Energy Balanced Load Distribution through Energy Gradation in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Abstract

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) provide the wide range of aquatic applications. These applications are used for many aspects of life i.e., the tsunami and
earthquake monitoring, pollution monitoring, ocean surveillance for defense strategies, seismic monitoring, and equipment monitoring, etc. The limited bandwidth, long
propagation delay, energy consumption, high manufacturer and deployment costs are
many challenges in the domain of UWSNs. In this thesis, we present the three techniques i.e., energy balanced load distribution through energy gradation (EBLOADEG), energy gradation (EG) and depth adjustment (DA) among various coronas and
in without the number of coronas. Our aim is to overcome these issues: Firstly, the
forwarder node determines the higher energy node and data is directly transmitted
to sink; secondly, if the forwarder node comes in void communication region then the
node moves to the new depth so that the data delivery ratio can be ensured effectively. However, data is forwarded on the basis of EG and DA in without the number
of coronas. Thirdly, the EBLOAD-EG scheme performs data transmission among
various coronas which are based upon the energy comparison of the first node with
any neighbor node. Moreover, our aim is to balance the load distribution among various coronas in a network field. Simulation results define that our proposed schemes
show better performance in terms of energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio (PDR),
network lifetime and stability period etc

Full text

𝒟

1500𝑚/𝑠
3 108𝑚/𝑠

𝑚

𝑅
𝑟
1
𝑁
𝑊
𝑁= 50
3−2

dtx
r , 2r
High Energy grade nodes
Sink
.
.Low Energy grade nodes or sensor nodes
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
.
.
.
.
....
.
.
.
.
.
....
dtx
2r r
R
.
RCircular radius of area
r
𝑃 𝐿 =𝑛*10 log (𝑑) + 𝑑*10 log (𝑎(𝑓))
𝑑 𝑓 𝑛
𝑛= 2 𝑛= 1
𝑛= 1.5

dtx
Move to depth
Void node
High energy node
Transmission range
Sink
r
2r
10 log10 𝑎(𝑓)=0.11 𝑓2
1 + 𝑓2+ 55 𝑓2
5100 + 𝑓2+ 3.75 *10−4𝑓2+ 0.005
10 log10 𝑎(𝑓)=0.11 𝑓2
1 + 𝑓2+ 0.11 𝑓2
1 + 𝑓2+ 0.003
𝐴(𝑑, 𝑓 ) = 𝑑𝑘*𝑎(𝑓)𝑑
𝑃
𝑆𝑁 𝑅(𝑑, 𝑓 ) = 𝑃
𝐴(𝑑, 𝑓 )*𝑁(𝑓)𝛿𝑓
𝛿𝑓
𝑁𝑡(𝑓)

𝑁𝑤(𝑓)𝑁𝑠(𝑓)𝑁𝑡ℎ(𝑓)
𝑁(𝑓) = 𝑁𝑡(𝑓) + 𝑁𝑠(𝑓) + 𝑁𝑤(𝑓) + 𝑁𝑡ℎ(𝑓)
𝑃 𝑘𝑡𝑛
𝐸𝑡𝑥(𝑑) = 𝑃𝑇(𝑑)*𝑃 𝑘 𝑡𝑛
𝛼3𝑑𝐵(𝑑)
𝑃 𝑘𝑡𝑛
𝐸𝑟𝑥(𝑑) = 𝑃𝑟 𝑥 *𝑃 𝑘𝑡𝑛
𝛼3𝑑𝐵(𝑑)
𝑃𝑇𝑃𝑟𝑥
𝛼3𝑑𝐵(𝑑)
𝐵3𝑑𝐵(𝑑)
𝑃
𝑚
3.9−3.10

3−1
1
𝑚=𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑁*𝐸
𝐸𝑡𝑥 ,𝐸
𝐸𝑡𝑥 )
𝑁 𝐸
𝐸𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑖𝑣 −𝐸𝑜 =𝐸𝑜
𝑚
𝑑𝑖𝑣 −𝐸𝑜 𝐸𝑜
𝑚
𝑚
3−2

𝐸𝑜
𝐸𝑜/𝑚
𝑚
𝐸𝑖𝐸1𝐸2𝐸𝑛
𝑐1𝑐2𝑐𝑛
𝐸𝑖
𝑚 𝐸𝑜
𝐸𝑜/𝑚
𝑖= 1 𝑛
𝐸𝑖𝐸𝑖+ 1
𝐸𝑖𝐸𝑖+ 1
𝐸𝑖𝐸𝑖+ 1
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒

2
3−2
3

𝐸𝑜
𝐸𝑜/𝑚
𝑚
𝐸𝑖𝐸1𝐸2𝐸𝑛
𝑐1𝑐2𝑐𝑛
𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑜/𝑚
𝑖= 1 𝑛
𝐸𝑖𝐸𝑖+ 1
𝐸𝑖𝐸𝑖+ 1
𝐸𝑖𝐸𝑖+ 1
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒

𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑖𝐸1𝐸2𝐸𝑛
𝜎 𝑐1𝑐2𝑐𝑛
𝐸𝑖
𝑐𝑣𝑛
𝜎
𝐷 𝑐𝑣𝑛
𝑖= 1 𝑛
𝑟
𝜎
𝑐𝑣𝑛
𝑐𝑣𝑛 𝑟
𝑐𝑣𝑛

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Etx (mJ)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Ercv (mJ)
P2(0.002048, 0.0064)
P1(0.002048, 0.0001024)
P3(0.128, 0.0064)
P4(0.128, 0.0001024)
Etx+Ercv= 0.1344
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑟=1
𝐸𝑃 𝑁
𝐸𝑃 𝑁 (𝑟) = 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑛*𝐸
𝐸𝑃 𝑁 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑟 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑛 𝐸
𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑(𝑟) = 𝐸𝑇𝑥+𝐸𝑅𝑥
𝐸𝑇𝑥 𝐸𝑅𝑥
𝐸𝑇𝑥=𝑃𝑇(𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 )
𝐸𝑅𝑥=𝑃𝑅(𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 )
𝑃𝑇𝑃𝑅
𝐶1:𝐸𝑇𝑥, 𝐸𝑅𝑥6𝐸𝑜
𝐶2:𝐸𝑓6𝐸𝑚
𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝐶3:𝑇𝑟6𝑇𝑚
𝑟𝑎𝑥

𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 1024 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 16000
𝑃𝑇= 0.002048,−−−,0.128 𝑃𝑅= 0.0001024,−−−,0.0064
𝑁= 1,2− −−,50
0.002048 6𝐸𝑇𝑥60.128
0.0001024 6𝐸𝑅𝑥60.0064
0.0021504 6𝐸𝑇𝑥+𝐸𝑅𝑥60.1344
𝑃1 : (0.002048,0.0001024) = 0.00215𝐽
𝑃2 : (0.002048,0.0064) = 0.00845𝐽
𝑃3 : (0.128,0.0064) = 0.1344𝐽
𝑃4 : (0.128,0.0001024) = 0.1281024𝐽
𝐸𝑇𝑥=𝑃𝑇𝑥(𝑡)
𝑃𝑇𝑥 𝑡

𝑡=𝑙
𝑣
𝑙 𝑉
𝐸𝑅𝑥=𝑃𝑅𝑥(𝑡)
𝑃𝑅𝑥
𝑉= 1500𝑚/𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 512
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 12000 𝑃𝑇=
0.0053,−−−,0.0213 𝑃𝑅= 0.0427,−−−,0.0853
𝑁= 1,2− −−,50
0.0023 6𝐸𝑇𝑥60.0213
0.0182 6𝐸𝑅𝑥60.0853
0.0205 6𝐸𝑇𝑥+𝐸𝑅𝑥60.1066
𝑃1 : (0.0023,0.0182) = 0.0205𝐽
𝑃2 : (0.0023,0.0853) = 0.0876𝐽
𝑃3 : (0.0213,0.0853) = 0.1066𝐽
𝑃4 : (0.0213,0.0182) = 0.0395𝐽

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Etx (mJ)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Ercv (mJ)
P1(0.0023, 0.0182)
P3(0.0213, 0.0853)
P4(0.0213, 0.0182)
Etx+Ercv= 0.1066
P2(0.0023, 0.0853)
𝑉= 1500𝑚/𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 150
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 12000 𝑃𝑇= 2.5,−−−,2.7
𝑃𝑅= 2.7,−−−,3.1𝑁= 1,2− −−,50

0123456
Etx (mJ)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Ercv (mJ)
Etx+Ercv= 2.895
P2(2.5, 0.195)
P1(2.5, 0.193)
P3(2.7, 0.193)
P4(2.7, 0.195)
2.56𝐸𝑇𝑥62.7
0.193 6𝐸𝑅𝑥60.195
2.693 6𝐸𝑇𝑥+𝐸𝑅𝑥62.895
𝑃1 : (2.5,0.193) = 2.693𝐽
𝑃2 : (2.5,0.195) = 2.695𝐽
𝑃3 : (2.7,0.193) = 2.893𝐽
𝑃4 : (2.7,0.195) = 2.895𝐽

𝑟= 100
𝑁= 50
𝐸𝑜 = 1 𝐸𝑡𝑥 = 0.0005 𝐸𝑟𝑥 = 0.00005
100 𝐾= 10
4−1
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠(𝐾) = 𝑅
𝑟
𝑅 𝐾
𝑟1𝑏
𝑊

𝑜
0.005
0.015 67%
45%

12345678910
Corona Nodes
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Energy Consumption Per Unit of Time (W)
BLOAD corona based
EBLOAD corona based
41%
50%

12345678910
Corona Nodes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Packet Load Per Unit of Time (packet/s)
BLOAD corona based
EBLOAD-EG corona based
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (s)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Number of Alive Nodes
BLOAD corona based
EGBLOAD corona based
DA without corona
EG without corona

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (s)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Number of Dead Nodes
BLOAD corona based
EGBLOAD corona based
DA without corona
EG without corona

0 10 20 30 40 45 50
Number of Nodes
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Packet delivery ratio
BLOAD corona based
EGBLOAD corona based
DA without corona
EG without corona

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Field Radius(m)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Energy consumption per unit of time(W)
BLOAD corona based
EGBLOAD corona based
DA without corona
EG without corona