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A REVIEW OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM (REISHI): A MIRACULOUS MEDICINAL MUSHROOM

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Najeeb Khatian at -
Najeeb Khatian
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Muhammad Aslam at University of Sindh
Muhammad Aslam
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Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum is a type of fungus which grows on dead and deciduous trees. Ganoderma lucidum has a vast history of utilization as a supplement for propelling life span and the advancement of a healthier life in Asian region i.e. in China, Japan and Korea. All Traditional Chinese Medicine specialists believe that Ganoderma lucidum is the most highlighted one amongst the most powerful available adaptogens. Adaptogens are the herbal supplements that have capability of developing the body's impenetrability to stress and offer some assistance with defeating all the troubles and difficulties which are against health and this process is done in the most rapid and fast fashion. Ganoderma products are widely spread in America in the latest couple of years, practically as they have been surely believed and utilized in traditional medicine system of China for an extensive period.
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ǣǤʹͲͳͺǡͶ
ȏͲͻ͹͸Ǧ͵ͺͲͷȐ
ʹͲͳͺʹ͸Ͷͷʹ̹ȋȌ
ͳ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͺǡǤǤ

INTRODUCTION
        
      
       
Ǥǡ
     Ǥ ȏͳȐ
        
     Ǥ Ganoderma
lucidumǡ       ǡ    
ǤGanoderma lucidum

       
  Ǥ ȏʹǡ ͵ȐGanoderma lucidum 
 Dz   dzǤ Ganoderma lucidum  
         
 ǡ ǡ  ǡ ǡ  Ǥ
Ganoderma lucidum       

      ǤǤ  ǡ  
ǤȏͶȐ
Ganoderma lucidum     
    Ǥ Ganoderma lucidum 
       
    ǡ    
 Ǥ Ganoderma lucidum   
ȋȌǡͷͲͲͲ
Ǥ
        Dz  
dzǤȏͷȐ

Ganoderma lucidum      
    Ǥ  
      
 ̵      
       
          
    Ǥ   
         ǡ

ͳǡǡǦ͹ͷ͸ͲͲǡǤ
ʹǡǡǦ͹͸ͲͺͲǡǤ
Ǧǣͳ̷Ǥ
ȗ
       
Ǥȏ͸Ȑ
   ǡ   
ǡ
         
Ǥ        ʹͳ 
ǡ
Ganoderma lucidum ȋ   Ȍ   
Ǥȏ͸Ȑ
CLASSIFICATION
ǣ
ǣ
ǣ
ǣ
ǣ
ǣ
ǣGanoderma lucidum. ȏ͹Ȑ
BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
      Ganoderma
lucidum      ͻͲΨ   
ǢͳͲΨ
        
     ͳͲǦͶͲΨǡ  ʹǦͺΨǡ
͵ǦʹͺΨǡ͵Ǧ͵ʹΨͺǦͳͲΨǤ
  ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡ     
ͳͲΨǤ
ȏͺȐ
    ǡ 
ǡ  ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ
ǡ     
 Ganoderma lucidumǤ      
Ǥ 
  Ǥ ǡ  
  
Ganoderma lucidum. ȏͻǡͳͲȐ
DERIVATION OF NAMES
“Ganoderma lucidumdz       
ǡ
    ǡ   
  Ǥ       
A Review of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi): A Miraculous
Medicinal Mushroom
Najeeb Khatian1, Muhammad Aslam1, 2*
Abstract: Ganoderma lucidum           Ǥ Ganoderma lucidum
  
ǤǤ
ǡ
  Ǥ        Ganoderma lucidum
    
Ǥ
̵     
            
           Ǥ    
 ǡ      
Ǥ
1
ǣǤʹͲͳͺǡͶ
ȏͲͻ͹͸Ǧ͵ͺͲͷȐ
ʹͲͳͺʹ͸Ͷͷʹ̹ȋȌ
ͳ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͺǡǤǤ

Ganoderma lucidum
        
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡǤ
       Ǥ  
ǡ   
Ǥȏ͸Ȑ
HISTORY
     ǡ  
         ǡ 
ǡ ǡ ǡ  ǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡ  
ǦǤȏͳͳǦͳ͵Ȑ
CULTIVATION AND HABITAT
       
    ȋǡ ǡ Ȁǡ ǡ
  Ȍ       
Ǥ
      Ǥ
Ganoderma lucidum   ȋȌ 

 Ǥǡ
      ǡ ǡ
ǡǤ
ǤȏͻȐ
       
      Ǥ    
   Ǥ     ͵ͲǦ
͵ͶιǤȏͳͶȐǡ
    ͵͹ι      
Ganoderma lucidum  
͹ǦͺȀǤȏͳͷȐ
PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES
Anxiolytic Activity
  et alǤǡ ȏͳ͸Ȑ     Ganoderma
lucidum      Ȁ  
     Ǥ  Ȁ 
  
  Ȁ Ǥ    
        
Ganoderma lucidum
       
       Ȁ ǡ   
 Ǥ  
    
 Ǥ        
 Ganoderma lucidum    
Ǥ
Antidepressant Activity

etalǤǡȏͳ͹Ȑ    Ǥ
       Ganoderma
lucidum   Ǧ   
    Ǥ    ȋȌ 
   ȋȌ     
   Ǥ  
     
  Ǥ     Ganoderma
lucidum       
Ǥ
Antitumor Activity
 Ganoderma
lucidum        
Ǥ   
 Ganoderma lucidum     
       
ȋǦ͹ͻͲͳȌȋͷ͸ʹ
͸ͲȌǤǡGanoderma lucidum
    ͳͺͲ  ʹʹ
   Ǥ     
   Ganoderma lucidum 
   Ǧ Ǥ ȏͳͺǡ
ͳͻȐ        
  
  Ǥ ȏʹͲȐ    
    Ganoderma lucidum
   
   Ǥ   
ǤȏʹͳȐ
Hypoglycemic Activity
   
   Ganoderma lucidumǤ  

 Ganoderma lucidum  
 Ǥ    
    
ǤȏʹʹȐ
Ganoderma lucidum   
Ǥȏʹ͵Ȑ
Activity against Topical Sarcoidosis
     
       Ganoderma
lucidum        
Ǥ      
       
      Ganoderma
lucidum  Ǧ  
Ǥ         
  
      
ǤȏʹͶȐ
Antihyperlipidimic Activity
      Ganoderma lucidum 
ǡ  
   Ganoderma lucidumǤ   
Ganoderma lucidum 
   Ǥ   
Ganoderma lucidum 
ǦǤȏʹͷȐ
2
ǣǤʹͲͳͺǡͶ
ȏͲͻ͹͸Ǧ͵ͺͲͷȐ
ʹͲͳͺʹ͸Ͷͷʹ̹ȋȌ
ͳ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͺǡǤǤ

Anti-Obesity Activity
       
      Ǧ
Ǥ       
     Ganoderma lucidum  
         
     ǡ

ȋȌǤȏʹ͸Ȑ
Anti-Inflammatory Activity
       Ganoderma
lucidum   ǦǤ

     Ganoderma lucidum. 

      Ǥ 
      Ǧʹ  
Ǧʹͳǡ
ǦȽǡ Ǧ͸  Ǧ͹  Ǥ  
  Ganoderma lucidum  Ǧ
Ǥȏʹ͹Ȑ
Hepatoprotective Activity
  ǡ     
    
Ganoderma lucidum       
ǤGanoderma lucidum ȋͳͲͲɊȀȌ  
       
ǤȏʹͺȐ
Mucoprotective Activity in Acute Gastric Ulcer
  ǡ       
Ǥ
 Ganoderma lucidum Ǥ 
       

Ganoderma lucidum ǤȏʹͻȐ
Anticancer Activity
      Ganoderma
lucidum       Ǥ
Ganoderma lucidum      
  ǡ ȏ͵ͲȐ Ǧ ǡȏ͵ͳȐ
 
ǡȏ͵ʹȐǡȏ͵͵ȐǤȏ͵ͶȐ
Immunomodulator Activity
      Ganoderma 
  Ǥ ǡ
       Ganoderma lucidum

   Ǥ Ganoderma lucidum
      
 Ǧǡ
Ǥȏ͵ͷȐ
Anti Anemic Activity
        
  ǡ     Ganoderma
lucidum  Ǧ   
Ǥ Ganoderma lucidum    
     ͵ͲͲ Ȁ  ͺͶ Ǥ   
        
  ǯǤ  ǯ    
 ǯ Ǥ 
       
Ǥ    ȋȌ  
        
      Ǥ  
         
    
       Ganoderma lucidum
 Ǥ     
ǯ
       Ǥ 
   
  Ganoderma lucidum Ϊ   
Ǥȏ͵͸Ȑ
Anti-Androgenic Activity
 Ganoderma
lucidum      Ǥ 
      Ǥ 
  Ganoderma lucidum    
ǤǦ
   Ǥ 
      Ǥ  
     
    Ǥ    
       

Ǥȏ͵͹Ȑ
Antioxidant Potential
Ganoderma lucidum    
    ʹʹǦ  
     
Ǥȏ͵ͺȐ
        
ǦǤȏ͵ͻȐ
Prebiotic Potential
   Ganoderma lucidum    
Ganoderma lucidum 
        Ǥ
  Ganoderma lucidum   
 Ganoderma lucidum
         
ǤȏͶͲȐ
Ganoderma lucidum
      

        
    ǡ      
     
   Ǥ     
      
     ǡ
3
ǣǤʹͲͳͺǡͶ
ȏͲͻ͹͸Ǧ͵ͺͲͷȐ
ʹͲͳͺʹ͸Ͷͷʹ̹ȋȌ
ͳ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͺǡǤǤ

ǡ   Ǥ
ǡͳʹǡ
ǤȏͶͳȐ
Urinary Tract Protective Activity
       
    ȋȌǡ   
      Ǥ 
         
ǡ͸
     Ganoderma lucidum 
Ǥ        
    Ǥ ͷǦ  

         
      Ǥ
ȏͶʹȐ
  Ganoderma lucidumǤ   
        
Ganoderma lucidum
  Ǧ      
        
   ȋȌǤ    
 Ganoderma lucidum    
ǤȏͶ͵Ȑ
Activity against Fibromyalgia in Women
  ǡ ǡ  
ǡ     
     Ǥ
Ganoderma lucidum 
ǤǦ   
 ǤGanoderma lucidum 
 ͸ ͶʹǤ 
Ǥ
    Ganoderma lucidum  
 ǡ 
  Ǥ Ganoderma
lucidum 

ǤȏͶͶȐ
Activity against HIV
    
  ͵ͷ     Ǥ
   ȋȌ  
Ǥ ȏͶͷȐ
   Ganoderma lucidum   
      
     Ganoderma lucidum
   ǡǢ 
Ganoderma lucidum     
  ǦǦͳ  Ǥ   
       
  Ganoderma lucidumǡ  
   ǦǦͳ Ǥ  
      Ǧ ǡ
 ȋGanoderma lucidumȌ   
ǦǦͳǤȏͶʹȐ
CONCLUSION

 Ǥ       
   Ǥ    
ǡ
 Ǥ
   
   Ǥ    
      
       
    Ǥ  
         
Ǥ
       
 Ǥ   

Ǥ       
      
    Ǥ    

        
Ǥ Ganoderma lucidum     
Ǥ 
 Ganoderma lucidum    
      Ǥ
       
    Ganoderma lucidum
         
         
Ganoderma lucidum
     Ǥ  Ǧ
 
      
     ǡ ǡ
ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ
    Ganoderma lucidum 
ǡ ǡ Ǧ   

     
Ǥ     Ganoderma
lucidum 

  
  Ǥ    

        
         
ʹͲͲͲǤ
REFERENCES
ͳǤ ǦǡǡǡǤ
Ǧ     
ȋ̵̵ȌǣǤ
ǡͷͷȋͳȌǣ͹ͷǦͺ͵ǡʹͲͲͶǤ
ʹǤ  ǡ   ǡ   ǡ ǡ   Ǥ
Ganoderma lucidumǣ    Ǥ
ǡͳͲȋͺȌǣ͹ͳ͹ǦͶʹǡʹͲͲͻǤ
͵Ǥ   Ǥ   ǣ ǡ 
ǡ     Ǥ 
ǡͳʹȋͳȌǡʹͲͳͲǤ
4
ǣǤʹͲͳͺǡͶ
ȏͲͻ͹͸Ǧ͵ͺͲͷȐ
ʹͲͳͺʹ͸Ͷͷʹ̹ȋȌ
ͳ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͺǡǤǤ

ͶǤ Ǧ ǡ  ǡ   ǡ   Ǥ Ganoderma
lucidum ȋ  Ȍǣ   Ǥ 
ǣǤ ʹ Ǥ 
Ȁ Ƭ Ǣ   ȋȌǡ ʹͲͳͳǤ 
ͻǤ ǣ
ǣǣȀȀǤǤǤǤȀȀͻʹ͹ͷ͹ȀǤ
ͷǤ   ǡ  ǡ  ǡ   Ǥ
       
  ȋȌǤ 
ǡ͹ȋ͸Ȍǣ͹ͲͳǦʹͶǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
͸Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ   
     Ǥ 
ǡ͹ͳȋͳȌǣͳǦͷǡʹͲͳͷǤ
͹Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡ
ͳͻ͸ʹǤ
ͺǤ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ ǣ
      Ǥ
ǡ͵ͷȋͲͶȌǣͷͷͻǦ͹ͶǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
ͻǤ   ǡ  Ǥ     
Ǥǡͳͻͻ͹Ǥ
ͳͲǤ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ 
  Ganoderma lucidum  Ǧ
      
ǣǤǦ 
ǡʹͲͳʹǣͳǦͺǡʹͲͳʹǤ
ͳͳǤ ǡǤGanoderma lucidumȋǤǣǤȌǤǤ
ȋȌ Ϋ   
Ǥ     ǡ
ͳȋʹȌǡͳͻͻͻǤ
ͳʹǤ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ Ganoderma lucidum
Ǧ
      Ǥ   
ǡʹͳȋʹȌǣͳͳͻǦʹ͵ǡʹͲͳͶǤ
ͳ͵Ǥ ǡǡǤGanoderma
lucidum   Ǧ 
Ǥ ǡ ͳʹȋͻȌǣ͸ͳ͵ͷǦ
ͶͷǡʹͲͳͳǤ
ͳͶǤ ǡǡǡǡǤȀ
 Ganodermalucidum ȋǤ Ǥǣ ǤȌ 
ȋȌ     
Ǥ     ǡ
͸ȋͶȌǡʹͲͲͶǤ
ͳͷǤ ǡǡǡǡǡǤȀ
Ganoderma lucidum ȋǤǣ ǤȌ Ǥ Ǥȋ ǡ 
Ȍ       ʑǤ
ǡͶȋͶȌǡʹͲͲʹǤ
ͳ͸Ǥ  ǡ  ǡ   Ǥ Ǧ  
 GanodermalucidumȋȌǤ
ǡͷȋ͸Ȍǣͷ͹Ǧ͸ͲǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
ͳ͹Ǥ  ǡ  Ǥ Ǧ   
  Ganoderma lucidum ȋȌ  Ǥ 
ǡ͸ȋͷȌǣͷͷǦͺǡʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
ͳͺǤ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ 
  Ganoderma atrum   ʹ͸ Ǧ
Ǥǡͳ͵͸ȋ͵ǦͶȌǣͳʹͳ͵ǦͻǡʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
ͳͻǤ ǡǡǡǡǡǡǡ
 Ǥ ǡ     Ganoderma
microsporumǡǦ
Ǥǡ͹ȋͺȌǣͺ͹͵ǦͺʹǡʹͲͳͳǤ
ʹͲǤ ǡǡǡǡǡǡǡòǡǡ
ǡ Ǥ 
       Ganoderma lucidumǤ
ǡͻȋͳͲȌǣͳͳ͹ͷǦͺʹǡʹͲͲͻǤ
ʹͳǤ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ   Ǥ   
      Ǥ 
ǡͳʹȋͷȌǣ͵ͷ͹ͳǦͺǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
ʹʹǤ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ
ǡ
   Ganoderma lucidum  
 Ȁ     Ǥ  ǡ
ͺȋ͹Ȍǣ͸ͺ͵͵ʹǡʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
ʹ͵Ǥ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ
  Ganoderma lucidum
    ǡ  
ȽǦǤǡͳʹͲǣ͸Ǧͳ͸ǡʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
ʹͶǤ   ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ
  Ǥ     
 Ganoderma lucidum ȋ ȌǤ
ǡ͸ȋͳȌǣͳͲͷǦͻǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
ʹͷǤ ǡÀǦǡǡ Ǧǡ
Ǧ×ǡ ǡ  ǡ ± ǡ  ǡ
Ǧ ǡ   Ǥ 
      
ͷ͹Ȁ͸Ǥǡͳͳȋ͹ȌǣͲͳͷͻ͸͵ͳǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
ʹ͸Ǥ ǡǡǡǡǡǡ
ǡ   ǡ   ǡ   ǡ   Ǥ ǣ
       
     Ǥ 
ǡͺǣͳ͸ͳ͵ͲǡʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
ʹ͹Ǥ   ǡ  ǡ   ǡ   ǡ   Ǥ Ǧ
       
         ǦɈ
ǤǡͳͳͶǣͳʹͷǦ͵͸ǡʹͲͳͷǤ
ʹͺǤ ǡ   ǡ   ǡǤ 
    Ganoderma lucidum ȋ Ȍ
       ȋµÖȌ
 Astragalus membranaceus ȋµÀȌǤ  
ǡ͵ȋʹȌǣͳͳͲǦͺǡʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
ʹͻǤ ǡ   Ǥ Ganoderma lucidum  
       Ǥ  
ǡͳ͹ȋ͵ȌǣͶͲǡʹͲͳͶǤ
͵ͲǤ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ Ganoderma lucidum 
       
Ǧ
Ͷ͵ǤǡͳͶȋͳȌǣͶ͵Ͷǡ
ʹͲͳͶǤ
͵ͳǤ  ǡ ǤǦͺ  

 ʹǦ  Ǥ  ǡ
͵͹ͷȋʹȌǣ͵ͶͲǦͺǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
͵ʹǤ Ǧ ǡǦ ǡǦ ǡǦ
ǡǦǡǦǡ
ǡÀǦǤGanoderma lucidum
ǡ 
    Ǥ  
ǡ͹ȋͷȌǣͷͲͲǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
͵͵Ǥ ǡǡǡǡǡǡǡǡ
 ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ     
Ǧ    Ganoderma
lucidum Ǥ   
ǡ͵͵ȋʹȌǣʹͺͻǦͻͻǡʹͲͳͶǤ
͵ͶǤ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ 
     Ǧ  
Ganoderma lucidum    in-vitro  in-vivoǤ
ǡͷͲȋͷȌǣͳͷͶͳǦͷͶǡʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
͵ͷǤ ǡǡǤ
    Ǧ  
Ǥǡ͵ǣͳ͵ͷǡʹͲͳʹǤ
͵͸Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǡǡ ǡ
 ǡ   ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ 
  Ganoderma lucidum  Ǧ 
   ǣ   Ǧ
5
ǣǤʹͲͳͺǡͶ
ȏͲͻ͹͸Ǧ͵ͺͲͷȐ
ʹͲͳͺʹ͸Ͷͷʹ̹ȋȌ
ͳ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͺǡǤǤ

Ǥ Ǧ   
ǡʹͲͳͷǤ
͵͹Ǥ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ  Ǧ

 Ganoderma lucidumǤ  Ƭ  ǡ
ͳͷȋͳͶȌǣͶͻ͸͸Ǧ͹ʹǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
͵ͺǤ   ǡ   ǡ   ǡ   Ǥ   
Ganoderma lucidum   Ǧ 
   ʹȀǦͳǤ  
ǡͳͻȋͳȌǣͷͻǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
͵ͻǤ Ǧ ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  Ǥ
ǡ      
   Ganoderma lucidumǤ   
ǡͷʹȋͷȌǣʹͻ͸͸Ǧ͹͵ǡʹͲͳͷǤ
ͶͲǤ ǡǡǡǡǡǡ
ǡ   ǡ   ǡ   ǡ   Ǥ ǣ
       
     Ǥ 
ǡͺǣͳ͸ͳ͵ͲǡʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
ͶͳǤ ǡÀǦǡǡ Ǧǡ
Ǧ×ǡ ǡ  ǡ ± ǡ  ǡ
Ǧ ǡ   Ǥ 
      Ganoderma
lucidumͷ͹Ȁ͸Ǥǡͳͳȋ͹ȌǣͲͳͷͻ͸͵ͳǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
ͶʹǤ ǡǡǡǡǡ
 Ǥ  ʹͲͲͲ   Ganoderma lucidum  
  Ǥ ǡ ͳͳͶǣͷ͸Ǧ͸ͷǡ
ʹͲͳͷǤ
Ͷ͵Ǥ ǡǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ  ǡ
 Ǥ Ganodermalucidum   
    
Ǥǡͷǣͳ͸ͻͳͲǡʹͲͳͷǤ
ͶͶǤ   ǡ  ǡ À Ó  ǡ À
À  ǡ   ǡ  ǡ   Ǥ 
      
Ǥǡ͵ʹȋͷȌǡʹͲͳͷǤ
ͶͷǤ ǡǡǦǡǡ
Ǥ         
Ȃ Ǥ     
ǡ͵ȋ͹ȌǣͷͳͷǦʹʹǡʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
Cite this article as:ǡǤ
  
Ganoderma lucidum
 ȋȌǣ  
 Ǥ  ǣ
ǡʹͲͳͺȋͶȌǣͳǦ͸ǡʹͲͳͺǤ
6
... Ganoderma lucidum is tagged as "the king of herbs" and grows on decaying and dead logs of deciduous trees, especially oak, maple, willow, sweet gum, elm and coniferous trees etc. [1][2][3] It has a vast application history as a supplement for boosting life span and enhancing a healthier life in Asian regions, i.e., China, Japan and Korea. 1 G. lucidum is documented to possess a high anti-inflammatory function and is tied to better immune function, mental clarity, and longevity. 3 Its fruiting bodies have been viewed as a panacea for all ailments, perhaps owing to its evidenced efficacy as a popular remedy in treating numerous health disorders. ...
... 6 The immunomodulatory function of G. lucidum and its ability to restore immune disorders induced by various causes is one of the main principles in the therapeutics of traditional Chinese medicine 5,7 and as complementary medicine for cardio-vascular health in western countries. 8 Although certain bioactivities and bioactive compounds of G. lucidum have been recently reviewed, 1,3,[9][10][11] this review presents an update and a comprehensive summary of the studies (in vivo, in vitro and clinical research) on the immunomodulatory therapies and nutritional significance of G. lucidum over the past decade. The literature summarized in this study was mainly collated from PubMed, Scopus databases, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar from 2010-2022, with the focus on the recent advances in defining its immunobiological mechanisms, prebiotic merits for gut health and sleep, and possible application in the nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, food and pharmaceutical industries as well as the safety and efficacy of G. lucidum bioactive compounds (emphasis on polysaccharides, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds), since these are essential in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. ...
... Universally, it is commonly referred to as the king of mushrooms, 22 the mushroom of immortality, 23 and a miraculous medicinal mushroom. 1 G. lucidum belongs to the genus Ganoderma, and other closely ...
Therapeutic potential and nutritional significance of Ganoderma lucidum - a comprehensive review from 2010 to 2022
Article
  • Feb 2023
With a long history in traditional Asian medicine, Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a mushroom species suggested to improve health and extend life. Its medicinal reputation has merited it with numerous attributes and titles, and it is evidenced to be effective in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic disorders owing to its unique source of bioactive metabolites, primarily polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and polyphenols, attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic activities, etc. These unique potential pharmaceutical properties have led to its demand as an important resource of nutrient supplements in the food industry. It is reported that the variety of therapeutic/pharmacological properties was mainly due to its extensive prebiotic and immunomodulatory functions. All literature summarized in this study was collated based on a systematic review of electronic libraries (PubMed, Scopus databases, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar) from 2010-2022. This review presents an updated and comprehensive summary of the studies on the immunomodulatory therapies and nutritional significance of G. lucidum, with the focus on recent advances in defining its immunobiological mechanisms and the possible applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries for the prevention and management of chronic diseases. In addition, toxicological evidence and the adoption of standard pharmaceutical methods for the safety assessment, quality assurance, and efficacy testing of G. lucidum-derived compounds will be the gateway to bringing them into health establishments.
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... lucidum)-a medicinal mushroom also known as "Reishi" and "Lingzhi". G. lucidum has been valued for centuries, even millennia, for health-promoting properties associated with healing, longevity, wisdom, and happiness in China, Japan, and Asian countries [2][3][4]. ...
Ganoderma lucidum—From Ancient Remedies to Modern Applications: Chemistry, Benefits, and Safety
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2025
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), commonly known as Reishi or Lingzhi, is a medicinal mushroom with a rich history in traditional Asian medicine. This review examines diverse bioactive components supporting therapeutic properties, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, peptides and proteins, vitamins, minerals, and sterols. The mushroom offers numerous health benefits, including immunomodulation, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, liver protection, and anti-cancer activities. In addition, it shows potential in managing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and viral infections. Advances in extraction technologies, such as ultrasound and microwave-assisted methods, have improved the bioavailability and efficacy of compounds. While G. lucidum is an excellent functional food and therapeutic agent it remains an unexploited source of nutrients. Further research is needed to optimize the industrial applications and evaluate the safety in specific populations.
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... The Latin word lucidus, meaning bright or brilliant, refers to the varnished aspect of the mushroom's surface. In Japan, people refer to the Ganodermataceae family as reishi or mannentake, while in China, people refer to G. lucidum as lingzhi (Wachtel-Galor et al., 2011;Khatian and Aslam, 2018). Due to its rare existence in nature, people primarily cultivate Ganoderma lucidum on wood logs and sawdust in plastic bags and bottles as a traditional folk remedy (Kim et al., 1986, Kim andKim., 1990). ...
Nano-medicinal potential of Himalayan mushroom - Ganoderma lucidium
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidium reportedly possesses a variety of advantageous properties. Due to its rare existence in nature, people primarily cultivate this traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom on wood logs and sawdust in plastic bags or bottles. G. lucidium exhibits a wide range of biological effects, including anticancer, antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties. The extract and its active components have led to the development of numerous nutraceuticals and medicines. By preventing and treating a wide range of ailments, these formulations prolong life and improve health. Researchers are extensively studying metallic nanoparticles, particularly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), created by bioengineered sources in the search for new anti-infective drugs. The current study showcased the production of colloidal AgNPs from G. lucidium at different temperatures, as measured by zeta potential, particle size analyzer, UV-spectrophotometry, and FTIR. Furthermore, the agar well diffusion assay and MIC test depicted antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The nanoformulation of G. lucidium could have potential applications, particularly as an antimicrobial agent in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic products, which could aid in preventing microbial infection.
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... Due to its potential health benefits, it is in great demand. It contains various bioactive compounds, including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, antiinflammatory and antioxidants, which are believed to contribute to health benefits (De Silva et al., 2012;Bishop et al., 2015;Taofiq et al., 2017;Khatian and Aslam, 2018;Liu and Tie, 2019). In their detailed reviews, Cao et al. (2018) and Cör et al. (2018) reported that reishi contains triterpenoids and polysaccharides with high-grade biological activity, proven by animal and clinical studies, which enhance immunity and show antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. ...
Effects of cultivation substrate composition on biological productivity and quality parameters of Ganoderma lucidum
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
A substrate composition experiment was carried out to utilize the waste parts of certain plants for cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal mushroom. Ganoderma mycelium (millet spawn) provided by the Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute (Yalova, Türkiye). Nine (9) different substrate recipes were used in this study; S1: 40% sawdust + 40% chickpea stalk + 20% bran, S2: 60% sawdust + 20% chickpea stalk + 20% bran, S3: 40% sawdust + 40% pea stalk + 20% bran, S4: 60% sawdust + 20% pea stalk + 20% bran, S5: 40% sawdust + 40% poppy stalk + 20% bran, S6: 60% sawdust + 20% poppy stalk + 20% bran, S7: 40% sawdust + 40% corn cob + 20% bran, S8: 60% sawdust + 20% corncob + 20% bran and S9 (Control): 80% sawdust + 20% bran. Mushroom fruiting bodies were obtained from all substrates. Biological efficiency (BE) was varied between 7.84 and 17.92%. BE in S2, S5, S6, S7, S8 and S9 was higher than S4, S3 and S1. The highest total yield was recorded in S6 with 88.38 g 1.5 kg bag-1. The earliest mushroom was harvested from corncob (S8) and sawdust (S9) recipes within 51 days. The protein content of fruiting bodies ranged from 31.51% to 51.4%. Nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron content of fruiting bodies were increased by mixing 40% corncob to substrate and zinc was enriched by adding 20% chick pea stalk. Adding corncob to the substrate may enrich the Ganoderma fruiting body protein and mineral content without decreasing the yield and biological efficiency.
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... Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) also known as Ling Zhi, Reishi, Mannentake is a medicinal, wood-degrading Basidiomycetes with numerous pharmacological effects in addition to its key role in the environment as decomposer in nutrient cycle. G. lucidum is considered as -the king of herbs‖ which grows on the decaying and dead logs of deciduous trees like willow, oak, sweet gum, maple, elm and coniferous trees (larix, picea and pinus) (Khatian and Aslam, 2018;Sudheer et al., 2018). The most important pharmacologically active constituents of G. lucidum are triterpenoids and polysaccharides. ...
Pharmacological Activities of Reishi (Ganoderma Lucidum): Potent Medicinal Mushroom
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2023
Medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum is a white rot mushroom used in medicinal properties and economic importance. It contains a wide variety of bioactive molecules, which have been proved to have several therapeutically properties to control various diseases and it has toxic effects on humans. However, broad spectrum of its pharmacological actions have been established which include immunomodulation, anticancer, ant diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial properties and estrogenic activity. Therefore, in this review particular focus on assess the components of biologically active compounds, pharmacological activity, economical importance, and toxicity of Ganoderma lucidum medicinal mushroom. G. lucidum biological active compounds might be a valuable constituent for the treatment of sex-hormone related aging ailments such as osteoporosis. Various animal studies have been carried out on G. lucidum water and ethanol extracts and protective effects toward acute hepatitis in rat and mice have been reported. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of G. lucidum recommend potential application in the treatment of autoimmune disorder like rheumatoid arthritis Ganoderma lucidum has a significant result on the cardiovascular system, such as reduce blood cholesterol, triglyceride level and blood pressure. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the common widespread disease, symptoms are seen usually in older men age group. Ganoderma lucidum has a significant result on the cardiovascular system, such as reduce blood cholesterol, triglyceride level and blood pressure.
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... The compositional fraction of water is reported to be about 90%, and the 10% remaining dry matter is made of 3-28% carbohydrate, 3-32% fiber, 8-10% ash, 2-8% fat, 10-40% protein, minerals (copper, iron, calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc, phosphorus, potassium, etc.) and some vitamins (Bijalwan et al., 2020a;Bulam et al., 2019). In addition to all the essential amino acids reported in G. lucidum, the protein fractions are suggested to be primarily made of lysine and leucine (Cör et al., 2018;Khatian & Aslam, 2018). As described earlier, the carbohydrate components of G. lucidum are reported to be dominating constituents, followed by proteins, fat, and ash, respectively. ...
Potentialities of Ganoderma lucidum extracts as functional ingredients in food formulation
Article
  • Jun 2023
  • FOOD RES INT
Owing to the recognized therapeutic characteristics of G. lucidum, it is one of the most extensively researched mushrooms as a chemopreventive agent and as a functional food. It is a known wood-degrading basidiomycete possessing numerous pharmacological functions and is termed a natural pharmacy store due to its rich number of active compounds which have proved to portray numerous therapeutic properties. This current review highlights studies on the potentialities of G. lucidum extracts as functional ingredients on organoleptic and nutritional properties of food products (e.g., dairy, wine, beverage, bakery, meat, and other products). In addition, the study delved into various aspects of encapsulated G. lucidum extracts, their morphological and rheological characteristics, prebiotic and immunomodulatory importance, the effects on apoptosis, autophagy, cancer therapy, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, antioxidant activities, and safety concerns. These findings have significant implications for the development of new products in the food and pharmaceutical industries. On the other hand, the various active compounds extracted from G. lucidum exhibited no toxic or adverse effects, and the appeal for it as a dietary food, natural remedy, and health-fortifying food is drastically increasing as well as attracting the interest of both the industrial and scientific communities. Furthermore, the formation of functional foods based on G. lucidum appears to have actual promise and exciting prospects in nutrition, food, and pharmaceutical sciences.
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... The Rishis mushroom is regarded as a treasure herb for curing many human diseases in Asian [10]. G. lucidum, the widely cultivated species of Reishi mushrooms, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has been used as remedies for the treatment of aliments with a long history and aqueous extracts of G. lucidum mycelia possesses antidepressant-like potential [11]. ...
Ganoderma Lucidum Ameliorated Depression-Like Behavior in an Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Rat Model Via Regulation of Monoamines
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
Purpose This study investigated antidepressant-like effect of Gl-E on rats exposed to UCMS and elucidated its potential mechanism of antidepressant action of Gl-E by detecting the levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the rats’ brains. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to UCMS and treated with extract of G. lucidum (Gl-E) and fluoxetine (FLU) for 28 consecutive days. The sucrose preference test (SPT) and open field test (OFT) were applied to assess the antidepressant effects. The levels of monoamines including serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) and their metabolites in the brain of rats were measured by HPLC. Results The results revealed that 4 weeks of UCMS exposure induced significant depression-like behavior, with low 5-HT, NE and DA levels in the rats’ brains. The treatment of Gl-E (0.1 and 0.5 g/kg) or FLU significantly alleviated the behavior deficiency and body weight reduction in UCMS rats. In addition, the levels of 5-HT, NE and DA in the brain of UCMS rats were increased after the Gl-E treatment. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that Gl-E could ameliorate depression-like behaviors in UCMS rats. Monoamines played an important role in the antidepressant action of Gl-E.
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... (Ganodermataceae, Agaricomycetes), is known as the "King of Herbs" in Chinese traditional medicine. 1 The hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antiobesity, antidepressant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects of this mushroom have been proven in many animal and clinical studies. [2][3][4][5][6] The mycelium, basidiomes, and spores of Ganoderma spp. ...
A Review of Substrates for Solid-State Fermentation of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) for Basidiome Production
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
  • INT J MED MUSHROOMS
Mushrooms in the genus Ganoderma have been collected and used as medicine since ancient times. However, commercial basidiome production has only recently been achieved. The solid substrates for basidiome production usually consist of lignocellulosic materials as the major component and the supplements (e.g., different types of bran and flour) as the minor segment. Research on substrates for solid-state fermentation with the purpose of basidiome production has focused on investigating locally available agrowaste materials, and their suitability is judged by the economic outputs. This review summarizes the formulations of the substrates and discusses their effects on the yield of basidiome or its bioactive compounds. Through a comprehensive look, this review concludes that future research focused on various treatments to modulate extracellular enzyme production may bring more options to the table for innovative solid substrate formulation.
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A Review on Management of Varius Disease by Traditional Chinese Medicine Ganoderma lucidum
Article
  • May 2023
Traditional Chinese medicine has used also known as "Lingzhi or Reishi," for more than 2000 years for its superior therapeutic activity, including its antitumor, antiallergenic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, immunomodulator, hypotensive, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antibacterial, and many other health benefits. G. lucidum has recently been under scientific study to see how many bioactive components it has that have an impact on human physiology. It has also been used to make powerful components for the pharmacology, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics sectors. For instance, mounting data suggests that this particular species of mushroom may be an effective antiviral drug for the treatment of a variety of viral infections, including enterovirus 71, dengue virus, and most recently coronavirus disease of 2019. (COVID-19). One of the oldest herbal remedies, Ganoderma lucidum grows in a wide range of places on deciduous trees (dead/dying trees). Adenosine, phenols, steroids, amino acids, lignin, vitamins, nucleotides, and nucleosides are among the 400 primary bioactive chemical components that it also includes. Polysaccharides, triterpenoids, polysaccharide-peptide complex, -glucans, lectins, and natural germanium (Ge) are all included. derived from Ganoderma fruiting bodies, mycelia, which also provide a wide range of useful medicinal qualities. However, we reviewed and described in this paper about pharmacological mechanisms for treating numerous disorders in relation to Ganoderma lucidum extract (polysaccharide and triterpenoid).
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