Survey and identification of some new record Mushrooms in Erbil

Abstract

Sixteen species of Basidiomycota, which belonging to Sixteen genera were collected and identified from various areas in Erbil city of kurdistan region-Iraq, such as: Erbil city center, Barzan, Hanara, Heran, Khalefan, Koysnjaq, Salahaddin (Permum), Mergasur, Shaqlawa and Tawska. The identified genera and species include the followings: Agaricus bitorquis, Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, Bovista plumbea, Coprinus micaceus, Hebeloma mesophaeum, lyophyllum decastes, Mycena inclinata, Meruliopsis taxicola, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus arcularius, Russula turci, Schizophyllum commune, Scleroderma verrucosum, Trametes hirsuta and Vascellum pretense. Seven genera of the mushroom were new record in kurdistan region-Iraq, such as: Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, Bovista plumbea, lyophyllum decastes, Meruliopsis taxicola, Russula turci, Scleroderma verrucosum and Vascellum pretense. The aim of this research is to survey and identify of Basidiomycota, which is wild mushroom that grow in natural form in different season and different area.

Full text

Raf. J. Sci.,Vol.27, No.5/ Botany/Special Issue for the Third Scientific Conference of Biology, pp.19-32, 2018
19
Survey and Identification of some New Record Mushrooms in Erbil Governorate-
Kurdistan Region-Iraq
Farid M. Toma Hero M. Ismael Nareen Q. Faqi Abdulla
Department of Biology/ College of Science/ University of Salahaddin-Erbil
E-mail: fareed.toma@su.edu.krd, hero.ismael@su.edu.krd, nareen_qf@yahoo.com
(Received 27 /9 / 2018 ; Accepted 1/ 11/ 2018 )
ABSTRACT
Sixteen species of Basidiomycota, which belong to sixteen genera were collected and identified
from various areas in Erbil city of kurdistan region-Iraq, such as: Erbil city center, Barzan, Hanara,
Heran, Khalefan, Koysnjaq, Salahaddin (Permum), Mergasur, Shaqlawa and Tawska. The identified
genera and species include the followings: Agaricus bitorquis, Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, Bovista
plumbea, Coprinus micaceus, Hebeloma mesophaeum, lyophyllum decastes, Mycena inclinata,
Meruliopsis taxicola, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus arcularius, Russula
turci, Schizophyllum commune, Scleroderma verrucosum, Trametes hirsuta and Vascellum pretense.
Seven genera of the mushroom were new record in kurdistan region-Iraq, such as: Ampulloclitocybe
clavipes, Bovista plumbea, lyophyllum decastes, Meruliopsis taxicola, Russula turci, Scleroderma
verrucosum and Vascellum pretense. The aim of this research is to survey and identify Basidiomycota,
which is a wild mushroom that grow in natural form in different seasons and different areas.
Keywords: Mushroom, Erbil, Russula turci and Scleroderma verrucosum.
ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
ﺢﺴﻤ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘﻭ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻟﺍﻥﻴﻫﺍﺭﻌ ﻪﻠﺠﺴﻤﻟﺃ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤ لﻴﺒﺭﺍ، ﻡﻴﻠﻗﺇ ،ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺩﺭﻜ ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ
ﻟاﻠﻤﺺﺨ ﻡﺘ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻭ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘ 16 ﹰﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻁﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﺯﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺍ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﺘ ﻰﻟﺇ 16 ﺎﺴﻨﺠ، ﻥﻤ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤ لﻴﺒﺭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺩﺭﻜ، ﻌﻟﺍﻕﺍﺭ) ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ لﻴﺒﺭﺃ ،ﺭﻭﺴ ﻪﻜﺭﻴﻤ ،ﻥﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺼ ﻑﻴﺼﻤ ،ﻕﺎﺠﻨﺴﻴﻭﻜ ،ﻥﺎﻔﻴﻠﺨ ،ﻥﺍﺭﻴﻫ ،ﻩﺭﺎﻨ ﻪﻫ ،ﻥﺍﺯﺭﺎﺒ ،ﻪﻜﺴﻭﺘ ،ﻩﻭﻼﻘﺸ( ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺱﺎﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﺨﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ:
Agaricus bitorquis, Ampulloclitocybe clavipes,Bovista plumbea,Coprinus micaceus, Hebeloma
mesophaeum, lyophyllum decastes, Mycena inclinata, Meruliopsis taxicola, Panaeolus papilionaceus,
Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus arcularius, Russula turci, Schizophyllum commune,Scleroderma
verrucosum,Trametes hirsuta and Vascellum pretense. ﺕﻠﺠﺴ ﺔﻌﺒﺴ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻁﻔﻟﺍ لﻭﻷ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻴﺒﺭﺍ، ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺩﺭﻜ ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ :
Ampulloclitocybe clavipes
،
Bovista plumbea
،
lyophyllum decastes
،
Meruliopsis taxicola
،
Russula turci
،
Scleroderma verrucosum
و
Vascellum pretense
.
ﺔﻟﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ : Mushroom ، لﻴﺒﺭﺍ ،Russula turciﻭ Scleroderma verrucosum.
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Farid M. Toma et al.
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INTRODUCTION
Mushrooms belong to Basidiomycota, the phylum is classified into 16 classes, and 52 orders
(Hibbett et al., 2007). They are microfungi with distinguishing fruiting bodies, which can be large
enough to be seen with the naked eye and to be picked by hand (Chang and Miles, 2004). They consist
of hypha which form-interwoven web of tissue known as mycelium in the substrate upon which the
fungus feeds. Most often their mycelia are buried in the tissue of a tree trunk, on a fallen log of wood or
in other nourishing substrates (Ingold, 1993). Wild mushrooms are an important non-timber forest
resource used by some societies, are mycophilic and their mode of utilization has been authenticated in
many countries around the world (Thatoi and Singdevsachan, 2014). The practice of conventional
hunting of mushroom from the wild when in season is still prevalent (Oso, 1975) Mushrooms have
been commercially exploited in the whole world and may be gathered or cultivated from the wild (Boa,
2004).
Many genera of mushrooms are well utilized for food and they are rich in essential nutrients, such
as carbohydrates, and have a low fat and oil content, and contain vitamins, proteins, fibres, mineral and
various amino acids (Luangharn et al., 2014 and Bandara et al., 2015). They have been used in
medicinal field such as: anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cholesterol lowering and immuno
stimulatory effects (Benjarong et al., 2015). Eating wild mushrooms of proved quality and kinds is not
a risk, but the danger is in indiscriminately eating all wild mushrooms, because some are edible and
others are poisonous. People should not pick and eat any wild mushrooms but they should seek some
kinds of mushrooms that can be recognized with ease and certainty and that are positively known to be
good (Christensen, 1981).
Different species of mushroom were classified as poisonous and if ingested it represents risks to
health. Ingestion of toxic mushrooms is invariably accidental and caused by misidentification of
species (Karlson-Stiber and Persson, 2003; Flesch and Saviuc, 2004). Most toxins of mushroom, such
as amatoxins are cytotoxic and cause harm to kidney and liver and or ellanine that is nephrotoxic
(Wasser, 2002).
The aim of the present work is to survey and identify wild mushroom that grow in natural form
in different seasons and different sites in Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan region-Iraq.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Survey of mushrooms
Several genera of wild mushrooms were collected from different areas in Erbil Governorate within
Kurdistan region, during March to June 2015 to 2017. These areas are Erbil city center (36° 11  28.19"
N 44° 00  34.07" E), Barzan: (36° 54  46.12" N 44° 02  51.03" E), Hanara (36° 17  20.52" N 44° 15 
18.51" E), Heran: (36° 16 37.39”N 44°30 55.7"E), Khalifan (36° 36  28.16" N 44° 24  06.83" E),
Koysnjaq (36° 05  05.3" N 44° 37  39.68" E), Masif salahaddin-Permam (36° 22  57.73" N 44° 12 
09.27" E), Mergasor (36° 50  21" N 44° 18  11" E), Shaqlawa (36° 18  04.34" N 44° 25  01.76" E) and
Tawska (36° 22  39.77" N 44° 17  24.23" E), as shown in (Fig.1), selected by green symbol. Followed
by methods of collection, preservation and identification.

Survey and identification……………….
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Fig. 1: Map showing Erbil Governorate - Kurdistan Region with the studied area selected by
green symbol
Characterization and identification of mushrooms
Samples were found in damp places of forests, mountain areas and public gardens or in shade
trees on the decayed roots and dead trees, then they were photographed and collected from their natural
sites and kept in a box for storage until they reach laboratory for identification. The identification of the
collected mushrooms was according to textbooks. To detect the basidia and basidiospore and measure
their diameter by ocular lens, slides were made. According to Hawksworth et al., (1995) and Laessoe
and Lincoff (1998), the photographs were made by digital camera and portable Olympus zoom camera
measurements. Depending on keys used for identification, the macroscopic and microscopic
characteristics of fruiting bodies are mentioned in description section of recorded genus.
Keys used for identification of mushrooms
Depending on the taxonomic keys, the texts that were used for identification of mushrooms, are as
follows; Baldrian, (2007), Cocchia et al., (2006), Desjardin et al., (2015), Hall et al., (2003), Sanchez,
(2010), Statements, (2000).

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The preservations of mushrooms
For preservation of mushroom samples, which are collected and identified, Formal-acetic Alcohol
solution (FAA) was used, which consist of: 13 formalin, 5ml of glacial acetic acid and 200 ml of ethyl
alcohol (50%).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The distribution and frequency of wild mushrooms, which were collected from Erbil Governorate,
were illustrated in the data presented in (Table 1). A total of 16 species, 16 genera, 13 families, 3
orders, and 1 class of Basidiomycetes were identified in Erbil Governorate in Iraq-Kurdistan region. A
lot of collections of basidiomycetes were made and studied their macro and micro-morphological
characteristics. Seven genera of the mushroom samples were newly recorded in Kurdistan region-Iraq
when compared with the researches of Iraq about mushroom, such as: Ampulloclitocybe clavipes,
Bovista plumbea, lyophyllum decastes, Meruliopsis taxicola, Russula turci, Scleroderma verrucosum
and Vascellum pretense. The classification and characteristics of each mushroom genera and species,
collected from different area of Erbil-Kurdistan region-Iraq, are as the followings: (Note: The genera
that are new records for the Iraq are indicated by * symbol).
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Basidiomycetes
I. Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Agaricus bitorquis (Pavement mushroom): (Fig.2 : a-A)
Cap: It is 12cm; it is dry, smooth and white to yellowish, convex to flat.
Stalk: 5.5cm in width and 2.3cm in length, cylindrical to club-shape white and smooth, ring is present.
Gills: are free, very narrow, close, lights pink colors when young, become dark reddish-brown.
Spore print: is deep chocolate brown.
Spores: 5-7x4-5Mm elliptical in shape and smooth
Habitat: Found alone or in small groups in garden and at road sides
Location: Heran (Cocchia et al., 2006)
Bovista plumbea * (Paltry puffball) (Fig. 2: a-B)
Fruiting body: is a small puffball mushroom, white when young and greyish in age, it is attached to the
substrate by a tuft of mycelium.
Basidiocarp: is 3 cm, sub spherical in shape, line in scattered to cluster in disturbed area. Smooth and
stemless.
Spores: are subglobose to oval, with very finely warted surface 4.5-6.5x 4.5-5Mm. pale brown.
Habitat: Found on humus leaves in Salahaddin (Permam)
Location: Salahaddin (Permum) (Desjardin, et al., 2015)
Scleroderma verrucosum * (Earth balls) (Fig. 2: a-C)
Cap: It is 7.2cm in width and 9cm in length, pale yellow to brown and covered with irregular brown
scales. It has a stem-like projection and thin skin.
Spores: are 3x2.5-2x2.5 Mm, globose, smooth, without pedicel and released by raindrops and wind
current, brownish spore dust
Habitat: Found on dead wood growing in dense clusters appear in fall and early winter
Location: Koysnjaq (Linoof, 1981)

Survey and identification……………….
23
Family: Bolbitiaceae
Panaeolus papilionaceus (Petticoat mottlegill) (Fig. 2:a-D)
Cap: It is 4-6cm a cross, grayish brown, conical to bell shape with age, dry, smooth to silky when
young, hairy and crack with age.
Stalk: is10 cm in length and 0.5-1.0cm in width, colored more or less like the cap, at the apex it is paler
and toward the base is dark or turning reddish.
Gills: are attached to the stem or pulling away from it with maturity, grayish when young, but soon
developing black area, eventually black overall, with whitish edge.
Spore print: is black or blackish.
Spores: are11-18.5x7.5-12 Mm more or less elliptical with spore, smooth
Habitat: Found in the dung of horses and cows
Location: Barzan (Statements, 2000)
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Ampulloclitocybe clavipes* (Club-footed clitocybe) (Fig. 2: a-E)
Cap: It is 5cm, it is convex and has small boss, and the colors are grey to brown
Stalk: is 3cm in length x 1cm in width volva absent, ring is absent, often bulbous at bottom. At first flat
with slightly under turned margin and become vase-shape, smooth, brown to grayish brown, usually
darker over the center and lighter towards the margin by maturity.
Gills: are running down the stem, whitish or creamy.
Spore print: is white.
Spores: are 6-8x 3.5 Mm, Megg-shape, smooth
Habitat: Saprobic, growing alone, scattered, commonly name club-foot
Location: Hanara (Bresinsky and Besl, 2004)
Family: Hymenogastraceae
Hebeloma mesophaeum (Veiled Poisonpie) (Fig. 2: a-F)
Cap: is 4.5cm convex, bell-shape or nearly flat, sticky, flesh, brown to pinkish brown over the center
often paler toward the margin.
Stem: is 6cm in length x 0.3cm in width long, thick, whitish at first, becoming brownish to brown, from
the base up, with maturity.
Gills: attached to the stalk, close or crowded creamy or faintly pinkish when, become brownish.
Spore print: is brown to pinkish brown.
Spores: are 8.5-11x5.7Mm, oval nearly smooth
Habitat: found with various conifers, growing in winter and autumn
Location: Tawska (Beker, et al., 2016)
Family: Lycoperdaceae
Vascellum pretense* (Meadow Puffball) (Fig. 2: b-G)
Fruiting body: Is 3cm in length and 4cm in width, spiny, white to pale brown, globe-shape top part
from the short, sterile stem part. It usually has a rather flatten top with large opening, through it the
spores are released.
Spores: are smooth, elongated and colorless
Habitat: found in solitary or as a groups in grassy area
Location: Barzan (Bates, 2004)
Family: Lyophyllaceae
lyophyllum decastes* (Fried chicken mushroom) (Fig.2: b-H)

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Cap is 9-11cm convex, becoming flat, moist when fresh, smooth, grayish brown to yellowish brown.
Stalk: Is 8cm in length and 2cm in width, smooth, whitish and becoming brownish toward the base.
Veil and ring are absent.
Gills: are attached to stem, close, white and yellowing somewhat with age.
Spore print: are white in color.
Spores: are 4-6 Mm round or spherical, smooth
Habitat: usually growing in dense clusters in disturbed soil (landscaping), some found alone and some
found in wood.
Location: Erbil city center gardens (Ainkawa) (Desjardin et al., 2015)
Family: Mycenaceae
Mycena inclinata (Clustered bonnet) (Fig.2: b-I)
Cap: is 4cm, broadly conical, becoming broadly bell-shaped, have central bump, the margin usually
fringe-like teeth when young and in age become splitting, brown to yellowish brown. Grow in dung
spring and autumn.
Stalk: is 10cm in length and 0.4cm in width.
Gill: is white to pale grayish, have decurrently attachment to the stem.
Spore print: is white.
Spores: are 7-9 by 5-6Mm, oval, smooth
Habitat: This fungus grows in clusters or alone on the well-decayed wood
Location: Hanara (Baldrian, 2007)
Family: Pleurotaceae
Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) (Fig. 2: b-J)
Cap: is 5-7cm in length convex, becoming flat, kidney shape to fan shape or nearly round if growing on
the top of logs, pale to dark brown. Known as oyster mushroom, it is an edible mushroom.
Stalk: is primary and lateral (off-center) or absent when growing on trees or logs are solid, dry usually
hairy, 3cm in length and 1-8 cm in width whitish or downy at the base.
Gills: are runny down the stem.
Spore print: is white.
Spores: are 7-11x2-4Mm cylindric-ellipsoid, smooth
Habitat: found in garden and logs, it is white rot wood decay fungus
Location: Erbil city center gardens (Ainkawa) (Statements, 2000)
Family: Psathyrellaceae
Coprinus micaceus (Mica cap) (Fig. 2: b-K)
Cap: is oval when young, expanding to broadly convex or bell-shape, brown and pale brown at margin,
granules.
Stem: is 7cm in length and 0.5 cm, equal, smooth, white, fibrous hollow.
Gills: are attached to the stem. Pale brown, becoming brown then black, it will begin to slowly dissolve
into black by auto digestion.
Spore print: is black.
Spores: are 7x4Mm, smooth, suboval, having central pore
Habitat: growing in clusters on rotting hardwood
Location: Shaqlawa (Kuo, 2008)
Family: Schizophyllaceae
Schizophyllum commune (Split-gill mushroom) (Fig. 2: b-H)

Survey and identification……………….
25
Cap: is 3-5cm, fan-shape, irregular to shell-shape, dry, white, under surface composed of gill-like folds
that are split down in middle. Stemless.
Spore print: is white.
Spores: are 3-4x1-1.5M, cylinder to oval, smooth
Habitat: found alone or clusters on decaying hard wood
Location: Erbil city center (Ainkawa) (Tullio et al., 2008)
II. Order: Polyporales
Family: Polyporaceae
Meruliopsis taxicola* (Poroid crust mushroom) (Fig. 3-A)
Basidiocarp: Is irregular or effused, 17 x 23 cm in length and the thickness is 4 mm; margin is pale
when narrow granulose and indistinct when mycelioid, the width is up to 1 cm; have tan to black
hymenium, waxy, deep is 2 mm, it forms circular to angular pits, hyphae loosely woven next to the
substrate, becoming vertically arranged and closely packed in the folds
Habitat: Found on pine log Bracket
Location: Khalifan (Bondartsev and Singer, 1941)
Polyporus arcularius (Spring Polypore) (Fig. 3-B)
Cap: is 8cm convex to flat or shallowly depressed, dry, brown to golden brown scales. Have hexagonal
or angular pores.
Fresh cap is creamy whitish. The cap is circular or kidney-shaped with wavy edge.
Stem: is slightly off center, 3.5 cm in length and 1.2cm in width, stem gradually decrease in width or
thickness at one end.
Spores: are white 7x3.5Mm cylinderic, smooth.
Spore print: is white
Habitat: found on the dead wood, growing alone or as clusters
Location: Koysnjaq (Kuo, 2004)
Family: Phanerochaetaceae
Trametes hirsuta (Hairy bracket) (Fig. 3-C)
Cap: has structure like hair, it is found on dead woods. The width is 6x3.5cm and length is 0.3x1cm,
semicircular, irregularly bracket-shape or kidney shape. It has some other features, such as: very
densely hair, radially curl, with other concentric zones of texture, zones with gray and whitish
Habitat: found on the deadwood alone or as cluster
Location: Erbil city center (Hakman destrict) (Roger, 2006)
III. Order: Russulales
Family: Russulaceae
Russula turci *(Brittlegills) (Fig. 4)
Cap: is 9 cm in diameter, flat and pink in color; the margin is paler and matt in shape.
Gills: are creamy to light brown, they connected at the base by cross veins, and the spores are light
brown.
Stem: is thick and white in color
Habitat: they grows beneath trees
Locaton: Mergasur (Garnweidner, 1994)

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Table 1: Collected mushrooms from Erbil-Kurdistan region-Iraq
Family Scientific name Common name
Agaricus bitorquis Pavement Mushroom
Bovista plumbea Paltry puffball
Agaricaceae
Scleroderma verrucosum Earth balls Mushroom
Bolbitiaceae Panaeolus papilionaceus Petticoat mottlegill
Hygrophoraceae Ampulloclitocybe clavipes Club-footed clitocybe
Hymenogastraceae Hebeloma mesophaeum Veiled Poisonpie
Lycoperdaceae Vascellum pretense Meadow Puffball
Lyophyllaceae lyophyllum decastes Fried chicken Mushroom
Mycenaceae Mycena inclinata Clustered bonnet
Pleurotaceae Pleurotus ostreatus Oyster Mushroom
Psathyrellaceae Coprinus micaceus Mica cap Mushroom
Schizophyllaceae Schizophyllum commune Split-gill Mushroom
Meruliopsis taxicola Poroid crust Mushroom
Polyporaceae Polyporus arcularius Spring Polypore
Phanerochaetaceae Trametes hirsuta Hairy bracket Mushroom
Russulaceae Russula turci Brittlegills Mushroom
Our results are close to other researches, such as: Abou-Zeid and Altalhi (2006), who collected
and identified several genera and species of basidiomycota from seven localities in Al-Taif
Governorate-Saudi Arabia, which includes: Agaricus spp., Lepiota spp., leurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus
cornucopiae, Coprinus comatus, Agrocybe cylindracea, Podaxis pistillaris, Inocybe splendens,
Phaeolepiota aurea and Boletus edulis. Owaid et al., (2014), collected and identified different species
from different villages of Heet district, Anbar province, Iraq, such as Armillaria mellea, Agaricus spp.,
Pleurotus spp., Calvatia sp., Coprinus disseminates, Teleport sp., Fomes sp., Lepiota sp. and
Morchella sp. Toma et al., (2013), who collected and identified twenty-nine genera of basidiomycota
from different areas in Erbil Governorate in kurdistan region-Iraq, such as: Agaricus spp., Collybia
spp., Crepidotus sp., Coprinus spp., Clitocybe spp., Cortinarius spp., Craterellus sp., Exidia sp., Fomes
spp., Galerina sp., Hebeloma sp., Helvella sp., Auricularia auricula-judae, Hygrocybe pratensis,
Inocybe sp., Lactarius spp., Laccaria sp., Mycena sp., Peziza sp., Psathyrella sp., Panellus sp., Pluteus
sp., Paxillus atrotomentosus, Scutellinia scutellata, Trichloma spp., Tyromyces spp., Lepiota sp. and
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycetes
Agaricales Polyporales
Phylum
Class
Order Rassulales

Survey and identification……………….
27
Cystoderma. Adebiyi and Yakubu, (2016), who collected and identified different species of mushrooms
among different substrates which include soils, bark of trees, dead wood/trees and dead leaves, in Ado
and Ikere local government areas of Ekiti State, Nigeria, include Schizophyllum, Polyporus spp.,
Squarrosulus, Termitomyces robustus, Psathyrella candolleana, Lactinus piperatus, Lentinus tuber-
regium, Termitomyces mammiformi, Hydnochaete spp, Agaricus campestris and Lentinus spp.,
Auricularia spp., Chlorophyllum spp., Trichaptum biforme, Ganoderma applanatum, Coprinus
nivenus, Cyathus spp., Geastrum spp. and Stereum spp. Aziz and Toma (2012), collected mushrooms
from mountain areas in Sulaimani, Soran, Joman, Sedakan districts Qandil and Zalm village Amad
Hawa, they identified several genera and species of basidiomycetes, such as: Agaricus, Macrolep,
Cystoderma amianthinum, Crepidotus variabilis, Inocybe godeyi, Hypholoma, Entoloma, Clitocybe,
Tricholoma, Micromphale, Mycena, Pleurotus, Panaeolus, Stereum, Lactarius, Phellinus,
Chondrostereum, Fomes, Trametes, Fomitopsis and Paxilus corrugatus. Suliaman, et al., (2017), who
collected macrofungi samples from different localities within Iraqi Kurdistan region - Northern Iraq.
Seven basidiomycetous macrofungal species from seven genera, six families and two orders: Inocybe
flocculosa, Pleurotus nebrodensis, Psathyrella spadiceogrisea, Schizophyllum commune, Volvopluteus
gloiocephalus (Agaricales), Lentinus tigrinus and Trametes trogii (Polyporales) were reported from
Iraqi Kurdistan. These macrofungal species are recorded for the first time from Iraq.
Our result disagree with those of Rattan and Abdullah (1976), who found seven species of wood-
rot Aphyllophorales collected from the pine forest in northern Iraq are described and illustrated. Out of
these, Gloeocystidiellum luridum, Ampelomyces submolaris, Athelia acrospora, Amphinema
tomentellastrum, stereum sanguinolentum and Asterostroma medium are new records for Iraq while
Galzinia cystidiata is proposed as new species and Rattan et al., (1978), who collected and identified
different types of fungi causing disease and decays of trees in Iraq, such as: Phlebia roumegueri,
Amphinema byssoides, Gloeocystidiellun zawitense, Phellinus pini, Coriolus versicolor Phanerochaete
gigantea Ilirschioporus abietinus, Gloeoporus adustus Stereum rugosum. Al-Khesraji et al., (2017),
who made a survey on macrofungi was carried out in Al - Alam and Tikrit provinces from Tikrit
district in Salahadin governorate / north central Iraq. It has been found macrofungal species belonging
to 7 genera, 6 families and 3 orders were identified. These species are Coprinellus disseminatus,
Ganoderma lucidum, Lichenomphalia umbellifera, Montagnea arenaria, Phellinus pomaceus, Podaxis
pistillaris and Trametes trogii. All these fungi are described for the first time from Salahadin
Governorate. Owaid et al., (2018), who identified a rare mushroom genus, Marasmius sp., for the first
time in Iraq. Others, Clitocybe sp., for the first time in the studying area, and Agaricus spp. (edible),
were also recorded in Heet city. All genera were collected from different locations (three gardens) in
the center of Heet district.

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Fig.(2: a): Different genera belong to order: Agaricales
A. Agaricus bitorquis B. Bovista plumbea C. Scleroderma verrucosum
D. Panaeolus papilionaceus E. Ampulloclitocybe clavipes F. Hebeloma mesophaeum

Survey and identification……………….
29
Fig. (2: b): Different genera belong to order: Agaricales
G. Vascellum pretense H. lyophyllum decastes I. Mycena inclinata
J. Pleurotus ostreatus K. Coprinus micaceus L. Schizophyllum commune

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Fig. 3 : Different genera belong to order: Polyporales
A. Meruliopsis taxicola B. Polyporus arcularius C. Trametes hirsuta
Fig. 4: Belong to order: Russulales Russula turci

Survey and identification……………….
31
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