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Biotechnologisch erzeugter Mooswirkstoff verbessert die Widerstandsfähigkeit der Haut
Abstract
Moose haben substantiell dazu beigetragen, die Erde zu einem grünen Planeten zu machen, bevor Gefässpflanzen überhaupt existiert haben. Moose enthalten Gene und Proteine für eine aussergewöhnliche Anpassungsfähigkeit, welche den Höheren
Pflanzen verlorengegangen ist. Biotechnologie ermöglicht die sterile Produktion des Mooses Physcomitrella patens auf eine nachhaltige und reproduzierbare Art und Weise. MossCellTec™ No. 1 ist der erste kosmetische Wirkstoff basierend auf biotechnologisch
hergestelltem Moos. Wir haben in diesem Forschungsprojekt die Bedeutung der Zellkernvitalität (cell nucleus health) als einen neuen Anti-Aging Ansatz untersucht. Interessanterweise war ein Moosextrakt in der Lage, die Expression von cell nucleus health Markern in alten Hautzellen zu verbessern. Zusätzlich verbesserte der Mooswirkstoff die heiss-feucht/kalt-trocken Anpassung von rekonstruierter
Haut und erhöhte die Hautbarriere, -feuchtigkeit und Ebenmässigkeit des Hauttons in einer placebokontrollierten klinischen Studie. Dieser Mooswirkstoff kann deshalb die Widerstandsfähigkeit der Haut gegen Umweltveränderungen verbessern.
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Lignin, one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, derives from the plant phenolic metabolism. It appeared upon terrestrialization and is thought critical for plant colonization of land. Early diverging land plants do not form lignin, but already have elements of its biosynthetic machinery. Here we delete in a moss the P450 oxygenase that defines the entry point in angiosperm lignin metabolism, and find that its pre-lignin pathway is essential for development. This pathway does not involve biochemical regulation via shikimate coupling, but instead is coupled with ascorbate catabolism, and controls the synthesis of the moss cuticle, which prevents desiccation and organ fusion. These cuticles share common features with lignin, cutin and suberin, and may represent the extant representative of a common ancestor. Our results demonstrate a critical role for the ancestral phenolic metabolism in moss erect growth and cuticle permeability, consistent with importance in plant adaptation to terrestrial conditions.
Mosses, dominant elements in the vegetation of polar and alpine regions, have well-developed stress tolerance features permitting cryptobiosis. However, direct regeneration after longer periods of cryptobiosis has been demonstrated only from herbarium and frozen material preserved for 20 years at most [1]. Recent field observations of new moss growth on the surface of small moss clumps re-exposed from a cold-based glacier after about 400 years of ice cover have been accompanied by regeneration in culture from homogenised material [2], but there are no reported instances of regrowth occurring directly from older preserved material.
A major transitional step in Earth’s history was the conquest of land by plants, which fundamentally changed carbon cycling and elevated oxygen levels. In a moss model of early land plants, three out of six MIKCC-type MADS-box transcription factors ensure external water conduction and the function of motile sperm.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The hallmark pathological feature in most cases of ALS is nuclear depletion and cytoplasmic accumulation of the protein TDP-43 in degenerating neurons. Consistent with this pattern of intracellular protein redistribution, impaired nucleocytoplasmic trafficking has emerged as a mechanism contributing to ALS pathology. Dysfunction in nucleocytoplasmic transport is also an emerging theme in physiological aging and other related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases. Here we review transport through the nuclear pore complex, pointing out vulnerabilities that may underlie ALS and potentially contribute to this and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Aging is a major risk factor for many human diseases, and in vitro generation of human neurons is an attractive approach for modeling aging-related brain disorders. However, modeling aging in differentiated human neurons has proved challenging. We generated neurons from human donors across a broad range of ages, either by iPSC-based reprogramming and differentiation or by direct conversion into induced neurons (iNs). While iPSCs and derived neurons did not retain aging-associated gene signatures, iNs displayed age-specific transcriptional profiles and revealed age-associated decreases in the nuclear transport receptor RanBP17. We detected an age-dependent loss of nucleocytoplasmic compartmentalization (NCC) in donor fibroblasts and corresponding iNs and found that reduced RanBP17 impaired NCC in young cells, while iPSC rejuvenation restored NCC in aged cells. These results show that iNs retain important aging-related signatures, thus allowing modeling of the aging process in vitro, and they identify impaired NCC as an important factor in human aging.
The number of pore complexes per nucleus was determined for a wide variety of cultured cells selected for their variable DNA content over a range of 1-5,6000. The pore number was compared to DNA content, nuclear surface area, and nuclear volume. Values for pore frequency (pores/square micrometer) were relatively constant in the species studied. When the pore to DNA ratio was plotted against the DNA content, there was a remarkable correlation which decreased exponentially for the cells of vertebrae origin. Exceptions were the heteroploid mammalian cells which had the same ratio as the diploid mammalian cells despite higher DNA content.
The results are interpreted to mean that neither the nuclear surface, the nuclear volume, nor the DNA content alone determines the pore number of the nucleus, but rather an as yet undetermined combination of different factors. The surface and volume of vertebrate nuclei do not decrease with decreasing DNA content below a given value. The following speculation is suggested to account for the anomalous size changes of the nucleus relative to DNA content in vertebrates. Species with small DNA complements have a relatively large proportion of active chromatin which determines the limits of the physical parameters of the nucleus. The amount of active chromatin maybe the same for at least the vertebrates with low DNA content, At high DNA content, the nuclear parameters may be determined by the relatively high proportion of inactive condensed chromatin which increases the nuclear surface and volume.
The mechanism of facilitated translocation through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is only poorly understood. Here, we present a kinetic analysis of the process using various model substrates. We find that the translocation capacity of NPCs is unexpectedly high, with a single NPC allowing a mass flow of nearly 100 MDa/s and rates in the order of 10(3) translocation events per second. Our data further indicate that high affinity interactions between the translocation substrate and NPC components are dispensable for translocation. We propose a 'selective phase model' that could explain how NPCs function as a permeability barrier for inert molecules and yet become selectively permeable for nuclear transport receptors and receptor-cargo complexes.