No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Four new species of deep-water catsharks of the genus Parmaturus (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) from New Caledonia, Indonesia and Australia
Abstract
Four new species of rare scyliorhinid catsharks are provisionally assigned to the genus Parmaturus: P. lanatus sp. nov. from Indonesia, P. albimarginatus sp. nov. and P. albipenis sp. nov. from northern New Caledonia, and P. bigus sp. nov. from northeastern Australia. These species differ from each other by a combination of body morphology, denticle shape, dentition, colour and vertebral counts. An identification key to the Indo–Pacific Parmaturus species is provided. Comments on the diagnostic features separating the genera Halaelurus and Parmaturus are given.
... See [25]. Proportional measurements of the holotype and putative PNG juvenile are provided in Table 1. ...
... See [25]. Table 2): egg case elongate, its total length 89.41 mm and maximum width 27.89 mm, slightly dorsoventrally depressed; 12 longitudinal, pliable ridges extend the entire length of the egg case on both dorsal and ventral surfaces; the egg case is asymmetrical in shape, one lateral edge almost straight, the other lateral edge strongly convex, more so posteriorly, with posterior end tapering distinctly towards the straight edge. ...
... The morphometrics taken from the holotype in this study largely agreed with those provided in [25], except for the following measurements. The preanal length was reported as being 51.6% TL, but this is clearly an error as it is only slightly larger than the snout-vent length (50.8% TL). ...
The genus Dichichthys was resurrected for five species previously allocated to the genus Parmaturus in the family Pentanchidae. Supraorbital crests on the chondrocranium distinguish Dichichthys from Parmaturus and other members of the family Pentanchidae. A new family, Dichichthyidae, has been proposed to contain Dichichthys. The sequence of the NADH2 mitochondrial gene confirms the placement of Dichichthys outside of the Pentanchidae family, as well as separate from the Atelomycteridae and Scyliorhinidae families. Dichichthys albimarginatus was described using a holotype collected off the coast of New Caledonia. A second juvenile specimen collected off the coast of Papua New Guinea was tentatively assigned as D. cf. albimarginatus. Dichichthys bigus is known from the holotype collected in the Coral Sea off the coast of Queensland, Australia. A new, parasite-afflicted underwater observation was reported further north of Queensland. The type species Dichichthys melanobranchus, previously only known from juvenile specimens, was redescribed based on adult specimens. Dichichthys nigripalatum is known from the holotype collected off Sumbawa, Indonesia, and a tentatively identified photo record from West Java. Dichichthys satoi n. sp. is described from the West Norfolk Ridge and off the North Island of New Zealand. Members of the genus Dichichthys have unique curved egg cases which have pliable ridges made up of numerous fibres and long coiled tendrils on the posterior end.
... In Galeus, the caudal crest consists of ''several rows of denticles, the central ones not much larger than denticles of body surfaces, but the marginal row of denticles on each side are much larger than other denticles and are strongly asymmetrical'', while specimens of Parmaturus of all sizes present the ''top of crest [denticles] rounded, not flat and [have] more longitudinal rows of denticles in the crest'' (Springer, 1979: 48). Séret and Last (2007) described four new species of Parmaturus from the western Pacific Ocean, which were tentatively assigned to this genus on the basis of characters such as having a soft body, a crest of enlarged denticles usually present but sometimes rudimentary on upper caudalfin margin (also often on the ventral caudal-fin margin), relatively small pectoral fins, well-developed dorsal fins, the first dorsal fin about opposite to the pelvic fins, the second dorsal fin about opposite to the anal fin, and a large anal fin. However, the descriptions provided could not present many details about the newly described species as they were all based on single individuals and/or juveniles, making it difficult to make accurate comparisons with other species. ...
... Morphometric data were taken according to Compagno (2001) and expressed as percentages of total length (% TL); ratios of measurements followed Séret and Last (2007), with addition of second dorsal-fin height/first dorsal-fin height and anal-fin base/anal-fin height. Counts of vertebral centra were taken from radiographs: monospondylous centra, precaudal centra (monospondylous þ diplospondylous centra extending posteriorly to the origin of the lower lobe of caudal fin), and total centra. ...
... Species of Parmaturus are poorly known anatomically; neurocrania have been examined and described only for P. pilosus and P. xaniurus (Compagno, 1988). This has impeded its proper separation from other genera that lack supraorbital crests (Pentanchinae), such as Figaro, Galeus, Halaelurus, and species of the Apristurus brunneus subgroup (e.g., Compagno, 1988;Séret and Last, 2007;Fahmi and Ebert, 2018). We also emphasize the necessity of a taxonomic review of Parmaturus (e.g., Séret and Last, 2007;Fahmi and Ebert, 2018), as six of the 11 species are known from a single individual (and P. angelae is known from two specimens); only P. xaniurus has Table 2. Morphometric ratios proposed by Séret and Last (2007) ...
... The relationship between the genus Bythaelurus and other closely related genera, particularly Apristurus, Galeus and Parmaturus remains unresolved (Naylor et al. 2012a & b). The presence (in some Galeus and Parmaturus) or absence (in some Galeus and Bythaelurus) of a crest of enlarged denticles along the upper caudal margin has been one of the primary characteristics used to separate these genera (Séret & Last 2007). However, the placement of B. giddingsi and B. naylori, both Bythaelurus species with enlarged denticles along the upper caudal margin, raises questions on the separation of these genera. ...
... However, the placement of B. giddingsi and B. naylori, both Bythaelurus species with enlarged denticles along the upper caudal margin, raises questions on the separation of these genera. Further compounding the issue is some recently described Indo-Pacific Parmaturus species are known to lack enlarged denticles along the upper caudal margin (Séret & Last 2007). In addition, some Apristurus species have an enlarged crest of denticles along the upper caudal margin. ...
Bythaelurus naylori sp. n. is described based on 41 specimens collected from seamounts in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The new species can be separated from all other Bythaelurus species by a combination of distinctly enlarged dermal denticles on the upper caudal-fin margin, lack of papillae on the roof of the mouth and tongue, an anal-fin base length equal to or less than 1.5 times second dorsal-fin base length, and a uniformly plain medium to dark brown body coloration, with light fin edges and a distinct dark dusky-colored snout. No other Bythaelurus species has the combination of a caudal crest of prominent, distinctly enlarged, comb-like dermal denticles along the upper caudal margin and lacks oral papillae. Bythaelurus naylori sp. n. can be distinguished from its two closest congeners, B. giddingsi and B. lutarius, by a combination of prominent comb-like dermal denticles along the upper caudal-fin margin, absence of oral papillae, uniform body coloration, and noticeable dark dusky snout; Bythaelurus giddingsi has oral papillae present and a variegated color pattern, while B. lutarius lacks a caudal crest of enlarged denticles and matures at a much smaller size than the new species.
... Longitudinal measurements of the external morphology are commonly used to investigate morphometric differences at the species level and species-specific variation between shark communities. Body measurements of fossil shark specimens from Bolca (SOM 1: table 1) display consistent affinities with living taxa, thus supporting negligible morphological variations among Carcharhiniformes body proportion from the Eocene and onward (Compagno and Garrik 1983;Compagno 1984;Compagno and Stevens 1993;Compagno et al. 1996Compagno et al. , 2008Choi et al. 1998;Sato et al. 1999;Nakaya and Séret 2000;White and Last 2006;Séret and Last 2007;Schaaf-Da Silva and Ebert 2008;White and Ebert 2008;Iglésias 2012;McCosker et al. 2012;Weigmann 2012;White and Harris 2013;White and Weigmann 2014;Famhi and White 2015). ...
... Despite the relevance of characters associated to claspers in species identification and phylogenetic analyses, information on the internal anatomy of these organs are found only for some species and mainly in classical works about clasper morphology (Jungersen 1899;Leigh-Sharpe 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924aCompagno 1988a), being absent in most species descriptions and taxonomic reviews (Human 2006b;Séret and Last 2007;Nakaya et al. 2013; amongst others). Soares (2020) provided detailed descriptions of clasper structures in almost all catshark genera and demonstrated the uselfulness of claspers for taxonomic and systematic purposes. ...
The genus Scyliorhinus is part of the family Scyliorhinidae, the most diverse family of sharks and of the subfamily Scyliorhininae along with Cephaloscyllium and Poroderma. This study reviews the phylogenetic relationships of species of Scyliorhinus in the subfamily Scyliorhininae. Specimens of all Scyliorhinus species were examined as well as specimens of four of the 18 species of Cephaloscyllium, two species of Poroderma, representatives of almost all other catshark (scyliorhinid) genera and one proscylliid (Proscyllium habereri). A detailed morphological study, including external and internal morphology, morphometry and meristic data, was performed. From this study, a total of 84 morphological characters were compiled into a data matrix. Parsimony analysis was employed to generate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships using the TNT 1.1. Proscyllium habereri was used to root the clado-gram. The phylogenetic analysis, based on implied weighting (k = 3; 300 replications and 100 trees saved per replication), resulted in three equally most parsimonious cladograms with 233 steps, with a CI of 0.37 and an RI of 0.69. The monophyly of the subfamily Scyliorhininae is supported as well as of the genus Scyliorhinus, which is proposed to be the sister group of Cephaloscyllium. The phylogenetic relationships amongst Scyliorhinus species are presented for the first time.
... Some species currently classified in Apristurus have already been assigned to Parmaturus, like A. manis and A. stevensi (Compagno, 1988;Springer, 1979). Parmaturus is a poorly defined genus and most species are known from only one or two individuals (Fahmi, 2018;Séret & Last, 2007;Soares, de Carvalho, Schwingel, & Gadig, 2019;Springer, 1979 ...
The presence of claspers is one of the main characteristics of the cartilaginous fishes, but its variations across taxa have received limited use in shark systematics and have generally been neglected in descriptions of species. Clasper descriptions are available only for a few catshark species and most of these are focused only in external morphology. Besides that, divergences regarding the identification of some structures persist in the literature emphasizing the need of more encompassing morphological comparative analyses on claspers of scyliorhinids. In this study, claspers structures of almost all catshark genera were examined, described, and illustrated (except Akheilos and Pentanchus) and comments on their phylogenetic significance are provided. Some characters such as degree of development of rhipidions and terminal dermal cover, occurrence, position and size of accessory marginal and terminal cartilages proved to be useful for taxonomic purposes and their significance along carcharhiniforms systematics needs to be further investigated.
Research highlights
Clasper morphology of catsharks is described and compared and its systematic significance is discussed here. External morphology and skeleton components of claspers vary widely among scyliorhinids and may be useful in phylogenetic analyses.
... Although not as diverse as the Coral Triangle region, the detailed investigation of the chondrichthyan fauna of New Caledonia, especially in deep water, has revealed a number of endemic species (Séret & Last, 2007). Exploitation of deepwater resources may affect such endemic species even though currently deepwater fisheries are very limited (Fowler & Séret, 2003). ...
The status of chondrichthyan (sharks, batoids and chimaeras) conservation in the Indo-Australasian region is examined, and issues relevant to the conservation of this fauna at the subregional level [Australia, Indonesia (excluding West Papua), New Guinea (West Papua and Papua New Guinea), New Caledonia and New Zealand] are discussed. According to the 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, c. 21% of Indo-Australasian chondrichthyans are classified as threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) and c. 40% are of conservation concern (threatened and near threatened). The proportion of threatened species is highest in New Guinea (c. 39%) and Indonesia (c. 35%) and least in New Zealand (c. 11%). In New Guinea, three quarters of the species are of conservation concern; in Indonesia, nearly two thirds are of conservation concern. Within the region, the proportion of threatened batoids (c. 29%) is higher than threatened sharks (c. 17%), while there are no threatened chimaeras. Conservation status is discussed at the order (for sharks), suborder (for batoids) and family level. Issues relating to the conservation status of chondrichthyans vary greatly between each subregion, but they mostly relate to targeted or incidental capture in fisheries. A handful of sharks and batoids are protected within Australian waters, while one species is protected in New Zealand. Both Australia and New Zealand have developed National Plans of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (NPOA-Sharks), but these are lacking elsewhere. Development and implementation of NPOA-Sharks are a priority in order to drive the conservation of the regional fauna. Sustainable fisheries management (including by-catch), confronting the challenge of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, species protection where appropriate and marine protected areas (MPA) are all likely to prove vital in ensuring the long-term conservation of Indo-Australasian sharks, batoids and chimaeras.
Estimating deep-time species-level diversification processes remains challenging. Both the fossil record and molecular phylogenies allow the estimation of speciation and extinction rates, but each type of data may still provide an incomplete picture of diversification dynamics. Here, we combine species-level palaeontological (fossil occurrences) and neontological (molecular phylogenies) data to estimate deep-time diversity dynamics through process-based birth–death models for Carcharhiniformes, the most speciose shark order today. Despite their abundant fossil record dating back to the Middle Jurassic, only a small fraction of extant carcharhiniform species is recorded as fossils, which impedes relying only on the fossil record to study their recent diversification. Combining fossil and phylogenetic data, we recover a complex evolutionary history for carcharhiniforms, exemplified by several variations in diversification rates with an early low diversity period followed by a Cenozoic radiation. We further reveal a burst of diversification in the last 30 million years, which is partially recorded with fossil data only. We also find that reef expansion and temperature change can explain variations in speciation and extinction through time. These results pinpoint the primordial importance of these environmental variables in the evolution of marine clades. Our study also highlights the benefit of combining the fossil record with phylogenetic data to address macroevolutionary questions.
This is the first study to combine morphological and molecular characters to infer the phylogenetic relationships among catsharks. All currently valid genera classified in the family Scyliorhinidae s.l. and representatives of other carcharhinoid families plus one lamnoid and two orectoloboids were included as terminal taxa. A total of 143 morphological characters and 44 NADH2 sequences were analysed. Parsimony analyses under different weighting schemes and strengths were used to generate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analysis of 78 terminal taxa, using the combined dataset and weighting each column separately (SEP; k = 3) resulted in one most-parsimonious cladogram of 4441 steps with the greatest internal resolution of clades and strongest support. The main changes in nomenclature and classification are the revised definition and scope of Scyliorhinidae, Apristurus and Pentanchus and the revalidation of Atelomycteridae. The monophyly of Pentanchidae is supported, as is that of most catshark genera. Two new subfamilies of the family Pentanchidae are defined: Halaelurinae subfam. nov. and Galeinae subfam. nov. Our analysis emphasizes the relevance of morphological characters in the inference of evolutionary history of carcharhinoids and sheds light on the taxonomic status of some genera in need of further exploration.
![[Fahmi] Fahmi](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/942084060102656-1601621751656_Q64/fahmi-Fahmi.jpg)
Parmaturus nigripalatum, a new species of catshark of the genus Parmaturus is described from a single specimen collected from a deep-water shark longliner operating in south Sumbawa waters, Indonesia. This new species is distinguished from its closest geographic congener P. lanatus by having prominent enlarged caudal crests, well-developed labial furrows with the uppers and lowers of equal lengths, mouth roof blackish with dark pores, first dorsal fin origin more posteriorly positioned on body trunk, and much lower tooth counts than all other known Parmaturus species. This is the second Parmaturus species recorded from Indonesian waters.
An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) of Papua New Guinean waters is herein presented. The checklist is the result of a large biodiversity study on the chondrichthyan fauna of Papua New Guinea between 2013 and 2017. The chondrichthyan fauna of Papua New Guinea has historically been very poorly known due to a lack of baseline information and limited deepwater exploration. A total of 131 species, comprising 36 families and 68 genera, were recorded. The most speciose families are the Carcharhinidae with 29 species and the Dasyatidae with 23 species. Verified voucher material from various biological collections around the world are provided, with a total of 687 lots recorded comprising 574 whole specimens, 128 sets of jaws and 21 sawfish rostra. This represents the first detailed, verified checklist of chondrichthyans from Papua New Guinean waters.
Parmaturus (Parmaturus) macmillani n. sp. is described from 2 female examples, trawled about 20 km north-west of the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand, in 985–1003 m. It differs markedly from the other species in the subgenus Parmaturus Garman by its larger denticle size, less rounded mouth opening, the posterior insertion of the second dorsal fin being well behind that of the anal fin, and the shorter base of the ventral lobe of the caudal fin.
Galeus gracilis n.sp. (Scyliorhinidae: Pentanchinae: Galeini) is described from the uppermost slope of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. It is the second recognised member of its genus from Australian waters. This small, slender-bodied Galeus is distinguished from the 12 other species in the genus by a combination of proportional dimensions, tooth-row counts, clasper morphology, pectoral-fin radial counts, vertebral counts, intestinal valve counts, chondrocranial morphology, and colouration. It is closest to three Japanese species: G. eastmani, G. longirostris and G. nipponensis. Galeus gracilis is compared in detail to G. boardmani from southern Australia, which differs from it in numerous features.
Three new species and one new genus of sharks are described from the South China Sea. Cephaloscyllium fasciatum sp. n. (Scyliorhinidae) has a distinctive colour pattern characterized by the presence of dark‐edged blotches and saddles; and by the lobe‐like anterior nasal flap. The colour pattern and certain developmental changes in C. umbratile Jordan and Fowler are discussed. Dichichthys melanobranchus gen. n. and sp. (Scyliorhinidae) combines the distinguishing characters of three distinct genera: Galeus Rafinesque, Parmaturus Garman, and Apristurus Carman. This suggests that Dichichthys may be an ancestral form from which these three genera have evolved. Etmoptems decacuspidatus sp. n. (Squalidae) is distinguished primarily on the basts of the decacuspid teeth to the upper jaw; this unusually high number of cusps is shown not to have been acquired as a result of old age.
The vertebral characters of all species are studied radiographically.
Job number added acc. to DOCREP assignment
Halaelurus clevai, sp. n., a new species of catshark (Scyliorhinidae) from off Madagascar, with remarks on the taxonomic status of the genera Halaelurus Gill and Galeus Rafinesque
- P R Last
- J D Stevens
Last, P.R. & Stevens, J.D. (1994) Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 513 pp.
Séret, B. (1987) Halaelurus clevai, sp. n., a new species of catshark (Scyliorhinidae) from off Madagascar, with remarks
on the taxonomic status of the genera Halaelurus Gill and Galeus Rafinesque. J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology
Special Publication, 44, 1-28.
Deep water sharks and rays of New Caledonia and Indonesia. Abstracts of the 4th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference
- B Séret
Séret, B. (1993) Deep water sharks and rays of New Caledonia and Indonesia. Abstracts of the 4th Indo-Pacific Fish
Conference, Bangkok, 28 November-4 December 1993.
A revision of the catsharks, family Scyliorhinidae
- S Springer
Springer, S. (1979) A revision of the catsharks, family Scyliorhinidae. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circular, 422, 1-152.
Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of sharks species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes
- W L Chan
- L J V Compagno
Halaelurus clevai, sp. n., a new species of catshark (Scyliorhinidae) from off Madagascar, with remarks on the taxonomic status of the genera Halaelurus Gill and Galeus Rafinesque
- J D Stevens
- Sharks
- Australia