Article

Sexual Minorities’ Gender Norm Conformity and Sexual Satisfaction: The Mediating Effects of Sexual Communication, Internalized Stigma, and Sexual Narcissism

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Abstract

Objective: Sexual satisfaction has implications for well-being and may be related to gender norms. This study was conducted to understand the relationship between U.S. sexual minority (SM) individuals’ gender norm conformity and levels of sexual satisfaction, as well as examining the following potential mediators: sexual communication, internalized stigma, and sexual narcissism. Methods and Results: A path analysis (N = 142) revealed that, for SM individuals, higher conformity to feminine norms was related to lower sexual satisfaction through higher internalized stigma. In addition, higher conformity to feminine norms for SM individuals was positively associated with sexual narcissism. Conclusion: Implications related to sexual satisfaction for SM individuals are discussed.

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... The clinical implications are discussed. much scarcer [8,11]. This gap impedes a thorough comprehension of sexual health, sexual well-being, and relationships among sexual minorities, and curbs the development of interventions to support these people as they establish healthy relationships in the face of social stigma [12]. ...
... Most studies focused on sexual satisfaction have focused their interest on the Caucasian/ Anglo-Saxon heterosexual population [8][9][10], and research among the same-sex attracted population is sexual costs (EQ CST ) and rewards (EQ REW ) between the members of the couple. Although not part of the model, the number of sexual rewards and the number of sexual costs were also considered as interpersonal variables. ...
... Sexual minorities have become increasingly visible; as a result, the opportunity to examine different aspects of same-sex couple relationships has increased [39]. Few studies have attempted to explain sexual satisfaction among the LGBT community using multifactorial models [8,12,16]. The study of sexual satisfaction of men and women with a same-sex partner is essential for the development of programs to promote the well-being of a same-sex relationship and to understand gender differences through an explanatory model of Spanish-speaking men and women with a same-sex partner. ...
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This study aimed to develop an explanatory model of sexual satisfaction in same-sex attracted individuals with a partner, based on personal and interpersonal variables. The participants were 410 men (mean age = 29.24, SD = 9.84) and 410 women (mean age = 29, SD = 8.57) who maintained a relationship with another person of the same sex. Internalized homophobia was considered as a personal variable, and as interpersonal variables, the dimensions of attachment (anxiety and avoidance), sexual functioning, dyadic adjustment, relationship satisfaction, the components of the Interpersonal Exchange Model of Sexual Satisfaction, the number of sexual costs and the number of sexual rewards were considered. The degree to which sexual satisfaction was related to these variables was examined separately, for both men and women, through multiple linear regression models within the framework of structural equation models. The results indicated that sexual satisfaction is associated in a negative sense with internalized homophobia, the number of sexual costs, anxiety, and avoidance, and in a positive sense with the remaining variables. Relational variables were more relevant in the explanation of sexual satisfaction. The clinical implications are discussed.
... 62 A recent study on sexual minority individuals did, however, find a significant negative association between higher conformity to feminine norms and sexual satisfaction. 63 In contrast with other research, outness was not correlated with sexual satisfaction. 54 Gios et al have discussed the correlates of outness in this sample elsewhere. ...
... 72 This indicates that being uncertain about one's HIV status and the incapacity of communicating about HIV concordance may negatively impact sexual satisfaction, as has been hypothesised in earlier research, but has not been researched extensively. 63 ...
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Introduction Although sexual health has been holistically defined to include sexual satisfaction, it has been largely absent in health services and sexual and reproductive health and rights programmes in many parts of the world. We propose sexual satisfaction as a useful indicator, as one of the proxy measures for sexual health and well-being and as a component of well-being in general. Methods The Sialon II project is a multicentre biological and behavioural cross-sectional community-based survey implemented across 13 European cities during 2013–2014 among men who have sex with men. Sexual satisfaction was explored using one single item: ‘How satisfied are you with your sex life?’ A multivariable multilevel logistic random-intercept model was estimated to identify factors associated with reporting positive sexual satisfaction versus negative sexual satisfaction. Results Age, the number of partners and self-reported HIV status were not significantly associated with sexual satisfaction in the multivariate model. Participants reporting an insertive role or reported both an insertive and receptive role during the last anal intercourse were more likely to be sexually satisfied, compared with a receptive role. Participants reporting anal intercourse with a condom were more likely to be satisfied than those declaring no anal intercourse in the last 6 months, but no significant association was found compared with anal intercourse without condom. Knowledge of HIV-serostatus concordance with the last sexual partner was positively correlated with sexual satisfaction. Having had sexual intercourse with non-steady partners only in the last 6 months was negatively correlated. The more positive participants perceived their work/school, parents and friends/acquaintances’ attitudes towards gay or bisexual persons, the higher the odds they were satisfied with their sexual life. Conclusion Using a single item on sexual satisfaction in a bio-behavioural study, our analysis has shown that it is associated with individual, interpersonal and social/structural factors and has proven its usefulness as a sexual health indicator among men who have sex with men.
... For instance, microaggression exposure has been associated with internalized stigma (e.g., Polihronakis, 2021), which in turn has been associated with a host of mental health concerns (Kuerbis et al., 2017;Newcomb & Mustanski, 2010). Notably, great internalized stigma has also been associated with lower sexual satisfaction and overall sexual health (Budge & Katz-Wise, 2019;Rosser et al., 2008). The role that microaggression and substance use play in this mechanism is worthy exploring in future studies. ...
... The present scoping review found limited studies in the context of intimate and romantic relationships, despite the role that negative relationship interactions play in exacerbating the effect of microaggression exposure on substance use (e.g., . Further expanding the unit of analysis, it is also essential to examine how microaggressions occurring in various social relationships (e.g., family, peer groups, acquaintances) influence shaping sexual scripts and satisfaction with LGBTQ individuals' experience of their own sexuality (Budge & Katz-Wise, 2019). Family and peer groups, among others, have been found to attenuate adverse consequences of exposure to victimization among sexual and gender minorities (Gordi an-Arroyo, 2022). ...
Article
Objectives: Disparities in substance use patterns and outcomes are evident among sexual and gender minority groups. Sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) microaggression, or the subtle forms of aggression experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender non-conforming/non-binary, and gender diverse individuals, have recently been explored as a mechanism that leads to adjustment outcomes, including substance use. In this study we examined extant literature on the association between SOGI microaggression and substance use, and the intermediary factors that mediate or moderate this relationship. Method: Scoping review method was used to systematically map the literature base using database aggregators (e.g., Scopus, EBSCO) following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Results: We found that SOGI microaggression is positively associated with substance use and negative consequences, and this relationship is mediated or moderated by motivational, relational, and identity processes. Conclusion: These findings suggest the need to consider microaggression experience when working with clients of diverse sexual and gender identities. Additional studies are needed on other intermediary factors and effects of microaggression on substances other than alcohol.
... Moreover, a focus on comparing SGD groups with a 'majority' group (i.e., non-SGD) has limited research by neglecting unique factors to SGD people and couples. Indeed, Budge and Katz-Wise [96] found that higher internalized stigma led to lower sexual communication for sexual minority men and women. By applying cis and heteronormative theoretical models of sexual communication to SGD populations, researchers run the risk of overlooking SGD-specific sexual communication factors, like minority stress/stigma, as demonstrated by Budge and Katz-Wise [96]. ...
... Indeed, Budge and Katz-Wise [96] found that higher internalized stigma led to lower sexual communication for sexual minority men and women. By applying cis and heteronormative theoretical models of sexual communication to SGD populations, researchers run the risk of overlooking SGD-specific sexual communication factors, like minority stress/stigma, as demonstrated by Budge and Katz-Wise [96]. Further, researchers may overlook unique strengths and resiliency factors and not account for the expansiveness of identities and experiences within these communities. ...
Article
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Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on sexual communication among sexual and gender/sex diverse (SGD) groups. Complementing an existing review of the literature on safer-sex communication with SGD individuals (Parrillo & Brown, 2021), we focus on sexual communication related to promoting sexual satisfaction. Recent Findings The two-pathways model of sexual communication has yet to be generalized with SGD samples. Research comparing SGD with non-SGD individuals has varied in whether there are differences between groups. There is some evidence of differences between gender diverse and non-gender diverse groups in sexual communication. Emerging evidence of the unique strengths and challenges of sexual communication among gender/sex diverse groups highlights the importance of deepening gender/sex diverse-specific sexual communications research. Summary A lack of literature regarding sexual communication in SGD groups is reported. Results on whether there are differences between and/or within groups are mixed and confounded by inconsistent methodologies for measurement of demographic and sexual communication variables. Clearly, further research is needed to increase our understanding of sexual communication in SGD groups. As such, we provide recommendations for future research, specifically regarding inclusive demographic and analytical considerations.
... Of relevance to the current paper are researchers focusing on the association between sexual minority stress and sexual satisfaction. With few exceptions (e.g., Budge & Katz-Wise, 2019;Fleishman et al., 2020), most researchers examining the relationship between internalized sexual identity stigma and sexual satisfaction have found statistically significant negative associations between these two constructs (e.g., Gonçalves et al., 2020;Henderson et al., 2009;Kuyper & Vanwesenbeeck, 2011;Vale & Bisconti, 2021b). Findings with respect to sexual identity concealment and experiences of sexual identity stigma are mixed. ...
Article
Despite increased scholarly attention being paid to minority stress and sexual satisfaction among sexual minorities, to our knowledge, no researchers have attempted to systematically synthesize this literature. To address this omission, we conducted a meta-analytic review of the association between sexual minority stress (i.e. sexual identity stigma, internalized sexual identity stigma, and sexual identity concealment) and sexual satisfaction. Suitable studies were recruited through electronic databases, with article screening adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-eight articles containing 61 effect sizes were analyzed (N = 183,832). Findings indicated a small, inverse relationship between these constructs, indicating that minority stress may lead to diminished sexual satisfaction among gay/lesbian and bisexual individuals. Further, the overall effect size varied as a function of minority stress type, such that the effect for internalized stigma was significantly larger than the effects for sexual identity stigma or concealment. Age was also a significant moderator; specifically, older age was associated with a smaller effect, suggesting that older adults may be better than younger adults at coping with minority stress. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. We also articulate the implications of these findings vis-à-vis the health and wellbeing of sexual minorities and suggest that clinicians should target internalized stigma in their treatment of sexual concerns among members of this population.
... For example, Bates and Weare (2020) found that men with abusive female partners expressed sexually entitled behaviours by having sex with their partner while they were asleep. Interestingly, while previous research suggests sexual narcissism and entitlement is associated with men and masculinity (Widman & McNulty, 2010), other studies have found that among sexual minority populations, sexual narcissism is related to conformity to feminine characteristics, such as modesty and investment in romantic relationships, though more research is needed to validate this pattern (Budge & Katz-Wise, 2019). The bulk of the background research on sexual entitlement has focused on this attitude's relationship with the perpetration of sexual violence, while few studies have examined if sexual entitlement is related to perceptions of third-party violence. ...
Thesis
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Intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) is a widespread concern and is characterized by sexual violence or coercion occurring within intimate partnerships; however, much of the literature has focused on heterosexual, male perpetrated sexual coercion. The aim of the current study was to understand how people’s experiences with IPSV, attitudes, and dark personality traits relate to perceptions and perpetration of IPSV. Undergraduates (N = 680, 71.0% women, 68.7% heterosexual) were randomly assigned to read a fictitious IPSV vignette describing a scenario of either male-on-female, female-on-male, male-on-male, or female-on-female coercion and provide their perceptions of seriousness, perpetrator blame, and victim blame. Participants self-reported their previous history of IPSV perpetration and victimization, non-partner coercion victimization, rape myth acceptance, sexual entitlement, and Dark Tetrad traits. The results found that previous perpetration of IPSV, non-partner coercion, rape myth acceptance, sexual entitlement, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, and gender were all significantly related to perceptions of seriousness, perpetrator blame, and/or victim blame; however, participants perceived the severity and blame similarly across heterosexual and homosexual conditions. Rape myth acceptance, sexual entitlement, and psychopathy were all significantly related to IPSV perpetration. The results demonstrate a consistent relationship between perpetrating IPSV and rape myth acceptance with perceptions of IPSV in heterosexual and homosexual relationships. The results provided tentative evidence for the nested ecological model framework of IPSV at the individual and societal levels; additionally, practical implications include more inclusive views of sexual minority groups and understanding the characteristics of IPSV perpetrators.
... While many studies investigated this association through single analyses, several identified complex relationships between increased internalization of homonegative attitudes and the degree to which an individual feels satisfied in their sex life. For example, Budge and Katz-Wise (2019) found that IH mediated the relationship between conformity to feminine norms and sexual satisfaction. In other words, they found that holding negative attitudes about one's sexual identity was the path by which LGBQ+ women who subscribe to more traditional feminine norms experience less sexual satisfaction. ...
Article
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Sexual satisfaction (i.e., feeling sexually fulfilled) and sexual pleasure (i.e., positive physical and emotional experiences during sex) are predominantly studied among heterosexual, white, cisgender samples; whereas, sex research using lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer (LGBQ+) samples has often taken a deficit-based approach (e.g., sexually transmitted infection, engagement in risky sex). By studying this population predominantly within a deficit-based approach, the risk of pathologizing them rises, especially among multiply marginalized LGBQ+ individuals. Among the studies that do employ a sex-positive lens with LGBQ+ samples, existing scholarship has not been systematically reviewed to determine the representation of plurisexual individuals (i.e., bisexual and pansexual), how these studies depict their intersecting marginalized racial and gender identities, or the inclusion of LGBQ+-specific variables (i.e., internalized homonegativity [IH], internalized binegativity [IB], identity pride [IP]). To address these questions, we conducted a 38-year (1983–2021) content analysis of literature studying sexual satisfaction and/or sexual pleasure among LGBQ+ individuals. Of 75 articles analyzed, sexual satisfaction was measured more frequently (N = 65) than sexual pleasure (N = 10). While roughly half of the articles (N = 39) included bisexual participants, on average they comprised only 10.58% of the sample. Pansexual (N = 5) or queer (N = 9) identities were significantly less represented within samples. Twelve articles included IH, one article included IB more specifically, and two articles included identity affirmation or pride. Only 12 articles included samples that were not predominately white and 11 articles included transgender or gender-expansive participants. Implications for future research among plurisexual samples will be discussed.
... This research reveals that people engaging in same-sex sexual behavior often experience social disapproval and internalized stigma (e.g., Herek, 2009;Herek et al., 2009). In addition, research has also linked this stigma to mental health concerns (Baams et al., 2015;Cochran et al., 2003), sexual anxiety (Moody et al., 2018), and low sexual satisfaction (Budge & Katz-Wise, 2019;Gonçalves et al., 2020). ...
Article
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Research reveals that a substantial proportion of North American adults report interest in and experience with mixed-sex threesomes (MSTs; sexual activity involving three people at the same time in which persons of more than one sex are present). Despite the prevalence of MST participation, little is known about the outcomes of MST experiences. Thus, the current study assessed MST outcomes using various metrics including the extent to which one’s most recent MST met expectations, the likelihood of participating in the MST again, and whether an orgasm was experienced. In addition, the extent to which one’s sex, the sex of those involved, and the inclusion of one’s romantic partner impacted outcomes was examined. Data from 276 heterosexual adults (217 men, 59 women) revealed that, overall, adults report fairly positive outcomes from their most recent MST and that males reported more positive outcomes than did females (particularly when engaging in a MST with two members of the other sex). In addition, MSTs involving one’s romantic partner resulted in more positive outcomes than did those with casual partners. These results confirm that MSTs can be a satisfying experience particularly for heterosexual males and those participating with a romantic partner. Implications for educators looking to destigmatize various forms of nonmonogamies and for practitioners who intend to assist adults interested in safely exploring multi-person sexual behavior are discussed.
... Due to the double sexual standard that is still prevalent in most societies, some of their difficulties may differ by gender (Crawford & Popp, 2003;Holland & Vangelisti, 2020;Lefkowitz et al., 2014). For example, EAV women may be perceived more positively than EAV men, because women are often stigmatized when they engage in sexual activities with multiple partners, whereas these behaviors may be expected and even rewarded in men (Budge & Katz-Wise, 2019;Crawford & Popp, 2003). By extension, the myth that men have more pressing sexual needs than women and that an active sex life is a sign of virility (Fleming & Davis, 2018) may make EAV men particularly vulnerable to psychological distress. ...
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Social clock theory posits that off-time transitions, such as virginity loss, are often socially reproached and stigmatized. Research suggests, however, that reasons for virginity in adulthood are heterogeneous and that some emerging adult virgins (EAVs) are struggling socially. To guide the development of interventions tailored to this population, it is important to understand their difficulties. Through individual semi-structured interviews, this study explores the difficulties and disagreeable emotions experienced by 29 heterosexual virgins aged between 20 and 29. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three main themes were identified: (a) difficulties related to society, (b) difficulties related to interpersonal relationships, and (c) disagreeable emotions experienced relative to late virginity. These results reveal that difficulties expressed by EAVs are intertwined and surprisingly, the most salient difficulty was related to lack of intimacy, rather than virginity per se. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, along with recommendations for future research.
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The goal of this study was to characterize the sexuality of sexual-minority (i.e., lesbian, bisexual, queer, unlabeled, questioning) women. Participants were 586 women (87% White) in a same-sex relationship of 1 to 36 years in duration. They completed measures assessing their sexual behavior (frequency of nongenital and genital sexual activities), motivation (sexual desire), and cognitive-affective responses (sexual satisfaction, sexual esteem, sexual anxiety, negative automatic thoughts). On average, the women reported experiencing their sexuality positively across all domains. Regardless of relationship duration, most of the women reported engaging in both genital and nongenital sexual behaviors with their partner once a week or more; few reported that they had not engaged in sexual activity in the previous month. A multiple regression analysis indicated that frequency of genital sexual activity, sexual desire, sexual anxiety, and automatic thoughts contributed uniquely to the prediction of sexual satisfaction over and above the other sexuality variables. The findings are discussed in terms of the idea that lesbians have sex less frequently than other couple types and that sexual frequency declines rapidly in lesbian relationships (i.e., "lesbian bed death") and descriptions of sexual-minority women's sexuality that suggest that genital sexual activity is not important to sexual satisfaction.
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Same-sex romantic partners face the challenge of developing a positive relationship while managing stressors associated with being members of a stigmatized minority group. This study examined links between two potential sources of minority stress (internalized homonegativity and sexual orientation self-concealment) and change in predictors of relationship commitment (constraints, attractions, and satisfaction) in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. Fifty-one LGB college students who were in a same-sex dating relationship with the same person throughout the study completed surveys at two time points six weeks apart. Initial levels of internalized homonegativity were associated with decreases in relationship attractions and satisfaction but not constraints. Initial self-concealment levels, however, were unrelated to changes in any of the relationship variables.
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Sexual script research (Simon & Gagnon 196950. Simon , W. , & Gagnon , J. H. ( 1969 ). Psychosexual development . Society , 6 ( 5 ), 9 – 17 . doi: 10.1007/BF02806366 [CrossRef]View all references, 198652. Simon , W. , & Gagnon , J. H. ( 1986 ). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 15 ( 2 ), 97 – 120 . doi: 10.1007/BF01542219 [CrossRef], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [CSA]View all references) bourgeoned following Simon and Gagnon's groundbreaking work. Empirical measurement of sexual script adherence has been limited, however, as no measures exist that have undergone rigorous development and validation. We conducted three studies to examine current dominant sexual scripts of heterosexual adults and to develop a measure of endorsement of these scripts. In Study 1, we conducted three focus groups of men (n = 19) and four of women (n = 20) to discuss the current scripts governing sexual behavior. Results supported scripts for sex drive, physical and emotional sex, sexual performance, initiation and gatekeeping, and evaluation of sexual others. In Study 2, we used these qualitative findings to develop a measure of script endorsement, the Sexual Script Scale. Factor analysis of data from 721 participants revealed six interrelated factors demonstrating initial construct validity. In Study 3, confirmatory factor analysis of a separate sample of 289 participants supported the model from Study 2, and evidence of factorial invariance and test-retest reliability was obtained. This article presents the results of these studies, documenting the process of scale development from formative research through to confirmatory testing, and suggests future directions for the continued development of sexual scripting theory.
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Sexual narcissism has recently been proposed to be a specific risk factor for the perpetration of sexual coercion based on both self-reports of previous behavior and self-estimated likelihood of engaging in acts of sexual violence. To explore one of the potential underlying mechanisms of sexual narcissism, we tested whether for highly sexually narcissistic males the subtle priming of sexual concepts would evoke aggressive behavior in a standard measure of aggressive behavior, the Taylor Aggression Paradigm. Results showed that only for sexually narcissistic men did a subtle priming with mildly erotic words lead to an increase in shock volumes administered to the alleged competitor on this task. For women, it was postulated that physical force would not be represented as a functional behavioral script for sexually narcissistic females and, in line with this hypothesis, no effects were found for women. The results were discussed with regard to the underlying processes of sexual narcissism and the importance of an individual difference perspective in sex-aggression links.
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Promoting the development of positive interpersonal communication skills has been identified as one of the National Health Education Standards. The propensity to feel shame has been linked to ineffective conflict resolution and is a key component in the development of certain destructive behavioral patterns. This study sought to determine the differences between shame proneness and guilt proneness on measures of constructive and maladaptive responses to anger among a population of students at two large universities. The results of this study indicated that shame proneness was positively correlated with anger arousal, whereas there was no correlation between guilt proneness and anger arousal. Additionally, shame prone individuals were more likely to select maladaptive, nonconstructive interpersonal responses to anger-eliciting scenarios, while guilt prone individuals were more likely to choose adaptive, constructive responses. Although shame proneness has been identified as a factor in several destructive behavioral patterns, the core issue is the effect of shame on a person's ability to effectively communicate in interpersonal relationships. A discussion of shame and related skill development could be incorporated into existing interpersonal communication teaching strategies. (Contains 3 tables.)
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There is theoretical reason to believe narcissism is associated with a number of sexual behaviors and outcomes that affect both sexual and relationship satisfaction. Nevertheless, research on the association between personality and behavior demonstrates that personality traits, such as narcissism, only predict behavior in domains that activate the components of the personality system. Given that global assessments of narcissism do not capture the extent to which the components of narcissism are activated in the sexual domain, we examined the extent to which the facets of a domain-specific measure of sexual narcissism accounted for the trajectories of own and partner sexual and marital satisfaction over the first five years of 120 new marriages. Three of the four facets of sexual narcissism (sexual exploitation, sexual entitlement, and low sexual empathy) were negatively associated with both trajectories. The fourth facet (sexual skill) was positively associated with both trajectories. Notably, sexual satisfaction mediated the effect of every facet of sexual narcissism on marital satisfaction. A global assessment of narcissism was not associated with either trajectory of satisfaction. These findings highlight (1) the importance of narcissistic tendencies for sexual processes, (2) the benefits of using domain-specific measures of personality in research on sexual behavior, and (3) the importance of examining the implications of the specific facets of personality constructs.
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The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI), intended as a counseling tool to examine masculinity issues with male clients, assesses conformity to 12 components of the masculine role. In this study, participants (N = 307) completed the CMNI and the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS). Men's conformity to traditional masculine norms was negatively associated with RAS scores for both men rating themselves and women rating their male partners on the CMNI. Men's conformity to masculine norms was more strongly associated with women's relationship satisfaction than with men's relationship satisfaction. Findings suggest the usefulness of the CMNI for helping counseling clients explore how men's conformity to specific masculine norms is connected to the quality of their romantic relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Reviews theoretical and research evidence on internalized homophobia (IH; the internalization of societal antihomosexual attitudes) and describes findings from different investigations of IH in a community sample of New York City gay and bisexual men. Two cohorts of Ss, 1 aged 18–75 yrs and the other aged 18–24 yrs, were followed for 7 and 2 yrs, respectively, as part of the Longitudinal AIDS Impact Project. Relationships were assessed between IH and intimacy, sexual behavior, and AIDS-related risk taking. More than two-thirds of both cohorts experienced some level of IH. Findings suggest that, although often of low level, IH is common among many gay and bisexual men who have apparently accepted their homosexual orientation, and that IH continues to be manifested in gay and bisexual men even after they have come out. In addition, IH was found to be a predictor of mental health problems, intimacy problems, and AIDS-related risk-taking behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Objective: This study examines the link between pathological personality traits (i.e., narcissism and psychopathy) and perpetration of sexual aggression among college men. Additionally, it explores how sexuality impacts the operation of these personality traits in the context of sexual aggression. Our model proposed that sociosexuality (i.e., willingness to engage in frequent, casual sexual encounters) would explain the associations of narcissism and psychopathy with perpetration of sexual aggression. Method: A sample of college men (n = 296) self-reported levels of Narcissistic Personality Disorder traits, psychopathy, sociosexuality, and history of both rape and sexual assault perpetration. Results: Participants who scored in the upper third of the distribution of all three personality variables were twice as likely to report perpetration relative to the sample as a whole (i.e., 46% vs. 22%). Both narcissism and psychopathy distinguished perpetrators from nonperpetrators, but with sociosexuality included in the model neither personality trait continued to explain significant variance in perpetration. Conclusions: Pathological personality traits aid in our understanding of perpetration among college men, and sexuality plays an important role in explaining the association between pathological personality traits and perpetration. Therefore, prevention programs designed to target men with this personality profile might be particularly efficacious. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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This study examined the validity of the Interpersonal Exchange Model of Sexual Satisfaction (IEMSS) in long-term, heterosexual sexual relationships. The IEMSS proposes that sexual satisfaction depends on one's levels of rewards and costs in the sexual relationship, one's comparison levels (CL) for rewards/costs, and one's perceptions of the dyadic equality (EQ) of these rewards/costs. Sexual satisfaction is expected to be greater to the extent that, over time, levels of rewards (REW) exceed levels of costs (CST), relative reward levels (CLREW) exceed relative cost levels (CLcst), and interpersonal equality of rewards (EQrew) and of costs (EQCST) is perceived to exist. Married/cohabiting community volunteers and university alumni/staff completed two questionnaires, 3 months apart. The results obtained from this well-educated, relationally satisfied sample (N= 143) provided excellent support for the IEMSS. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that each component of the model (REW - CST, CLrew - CLcst, and EQrew, EQcst) added to the prediction of sexual satisfaction as expected, accounting for 75% of the variance. Repeated measurement of the IEMSS components offered a better prediction of sexual satisfaction than a one-time measure alone. Neither gender nor relationship satisfaction interacted with the IEMSS components. However, including relationship satisfaction (but not gender) in the model significantly improved the prediction of sexual satisfaction. It was concluded that the model should be revised to include relationship satisfaction. Both the exchange components of the IEMSS and sexual satisfaction uniquely predicted relationship satisfaction. The IEMSS offers a promising approach for understanding sexual satisfaction and its relationship to relationship satisfaction, as well as for reconciling inconsistent findings in the literature.
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This study evaluated the relationship between women's perceptions of men's gender role conflict and women's relationship satisfaction and well-being. One hundred seventy-five women reported perceptions of their most recent or current male romantic partner's gender role conflict and rated their own levels of somatization, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and relationship satisfaction. Women who perceived their romantic partners as scoring higher on Success, Power, and Competition and lower on Restrictive Affectionate Behavior Between Men reported greater levels of depression and anxiety. Women who perceived their partners as scoring lower on Success, Power, and Competition and Restrictive Emotionality reported greater relationship satisfaction. Gender role conflict factors did not predict women's somatization or self-esteem levels. Counseling implications, suggestions for future research, and limitations are discussed.
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The authors examined the contributions of the minority stress model, traditional masculine gender roles, and perceived social norms in accounting for gay men's use of alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and risky sexual practices. Three hundred fifteen gay men recruited from listserv communities completed measures assessing internalized homophobia, stigma, antigay physical attack, masculinity, and perceptions of normative health behaviors, along with health risk behaviors of alcohol use, illicit drug use, smoking, and high-risk sexual behaviors. Pearson correlations supported several hypotheses; social norms and masculinity variables were significantly related to health risk behaviors. Four multiple regression analyses indicated that masculinity and perceptions of social norms predicted health risk behaviors. Additionally, a significant interaction was found between minority stress and perceptions of social norms. The clinical implications of the findings, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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This study was focused on the extent to which sex, gender, and attitudes toward sexuality influenced the amount and quality of sexual communication within 698 heterosexual dating couples. Women reported more dyadic sexual negotiation but less sexual negotiation efficacy than their male partners, and individuals with less traditional attitudes toward gender roles and sexuality indicated that they discussed more sexual issues and disclosed more sexual information with their partners. Couples with more dyadic sexual communication and sexual assertiveness (but lesser negotiation efficacy) reported increased relational satisfaction. We frame the findings from a script perspective, and our results suggest that individuals who self-disclose important information about sexual issues contribute to the effectiveness of sexual communication in a dating relationship.
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This article describes the construction of the Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory (CFNI), which was designed to assess womens conformity to an array of feminine norms found in the dominant culture in the United States. In addition, we present four studies in which the psychometric properties of the CFNI were examined. In Study 1, factor analysis indicated that the CFNI is comprised of eight distinct factors labeled as Nice in Relationships, Thinness, Modesty, Domestic, Care for Children, Romantic Relationship, Sexual Fidelity, and Invest in Appearance. Results from Study 2 indicated that the CFNI has strong internal consistency estimates and differentiates college women from college men. In addition, Study 2 demonstrated that the CFNI Total score and subscale scores relate to Bem Sex Role Inventory and Feminist Identity Development Scale scores in theoretically consistent patterns. Study 3 indicated that the CFNI Total score and several of the subscales significantly and positively relate to scores on the Eating Disorder Inventory. Finally, Study 4 demonstrated that the CFNI Total score and subscale scores have high test-retest estimates for a 2–3 week period. The discussion focuses on potential uses of the CFNI, limitations to the study, and suggestions for future research.
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The present research examines the link between narcissistic personality and sexuality. Additionally, it explores how sexuality may inform the operation of narcissism within the context of close relationships. Two theoretical models, each addressing one of these issues, were evaluated empirically. Our first proposed model suggests that the agentic nature of narcissism explains why narcissism is linked to less restricted forms of sexual attitudes and behaviors (i.e., unrestricted sociosexuality). Our second proposed model suggests that a consequence of the sexual attitudes and behaviors associated with narcissism is low relationship commitment. Both of these models received empirical support. Discussion centers upon the theoretical implications and limitations of these models.
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Introduction: Discussions about sexual health are uncommon in clinical encounters, despite the sexual dysfunction associated with many common health conditions. Understanding of the importance of sexual health and sexual satisfaction in U.S. adults is limited. Aim: To provide epidemiologic data on the importance of sexual health for quality of life and people's satisfaction with their sex lives and to examine how each is associated with demographic and health factors. Methods: Data are from a cross-sectional self-report questionnaire from a sample of 3,515 English-speaking U.S. adults recruited from an online panel that uses address-based probability sampling. Main outcome measures: We report ratings of importance of sexual health to quality of life (single item with five-point response) and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Satisfaction With Sex Life score (five items, each with five-point responses, scores centered on the U.S. mean). Results: High importance of sexual health to quality of life was reported by 62.2% of men (95% CI = 59.4-65.0) and 42.8% of women (95% CI = 39.6-46.1, P < .001). Importance of sexual health varied by sex, age, sexual activity status, and general self-rated health. For the 55% of men and 45% of women who reported sexual activity in the previous 30 days, satisfaction with sex life differed by sex, age, race-ethnicity (among men only), and health. Men and women in excellent health had significantly higher satisfaction than participants in fair or poor health. Women with hypertension reported significantly lower satisfaction (especially younger women), as did men with depression or anxiety (especially younger men). Conclusion: In this large study of U.S. adults' ratings of the importance of sexual health and satisfaction with sex life, sexual health was a highly important aspect of quality of life for many participants, including participants in poor health. Moreover, participants in poorer health reported lower sexual satisfaction. Accordingly, sexual health should be a routine part of clinicians' assessments of their patients. Health care systems that state a commitment to improving patients' overall health must have resources in place to address sexual concerns. These resources should be available for all patients across the lifespan.
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This study examined the relationship between narcissism, sexual motives, and sexual satisfaction from a dyadic perspective. One hundred twenty-eight heterosexual couples (N = 256) completed questionnaires regarding their narcissism, sexual motives, and sexual satisfaction and functioning. Actor-Partner Interdependence Model analyses revealed two actor-effects on men's sexual satisfaction, intimacy during intercourse and orgasmic responsivity and one partner-effect on men's sexual satisfaction and intimacy during intercourse. Self-affirmation was identified as the main motive for engaging in sex for narcissistic individuals. Recommendations for further research and additional clinical implications are discussed.
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The current study examined how dimensions of masculinity and femininity were expressed for sexual minorities. Cluster analysis was used to determine the number of latent classes for conformity to masculine and feminine norms for sexual minorities. A four-class solution was the best fit to the data. Cluster 1 (labeled Relating to others through equality and caring, n = 41) was characterized by low dominance and power over women and high involvement with kids and have nice relationships norms. Cluster 2 (labeled Relating to others through avoidance and misogyny, n = 38) was characterized by low risk-taking and have nice relationships and high power over women and disdain for homosexuality. Cluster 3 (labeled Relating to others through power, n = 34) was characterized by high winning, pursuit of status, and appearance and low modesty. Cluster 4 (labeled Relating to others through sex, n = 27) was characterized by low involvement in romantic relationships and sexual fidelity while endorsing high playboy attitudes. Results indicate that conforming to gender norms tends to follow categories of interpersonal beliefs and behaviors rather than being based in gender identity or sexual orientation. Implications of the results for future research and clinical practice are examined.
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Traditionally, the research, assessment and treatment of 'gender dysphoria' (GD) and 'gender variance' (GV) has tended to pathologize transvestites/ crossdressers, transsexuals and transgendered people, including 'transqueers'. This article will cite examples of clinical 'transphobia' to underscore the need to revolutionize our way of doing therapy with transpeople. To optimize the recent trend towards a more respectful, collaborative relationship between GD/GV clients and the mental health community, we must ensure that our clinical orientation is truly responsive to the changing real-life needs of a highly-diversified trans population, including the rights to self-determination and comprehensive health care. To help meet this goal, this paper will develop a generic transpositive therapeutic model, building from existing trans-affirmative approaches. A series of nine major guidelines to build the theoretical framework for a transpositive model of psychotherapy is proposed, with specific recommendations around: 1) clinical orientation/treatment philosophy, 2) assessment considerations, 3) treatment considerations (including psychotherapy, diversified subpopulations and marginalized subpopulations), 4) the therapeutic relationship, 5) comprehensive case management, 6) accountability/quality assurance, 7) advocacy/alliance building, 8) knowledge base/professional development, and 9) research.
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People with disabilities (PWD) make up a significant portion of the population in the US; the 2010 United States Census reported that 21.3 % of the population age 15 and up has a disability. Research and scholarship around sexuality and disability has grown internationally, yet much of the existing research on the sexuality of PWD is focused on sexual self-esteem and social attitudes on sexuality, not how PWD negotiate sex/engage sexually. This study focuses on themes that emerged from interview data in a subsample of a larger study that identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and/or queer, kink/BDSM practicing and/or polyamorous/in open relationships. It examines the themes of kink as a form of communication and boundary setting, as well as identity influences; how the process around coming out regarding sexually marginalized identities, and how these two themes impact coming out and communicating sexual needs regarding disabilities. PWD who are sexual or gender minorities experience unique understandings of communication with sexual partners. The findings suggest that their identities as part of marginalized communities actually serve to support and enhance this communication, leading to more self-reported positive outcomes.
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In this article theories of gender hegemony are utilized to assess how changing norms impact upon the binary construction of gender. Transformed gender ideals have materialized in the figure of the 'empowered' and autonomous yet reassuringly feminine woman. Despite the assimilation of key attributes associated with masculinity this particular expression of idealized femininity does not necessarily rework dominant perceptions of gender difference and their organization into a relation of hierarchical complementarity. Through the review of key empirical studies which have examined identity work undertaken by young women and young men as they negotiate idealized gender norms, this article examines how hegemonic relations are reproduced alongside the production of plural femininities and masculinities. This analysis is discussed in relation to changes associated with a move from a private to a public gender regime, a perceived feminization of the public sphere, and the complication of contradictory gender ideals.
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Most people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) take steps to protect their sexual partners. However, a minority of PLWHA continue to engage in sexual risk behaviors that might contribute to the transmission of HIV. Psychiatric conditions, including certain pathological traits, are associated with sexual risk behaviors. Research examining the association between narcissistic traits as they relate to HIV transmission risk is limited. In the present study, 303 PLWHA were recruited from an infectious disease clinic and completed questionnaires assessing narcissistic characteristics, substance use, sexual risk behavior, and intentions to use condoms in the future. Narcissistic traits predicted unprotected sex with partners who are HIV-negative or whose HIV status was unknown as well as lower intentions to use condoms, after controlling for demographic factors and substance use. Interventions focused on reducing the transmission of HIV should take into account associations between sexual risk behavior and narcissism.
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Literature on sexual minorities has focused on characteristics regarding the developmental process of sexual identity formation, with little agreement as to underlying constructs. The present study (N = 855) used an online survey to investigate Cass's (1984) theoretical model of stages of identity formation to explore shame and associated variables of internalized homophobia, ambivalence over emotional expression, and personal mastery across stages of identity development in order to clarify relationships among these variables. Findings offer partial support of Cass's stage model of sexual minority identity development as a process of differential stage progression and suggest that the relationships between shame, internalized homophobia, ambivalence over emotional expression and personal mastery are significant in understanding identity stage development. Applications to psychotherapy are discussed.
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According to Steven Seidman, analysts of institutionalized heterosexuality have ‘focused exclusively on its role in regulating homosexuality’ and, while queer approaches theorize how ‘homosexuality gains its coherence in relation to heterosexuality, the impact of regimes of normative heterosexuality on heterosexuality has largely been ignored’ (2005: 40). Over the last decade and more, however, feminists have been analysing how normative heterosexuality affects the lives of heterosexuals (see Wilkinson and Kitzinger, 1993; Richardson, 1996; Jackson, 1999; Ingraham, 1996, 1999). In so doing they have drawn on earlier feminists, such as Charlotte Bunch (1975), Adrienne Rich (1980) and Monique Wittig (1992), who related heterosexuality to the perpetuation of gendered divisions of labour and male appropriation of women’s productive and reproductive capacities. Indeed, Rich’s concept of ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ could be seen as a forerunner of ‘heteronormativity’ and I would like to preserve an often neglected legacy of the former concept: that institutionalized, normative heterosexuality regulates those kept within its boundaries as well as marginalizing and sanctioning those outside them. The term ‘heteronormativity’ has not always captured this double-sided social regulation. Feminists have a vested interest in what goes on within heterosexual relations because we are concerned with the ways in which heterosexuality depends upon and guarantees gender division. Heterosexuality, however, is not a singular, monolithic entity – it exists in many variants. As Seidman points out there are hierarchies of respectability and good citizenship among heterosexuals, and what tends to be valorized as ‘normative’ is a very particular form founded on traditional gender arrangements and lifelong monogamy (see Seidman, 2005: 59–60; see also Seidman, 2002). Thus the analysis of heteronormativity needs to be rethought in terms of what is subject to regulation on both sides of the normatively prescribed boundaries of heterosexuality: both sexuality and gender. With this in mind, this article re-examines the intersections between gender, sexuality in general and heterosexuality in particular. How these terms are defined is clearly consequential for any analysis of linkages between them. There is no consensus on the question of definition, in large part because gender, sexuality and heterosexuality are approached from a variety of perspectives focusing on different dimensions of the social. It is not a case of some having a clearer view than others, but rather that the social is many-faceted and what is seen from one angle may be obscured from another. Sexuality, gender and heterosexuality intersect in variable ways within and between different dimensions of the social – and these intersections are also, of course, subject to historical change along with cultural and contextual variability. Hence before I go any further some conceptual clarification is needed to explain, first, how I am using the terms gender, sexuality and heterosexuality, and then what I mean by different dimensions of the social. I will then go on to outline some of the intersections that should be explored further if we are to appreciate the complexity of heteronormative social relations. In so doing I am certainly not claiming some privileged all-seeing perspective, but merely making some tentative suggestions on what might be seen from different vantage points.
Article
This paper presents a new short‐form scale for use by clinical workers and researchers in measuring the degree or magnitude of a problem in the sexual component of a dyadic relationship, as seen by the respondent. The scale was designed for use in repeated administrations at periodic intervals in order that therapists might continually monitor and evaluate their clients' response to treatment. Internal consistency and test‐retest reliability were found to be in excess of .90, and the scale has a discriminant validity coefficient of .76.
Article
This study examined whether sexual satisfaction was constructed differently for gay men and lesbian women (n = 596) by exploring the contributions of a number of background variables, as well as psychological well-being and internalized homonegativity to sexual satisfaction. Ordinary least squares regression analyses was used (1) to determine whether background variables or psychological well-being account for a greater proportion of the overall variance in sexual satisfaction, and (2) to identify unique contributors to sexual satisfaction for men and women within this sample. This data was collected as part of an internet-based study conducted on sexual orientation and spirituality. Results indicated that living with a partner had a substantial positive impact on sexual satisfaction for both lesbians and gay men; however different variables emerged as important for gay men (e.g., relationships with others) in comparison to lesbian women (e.g., environmental mastery). Implications for the study are offered in light of current theories of sexuality.
Article
Argues that the application of the scripting paradigm to sex research suggests that all social behavior is scripted, including encounters between researchers and Ss in sex research and between therapists and patients in sex therapy and authors writing about sexuality. It is also suggested that sexuality is more than individual behavior, and what happens in the sexual arena in any society is a consequence of culture and the structure of sexual and nonsexual opportunities that exist prior to any individual. Sexual scripts exist at the levels of the individual, the interactional, and the cultural. The performance of sexual acts draws upon scripts at all 3 levels, and potential changes in sexual conduct can emerge from changes at any level of scripting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Stigma and Sexual Orientation contributes toward the deeper understanding of homophobia, and provides insight into the issue of prejudice in general. Discussions include the nature of antigay prejudice, stereotypes, and behaviors; the consequences of homophobia and related phenomena on the well-being of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals; and the critical need for psychology and science to confront homophobia and related issues. This book examines issue complexities and equips the reader with insights necessary to better assist members of this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
This special issue takes as its inspiration the productive tension between Gayle Rubin’s earlier work—focused primarily on how heteronormativity functioned in the service of sustaining a patriarchal gender binary—and her later work, which examines the mobility, adaptability, and far-reaching effects of “normal” sexuality. The past decade has witnessed a wealth of feminist research informed by both approaches and by developments within feminist intersectional theory. Feminist sociologists have examined the coconstruction of gender and heterosexuality across cultural, institutional, and political-economic domains, while also working to uncover the multiplicative effects of race and socioeconomic class on heterosexual subjectivity. Inspired by the articles in this issue, we look forward to a growing body of feminist social science that considers how heteronormativity underpins all social phenomena, including the construction of identities, the dynamics of relationships, the discourses and symbols of culture, and the practices of institutions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
This article examines the adequacy of the “rules of thumb” conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice. Using a 2‐index presentation strategy, which includes using the maximum likelihood (ML)‐based standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and supplementing it with either Tucker‐Lewis Index (TLI), Bollen's (1989) Fit Index (BL89), Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Gamma Hat, McDonald's Centrality Index (Mc), or root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), various combinations of cutoff values from selected ranges of cutoff criteria for the ML‐based SRMR and a given supplemental fit index were used to calculate rejection rates for various types of true‐population and misspecified models; that is, models with misspecified factor covariance(s) and models with misspecified factor loading(s). The results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to .95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and Gamma Hat; a cutoff value close to .90 for Mc; a cutoff value close to .08 for SRMR; and a cutoff value close to .06 for RMSEA are needed before we can conclude that there is a relatively good fit between the hypothesized model and the observed data. Furthermore, the 2‐index presentation strategy is required to reject reasonable proportions of various types of true‐population and misspecified models. Finally, using the proposed cutoff criteria, the ML‐based TLI, Mc, and RMSEA tend to overreject true‐population models at small sample size and thus are less preferable when sample size is small.
Article
In two studies, we demonstrate that attitudes toward traditional sexual roles are linked with increased sexual passivity for women but decreased passivity for men. For both genders, sexual passivity predicts poor sexual functioning and satisfaction. Study 1 showed that endorsement of traditional sexual roles of male dominance and female passivity relates to greater sexual passivity among college-aged heterosexual women but less passivity for college-aged heterosexual men. For both young men and women, greater sexual passivity predicts less overall sexual satisfaction. The findings for Study 2 replicate Study 1 among sexually experienced adults recruited over the Internet. Autonomy mediated these relationships, which persisted when controlling for multiple potential confounds.
Article
Theoretically, ambivalent sexism maintains gender hierarchy through benevolence toward conforming women but hostility toward nonconforming women. Men have shown ambivalent sexism to sex-typed vignettes describing “chaste” and “promiscuous” women (Sibley and Wilson 2004). This study of 117 Florida male and female undergraduate participants examined whether, benefiting more from gender hierarchy, men respond more extremely. If sexism supports gender hierarchy, social dominance also should moderate ambivalent sexism. Sexual self-schema (detailed, self-confident sexual information-processing) might moderate men’s and women's hostility. Supporting ambivalent sexism theory, women's hostility targeted the promiscuous character, but their benevolence targeted the chaste character, with men unexpectedly differentiating less. Social dominance enhanced Hostile Sexism and its differentiating the two female subtypes. Sexual self-schema moderated women’s but not men’s hostility. KeywordsAmbivalent sexism-Female subtype-Social dominance-Sexual self-schema-Gender differences
Article
George Weinberg’s introduction of the term homophobia in the late 1960s challenged traditional thinking about homosexuality and helped focus society’s attention on the problem of antigay prejudice and stigma. This paper briefly describes the history and impact of homophobia. The term’s limitations are discussed, including its underlying assumption that antigay prejudice is based mainly on fear and its inability to account for historical changes in how society regards homosexuality and heterosexuality as the bases for social identities. Although the importance of Weinberg’s contribution should not be underestimated, a new vocabulary is needed to advance scholarship in this area. Toward this end, three constructs are defined and discussed: sexual stigma (the shared knowledge of society’s negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community), heterosexism (the cultural ideology that perpetuates sexual stigma), and sexual prejudice (individuals’ negative attitudes based on sexual orientation). The concept of internalized homophobia is briefly considered.