Design and fabrication of a motorized/ power operated plantain slicer for optimum chips production

Abstract

In Nigeria, plantain chips are in high demand and this demand is not being met by most small scale food industries and shops due to some critical factors. Shops are only able to fulfill approximately two-thirds of the demand. The biggest obstacle towards attaining self-sufficiency in the production of plantain chips is the intensity of labor involved and the tediousness of the process which often culminate into prolonged production time. Plantain has a large amount of sap and this causes the skin to adhere to the fruit inside. After peeling, they must be sliced into discs to fry into chips. Worker will hold up to eight plantains in one hand and rapidly slice them using a wooden mandolin. Because of the rapid pace at which they slice plantain and the absence of hand gloves on the workers, accidents are very often unavoidable. These presents health hazards to both the worker, who may develop infections from their injuries, and customers who may consume an unsanitary product. This development is very uncomfortable and tasking on the workers. They must hold the mandolin over the fryer so the plantains will fall in, which causes splashing of the boiling hot oil that occasionally hits and injures the worker. This research focused on design and fabrication of motorized / power operated plantain slicer to meet the raising demands for plantain chips in Nigeria. The objectives of this research was met as the machine has the capacity to produce plantain chips of uniform size in shorter time and a greater slicing efficiency of up to 96.84% while keeping the cost of the machine at an affordable price.

Full text

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1485 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 1485–1495, Article ID: IJMET_10_01_151
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A
MOTORIZED/ POWER OPERATED PLANTAIN
SLICER FOR OPTIMUM CHIPS PRODUCTION
C. A. Ezugwu
Mechanical Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran Kwara State
C. O. Osueke
Mechanical Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran Kwara State
A. O. Onokwai
Mechanical Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran Kwara State
R. S. Diarah
Electrical and Information Engineering Department, Landmark University,
Omu-Aran Kwara State
T. M. A. Olayanju
Agricultural and Bio-Systems Engineering Department, Landmark University,
Omu-Aran Kwara State
S. O. Braimoh
Civil Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran Kwara State
O. Olawale
Chemical Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran Kwara State
F.C. Nnaji
Chemical Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran Kwara State
ABSTRACT
In Nigeria, plantain chips are in high demand and this demand is not being met by
most small scale food industries and shops due to some critical factors. Shops are only
able to fulfill approximately two-thirds of the demand. The biggest obstacle towards
attaining self-sufficiency in the production of plantain chips is the intensity of labor
involved and the tediousness of the process which often culminate into prolonged
production time. Plantain has a large amount of sap and this causes the skin to adhere
to the fruit inside. After peeling, they must be sliced into discs to fry into chips. Worker
will hold up to eight plantains in one hand and rapidly slice them using a wooden
mandolin. Because of the rapid pace at which they slice plantain and the absence of

C. A. Ezugwu, C. O. Osueke, A. O. Onokwai, R. S. Diarah, T. M. A. Olayanju, S. O. Braimoh,
O. Olawale, F.C. Nnaji
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1486 editor@iaeme.com
hand gloves on the workers, accidents are very often unavoidable. These presents
health hazards to both the worker, who may develop infections from their injuries, and
customers who may consume an unsanitary product. This development is very
uncomfortable and tasking on the workers. They must hold the mandolin over the fryer
so the plantains will fall in, which causes splashing of the boiling hot oil that
occasionally hits and injures the worker.
This research focused on design and fabrication of motorized / power operated
plantain slicer to meet the raising demands for plantain chips in Nigeria. The
objectives of this research was met as the machine has the capacity to produce
plantain chips of uniform size in shorter time and a greater slicing efficiency of up to
96.84% while keeping the cost of the machine at an affordable price.
Key words: Plantain Chips, Uniform Size, Motorized, Slicer, Power Operated.
Cite this Article: C. A. Ezugwu, C. O. Osueke, A. O. Onokwai, R. S. Diarah, T. M.
A. Olayanju, S. O. Braimoh, O. Olawale, F.C. Nnaji, Design and Fabrication of a
Motorized/Power Operated Plantain Slicer for Optimum Chips Production,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 10(1), 2019, pp.
1485–1495.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
Plantain contains more starch and less sugar than dessert bananas; therefore, they are cooked
or otherwise processed before being eaten [1]. They are always cooked or fried when eaten
green. At this stage, the pulp is hard and the peel is often so stiff that it has to be cut with a
knife to be removed. Mature plantain can be peeled like typical dessert bananas. The pulp is
softer than in immature, green fruit and some of the starch have been converted to sugar [2,
3]. They can be eaten raw but are not as tasty as dessert bananas, so are usually cooked. When
mature, yellow plantains are fried, they tend to caramelize - turning a golden brown color.
They can also be boiled, baked or grilled over charcoal - both peeled and still in the peel [4,
5]. An average plantain has about 220 calories and is a good source of potassium and dietary
fiber.
Plantains are a staple food in the tropical regions of the world, specifically the tenth most
important staple that feeds the world. Plantain is treated in much the same way as potatoes
and with a similar neutral flavor and texture when the unripe fruit is cooked by steaming,
boiling or frying [6, 5].
Plantain fruits all year round, which makes the crop a reliable all-season staple food,
particularly in developing countries with inadequate food storage, preservation and
transportation technologies [7]. In Africa, plantain and bananas provide more than 25 percent
of the carbohydrate requirements for over 70 million people. In Ghana and Nigeria, most
farmers are unable to meet the export requirements for green plantain because of poor post-
harvest handling practices and strict quality standards required for the export market [8, 9 10].
To avoid blackening and fungal decay of harvested plantains, most farmers sell their produce
cheaply to middlemen at the farm gate. Slicing, frying and packaging as snack food, that is
plantain chips, is a method that reduces post-harvest losses to green or ripening plantain. The
use of a power operated plantain slicer can simplify the processing method [11].
The conventional method of cutting plantain into chips is to use a sharp kitchen knife to
cut the pulp of the plantain fruit on a board. This method is labor intensive, time-consuming
and prone to injury and it can only be practiced on a very small scale of production [12,

Design and Fabrication of a Motorized/Power Operated Plantain Slicer for Optimum Chips
Production
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1487 editor@iaeme.com
13]. Plantain chips produced this way are never of uniform size, which is why the use of a
power operated plantain slicer is very necessary to reduce the labor associated with
continuous cutting of bulk plantains with a knife. The use of a power operated plantain slicer
will facilitate mass production of plantain chips. More so, this can contribute to food security,
export earnings and economic growth [14, 15, 16].
Okafor B.E and Okafor V.C.,2013[16]designed a plantain chips slicing machine, which is
made up of a cutting device, a feeding mechanism, a support frame and an electric motor as a
source of power. Stainless steel was used as the cutting blades; the blades are arranged
perpendicular to the plantain chips. They used a Geneva drive for the feeding and discharge
mechanisms. The Geneva drive was designed to deliver intermittent motion to the conveyor,
thereby causing the conveyor to move in a start-stop fashion.
G.Y.Obeng, 2004, [17] also designed a plantain slicer, the plantain slicer consists of a
main frame, cutters, bottom plate and a container, all fabricated from 2mm stainless sheet, a
wooden mesh made from oak wood, bolts and nuts, woodscrews and pins. The cutters of the
slicer are designed to be parabolic in shape and are arranged at intervals that will enable the
required thickness of plantain chips to be attained.
Relating to gross value of production, Plantain and banana are one of the very most
crucial/important fruits in developing world [18, 19].
There are four main types of plantain available in Nigeria distributive, which are strictly
based on the bunch characteristics and they include the following horn types: French type,
false type and French –horn type but in Nigeria the false hone type is the most widely
distributed because of its ability to tolerate poor soil condition than others [20].
Figure 1 Orthographic View of Plantain Slicing Machine
Figure 2 Pictorial View of Plantain Slicer, G.Y.Obeng, 2004 [17]

C. A. Ezugwu, C. O. Osueke, A. O. Onokwai, R. S. Diarah, T. M. A. Olayanju, S. O. Braimoh,
O. Olawale, F.C. Nnaji
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1488 editor@iaeme.com
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Material Selection
The knowledge of materials and their properties is very important before design and
consequently construction. The machine members and/or elements would be selected based
on the following factors which include:
 The Physical and Mechanical properties
 Physical properties: these include properties such as density, co-efficient of linear expansion,
thermal conductivity, melting point etc.
 Mechanical properties: This includes properties such as strength, stiffness, elasticity, ductility,
shear stress, toughness, yield strength etc.
 Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in service. For example, whether
corrosion is involved or not.
 Cost of the materials
 Durability of the materials,
 Availability of the materials,
 Manufacturing requirements.
This data was documented by S.P Sonawane, G.P, Sharma, and A.C Pandya [18]. The
physical and mechanical property of raw plantain is given in the table below:
Table 1 Physical and mechanical Property of Raw Plantain
S/N
PROPERTIES
VALUE
1
Diameter (max) (mm)
40
2
Length (max) (mm)
200
3
Average weight of single
fruit (g)
201.43
4
Average specific gravity
(dimensionless)
1.005
5
Force required to cut
plantain (max) (N)
30
6
Cutting load per unit width
(N/mm)
0.821
2.2. Design Consideration
The following were the main consideration in the design of the motorized plantain slicer:
 The machine should be able to slice the required number of plantain efficiently and should be
simple as possible to ensure ease of operation.
 In the selection of materials for construction, adequate care was taken not to use materials that
can contaminate the plantain and also materials that cannot corrode easily due to the high
acidic content of the plantain
 The product surface must be free from crevices which can harbour bacteria

Design and Fabrication of a Motorized/Power Operated Plantain Slicer for Optimum Chips
Production
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1489 editor@iaeme.com
3. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
3.1. Design for Hopper
The hopper was designed to accommodate the allowable volume of plantain per charge. A
convenient dimension was selected for the hopper design. The hopper was designed to take
the shape of a trapezoidal prism with only one sloppy side, to control the slanting position of
the plantain. With a 1mm stainless steel plate, the volume of the hopper occupied by steel was
calculated using the formula
Volume of trapezoidal prism = Area of trapezoidal prism x height (1)
V = A x H
Area of the prism = ½ x (a+b) x h (2)
Figure 3 Isometric view of Exaggerated Hopper
From above figure,
a = 80mm,
b = 320mm,
h = 250mm,
H = 200mm
Therefore volume of the trapezoidal prism:
A = ½ x (80+320) x 250
A = 50,000mm²
V = A x H
V = 50000 x 200 = 10,000,000mm³
V = 10mm³
Unwanted section
Figure 4 Isometric view of unwanted triangular prism

C. A. Ezugwu, C. O. Osueke, A. O. Onokwai, R. S. Diarah, T. M. A. Olayanju, S. O. Braimoh,
O. Olawale, F.C. Nnaji
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1490 editor@iaeme.com
Volume of triangular prism = ½ x b x h x H (3)
Where:
b = triangle base length (120mm)
h = triangle height (250mm)
H = distance between triangles (200mm)
Therefore,
Volume of unwanted triangular prism = ½ x 120 x 250 x 200 . (4)
Volume of unwanted triangular prism = 3x10mm³
Figure 5 Isometric view of main hopper separation
Required hopper Volume = [Trapezoidal prism Volume] – [Triangular prism volume] (5)
Hopper Volume = 10mm³ - 3x10mm³ = 7x10mm³
Thus the weight of the hopper would be obtained by:
W = ρ x v x ɡ …… (6)
Where
W = Weight of the hopper [N]
Ρ = Density of the hopper [kg/mᵌ]
ɡ = Acceleration due to gravity [m/s²]
= 7800 x 7x10³ x 10
= 546N
3.2. Design for Cutting Chamber
Figure 6 Isometric view of the Cutting chamber
Volume = l x b x h…………………………. (7)
Where: l = length of cutting chamber [mm]

Design and Fabrication of a Motorized/Power Operated Plantain Slicer for Optimum Chips
Production
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1491 editor@iaeme.com
b = base length of the cutting chamber [mm]
h = height of cutting chamber [mm]
= 200 x 80 x 120
= 1.92x10mm³
= 1.92x10³m³
Thus the weight of the cutting chamber can be calculated as
W = ρ x v x ɡ
Where: W = Weight of the hopper [N]
Ρ = Density of the hopper [kg/mᵌ]
ɡ = Acceleration due to gravity [m/s²]
W = 7800 x 1.92x10³ x 10
= 149.76N
3.3. Power Required to Cut a Single Plantain
Depending on the thickness of plantain chips, one plantain gives an average of 12 chips. [6]
Energy required to cut one slice of plantain (measured value) = 0.0736 kgm
Torque required for cutting a slice of plantain = Energy x Gravitational Acceleration …. (8)
Torque, T = 0.0736 x 9.81 = 0.72 N-m
Considering a factor of safety of 1.5;
Required Torque, T = 0.72 x 1.5 = 1.08 N-m
But angular velocity, ω = 2Πn/60 (9)
= 2Π (75)/60 = 7.86 rad/sec
Thus, power needed to cut a plantain, P = Tω (10)
= 1.08 x 7.86 = 8.48 Watts
Power required to cut 12 plantain, P = 12 x 8.48 = 101.8W
=0.102kW = 0.137hp [6]
Electric motor specification
Motor Speed = 1400rpm
Current = 5.1A
Power = 0.75kw = 1hp
Speed Reduction
To reduce the output speed of the shaft to 35rpm, a reduction gear is used and the gear ration
is calculated below
Ratio = 
 (11)
= 
 = 40:1
A gear of ratio 40:1 is used to give us the required speed of 35rpm.
3.4. Crank Slider Mechanism
The crank slider mechanism used to transmit rotational torque from the electric motor to the
pressing bar is as shown in fig below. There are two major types of crank slider mechanisms
which are:

C. A. Ezugwu, C. O. Osueke, A. O. Onokwai, R. S. Diarah, T. M. A. Olayanju, S. O. Braimoh,
O. Olawale, F.C. Nnaji
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1492 editor@iaeme.com
In–line crank-slider
Offset Crank-slider
The crank slider mechanism adopted in this project is the in-line crank-slider mechanism
and it is explained thus:
In-line Crank-Slider
Figure 7 Crank slider mechanism
Q (time ratio) = 
 … (12)
Q = 
 = 1.4
The imbalance angle (β):
β = 180º x 
 (13)
β = 180º x 
 = 30º
Figure 8 How to locate the axis of the pin joint C
The pin joint C moves over the axis of the stroke, we can draw the stroke line and
determine the extreme axis of the stroke and call them C1 and C2 as shown above. The line
shown in fig (3.5) of C1 and C2 is 80mm and is showing the extreme position of the slider. At
C1 we draw a line at an angle of θM, also we draw a line that crosses the line from C1 at point
A, at an angle of θN.
Therefore, θN= θM– β. (14)
θN= θM– 30º
Knowing that the crank radius = ½ x Stroke length
Therefore, Crank radius = ½ x 80mm = 40mm
L2 = 40mm
L3 = AC1 + 40mm
The measured value of AC1 = 160mm
L3 = (160 + 40) mm = 200mm

Design and Fabrication of a Motorized/Power Operated Plantain Slicer for Optimum Chips
Production
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1493 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 9 Crank Slider Mechanism Showing the Maximum Displacements C1 & C2
3.5. Capacity of the Machine
The slicing machine is designed to cut 6 pieces of plantain in 4 seconds.
Therefore;
Production Rate =6 plantains in 4 seconds
This implies that the machine slices 6 pieces of plantains in 4 seconds during one full crank
revolution.
Average weight of Plantain = 0.20143kg
Weight of 6 Plantain = 0.20143 x 6 =1.20858kg
Capacity (Kg/sec) = 1.20858/4 = 0.302145
Capacity (kg/hour) = 0.302145 x 60 x 60 = 1087.72 kg/hr.
Capacity for 8 working hours (kg/day) = 1.087.72 x 8 = 8701.776 kg/day
4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Prior to the testing, the machine was firmly assembled and aligned as shown in the figure
below. The parts were also lubricated to reduce friction within the rotating members. The belt
was connected to the pulley and the electric motor. The electric power was provided to the
machine by the means of electric engine and test running was carried out for ten minutes
without load in order to understudy the behavior of the machine. It was observed during this
testing that the blade rotated freely without wobbling. Thereafter, the machine was tested with
load and during the process, the raw plantain held by hand was forced into the chute and with
the aid of a short wooden stick with a stopper, the raw plantain was forces into the cutter
which slices it in the shortest possible time. In this case, it took 2-3 seconds, depending on the
length, to slice a finger of raw plantain.
Figure 10 The Designed plantain slicer

C. A. Ezugwu, C. O. Osueke, A. O. Onokwai, R. S. Diarah, T. M. A. Olayanju, S. O. Braimoh,
O. Olawale, F.C. Nnaji
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1494 editor@iaeme.com
5. CONCLUSIONS
The research focused on the design and fabrication of a motorized/ power operated plantain
slicer for raw plantain chips. The raw materials used for the fabrication were sourced locally.
The machine was designed for food industries but it can also be used for domestic purposes.
The slicing efficiency of the machine was found to be 96.84% and can slice up to a maximum
of 70mm diameter of raw plantain. The duration for slicing a finger of raw plantain was found
to be between 2-3 seconds. The machine is user friendly and requires regular lubrication of
the rotating parts to reduce wears and tears.
RECOMMENDATION
From the performance evaluation carried out, there are some improvements that can be
carried out in order to further advance the processing of raw plantain into chips. The spacer
should be designed and positioned away from the cutting chamber and more suitable means of
varying the thickness of cut should be provided
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to the Management and Staff of Landmark University for all their supports in
the cause of this research. We are also grateful to Students of the university who played
pivotal roles in this work.
REFERENCES
[1] Adao AC and Gloria MBA (2005) Bioactive amines and carbohydrate changes during
ripening of ‟Prata‟ banana (Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana). Food Chemistry 90: 705–
711.
[2] Aurore G, Parfait B, and Fahrasmane L (2009) Bananas, raw materials for making
processed food products. Trends in Food Science and Technology 20: 78–91.
[3] Bennett RN, Shiga TM, Hassimotto NMA, Rosa EAS, Lajolo FM, and Cordenunsi BR
(2010) Phenolics and antioxidant properties of fruit pulp and cell wall fractions of
postharvest banana (Musa acuminata Juss.) cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry 58(13): 7991–8003.
[4] Chandler S (1995) The nutritional value of bananas. In: Gowen S (ed.) Bananas and
plantains, pp. 468–480. UK: Chapman and Hall.
[5] Coe F and Anderson GJ (1999) Ethnobotany of the Sumu (Ulwa) of southeastern
Nicaragua and comparisons with Miskitu plant lore. Economic Botany 53: 363–383.
[6] Okafor, B.E. and Okafor, V.C. (2013): Design of a plantain chips slicing machine,
International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol 3 (10) pp 928-932.
[7] Saheed, O.A. (2001): Design and construction of rotary plantain slicer, Unpublished
B.Tech (Hons) project. Department of Food Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of
Technology, Ogbomoso.
[8] FIIRO Federal Institute of industrial research (2008) Fabricated machines, available at
http://www.fiiro.org/engineering/projects/plantain-details
[9] Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nation (1990); “root tubers, plantains and
banana in human nutrition series, 24, Rome-Italy.pp 37-45.
[10] Khurmi, R.S. and Gupta J.K.(2004): A text book of machine Design, Eyrasia Publishing
House (put) LTD. Ram Nagar, New Dehil.pp 1096.

Design and Fabrication of a Motorized/Power Operated Plantain Slicer for Optimum Chips
Production
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1495 editor@iaeme.com
[11] Akalumbe, O. (1994) Economic of Marketing and Post-harvest Losses of Plantain in
Southeastern Nigeria. Unpublished M. Sc Thesis 1994. University of Ibadan, Ibadan.
[12] IITA (international institutes of tropical agricultural (1996): a research report edited and
produced in the publication of IITA unit of the information service program IITA Ibadan,
Nigeria pp 20-22.
[13] G.Y. (2004): Design and fabrication and testing of a mechanized plantain and carrot slicer.
Technology consultancy center Kwame Nkrumah University of science for West African
schools, Ghana, vol. 24, (2), pp126-133.
[14] Odekunle O.I. (1986): Design and construction of a mechanical yam slicer, unpublished
B.Sc (Hons) project. Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ibadan.
[15] Khurmi, R.S. and Gupta, J.K. (2010): “Theory of Machines”, Eurasia Publishing house,
New Delhi, India.
[16] Abdullah H. and Pantastico E. B. (1990), Bananas, Association of Southeast Asian
Nations COFAF, Jakarta, Indonesia. Agoreyo B. O. , Golden K. D. , Asemota H. N. and
Osagie A. U. ( 2007 ), „Postharvest biochemistry of the plantain ( Musa paradisiacal L)‟ ,
Journal of Biological Sciences , 7 , 136 – 144
[17] Earle, R.L. and Earle, M.D. (2004): “Unit Operations in Food Engineering”. The New
Zealand Institute of Food Science and Technology, (Inc.), Web Edition, 2004, pp 287.
[18] S. P. Sonawane, G. P. Sharma and A. C. Pandya, “Design and Development of Power
Operated Banana Slicer for small Scale Food Processing Industries,” Research in
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 57, No. 4, 2011, pp. 144-152.
[19] Arisa, N.U., Adelekan A.O., Alamu, A.E. and Ogunfowora,E. J. (2013).“The effect of
pretreatment of plantain (Musa Paradisiacal) flour on the pasting and sensory
characteristics of biscuit”, International Journal of Food and Nutrition Science. 2013; vol.
2(1), pp 10-12
[20] Awoliyi, O.O. (2003): “Design and construction of plantain slicer” unpublished thesis
dissertation in Department of design and fabrication. Federal Institute of Industrial
Research, Oshodi, pp 20-21.
[21] Brenna, J.G., Bulters J.R., Cowell, N.D. and Lilley, A.E.U (1990): Food Engineering
Operation, third edition London, Elsevier science publisher limited,pp 69-85.