 3 terdiri dari Sechium edule (labu siam). Kelompok 4 terdiri dari Momordica charantia (pare).Kata kunci: Cucurbitaceae, Karakter Morfologi, Dendogram
This study aims to determine the nutmeg crop diversity is based on the character of the fruit, seeds, nutmeg mace in Sangihe Island Regency (Island of Sangihe) and District SITARO (Siau Island). The method used is the method of direct observation at the farmer's planting area nutmeg. Location research based on secondary data, namely the districts and villages producer of nutmeg, then determined the three observation points in each study site. Each observation point is determined 10 samples to be observed fruit trees, and every tree observed 20 fruit ready for harvest. Samples of plants is determined by: 1) Age of plants, which is about 15-30 years, and 2) The state of the plant, which is being fruitful and healthy tree. Observations carried out on: 1) The shape of fruit, 2) Color rind 3) Thick flesh, 4) Weight pieces, 5) The length of the fruit, 6) diameter pieces, 7) The color of the fruit flesh, 8) Weight seed fresh, 9) Lengh seed, 10) diameter seed, 11) weight mace fresh, 12) Color mace. The results showed: 1) The shape of fruit and nutmeg seeds in Sangihe Islands Regency is more diverse than in the District Sitaro. 2) The highest weight of fresh nutmeg obtained from the location Talawid weighing 57.95 g fresh weight and r lowest nutmeg obtained from the location Karatung I is weighing 35.91 g fresh weight nutmeg while the highest was obtained from the location that is weighing 9.45 g Talawid and the lowest seed fresh weight was obtained from the location Karatung I are weighing 6.75g. 3) The same colors are red blood mace. Keywords: nutmeg plant, diversity of fruit, Sangihe, SITARO
In this study, genetic diversity for agro-morphological traits in 52 landraces of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) originated from Turkey was estimated through multivariate analysis. Populations evaluated for time to flowering, branching, capsule number per axil, carpel number per capsule, seed coat colour, capsule pubescence, capsule order, plant height to first capsule, plant height, number of seeds per capsule, number of capsules on main stem, total number of capsules per plant and 100 seed weight. This data set was reduced to 6 significant principle components (PCs) that cumulatively explained 79% of the variance. The 6 retained PC scores were used as input for hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward's minumum variance). The populations were clustered in 4 different major groups according to their similarity levels. In cluster analysis most of the populations of the South, Southeast and West regions tended to cluster as outliers outside their region of adaptation. However, the distribution of Nortwest region populations was according to their geographic origin. This study can help breeders better understand the genetic structure of Turkish sesame populations which can be used for parental selection.
Falcata (Medicago sativa spp. falcata L.), with its high resistance to cold weather, drought and disease, plays an important role in alfalfa breeding. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of the 12 falcata populations in Eurasia using SSR markers and morphological traits. Regressions for genetic distance, phenotypic distance and geographic distance were also computed to study whether the origin of these populations influenced their genetic or morphological behavior. A total of 22 SSR alleles were detected in 12 populations, and the average genetic diversity of each population ranged from 0.2517 to 0.4965, indicating substantial variation within populations. Among the 12 populations, three had flowers of colors other than yellow, indicating introgression before seed collection. These three populations grew in a more erect manner and clustered into a sub-group for phenotypic distance. Regression analysis showed no relationship between genetic distance and phenotypic distance. Latitude, longitude and altitude of origin were not correlated with genetic distance among populations, while altitude had a correlation with phenotypic distance among these populations (p < 0.0001).
Utilization of diverse germplasm is needed to enhance the genetic diversity of cultivars. Genetically diverse lines provide ample opportunity to create favourable gene combinations and the probability of producing a unique genotypes increases in proportion to the number of gene by which the parents differ. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic relationships of 36 chickpea germplasm accessions using morphological traits and RAPD markers. Out of 33 primers, nine primers generated 44 polymorphic markers. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.43, ranging from 0.68 to 0.12. The lowest and the highest PIC value were recorded for primer OPB10 and OPJ-20, respectively. The average genetic distance (GD), based on F st values among the 36 accessions was 0.397, ranging from 0.59 to 0.12. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits separated the accessions into three groups and based on RAPD data accessions formed in four distinct groups. The RAPD analysis clearly indicated that even with nine polymorphic primers, reliable estimation of genetic diversity could be obtained. The markers generated by RAPD assays can provide practical information for the management of genetic diversity.
RAPD markers and agronomic traits were used to determine the genetic relationships among 32 breeding lines of melon belonging
to seven varietal types. Most of the breeding lines were Galia and Piel de Sapo genotypes, which are currently being used
in breeding programmes to develop new hybrid combinations. A total of 115 polymorphic reliable bands from 43 primers and 24
agronomic traits were scored for genetic distance calculations and cluster analysis. A high concordance between RAPDs and
agronomic traits was observed when genetic relationships among lines were assessed. In addition, RAPD data were highly correlated
with the pedigree information already known for the lines and revealed the existence of two clusters for each varietal type
that comprised the lines sharing similar agronomic features. These groupings were consistent with the development of breeding
programmes trying to generate two separate sets of parental lines for hybrid production. Nevertheless, the performance of
certain hybrids indicated that RAPDs were more suitable markers than agronomic traits in predicting genetic distance among
the breeding lines analysed. The employment of RAPDs as molecular markers both in germplasm management and improvement, as
well as in the selection of parental lines for the development of new hybrid combinations, is discussed.
The evaluation of diversity in germplasm collections is important for both plant breeders and germplasmcurators to optimize the use of the variability available. Diversity can be estimated by different genetic markers. The purposeof this study was to estimate the genetic divergence of 30 morphological and agronomic traits in 108 sesame genotypes bymultivariate analysis. The Cole-Rodgers index was used to establish the dissimilarity matrices. The principal componentanalysis identified the traits that contributed most to the divergence and the genotypes were clustered by Tocher’s optimization.Despite the narrow genetic basis, the markers were efficient to characterize the genotypes and identify the most similar groupsor duplicate and divergent genotypes. Greatest variation was found for the traits number of capsules per plant and grain yield.
Some physical properties of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) seeds were determined at moisture content of 81.85% wet basis. The mean length, width and thickness of the seeds were 23.09, 21.20 and 18.64 mm, respectively. The average value for geometric mean diameter, sphericity, mass, surface area, volume, true density, bulk density and porosity were 20.88 mm, 90.45%, 5.270 g, 1388.85 mm2, 5860.00 mm3, 1199.18 kg/m3, 686.60 kg/m3 and 41.83%, respectively. The coefficient of static friction on four types of structural surface was found to be ranging from 0.206 (galvanized steel sheet) to 0.376 (rubber).
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