Occurrence of non-native red cherry shrimp in European temperate waterbodies: a case study from Hungary

Abstract

The international pet trade has caused numerous introductions of non-native species globally. This is true also for freshwater decapod crustaceans including the red cherry shrimp. This tiny creature has been previously found in thermally-polluted waters in Europe (Germany and Poland). Here we present its first occurrence in Hungary and in the entire Carpathian Basin. The species was sampled once per month over one year, from November 2017 to November 2018 in a natural thermal pond (spa) and also in an adjoining non-thermal brook in Miskolctapolca, Hungary. Shrimps were preyed upon by adult fishes in the locality but many individuals, including ovigerous females and juveniles, were recorded within the survey continuously. The density of shrimps was positively correlated with the water temperature, despite some individuals being found in the non-thermal stream and also in winter. We consider that the population of this species in Hungary is now well-established and self-sustaining.

Full text

RESEARCH PAPER
Occurrence of non-native red cherry shrimp in European
temperate waterbodies: a case study from Hungary
András Weiperth
1
, Veronika Gábris
2
, Tibor Danyik
3
, Anna Farkas
4
, Pavlína Kuříková
5
,
Antonín Kouba
6
, and Jiří Patoka
5,*
1
MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Danube Research Institute, Karolina 
ut 29, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
2
Eötvös Loránd University, Center of Environmental Science, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
3
Hortobágyi National Park Directorate, Sumen str. 2., 4024 Debrecen, Hungary
4
Herman Ottó Institute Nonprofit Ltd, Park str. 2., 1223 Budapest, Hungary
5
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Zoology and Fisheries,
Kam
ycká 129, 16500 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
6
University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of
Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Záti
sí 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
Abstract –The international pet trade has caused numerous introductions of non-native species
globally. This is also true for freshwater decapod crustaceans including the red cherry shrimp. This tiny
creature has been previously found in thermally polluted waters in Europe (Germany and Poland).
Here, we present its first occurrence in Hungary and in the entire Carpathian Basin. The species was
sampled once per month over 1 yr, from November 2017 to November 2018 in a natural thermal pond
(spa) and also in an adjoining non-thermal brook in Miskolctapolca, Hungary. Shrimps were preyed
upon by adult fishes in the locality but many individuals, including ovigerous females and juveniles,
were recorded within the survey continuously. The density of shrimps was positively correlated with
the water temperature, despite some individuals being found in the non-thermal stream and also in
winter. We consider that the population of this species in Hungary is now well-established and self-
sustaining.
Keywords: Neocaridina / Europe / ornamental species / pet trade / Atyidae
Résumé –Présence de crevettes rouge cerise non indigènes dans les eaux tempérées d'Europe : une
étude de cas en Hongrie. Le commerce international des animaux de compagnie a provoqué de nombreuses
introductions d'espèces non indigènes dans le monde. C'est également vrai pour les crustacés décapodes
d'eau douce, y compris la crevette rouge cerise. Cette minuscule créature a déjà été trouvée dans des eaux
thermiquement polluées en Europe (Allemagne et Pologne). Nous présentons ici sa première observation en
Hongrie et dans l'ensemble du bassin des Carpates. L'espèce a été échantillonnée une fois par mois sur une
période d'un an, de novembre 2017 à novembre 2018, dans un étang thermal naturel (spa) ainsi que dans un
ruisseau non thermique adjacent à Miskolctapolca, en Hongrie. Les crevettes étaient la proie des poissons
adultes dans la localité, mais de nombreux individus, y compris des femelles ovigères et des juvéniles, ont
été échantillonnés de façon continue pendant le suivi. La densité des crevettes était corrélée positivement
avec la température de l'eau, malgré la présence de certains individus dans le cours d'eau non thermique et
aussi en hiver. Nous considérons que la population de cette espèce en Hongrie est maintenant bien établie et
autosuffisante.
Mots-clés: Neocaridina / Europe / espèce ornementales commerce des animaux de compagnie / Atyidae
*Corresponding author: patoka@af.czu.cz
Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2019, 420, 9
©A. Weiperth et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2019
https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2019002
Knowledge &
Management o
f
A
quatic
Ecosystems
www.kmae-journal.org Journal fully supported by Onema
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
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1 Introduction
The international pet trade in aquatic species is known to
be one of the main vectors of non-native species introduction
and spread into new localities (Padilla and Williams, 2004;
Duggan, 2010;Chucholl, 2013;Patoka et al., 2016b,2018b).
In contrast to ornamental fish, decapod crustaceans are
relatively new to the pet trade and have grown in popularity
in the aquarium industry in recent years (Papavlasopoulou
et al., 2014;Faulkes, 2015;Kotovska et al., 2016;Lipták et al.,
2017;Vodovsky et al., 2017). Tropical and subtropical
decapods usually have a low probability of establishing
populations within the temperate zone except in thermal
waterbodies, as documented in crayfish Cambarellus patz-
cuarensis and Cherax quadricarinatus (Jakličand Vrezec,
2011;Weiperth et al., 2017), and shrimps Macrobrachium
dayanum and Neocaridina denticulata (Klotz et al., 2013;
Jabłońska et al., 2018). On the other hand, certain warm-water
species such as crayfish Cherax destructor pose the potential to
overwinter in temperate climatic conditions (Vesel
yet al.,
2015).
The red cherry shrimp Neocaridina denticulata is a small
prolific and truthful freshwater species belonging to the family
Atyidae and is usually traded as the red cherry shrimp (Cai,
1996;Weber and Traunspurger, 2016). The taxonomical name
of this species is often confusing: some authors use different
synonyms such as N.heteropoda and N.davidi or suggest a
species complex (see Klotz et al., 2013 and citation herein).
Hence, this species will be further mentioned under its
common name in this study. The red cherry shrimp is one of the
most popular pet-traded freshwater crustacean species due to
its tiny size (adults 15–30 mm long), attractive coloration, and
because it is an algae-eater (Turkmen and Karadal, 2012;
Uderbayev et al., 2017;Vazquez et al., 2017). It is native to
inland waterbodies in East Asia. It reproduces exclusively in
freshwaters without any pelagic larval stage (Tropea et al.,
2015). Therefore, the red cherry shrimp is common on the
market and frequently kept in hobby aquaria (Lipták and
Vitázková, 2015;Magalhães and Andrade, 2015;Patoka et al.,
2016a).
There are many examples of decapods intentionally or
unintentionally introduced from aquaria to the wild (e.g.
Chucholl and Pfeiffer, 2010;Novitsky and Son, 2016;Patoka
et al., 2016c). Also, private outdoor garden ponds may serve as
a source for the subsequent spread of ornamental decapods to
adjoining localities (Peay, 2009;Patoka et al., 2014,2017). In
the case of the red cherry shrimp, the alternative pathway for
new introductions is also unintentional transport together with
live fish stock, as reported in China (Englund and Cai, 1999).
However, this species is mainly introduced via the pet trade in
new localities and has been reported in the wild in Germany,
Poland, and Japan (Nishino and Niwa, 2004;Klotz et al., 2013;
Jabłońska et al., 2018).
Once established, the red cherry shrimp is a highly
productive species (Schoolmann and Arndt, 2018) with
possible impacts on the ecosystem and associated biota. Oh
et al. (2003) noted that this shrimp is able to carry more than
batch of eggs within the season with optimal conditions. Weber
and Traunspurger (2016) found that foraging and predation by
these omnivorous shrimps resulted in an overall reduction in
abundance, biomass, and secondary production of meioben-
thos assemblages (benthic fauna larger than microfauna but
smaller than macrofauna, size 44 mm0.5 mm). Moreover, it
has been reported that the red cherry shrimp is a host of
numerous commensals which are transported in huge
quantities via the pet trade together with their host as
“hitchhikers”(Patoka et al., 2016a).
Both current international and local legislative regulations
focused on biological invasions in general and on the pet trade
in particular seem to be ineffective in many cases, and
paradoxically, often have the opposite effect than was
intended (Patoka et al., 2018a and citation herein). Thus,
new introductions of non-native ornamental species are likely
to be common, and data about their spread is crucial for
improving the management of affected freshwater ecosys-
tems. Schoolmann and Arndt (2018) predicted that the risk of
further spreading of the red cherry shrimp throughout
European waterbodies is possible. Therefore, to find
potentially established population, we surveyed selected
thermal and non-thermal waterbodies in Hungary, a country
where the red cherry shrimp has been previously reported as a
commonly traded ornamental species and rated as medium
risk in terms of its potential invasiveness (Weiperth et al.,
2018).
2 Material and methods
2.1 Locality
The locality in Miskolctapolca (a suburb of Miskolc,
Hungary, Fig. 1) was selected according to the information
from the Facebook group of Hungarian shrimp fans: https://
www.facebook.com/groups/125067571204548/. The thermal
pond is used by humans in the area as a public spa and Hejő
brook is a regulated stream. We established five sampling
points, two in thermal and three in non-thermal waterbody
(Tab. 1). Detailed characteristics of the locality and sampling
points are given in Table 2.
2.2 Data collecting
The locality was initially surveyed in November 2017.
Shrimps were sampled using five baited (fish meat and halibut
pellets) plastic bottle traps at the first sampling point, where
they were left overnight. Subsequently, all five sampling
points were surveyed by trapping once per month for 1 yr.
Shrimps were also collected using handling nets and using a
backpack power generator electrofisher (DEKA 3000 Lord)
along a 150-m transect downstream from each of three
sampling points in the brook and a 10-m transect at both
sampling points in thermal pond. All individuals from the
brook and all individuals from first two samplings in thermal
water were preserved in pure ethanol (96%) for later
determination, while other individuals were released back to
the respective sampling points following identification.
Ichthyofauna in the locality (brook) was also surveyed by
electrofishing in November 2017. Fish species were recorded
with some individuals euthanized for later dissection to
examine their stomach contents. The remaining fish were
released immediately following identification.
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2.3 Species determination
Preserved shrimps were morphologically examined fol-
lowing the characteristics in Englund and Cai (1999) and Klotz
et al. (2013). Three individuals were used for DNA analysis.
The initial morphological species identification was confirmed
by a molecular marker amplified by polymerase chain reaction.
A primer pair LCO1490 (50-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGA-
TATTGG-30) and HCO2198 (50-TAAACTTCAGGGTGAC-
CAAAAAATCA-30) was used for amplification of the COI
gene (Folmer et al., 1994). The DNA extraction and amplifi-
cation was processed according to Patoka et al. (2016d).
The samples were sequenced using the Macrogen sequencing
service (www.macrogen.com). Chromatograms were assem-
bled and checked for potential errors. Edited sequences were
aligned using Clustal W, as implemented in the BioEdit
software package (Hall, 1999) and compared in NCBI
database in Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST)
(Madden, 2013). The obtained DNA sequences were deposited
in GenBank database.
3 Results
We found that the red cherry shrimp was well-established
in the locality, with many juveniles and ovigerous females
captured during the surveys. The obtained three mitochondrial
DNA sequences (COI gene) of length = 672 bp (GenBank acc.
nos. MH780819, MH780820 and MH780821) confirmed
the morphological identification of the captured shrimps as
N.denticulata (GenBank acc. no. JX156333.1, Yu et al., 2014).
The density of shrimps was positively correlated with the water
temperature. More than 1 km downstream from the mouth of
the thermal tributary to Hejőbrook, we sampled few shrimps
in the six-degree water in the autumn and winter (sampling
point 3). In the spring and summer, we found shrimps
more than 3 km downstream from the thermal spring (sampling
point 5). The majority of shrimps were captured among the
roots of Alnus sp. and Salix sp. Details about seasonal
variability in each sampling point including sex of captured
shrimps are given in Table 3 and Figure 2.
Fig. 1. Map showing the locality in Miskolctapolca, Hungary (indicated by red dot) (a), positions of five sampling points (indicated by red
dots and numbers) (b), the sampling point 1 (thermal pond) (c), the sampling point 2 (outflow from the thermal pond) (d), and sampling point 4
(Hejőbrook) (e).
Table 1. Name of the locality, number of the sampling point, type of
the waterbody (thermal or non-thermal), and GPS coordinates.
Locality No. of
sampling
point
Type GPS
Miskolctapolca
(pond)
1 Thermal 48°3044.500N, 20°44052.200 E
Miskolctapolca
(outflow)
2 Thermal 48°3044.800N, 20°44054.200 E
Hejőbrook 3 Non-thermal 48°3048.100N, 20°44058.600 E
Hejőbrook 4 Non-thermal 48°405.500N, 20°45024.700 E
Hejőbrook 5 Non-thermal 48°4017.500N, 20°46033.000 E
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Table 3. Date of the sampling of red cherry shrimps (month and year) at five sampling points, with number of captured individuals: females
(ovigerous females)/males/juveniles.
Date Sampling point
12345
XI. 2017 79(42)/29/106 15(11)/36/88 10/3/8 1/7/9 0/4/1
XII. 2017 59(16)/36/99 25(8)/25/102 1/1/4 1/0/2 0/0/0
I. 2018 77(10)/48/152 28(11)/38/119 0/4/1 0/0/0 0/0/0
II. 2018 59(7)/26/108 19(9)/38/51 0/2/0 0/0/0 0/0/0
III. 2018 44(11)/63/88 1(5)/47/51 3/8/11 0/0/6 0/0/0
IV. 2018 59(21)/68/114 61(28)/91/123 11(2)/11/29 4(1)/5/11 0/2/0
V. 2018 41(26)/87/125 75(46)/91/105 29(17)/11/25 10(4)/10/26 2(1)/2/7
VI. 2018 71(39)/102/105 81(51)/103/136 39(8)/36/75 14(2)/25/36 7(1)/7/11
VII. 2018 72(35)/99/185 88(49)/115/204 38(15)/45/95 21(9)/16/15 5/2/19
VIII. 2018 56(21)/67/201 69(38)/125/165 55(5)/28/77 10(2)/19/41 1/9/15
IX. 2018 71(17)/88/102 96(81)/65/124 12(4)/16/23 2/7/22 3/4/18
X. 2018 68(51)/91/115 75(19)/41/115 8(4)/4/10 3/8/13 2/1/21
XI. 2018 83(61)/95/135 68(55)/62/95 1/2/0 5/1/2 1/3/5
Table 2. Detailed characteristics of the locality and sampling points with the range in each parameter over the complete survey.
Environmental parameters Sampling point
123 45
Water temperature (°C) 24.1–31.6 21.9–27.6 11.8–27.9 6.8–25.6 3.2–24.7
Water depth (m) >1.5 >1.5 0.1–0.7 0.3–0.6 0.2–0.9
Distance from the bank (m) 0.5–1.0 0.2–0.5 0.2–1.0 0.5 0.2–0.6
Water velocity (m/s) 0.3 0.3–1.0 1.2–2.3 0.9–1.8 0.7–1.6
Submerged vegetation (%) 5–15 <520–60 10–50 0–50
Emergent vegetation (%) 5–20 <5<55–20 5–25
Woody debris (%) <55–10 <5105–20
Shading tree cover (%) 0–20 5–30 15–30 20 10–30
Depth of sediment (m) 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2–0.4
Type of sediment Rock, mud Rock, mud Clay, mud Clay, mud Mud
Fig. 2. Plots of captured red cherry shrimps (total numbers of females, ovigerous females, males, and juveniles) in thermal (red line) and
non-thermal water within the complete survey (divided to months: from XI. 2017 to XI. 2018).
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In the locality of the Hejőbrooks, we also found the
following macroinvertebrates: Asellus aquaticus,Gammarus
fossarum, larvae of Calopteryx splendens and C.virgo; and
fish species: Alburnus alburnus,Cyprinus carpio,Gobio
gobio,Lepomis gibbosus,Perca fluviatilis,Rhodeus sericeus,
Rutilus rutilus,Scardinius erythrophthalmus,Squalius
cephalus, and Pseudorasbora parva. Juveniles of several fish
species were observed but not captured. Five adult G.gobio,
7L.gibbosus,10P.parva,17R.rutilus, and 21 S.cephalus
were euthanized for the dissection of their stomach and shrimp
remains were found in all dissected specimens.
4 Discussion
In this study, we report the occurrence of the red cherry
shrimp for the first time in Hungary and from the entire
Carpathian Basin. Contrary to previous records from the
European territory (Klotz et al., 2013;Jabłońska et al., 2018),
we found this non-native decapod occurring not only in
thermal or thermally polluted waters, but also in adjacent
brook with seasonal fluctuations in water temperature. The
origin of the collected shrimps is unknown because this species
is both directly imported from South-Eastern Asia, re-exported
from other European countries such as the Czech Republic,
and also produced locally in Hungary as an ornamental species
(Weiperth et al., 2018). Inasmuch as the release of unwanted
animals from aquaria or unintentional escape is a frequent
pathway for new introductions of non-native ornamental
species, including decapod crustaceans, we assume that they
were released by some local or spa-visiting hobby keeper(s).
Even if there are no available data about previous occurrences
of the red cherry shrimp in the locality, there is the possibility
that this species may have been established in the locality for
many years, as was case of this species' occurrence in Poland
(Jabłońska et al., 2018).
The red cherry shrimp inhabits small streams with rocky
bottoms and dense aquatic vegetation (Via u et al., 2016). The
locality was therefore found suitable with the limiting
environmental factor of water temperature. For the reason that
the temperature in the thermal pond reaches 24.1–31.6 °C,
which is an optimal temperature for reproduction of the red
cherry shrimp (Nur and Christianus, 2013;Tropea et al.,
2015), we assume that this reservoir is a primary source of
shrimps in the locality. Alternatively, the continual occur-
rence of individuals in the Hejőbrook suggests that the
adaptability of at least some of the red cherry shrimp
population towards lower temperatures and annual tempera-
ture fluctuation is higher than previously expected; Mykles
and Hui (2015) noted that the red cherry shrimp grows and
reproduces at room temperature. Even if Tropea et al. (2015)
experimentally found the highest proportion of ovigerous red
shrimp females in water with a temperature of 28 °Cand
Mykles and Hui (2015) suggested 22–25 °C as optimum, we
found some individuals in 11.8°C water. Even if the water
temperature influences the duration of the incubation period
and the developmental time of embryos (Tropea et al., 2015),
we suggest that some individuals are also able to reproduce in
non-thermal natural waters in the temperate zone, and
successive generations could become adapted to these
conditions. Mizue and Iwamoto (1961) brieflyreportedon
a successful overwintering of this shrimp in Japanese
freshwaters; however, neither water temperature nor other
environmental conditions were specified in the publication;
Oh et al. (2003) found this shrimp successfully reproducing
and overwintering in one Korean temperate stream, and our
data support this finding. Moreover, Serezli et al. (2017)
suggested that lower water temperature (below 23 °C) causes
a female-biased sex ratio in the population, which is crucial
for population viability.
The trade and keeping of ornamental decapod crustaceans
in freshwater aquaria are well-established in Hungary, and the
unique hydrological features of this country with its numerous
thermal springs and waterbodies serve as a perfect environ-
ment for exotic freshwater species to establish and flourish
(Weiperth et al., 2017,2018). On the other hand, we found the
red cherry shrimp also occurs in non-thermal streams. Hence,
even if the red cherry shrimp is generally perceived as an
invasive species (Serezli et al., 2017), our findings potentially
raise the predicted invasiveness of this species, which was
assessed as a medium-risk in previously analyzed markets
trading in ornamental decapods (Uderbayev et al., 2017;
Weiperth et al., 2018). Although we have no data about any
symbionts attached on the carapace surface of captured
shrimps, the potential introduction of bdelloid rotifers, stalked
protozoans, and scutariellid temnocephalidans previously
found on shrimps imported from Indonesia (Patoka et al.,
2016a) cannot be excluded, and the probability of these
symbionts establishing new populations via shrimp introduc-
tions is unknown.
Despite the documented predator–prey interaction between
fish and the red cherry shrimp, the monitored population is
considered well-established and self-sustaining. However, the
red cherry shrimp has a great commercial potential as an
ornamental species, it has a status of non-indigenous and thus
undesirable species in the wild in Europe. Although the density
of captured shrimps (non-surprisingly) positively correlated
with the water temperature, some individuals were found in the
non-thermal stream and also in winter. Since this shrimp has
been mostly overlooked by policymakers and wildlife
managers as an invasive species, the data we present in this
study should change our approach to this species in the
freshwaters of Central Europe. However, a potential ban on
the trade of the red cherry shrimp, and related legislative
restrictions, will be probably ineffective in halting its spread
because it is a popular aquarium species. In line with the
recommendations of Patoka et al. (2018a), we regard that
the key to mitigating the risk of further spread and
establishment of the red cherry shrimp is by educating the
general public on the negative consequences of releasing
aquarium species into freshwaters.
Acknowledgments. This study was supported by the
Internal Grant Agency of the Czech University of Life
Sciences Prague “CIGA”(No. 20182013) and by the Ministry
of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic 
projects “CENAKVA”(No. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0024) and
“CENAKVA II”(No. LO1205 under the NPU I program).
The English was proofread by Andrew Hamer, University of
Melbourne.
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Cite this article as: Weiperth A, Gábris V, Danyik T, Farkas A, Kuříková P, Kouba A, Patoka J. 2019. Occurrence of non-native red cherry
shrimp in European temperate waterbodies: a case study from Hungary. Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst., 420, 9.
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