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The Archaeology of Early Italian Churches in Context, 313–569 CE, The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology Edited by William R. Caraher, Thomas W. Davis, and David K. Pettegrew, Online Publication Date: Jan 2019
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The paper is centred on southern Tuscany in the period between Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Here the strictly archaeological aspects revealed for this period an impression of 'emptiness' that is entirely at variance with archival sources demonstrating by contrast the existence of a functioning administrative system, churches, monasteries, chapels, a degree of social stratification. This archival sources are the first documents of a long dispute between the bishop of Siena and those of Arezzo and the first documents of the S. Salvatore Abbey, both dating to the eight century in the Lombard period. This awareness has underpinned the research work aimed at increasing the range and 'visibility' of the archaeological evi-dences guided from historical indications through the intensive use of remote sensing and geo-archaeological techniques. This multi-faceted approach has been particularly intensive in the Asso and Orcia Valleys, where the more or less 'empty' archaeological model derived from years of field-walking survey. An exponential increase, however, had been achieved through the archaeological excavation at Pieve di Pava that has opened new scenarios for the countryside between the end of the Roman period and the Middle Ages including an early spread of Christianity within this rural context, a strong ecclesiastical authority, an elevated social class in the fifth century directly connected with the church, the presence of a population which saw the church as a focal point, a rural underclass ready to respond to the inherent 'message' of this rare and imposing structure.
The paper is centred on southern Tuscany on the archaeological complex of Pieve di Pava where archaeological research have been conducted since the 2000 by the University of Siena. The parish church is first mentioned as the baptisterium Sancti Petri in Pava in a document of AD 715 part of a long dispute between the bishop of Siena and the bishop of Arezzo. But the archaeological excavation revealed a longer history of the site that start from the Roman period with a villa dated between the second to the fourth century BC. The villa continued to grow in Late Antiquity since it was transformed by a church. The paper is centred on these fluctuations of the site and on the implications of the transformations on the landscape. One of the stronger element of the Pava site, in addition to the very particular plan of the early church (built with two opposing apses) was the huge cemetery around the church that was used from the seventh century BC until the Middle Ages. The 900 excavated graves make this one of the largest and most long-lasting late-Roman to medieval cemeteries excavated in Europe.
About the use of cathedrals as burials places during the Early Middle Ages using archaeological sources from northern Italy
Nell’ambito del Corpus delle chiese altomedievali europee, è stata condotta nell’Alto Garda bresciano una sperimentazione che, dopo aver schedato, studiato e scavato chiese e insediamenti eremitici per quattro anni, ha investigato il rapporto tra luoghi di culto e le strutture dell’insediamento. Ci si è in tal modo indirizzati verso un’archeologia della complessità e delle relazioni, verificate nei percorsi fisici (vie di comunicazione), nei legami economici e sociali, nelle reti simboliche che avviluppavano il territorio. In tale indagine i limiti cronologici non sono definiti a priori, ma dipendono dalla qualità delle fonti disponibili e dalla durata dei singoli fenomeni. Si tratta dunque di passare da un’archeologia congiunturale, qual è quella che, pur all’interno di una sequenza ricostruita, si limita a classificare i siti, le architetture e i paesaggi sulla base di dimensioni e funzioni, ad un’archeologia diacronica. Questa cerca di definire la trasformazione degli ambienti socioculturali, dalle prime testimonianze organizzate fino all’età preindustriale, ricostruendo nel lungo periodo l’evoluzione dell’identità di un territorio e delle comunità che lo hanno abitato. In questa prospettiva di ricerca, l’Archeologia dell’architettura ha gli strumenti teorici e metodologici per indagare sia gli spazi del lavoro, sia quelli abitativi, sia quelli ideologici.
The authors deliver a short history of the project Corpus architecturae religiosae europeae (IV-X saec.), begun in 2001: the corpus aims to catalogue the religious buildings of Europe between the 4 th and the very beginning of the 11 th centuries. Not only will the corpus be an unified catalogue of all European late antique and early medieval ecclesiastical buildings, and thus a comprehensive working tool for the standardization of data, providing plans to a uniform model, but it will also attempt (in the synthesis volumes) to interpret their function and meaning and the relationship between the different churches in each area. In this way, the corpus will be a first step towards new research on Christian architecture and a starting point from which to develop different new interpretations. The first results are reported, such as the chronological framework, the catalogue form, and the structure of the volumes.
In Constantinople sometime in the 440s, the empress Pulcheria stood at the edge of an excavation trench. She was there under orders from none other than Saint Thyrsus, who had appeared to her in a dream and instructed her to find the relics of forty Christian soldiers who had perished on the ice of an Armeman Lake. Aided by clergy and palace officials she began a massive excavation, complete with its own public relations director, local church historian Sozomen, who recorded the event for prosperity. The excavation eventually uncovered a casket which, when opened, emitted the sweet odor of myrrh: the martyrs had been found. The day was proclaimed a public festival, the martyrs' relics were processed through the city streets, and, with the empress and bishop standing by, the Forty were laid to rest alongside the relics of Thyrsus himself. Thus were the Fort Martyrs of Sebaste enrolled among the capital's saintly citizens.
The so-called 'Arian Controversy' that divided the Christian Church in the 4th c. has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate in recent decades. The literary sources from which the majority of our knowledge of the controversy derives are highly polemical and distorted, written almost exclusively from the perspective of those whose positions would come to be accepted as 'orthodox', and this in turn has directly InflUenced scholarly interpretations of the material evidence from this crucial period in the history of the Church. In this paper I wish to reconsider that material evidence and ask how an archaeological approach independent of the biases of our literary sources might broaden our understanding of the controversy and its impact upon the 4th c. Roman empire.
This article examines the evidence for Germanic 'Arianism' in the exceptionally well preserved buildings and mosaics of Ravenna. Despite theological differences, Arian iconography appears to be almost identical to that of the 'Catholics' (e.g. in depictions of Christ in S. Apollinare Nuovo and the Arian Baptistery). Different attitudes to God the Son are only really apparent when supported by texts. However, there are clear material traces of Catholic triumphalism after the defeat of the Arian Goths; and we should not assume that there were no strongly held differences of view, just because the iconography of the two sects is so similar.
The aim of this paper is to bring new light on the evolutions and transformations that occurred in the towns of central and northern Tuscany (the so called Tuscia Annonaria) in the period between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, by focusing with a particular attention on the centuries going from the 4th to the 10th AD and, expecially, Lucca and Siena. The conceptual and material tools that will be used to investigate this issue will deal with the transformations of housing forms, study of pottery, the role of aristocracies and the impact that Christian buildings had on the topography of the urban centres.
Two Early Christian complexes will be presented here: one urban (San Pietro in Canosa), and one rural (San Giusto in the territory of Lucera). Both cases represent clear evidence of the Christianising policy promoted by the Church in the cities and countryside, especially during the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., which led to a new definition of urban and rural landscapes. The Early Christian complex of San Pietro in Canosa—the most important city in Apulia et Calabria in Late Antiquity—and the Early Christian complex of San Giusto, most likely the seat of a rural diocese, are notable expressions of ecclesiastical power in the city and the countryside during the transitional period between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.
The aim of this study is the re-approach of a problem already scholarly analysed in different ways and from different point of view: the so called suburbium, i.e. the space located in between the town and its country. The significance of this concept is basically that of a mental place, that is to say the place where the aristocrats spend their time far from political and social business.
The first step of this work has been the analysis of ancients writers that mentioned the suburbium; moreover a particular attention has been paid to the chronological evolution of the word and of its meaning. The second section is, instead, dedicated to the case study of Iulia Concordia, a Roman colonia in the eastern sector of the province of Venetia, chosen in order to verify in which measure the concepts expressed by the Latin litterature can by fitted into a real archaeological reality. A lot of information have been collected, both published or unpublished, in order to undertake a reconstruction of the natural and human enviroment, devoting a particular attention to aspects and evidence usually understimated. Finally all the data have been reinterpretated to connect the suburb of Iulia Concordia with the main historical events of its Roman and Late Antiquity history .
The Mortars of the Padua Cathedral: C Dating and Production Technology
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