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Kaldtvanns-algen Hydrurus foetidus kjennetegn og forekomst i elver i Norge
Abstract
A. 2018. Kaldtvanns-algen Hydrurus foetidus-kjennetegn og fore-komst i elver i Norge. Blyttia 76: 255-260. The cold-water alga Hydrurus foetidus-morphology and distribution in ri vers in Norway. Among Ihe sessi le members of Ihe Chrysophyceae, Hydrurus foet/dus is the on ly speeies reach in g a size comparable to that of olher Iha lloid algae. I1 is limited lo cold and lorrent rivers and found at locations in Norway and Svalbard. In permanent locations , developing thall i are found during late winter snowmelt at ra pidly improving light condilions. The color of Ihe thall i is different from that of emerg ing green and bluegreen algae. The tham are embedded in a polysaccharide coat preventing the disrupting effects of the rushing water. The ind ividual cells are devoid of a firm cell wall, and they are characteristic by ils apical, cup-shaped chloroplast with a central pyrenoid. Of particular interest is the presenee of a number of contractile vacuoles. easily recogn ized in the microscope as lang as the ceUs are alive. Hydrurus is sensitive to increasing temperatu res beyond 10 °C, and lethal tem peratures are given as 12-16 °C by authors from different locations. Their disappearence from permanent locations may be a proxy for climate change.
Dag Klaveness, Institutt for Biovitenskap. Universitetet i Oslo. dag.klaveness@ibv.uio.no Eli-Anne Lindstrøm , Norsk Insti tutt for Vannforskning (NIVA). elianne.lindstrom@gmail.com
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During research into phytobenthos, macrophytes and macroinvertebrates in Bijela rijeka River in
the Plitvice Lakes National Park in 2015, Hydrurus foetidus (Villars) Trevisan was recorded for the first
time in Croatia. H. foetidus is a macroalga belonging to the group of golden algae or chrysophytes
(Ochrophyta: Chrysophyceae). It is a stenotherm species and an exclusive inhabitant of cold mountain
streams, preferring a fast-flow environment and riffles. The identification of H. foetidus in Bijela rijeka
River indicates high water quality despite the highly modified river morphology and severe anthropogenic
impacts received in Plitvički Ljeskovac village.
In shallow clear rivers macroalgae are a diverse component of biota and especially easily recognizable and easily accessible organisms, facilitating studies of spatial and temporal variation across environmental gradients. Their macroscopic form and appearance makes fi eld studies of their limits and requirements in space and time possible. Some taxa occupy spatially restricted microhabitats, particularly in headwaters, while others are abundant along the length of a river. Spatial variation can occur within a site, between different stream types, or across wide regions. Temporal variation in growth or colonization by a particular species at a particular site can be driven by seasonal changes in discharge and nutrients, which may lead to regular or irregular temporal sequences. More stable temporal dynamics are observed in taxa with high adaptive capacities to resist physical disturbances or to re-establish quickly after fl oods. We examined the most common soft-bodied mac-roscopic algae (SBM) from two geographically extended datasets of temperate streams, from alpine to lowland regions in Austria and a shallower altitudinal gradient of southeastern New York State. Morphological and functional characters, combined with key environmental variables (based on median and multivariate statistics), are used to analyze general trends and causalities for species-specifi c spatial and temporal niches. These results provide strong arguments in favor of using a combination of on-site studies of growth form and phenology, with ecophysiological and molecular studies in the lab to improve our understanding of the factors regulating stream macroalgae occurrence in space and time in the future.
In polar regions, melting snow fields can be occupied by striking blooms of chrysophycean algae, which cause yellowish slush during summer. Samples were har-vested at King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Maritime Antarctica) and at Spitsbergen (Svalbard archipelago, High Arctic). The populations live in an ecological niche, where water-logged snow provides a cold and ephemeral ecosystem, possibly securing the survival of psychrophilic populations through the summer. A physiological adaptation to low tempera-tures was shown by photosynthesis measurements. The analysis of soluble carbohydrates showed the occur-rence of glycerol and sugars, which may play a role in protection against intracellular freezing. Although both populations were made of unicells with Ochromonas-alike morphology, investigation by molecular methods (18S rDNA sequencing) revealed unexpectedly a very close relationship to the mountain-river dwelling Hydru-rus foetidus (Villars) Trevisan. However, macroscopic thalli typical for the latter species were never found in snow, but are known from nearby localities, and har-vested samples of snow algae exposed to dryness evolved a similar pervading, 'fishy' smell. Moreover, in both habitats tetrahedal zoospores with four elongate spikes were found, similar to what is known from Hydru-rus. Our molecular results go along with earlier reports, where chrysophycean sequences of the same taxonomic affiliation were isolated from snow. This points to a distinct group of photoautotrophic, Hydrurus-related chrysophytes, which are characteristic for long-lasting, slowly melting snow packs in certain cold regions of the world.
2011): The 18S and 28S rDNA identity and phylogeny of the common lotic chrysophyte Hydrurus foetidus , European Journal of Phycology, 46:3, 282-291 This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
This is a review on benthic algae from streams situated above the tree line in the Alps. It integrates published and unpublished
data from alpine streams in Austria and in the Trento Province (Northern Italy). The main focus is on the structural and taxonomic
composition of benthic algae including macro- and micro-algae and their contribution to the epilithic biofilm and the stream
food-web. The environmental conditions relevant to algae within the two major stream types, the glacial (glacier-fed) and
non-glacial krenal (spring-fed) stream are discussed. The paper considers both the maximum possible structural complexity
of transverse algae zonation in cascading alpine/subalpine stream segments, and the effects of glacial water on species richness
in the Central Alps in Austria. Autecological data are given for 46 common diatoms from 42 sites in the Central Eastern and
Southern Central Alps and for 30 algae in addition to diatoms for 22 streams in the Central Eastern Alps. Since data on responses
of benthic algae to the harsh conditions in high altitude Alpine streams are very scarce, results from literature and the
author’s experiences from these and other mountain stream types are synthesized to formulate major objectives for future research
in benthic high altitude Alpine stream ecology.
The pros and cons of the old saprobic system are discussed with a view to select the good ideas from the older attempts, to modernize present methods, and to establish the fundamentals for a future universal system of water quality. In addition, the author proposes an open saprobic system, able to be supplemented, modernized and computerized. The first and main component of the system is the amount and intensity of decomposition of autochthonous as well as allochthonous organic matter in water as reflected in the communities. As the main theoretical assumptions of the saprobity system the following two principles are considered: dependence of saprobic organisms on the environment, and successions, occurring in two directions. The second main component of the system of water quality is the toxicity, expressing the toxic effects of chemical compounds on aquatic organisms and their communities. The third main component of the system is the radioactivity, indicating the amount of natural and artificial nuclides in water and aquatic organisms.
Alpine and Nordic rivers are often considered as being among the most pristine in Europe. Nevertheless, acidification and eutrophication impact surface waters in these regions. Soft-bodied, i.e. non-diatom, benthic algae are used as indicators for eutrophication and acidification in both Norway and Austria, but consistency of indicator values has never been tested. We compared species optima with respect to pH, conductivity, total phosphorus (TP), and NO3(-)-N concentration for 21 species, derived from geographically and temporally extensive datasets from Norway and Austria, respectively. The ranges of all four measured parameters were different between Norway and Austria, with Austria having generally higher values for all measured parameters. Optima for all 21 species with respect to pH, conductivity and NO3(-)-N were significantly different between Norway and Austria, while 5 of the 21 taxa showed no significant differences for TP. Nevertheless, species optima for Norway and Austria were significantly correlated with each other for TP, pH and conductivity. This indicates that positions of species optima relative to each other may be stable across ecoregions, in spite of the absolute values of species optima being different. In contrast, optima with respect to NO3(-)-N were not correlated, possibly suggesting a lesser importance of NO3(-) in shaping benthic algal assemblages than TP and pH. We conclude that the use of eutrophication and acidification models across different ecoregions may give meaningful results, but requires regional testing of species optima.
Impacts of acidification on aquatic communities have been obvious in Scandinavia since the end of the 19th century and recent model simulations show that in Norway, acidification of surface waters will continue to be an issue in the coming decades. Here, we present a new index based on non-diatomaceous benthic algae (acidification index periphyton, AIP) that can be used to describe the mean annual acidity of Norwegian rivers. The AIP was applied to 608 samples from unlimed rivers all over Norway and values ranged from 5.35 to 7.28, thus covering a range from acid to neutral conditions. Application of the AIP to both limed sites and sites that formerly were acidified demonstrate that the algal community reacts with a several years delay to both river liming and natural recovery. The AIP is most sensitive between mean annual pH values of approximately 5.5 and 7.0 and can be especially useful in detecting the first signs of an acidification trend or the last steps of a recovery process.
The psychrophilic freshwater alga Hydrurus foetidus (Villars) Trevisan has previously resisted laboratory culturing in liquid media. We investigated the use of microbiological techniques adapted to specific requirement for low temperature and high turbulence of the alga. We found that successful culturing required cleaning steps, where pieces of the alga were dissected out and plated on agar under cold conditions. From here, unialgal colonies could be isolated and inoculated into liquid media under appropriate conditions. Turbulence, created by a laboratory shaker, is critical. Sufficient light (30–100 µmol m–2 s–1) and low temperature (here 2–3°C) are necessary. This rather common but highly under-investigated freshwater alga has potential for basic and applied research when available as laboratory cultures.
The unidirectional water flow to which stream macroalgae are exposed imposes mechanical stresses that vary with the life-form of the algae. The stress, and thus the possibility of breaking or detaching with loss of previously accumulated resources, is least in the boundary-layer forms (crusts, turfs) and greatest in the semierect forms (mucilaginous and nonmucilaginous filaments, and tissuelike thalli). Present evidence on the resource costs of providing semierect forms with the observed safety factor in minimizing the change of breakage under normal flow conditions does not permit useful comparisons to be made with resource acquisition benefits of exposure to rapid water flow. These benefits relate to minimizing boundary-layer thickness, with a consequent increase in the potential flux of nutrient solutes to the algal surface. Such enhanced fluxes are significant in habitats in which algal growth is nutrient-limited. Crusts and turfs have lower potential nutrient fluxes due to the thick boundary layers around the substratum to which they are attached. A possible advantage for resource acquisition of the thick boundary layers associated with crusts and turfs relates to the use of extracellular catalysis by the alga of the conversion of the supplied form of nutrient into the form taken up. The influence of the stream on photosynthesis and growth via light supply involves shading by riparian vegetation and shading of low-growing algae by semierect algae as well as by semierect submerged bryophytes and tracheophytes. The negative effect of shading on productivity is mitigated by the generally low (<25% of full sunlight) photon flux density needed for photosynthetic (and net productivity) saturation of stream macroalgae, especially when nutrients are limited. -from Author
Eutrophication is one of the major problems for surface water quality in Norway, particularly in the lowlands near settlements
and agricultural areas. Here, we present a new index based on non-diatomaceous benthic algae (Periphyton index of trophic
status, PIT) which is developed on a dataset of >500 samples from >350 sites from the Norwegian mainland and can be used to
describe trophic status at a river site. PIT indicator values for benthic algae taxa are derived from water total phosphorus
concentrations and range from 1.87 for Stigonema hormoides to 68.91 for Tribonema sp. PIT site values range from 3.42 to 44.45 and cover a range from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions. The relationship
between the PIT and the total phosphorus concentration has one major threshold at 10μg/l TP, with a slow increase below and
a steep increase above 10μg/l. We conclude that benthic algae species composition at nutrient poor sites reacts only slightly
to small increases in phosphorus concentration, while it is most sensible to eutrophication in the range between 10 and 30μg
TP/l. For the genus Oedogonium, we found a significant positive correlation between filament width and TP concentration, making Oedogonium an easy to use eutrophication indicator.
KeywordsPeriphyton–Epilithon–Phytobenthos–Phosphorus–Indicator–Oedogonium
The objective of this study in River Atna, Norway, was to analyse the spatial and temporal variation in species composition and diversity of the periphyton community in a pristine sub-alpine / boreal watercourse. The variations in the biotic parameters were related to selected environmental factors. We addressed epilithic algae and species living epiphytic on epilithic algae and submerged bryophytes. The sampling sites were located in the alpine, northern boreal, and mid boreal biomes. There was considerable spatial variation in species composition and diversity. This variation showed close correlation with natural gradients in water temperature and nutrient concentration. Three or four periphyton community categories could be distinguished in terms of species composition, diversity, and environmental variables. At high altitudes (1150–740m a.s.l.) in cold water temperatures and extremely low nutrient contents, there was very low species diversity, only including algae known from ultra oligothrophic cold waters, e.g. Scytonematopsis starmachii (cyanobacteria) and Klebshormidium rivulare (green algae). The second category, at medium altitudes (701–522m a.s.l.), was characterised by somewhat higher water temperatures and nutrient contents, and the species diversity was higher. This category included algae known from somewhat richer waters, e.g. Stigonema mamillosum (cyanobacteria) and Zygnema spp.(green algae). The third category was located at approx. 522m a.s.l., had low water temperatures, relatively high alkalinity, and was characterised by Tolypothrix distorta (cyanobacteria) and Ulothrix zonata (green algae). A possible fourth category was found in the lower part of the river (350m a.s.l.), where periphyton was distinguished by high diversity. At the individual sampling localities, species diversity showed strong seasonal variation, but otherwise high temporal stability. Over the 12 years of observations, there was only a weak temporal trend; towards species initially occurring only at low altitudes and high nutrient content. The combination of high temporal stability and high spatial variability, correlating closely with environmental gradients, is the main reason why periphyton observations have become an important constituent in water quality assessment.
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