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Abstract
A large part of the book is devoted to a description of the town of Nantucket. Electronic reproduction. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress, [2002-2003]
... 24 This 'promiscuous breed' of men qualified as human not only by dint of their biological composition, but also equally their constituency as landowners. 25 Humanity only conjoins with liberty at the point where the procurement of lands 'confer on them the title of freemen, and to that title, every benefit is affixed which men can possibly require.' 26 Singh's work on self-ownership demonstrates how race is signified as potential and then unevenly distributed among Whites, Native Americans, and African slaves from the founding of America as a White settler world helps to account for how that operates through the medium of photography to privilege Whiteness and White aesthetics as a continuation of those same arrangements to exploit civilised aesthetic practices as a means of providing evidence for civilised White supremacist assumptions to be carried out in practice so the imperial project is displayed through the imperial subject as a hyphenated White Euro-American man split within himself between the role of modern barbarian breed to overcome the failure of Europe to act anymore in the capacity of the world's timeless creator. As wild and ruthless as those populations were, they had always imagined in Africa, their frontier appearance as modern men was relayed back to Europe through the intervention of critical tools of representation; none more potent than the daguerreotype. ...
... It is commonplace to say that the United States of America is a nation of immigrants. Since its foundation, the country was envisaged as one composed of "individuals of all nations, melted into a new race of men, whose labors and prosperity will one day cause great changes in the world" (Crevecoeur, 2016). ...
The localization agenda is an important tool to
address asymmetric power relations within the global
humanitarian system. Localization can increase the efficacy of
the humanitarian response and also address the uneven power
relationship within the humanitarian space – especially between
the international and local humanitarian actors, or, in other
words, between the stakeholders of the Global North and the
Global South. In doing so, it bridges the gap between the Global
North and Global South and follows the ‘spirit’ of the Brandt
Report and its suggested set of policies. In this contribution, I
will look at how localization in humanitarian actions would help
in the context of the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh.
... James Cooper's view was already expressed by St John de Crévecoeur. The pastoral ideal and the image of the growing American agricultural society that Crévecoeur (1904) portrayed in his letters became one of the dominant symbols of nineteenth century American culture. Henry Nash Smith (1950) notes that the pioneers "plowed the virgin land and put in crops, and the great Interior Valley was transformed into a garden: for the imagination, the Garden of the World"(Chapter XI, para.2). ...
... Although no detailed records exist regarding historic land uses at Squam Farm, the vast majority of Nantucket was set aside as common grazing land for sheep and other livestock immediately after colonial settlement (Crevecoeur 1957). Records indicate that ~800 ha in the Squam area was planted with grain following a severe winter food shortage on the island in 1780; at least 3 farms operated within a 1.5 km radius of Squam Farm ca. ...
On Nantucket Island, MA, the present range of coastal sandplain grasslands is primarily attributed to intense and prolonged historic sheep grazing following European settlement. The maintenance of this early successional habitat (ranked S-1 or “critically imperiled” in Massachusetts) relies on disturbance-based land-management tools. Habitat management efforts have focused primarily on mechanical and prescribed fire treatments, with limited emphasis on re-introducing sheep. This study examined and compared the impacts of repeated growing-season grazing, repeated growing-season mowing, and no management on vegetation community composition in a previously managed grassland. Sheep grazing effectively controlled and reduced clonal and vining woody plant coverage while increasing available bare ground for grassland species seed recruitment. However, grazing and mowing treatments resulted in an increase in weedy agricultural plant species, which may be an inherent side effect of management that results in soil disturbance. Given the long-term, variable nature of the ecological disturbances that created Nantucket's sandplain grassland vegetation communities, one management technique alone will not likely result in successful habitat restoration over a short period of time. We recommend that sheep grazing be more widely considered as an addition to the existing sandplain grassland management “tool box”.
... 8 De sorte que l'on finit par se demander si c'est la description d'un modèle, d'une technique de représentation qui est contenue, ou bien si, par une sorte d'effet de gigantesque synecdoque, le contenant (le territoire américain) ne devient pas contenu, si le territoire inconnu ne se trouve pas ainsi comme maîtrisé et ramené à l'intérieur de ce cartouche rassurant. 9 Bien que Waldseemüller ait donné dès 1507 le nom de l'explorateur Amerigo Vespucci au continent américain, Mercator continue, sur sa carte de 1569, d'appeler toute la région « India ». biblique, Evans, dans un document de nature scientifique, prouve aux Européens que si les géographes anglo-saxons ne peuvent pas rendre compte de toutes les courbes de terrain, en revanche ils font progresser la connaissance de la naissance du monde. Le texte appartient alors au domaine du descriptif dans la mesure où il est production dynamique de sens, qui place le cartographe quasiment au rang de démiurge. ...
... reted by many scholars, politicians, authors, and artists. Although there are many terms used as metaphors or symbols to explain the phenomenon of Americanization, the Melting Pot has been very popular and commonly used. The first instance of the use of the notion of the Melting Pot was by J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, a French-American in 1782. Crevecoeur (1957 in an effort to explain the creation of a new nation in America in his Letters from an American Farmer. Written in 1782, these letters sought to answer the question, "What … is the American, this new man?" In these writings, he used the word "melt" to describe the process of forming a new nation. He wrote, "Here individuals of all natio ...
The ending of the Cold War at the close of the 20th century became a turning point for the acceleration of racial, ethnic, and religious conflicts around the world, specifically in the Middle East. Within various countries, struggles have arisen, as diverse social groups demand political, cultural, and religious rights. Turkey is one of those countries. Representatives of the Kurds are demanding rights ranging from cultural recognition to political autonomy and independence. Some Kurdish groups are using terror to realize their goals. The tension stemming from this conflict is deteriorating the social, political, and cultural life of the country. The anomaly is that the Kurds have coexisted with the rest of the nation for more than one thousand year and their commonalities are more ample than their differences. America is a nation of immigrants from diverse racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. They have become blended and melted together to make America a Melting Pot or Salad Bowl. They learned to be American. Although America is considered one of the most democratic, peaceful, and rich countries of the world, America, in fact, has had many racial and ethnic problems. Black Americans were enslaved until 1865, and they did not have equal rights until 1965. Other minority groups-specifically non-white and non-European minorities-have always experienced prejudice and discrimination. However, despite these problems, none of these groups has used terror as a tool to realize their goals. None of the groups is struggling to divide Ame-rica. Despite their racial, ethnic, and linguistic differences, how did Americans ac-hieve this unity and civility? In this process, what are the roles of the metaphors of Melting Pot and Salad Bowl in the formation of educational policies? What can Turks and Kurds learn from the American experience of becoming a democratic nation? What is in the best interest of the Kurdish people in Turkey? This paper will investigate and discuss the answers of these questions.
The role of culture in language education has been long recognised and
acknowledged. Languages and cultures are intertwined, and when learning
a new language, one will come into contact with the related culture(s). The
language learner, whose learning experience is complete with discovering,
processing, understanding and accepting the other culture(s), will be able to
proceed further into understanding the new language and hopefully develop
a culturally aware personality. Intercultural competencies help one better
understand the new cultures and one’s own culture. Taking a step back and
looking at one’s own cultural background from a distance can help relate to
‘otherness’ in a more accepting way.
Recently there has been a stronger emphasis on the role of learning
about culture in early childhood language development. Language educators
working with young children in nurseries, kindergarten and lower primary
classes integrate elements of culture and cultural awareness-raising in their
classroom work and syllabuses.
The studies published in this volume are arranged around three main
themes. First, the role of cultures in teacher education is investigated. In the
next section, the studies explore various perspectives of cultures and languages
in the pre-school context. The final section examines the role of literature in
linguistic and intercultural dimensions.
Today, when there is a revival of examining and understanding bilingualism, we often conduct research on bilingual education while scrutinizing the effect of the phenomenon on the individual and the society. Most research aims to highlight how a foreign language can be acquired and how it forms a ‘bilingual pair’ with L1. However, there is less exploration into the other direction, i.e., how L1 behaves in a foreign context and how identity is re-structured in a new setting. It is not only a linguistic but a social question as well that can especially be reflected in literary works. This year, when we celebrate the sixty-sixth anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, this paper intends to commemorate the many poets who emigrated to foreign countries as a result of this conflict by examining aspects of their language usage and cultural identity.
The career of German writer Talvi (Thérèse Albertine Luise von Jacob Robinson [1797–1870]) illustrates her strong engagement with the intellectual and elite literary scenes of nineteenth-century Europe and America. This essay reviews her family background and early literary activities in Europe, while noting her extraordinary career as a language scholar, novelist, poet, translator, ethnologist and historian. Written during a period before the development of strong immigration laws in the United States, her complex novel Die Auswanderer (1852)– published in English translation as The Exiles (1853) – voices concerns relevant to both immigrants and American citizens alike, while providing strong views on issues such as slavery, immigration, cultural variation across American states and comparative national identities. The Exiles stands out as both an important early immigration novel and a notable example of German perspectives on the antebellum American social scene.
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144759/1/AshleyBock_ThesisFinal.pdf
Between 1821 and 1829, the Greek War for Independence attracted widespread and enthusiastic support in the United States. While most were content to simply follow along with the war’s proceedings, a small but vocal group of “philhellenes” took the remarkable step of making Greece’s cause their own. American philhellenes used nationalistic appeals couched in the language of an emergent middle-class sentimentality to raise funds for the Greeks while also lobbying for deeper American involvement in the conflict. Greece’s revolution, American philhellenes argued, was not a foreign war to be avoided; it was an occasion for reaffirming the nation’s moral and political commitments. By studying the poetical justifications for American involvement with the Greek Revolution, we are afforded a glimpse of an important development in popular perceptions of U.S. foreign policy. Philhellenic poetry presents a case study in how popular reading habits blended with nationalistic rhetoric to“sentimentalize” popular perceptions of America’s place in the world. Philhellenes used the nation’s expanding market for print material to forward normative claims about the nation’s responsibility toward the Greek revolutionaries, bringing into sharp relief the permeable boundaries between popular culture and public perceptions of foreign policy.
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the global food supply chain and exacerbated the problem of food and nutritional insecurity. Here we outline soil strategies to strengthen local food production systems, enhance their resilience, and create a circular economy focused on soil restoration through carbon sequestration, on-farm cycling of nutrients, minimizing environmental pollution, and contamination of food. Smart web-based geospatial decision support systems (S-DSSs) for land use planning and management is a useful tool for sustainable development. Forensic soil science can also contribute to cold case investigations, both in providing intelligence and evidence in court and in ascertaining the provenance and safety of food products. Soil can be used for the safe disposal of medical waste, but increased understanding is needed on the transfer of virus through pedosphere processes. Strengthening communication between soil scientists and policy makers and improving distance learning techniques are critical for the post-COVID restoration.
Early American literature offers a broad spectrum of religious perspectives and genres shaped by the dynamic environment of North America, from the pre‐Columbian period, through the age of European discovery and contending empires, to the era of revolution and nation building. Religious belief – and religiously motivated conflict – were central elements in many people's lives, and much of the verbal art reflects a sacred worldview or engages with metaphysical beliefs. A religious perspective informs the creation tales and ritual songs developed by Indigenous communities, and religion shapes European American genres including sermons and conversion narratives, ethnographies, life writings, and a range of poetic forms. This chapter explores the variety of American religious expressions, including Indigenous traditions and the impact of evangelical revivalism on Native American and African American writings, as well as works by Roman Catholic and Quaker authors, with a focus on the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Civil and religious authorities in eighteenth-century America grew increasingly concerned over the freedom with which young people chose their marriage partners. Correlating racial, religious and cultural similarity in marriage to a stable society, these authorities attempted to limit marriage and sexual choices by requiring parental authority for marriage, distributing permits to a select few to perform marriages, and criminalizing racial miscegenation. Eighteenth-century Pennsylvania German authorities supported this attitude because they associated ethnic and religious out-marriage with the weakening of the body and the destruction of society. My study uses the marriage and birth records of eighteenth-century Pennsylvania Germans to examine their marriage and sexual relationships. I discovered that Pennsylvania Germans overwhelmingly chose to marry other German-speakers, out of proportion with their population. By examining the then available works on marriage and procreation, I discovered that Pennsylvania Germans read works that emphasized the necessity and importance of intra-ethnic and religious sex and marriage for the health of their children. Pennsylvania Germans chose their marriage partners in alignment with their community’s attitudes towards those of other ethnicities and religions. A small data set further suggests that relationships with non-Germans occurred but rarely became formalized. This complicates what we know about the sexual and emotional revolutions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; far from a linear progression of attitudes towards sex, marriage, and others, eighteenth-century Pennsylvania Germans expressed multiple, contextually-driven perspectives, and in the process they created and maintained strong ethnic communities.
The USA as a multinational country of immigrants is nevertheless a fertile ground for competing nationalist ideologies and the consequently competing myth-building that surrounds the construction of national identity. The myth of the 1776 Declaration of Independence as an important founding document for domestic politics in the United States continues to spread through popular culture and academic textbooks. The claim of the Jefferson’s Declaration as an aspirational founding document helped establish a myth supporting creedal nationalism, but obscures the arc of the ideological debate over national identity.
This article engages in the debate about the origins and nature of nationalism. The argument is a modernist one, but it qualifies this narrative by focusing on landed property rights as the basis for the emergence and development of nationalism. The argument complements Ernest Gellner's theory of nationalism by suggesting that nationalism was at first a landed agrarian phenomenon which later became ideologically functional to industrial society due to its property assumptions. A historical‐sociological comparative analysis of land rights and national development in the United States and Norway between 1770 and 1884 forms the basis of the argument. The key point is that nationalism emerged as a consequence of the emergence of the more widespread individual ownership of land, which spawned the idea of national popular sovereignty. This original connection to property rights made nationalism ideologically functional for industrial society.
Migrations: a Transverse approach to the European Union More than a million migrants and refugees have crossed into Europe during last year sparking a crisis and creating division in an EU under debate. Migration is not only refugee crisis and involves more things. It is important to understand it. The aim of this book is to summarize the migration phenomenon, its causes, factors, and types focusing on the relevant dates to the European Union. The first part of the book analyses the general framework of migration: the stages of the phenomenon, causes, and a revision of the main theories which explain people international movements. The second part focuses on the migration flows in the European Union: colonization movement, evolution and conventions, and agreements. The third part analyses the regulation under EU Treaties and Derived law. Finally, current crisis and the role played by EU institutions were described. This book constitutes an essential reference to understand the migration phenomenon and its implications in the case of EU.
The melting pot theory has been used to describe societies that are formed by an assortment of immigrant cultures that eventually produce new hybrid social and cultural forms. The melting pot theory holds that, like metals melted together at great heat, the melting together of several cultures will produce a new compound, one that has great strength and other combined advantages. While the melting pot theory can be applied to any country that has integrated new cultures into its own, such as Brazil, Bangladesh, or even France, the theory is most commonly used to describe the United States as a new world with a distinct new breed of people amalgamated from many various groups of immigrants. Because of this, the melting pot theory has become synonymous with the process of Americanization.
Keywords:
transnationalism;
African American;
cultural diversity;
cross-cultural;
immigration;
demography and population studies
A szabadföldi széleróziós vizsgálatok során a hordalékok gyűjtéséhez különböző működési elvű hordalékfogókat alkalmaznak. Cikkünkben ezen (pl.: BSNE, POLCA, MWAC, SUSTRA) hordalékfogók főbb tulajdonságait tekintjük át. Majd mivel gyártási és hordalékgyűjtési szempontokból a POLCA fogót ítéltük a legalkalmasabbnak, ezért-e fogó esetében bemutatunk egy lehetséges fejlesztési irányt. Vizsgálataink során figyelembe vettük többek között a fogók vertikális és horizontális kapacitását, az általuk keltett turbulencia mértékét, a lehetséges gyűjtési magasságokat. A kísérleti konstrukciót 3D-s számítógépes modellezéssel és numerikus áramlástani szimuláció alkalmazásával alakítottuk ki. Így meg tudtuk határozni a szélsebességből adódó ébredő erők mértékét az eredeti és módosított verzió esetében, vizsgáltuk a csapdákon belüli sebességeloszlásokat. A fejlesztés elsődleges célja olyan konstrukció kialakítása volt, amely egyszerűen és olcsón gyártható, mégis a felfogott hordalék mennyiségét növeli, ezáltal szélesebb körű talajtani és környezetvédelmi vizsgálatokat tesz lehetővé.
About sediment traps for wind erosion, and the possibilty of POLCA sediment trap for the wider range soil tests
In the field of trials the scientists often use dust sampler for sediment traps for measure the wind erosion events, and their effects. In this paper we will look at this (eg .: BSNE, POLCA, MWAC, SUSTRA) sediment traps main characteristics. We proceeded to planning the modified POLCA dust trap and several calculations for determining the good geometry, for best sampling to the soil sciences. Finally, during the design completion of the product, we made analytical calculations regarding fluid mechanics. We calculated the geometric data necessary for further calculations, then based on the pressure, wind velocity, and temperature at the inlet, we calculated the wind velocity and other significant data at the outlet (pressure, force resulting from the pressure difference, and the velocity). After the CAD design we then proceeded to a more refined method for calculating fluid dynamics, which is CFD. The primary objective of the development was to create a design, which can be produced easily and cheaply. But it allows a wider range of soil and environmental studies through to increase the quantity of the samples.
Critics have noticed the Daoist gist of the 1872 Chinese version of “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving. The present study discovers that Irving’s tale itself is wealthy with deist and Daoist messages. From three aspects, including Irving’s access to deism and Daoism, deist and Daoist ideas exemplified through a contrast between nature and humans, and deist and Daoist ways of thinking embodied in the hero, this paper demonstrates how the philosophical ideas are redefined through the text and the hero to function as ways of examining the new nation and articulating the self.
This chapter focuses on the historical and current conceptions of citizenship and models of education for citizenship in the USA. The authors begin with reflections on the country’s colonial circumstances and the colonial understanding of the ‘human’ that defines what it means to achieve the American identity and, therefore, the status of a citizen. Building on this definition, the chapter expands on the politics of the incorporation of immigrants into American citizenship via civics education as a process of subject-making with the end goal of social control. The authors argue that the same ideology of assimilation to the socio-economic ‘norm’ that undergirded much of the Americanization campaign of the twentieth century is guiding a form of neoliberal Americanization in the twenty-first century in attempts to invent a new ‘human’ under the regime of market fundamentalism.
Zusammenfassung
Der Verf. dokumentiert eine Nachbartradition zur Utopie, die bisher nur in Einzelphasen, nicht als Gesamtkusammenhang erschien. Retrospektive Mentalität meint die Kontinuität eines Grundmodells idyllisch-nostalgischer Literaturformen, das sich von der Antike bis zur Moderne manifestiert. Seine differenzierte Zuordnung zur Utopie soll gleichzeitig die Konturen des Utopiebegriffs schärfen.
The 2014 volume addressed “Measure and Excess” in a variety of perspectives ranging from human temper to literary genres, from barbarian mores to the luxury of the opera, and from population counts to the severity of laws. For its 40th anniversary in 2015, the Society chose as its main focus of interest those of modest means, the middling sort of people, and raised the question of whether they embodied “the golden mean,” or in the words of Horace, “aurea mediocritas,” as they neither sank to ...
The various aphorisms, maxims and chronicles that compose Poor Richard’s Almanac, written and published from 1733 to 1758 by Benjamin Franklin under the pseudonym of Richard Saunders, do not only provide advice and rules of conduct to the reader. A lively description of the “popular wisdom” of the time is mirrored, underpinned by the praise of virtue, modesty and industriousness. Franklin’s advice thus corresponds to the idea of the “golden mean,” but one should not overlook the role of representation, as well as the social and philosophical dimensions of the message delivered. Through the character of Saunders, they indirectly reveal Franklin’s goal of an improved society – or rather, an improved American society, but one still inspired by European principles.
James McCune Smith’s unique series of character sketches, “Heads of the Colored People” (published in Frederick Douglass’ Paper between 1852 and 1854), opens with the character of a maimed “black news-vender” who bears a remarkable resemblance to Thomas Jefferson:
Our colored news vender kneels about four foot ten; black transparent skin, broad and swelling chest, whose symmetry proclaims Virginia birth, fine long hooked nose, evidently from the first families, wide loose mouth, sharpish face, clean cut hazel eyes, buried beneath luxuriantly folded lids, and prominent perceptive faculties. I did not ask him to pull off [his] cloth cap [covering] long greasy ears, lest his brow should prove him the incontestable descendant of Thomas Jefferson and Black Sal.1
This article examines Stephen Daldry’s film Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2011), based on Jonathan Safran Foer, 2005 novel, as a media model to demonstrate how the Hollywood film industry fashioned tragedy and vulnerability in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. As hegemonic propaganda, this film offers a specific case study to examine how the media engages in ideological battles over meaning to establish and promote the optimism of neoliberal policies and Western commercial interests. I proffer that Daldry’s visual narration follows an Aristotelian story structure from innocence to tragedy, which arouses pity and fear in the audience to provide a national catharsis, while at the same time reestablishing a corporate vision of globalized interconnectivity and renegotiated democratic space.
In January of 1775, less than two months after he arrived in America, Thomas Paine was hired by the printer and bookseller Thomas Aitken to be the editor of his forthcoming journal, the Pennsylvania Magazine, or, American Monthly Museum. Despite his having no editorial experience and only one known published work, the Pennsylvania Magazine soon became under Paine’s editorship the most successful and widely read periodical that had yet been published in the New World. While Paine was not the editor of the inaugural issue, he contributed the lead article, “The Utility of This Work Evinced,” usually referred to today as “The Magazine in America,” on his vision for the new magazine. “America has now outgrown the state of infancy,” Paine argues, and therefore needs the enlarged “opportunities of acquiring and communicating knowledge” that a magazine will provide.1 No publication is, he contends, “more calculated to improve or infect than a periodical one.” “A magazine, when properly conducted, is the nursery of genius … a kind of market of wit and utility.”2
The emergence of the new merchant society in Europe and North America created the premises for human rights. This chapter traces the rule of law established between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries in parts of western Europe and its colonies. The rights that it established did not extend to foreigners or anyone who did not conform sufficiently to the ingredients of the national culture. I focus on Holland, England and the United States, where we see the greatest advances in rights for national citizens, though the two European states excluded all “outsiders”. I focus on what responses about rights and justice this provoked among the excluded. Three examples are given of a new, critical view of national-popular rules of law: first the trial of Charles I and the views expressed there by the victim of the state; then the sectaries, especially the Quakers, who did not conform to the national rules of belonging through obedience to the established church and third, new theories of rights required where national-popular laws could not run, mainly on the high seas and the battlefield where there was no shared citizenship and therefore no rights. In each case, rights for all are demanded as consonant with human reason and, as argued by Grotius, clearly quite novel in their nature.
What is “American” Gothic?Dark WoodsDark WatersDark and Gloomy WrongsWitches and Imperiled MaidensBody and Body PoliticDracula's Children in the New WorldConclusion
References and Further Reading
???Welcoming Strangers??? explores the question of hospitality in nineteenth- and twentieth-century American literary studies. It deploys the concept of hospitality as an analytical category to critique discourses of empire, and demonstrates how hospitality makes it possible to envision and theorize the politics and ethics of decolonization. By exploring scenes of welcome among diverse ethnic ???arrivants,??? Indigenous Americans, and African Americans, who engage in constantly shifting guest-host relationships, this dissertation subverts a prevalent assumption that the mythical view of America as the Promised Land represents the sole discourse of hospitality. Following an autobiographical vignette in Nepal, where a Peace Corps volunteer ushers in American culture and language, its subsequent chapters examine multiple sites of hospitality in James Fenimore Cooper, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, John Dominis Holt, Leslie Marmon Silko, Willa Cather, and Toni Morrison. A radically alternative figure of hospitality ??? the ???guest/host-stranger??? ??? compels us to re-examine these texts not in terms of promoting an
abstract form of reception, but in terms of transformative and decolonizing sites of hospitality.
Scenes of hospitality in nineteenth-century texts by Cooper, Melville, Sigourney and Whitman register central contradictions of imperial expansion ??? the slavery that made possible the wealth and territorial expansion, the genocide and dispossession of native peoples, and the anxiety about what that expansion required???namely, proximity to ???cannibal??? hosts. Twentieth-century texts by Cather, Silko, Holt and Morrison reveal anxieties about the violent remaking of self and reclaiming of history by Native Americans, Hawaiians, African Americans and immigrants. ???Welcoming Strangers??? moves from Whitman???s poetics of hospitality as containment towards Sigourney???s self-lacerating hermeneutics, Cooper???s ???tearing??? of selves to produce the affects of welcome and the unsettling exposure of Melville???s cannibal hospitality. Silko???s welcoming healers, Holt???s revenants welcoming their history, Cather???s ???un-furnished??? hospitality, and the spectral welcome in Morrison intensify the ambivalent hospitality of the guest/host-stranger, who at once exposes the estrangement of imperialism and ushers in the promise of decolonization. By shifting our focus from the critique of national subjectivity and empire to a model at whose center stand the welcoming strangers, possibilities of national identity emerge beyond the binaries of host-guest or colonizer-colonized.
This paper explores the role of so-called wine trails as planners and managers of viticultural landscapes, using the case of the Finger Lakes region in New York, USA. Using key informant interviews, it assesses the current capacity and the future potential of these non-governmental, fee-based ‘clubs’ to mediate between global markets and the local agricultural landscape in the absence of policy frameworks designed for this purpose. Though it finds little evidence of such mediation today, the paper argues that the structure and institutional position of wine trails, organizations whose members’ livelihoods depend substantially on long-term landscape coherence, position them to play a more assertive role in doing so in the future, particularly in places marked by lax planning regimes and scarce resources.
IntroductionPart One. Explorers: Lewis and Clark's Ghostwriters, and Edwin JamesPart Two. Trappers and Traders: Kit Carson and James PattiePart Three. Travelers and Tourists: Francis Parkman and John WyethPart Four. Fiction: James Fenimore Cooper and William SnellingConclusion
References and Further Reading
In the last quarter of the XVIIIth century arguing and speculating about the cultural development of the former colonies became a widespread activity among British contributors to the periodical press. This paper, using a discourse-based approach, models the anglo-american relationship on a pattern of social interaction in a communication situation and shows how the dispute, by putting into question not only speech, but also aspects of consciousness, ideology and role, is essentially a social as well as linguistic problem.
'Maximizers' believe that any or most new technologies will eventually be applied in daily life. 'Minimizers' believe that not everything that is possible technologically will eventually be used. This review takes a middle course, considering technologies that are already in experimental or mass use. Presents telecommunications as a powerful device that may assist society to achieve goals that are determined independently of telecommunications. -A.F.Pitty
This paper develops the concept of ‘critical agrarianism’ to describe and advance the pursuit of land-based work as a means of realizing social justice and environmental sustainability. Encouraging new agrarianism to more carefully scrutinize its agenda, critical agrarianism celebrates the promise of a close working relationship with the natural world while insisting that a return to the land—per se—is insufficient. In the practice of linking people and land, past and present, critical agrarianism continually questions and reshapes the very category of agrarian, toward a more equitable and enduring prosperity. I revisit both canonical agrarian writing and its critics, pulling out ‘back-pocket tools’ that can keep critical agrarians on track in building our alternative futures. I then offer several case studies of critical agrarianism in practice, encouraging a move beyond idealized models of agrarian ties, toward an empirical account of who has actually been doing the work to put food on the table. Noting the historical gap between working the landscape and having a property or citizenship right, I call for an agrarianism in which practices—not land title—are the basis of material and social community. Furthermore, I suggest that agrarianism must extend its web outward rather than inward, forging connections to the work of land tenure reform, education, community development, immigrant advocacy and trade policy. To be a critical agrarian is not to preserve fixed social-natural ties, but rather to practice a powerfully open and dialogical engagement with the world and one another.
The idea that human health is tied to the soil is not a new one. As far back
as circa 1400 BC the Bible depicts Moses as understanding that fertile
soil was essential to the well-being of his people. In 400 BC the Greek
philosopher Hippocrates provided a list of things that should be considered
in a proper medical evaluation, including the properties of the local
ground. By the late 1700s and early 1800s, American farmers had recognized
that soil properties had some connection to human health. In the modern
world, we recognize that soils have a distinct influence on human health. We
recognize that soils influence (1) food availability and quality (food
security), (2) human contact with various chemicals, and (3) human contact
with various pathogens. Soils and human health studies include
investigations into nutrient supply through the food chain and routes of
exposure to chemicals and pathogens. However, making strong, scientific
connections between soils and human health can be difficult. There are
multiple variables to consider in the soil environment, meaning traditional
scientific studies that seek to isolate and manipulate a single variable
often do not provide meaningful data. The complete study of soils and human
health also involves many different specialties such as soil scientists,
toxicologists, medical professionals, anthropologists, etc. These groups do
not traditionally work together on research projects, and do not always
effectively communicate with one another. Climate change and how it will
affect the soil environment/ecosystem going into the future is another
variable affecting the relationship between soils and health. Future
successes in soils and human health research will require effectively
addressing difficult issues such as these.
The idea that human health is tied to the soil is not a new one. As far back as circa 1400 BC the Bible depicts Moses as understanding that fertile soil was essential to the well-being of his people. In 400 BC the Greek philosopher Hippocrates provided a list of things that should be considered in a proper medical evaluation, including the properties of the local ground. By the late 1700 and early 1800s, American farmers had recognized that soil properties had some connection to human health. In the modern world, we recognize that soils have a distinct influence on human health. We recognize that soils influence (1) food availability and quality (food security), (2) human contact with various chemicals, and (3) human contact with various pathogens. Soils and human health studies include investigations into nutrient supply through the food web and routes of exposure to chemicals and pathogens. However, making strong, scientific connections between soils and human health can be difficult. There are multiple variables to consider in the soil environment, meaning traditional scientific studies that seek to isolate and manipulate a single variable often do not provide meaningful data. The complete study of soils and human health also involves many different specialties such as soil scientists, toxicologists, medical professionals, anthropologists, etc. These groups do not traditionally work together on research projects, and do not always effectively communicate with one another. Climate change and how it will affect the soil environment/ecosystem going into the future is another variable affecting the relationship between soils and health. Future successes in soils and human health research will require effectively addressing difficult issues such as these.
This paper discusses the complex relationship between morals and markets and uses the case of Nantucket as an illustration. I argue that it was a specific Protestant work ethic promoted by Quakerism that facilitated the rise of Nantucket to become the capital of the American whaling fleet for more than a century. However, I also argue that the same morals and values that helped to give birth to the Quaker whaling empire contributed significantly to the downfall of the Quaker community, decades before whaling in general got into crisis. In more general terms this paper attempts to be a historical case study that illustrates the complexities of Albert O. Hirschman's doux commerce argument and particularly the way the Protestant spirit fits into Hirschman's explanation.
Data collected by the General Social Survey from 1972 to 2008 are used to confirm that in the United States, in contrast to many other parts of the world, there is a gradient of subjective well-being (happiness) that rises from its lowest levels in large central cities to its highest levels on the small-town/rural periphery. This gradient, which is present after controlling for many of the characteristics that affect individuals' happiness, is driven by several cleavages: between the size, density, and heterogeneity of major central cities and the smaller-scale, lower densities and relative homogeneity of areas beyond their borders, and between the black and white Americans differentially present in those locations.
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