ArticlePDF Available

MALKANGNI (CELASTRUS PANICULATUS WILLD.): NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN PERSPECTIVE OF UNANI MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES-A REVIEW

Authors:
  • Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine

Abstract

Malkangni (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) which belongs to the family celastraceae is a climber, a widely used medicinal herb in Unani Medicare System. The seeds and its oil play an important role in a wide range of substances of natural origin and used for the treatment of facial paralysis, amnesia, hemiplegia, gout, leprosy, leucoderma, ascites, anaemia etc. It is an endangered medicinal plant distributed throughout India, mostly in tropical forest and the subtropical Himalayas ascending up to 1400 m. increased interest in products of natural origin has been noticed within recent years. In this view, the main aim of this study is to document the knowledge of ethnomedicinal uses and create awareness about the uses of the plant in Unani System of Medicine to cure various disorders.
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
381
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
MALKANGNI (CELASTRUS PANICULATUS WILLD.):
NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN PERSPECTIVE OF
UNANI MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES-A REVIEW
*Mohd Afsahul Kalam1, Suheena Khanday2, Sajjad Salim3, Khan Nida4, Ansar Ahmad5
1,2,3Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, Naseembagh
Campus, Habak, Srinagar 190006, Jammu ande Kashmir, India.
ABSTRACT
Malkangni (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) which belongs to the
family celastraceae is a climber, a widely used medicinal herb in Unani
Medicare System. The seeds and its oil play an important role in a
wide range of substances of natural origin and used for the treatment of
facial paralysis, amnesia, hemiplegia, gout, leprosy, leucoderma,
ascites, anaemia etc. It is an endangered medicinal plant distributed
throughout India, mostly in tropical forest and the subtropical
Himalayas ascending up to 1400 m. increased interest in products of
natural origin has been noticed within recent years. In this view, the
main aim of this study is to document the knowledge of
ethnomedicinal uses and create awareness about the uses of the plant in
Unani System of Medicine to cure various disorders.
KEYWORDS: Endangered, Malkangni, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Climber.
INTRODUCTION
Malkangni (C. paniculatus Willd.) is the most widely used tradition herb in Unani System of
Medicine. The seeds and its oil have been used as common neurotonic, memory tonic, from
the time immemorial. It has been shown to possess aphrodisiac, eye tonic, digestive tonic,
liver tonic, expectorant, mild laxative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic and
emmenagogue, laxative, diuretic, diaphoretic, thermogenic, appetizer, digestive properties
also. The plant contains celastrine, paniculatine, celapanin, celapanigin and celapagin
alkaloids. In Unani system of medicine the plant is said to have hot and dry temperament in
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.421
Volume 8, Issue 2, 381-391 Review Article ISSN 2278 4357
*Corresponding Author
Mohd Afsahul Kalam
Regional Research Institute
of Unani Medicine,
University of Kashmir,
Naseembagh Campus,
Habak, Srinagar 190006,
Jammu ande Kashmir, India.
Article Received on
03 Dec. 2018,
Revised on 24 Dec. 2018,
Accepted on 13 Jan. 2019
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20192-13113
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
382
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
3rd degree, so mainly used for the treatment of the diseases produced due to the cold and
related to the nerve and brain such as facial paralysis, hemiplegia, gout, sciatica, pneumonia,
pleurisy, amnesia, leucoderma, asthma etc. and also used to treat various disorders such as
leprosy, ascites, anemia, loss of appetite, flatulence, sexual weakness and amenorrhea etc. In
the present scenario, increasing health issues, hazardous effects of synthetic drugs and thus
the preference of natural products over synthetic one is questioning the survival of many
valuable medicinal plant species. So it is necessary to increase the production of such type of
drugs which have higher medicinal value. In this paper, the information regarding its
pharmacological and phytochemical studies and medicinal value in perspective of Unani
Medicine is described.
Vernacular Names
Arabic: Qaifur, Tilan; Bengali: Lataphatki; Burma: Myinkongnayoung; Deccan: Malkanguni;
English: Intellect tree, Black oil tree, Staff tree; Garhwal: Malkauni; Gujrati: Makngana,
Malkangani; Hindi: Jyotishmati, malkakni; Kannada: Kariganne; Kumaon: Makagni,
malakoni; Marathi: Kanguni; Malyalam: Palulavam; Panjabi: Samphu, sankhu; Tamil:
Atiparichcham, valuluwai; Telgu: Malaerikata, malkangni; Urdu: Malkangani, Sansikrit:
Amruta, Jyotishmati, Jyotishka, swarnlata, pita tel, mati priya, vanhiruchi, katumbhi,
maghzsudhi, medhya; Sinhalese: Duhudu.[1,2,3,4]
Threat Status
C. paniculatus Willd. is a rare and endangered medicinal plant distributed throughout India
mostly in tropical forests and subtropical Himalayas (5). It is recorded as a threatened plant in
forests of Rajasthan and critically endangered in Uttrakhand and Uttar Pradesh.[6,7]
Distribution
The genus is distributed in the sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelum eastward, up to 6000 ft.,
the species is extensively distributed in Andhra Pradesh, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Western Ghats, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Jammu
Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.[4,8]
Botanical Description
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. is a large liana (woody climber), height up to 18m with stem
diameter up to 23cm.[9] Stem woody, bark brown and thin. Branchlets hairless, with many
distinct minute white dots called lenticels; leaves simple, alternate, ovate to oblong-elliptic,
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
383
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
about 5-15x2-8 cm; apex acute, acuminate or obtuse; base round, shortly acuminate, margin
toothed with rounded teeth, hairless; lateral nerves 5-8 pairs, slender; leaf stalks about 3 cm
long; flowers unisexual in terminal pyramidal panicles, about 6mm across, yellowish or
greenish white, collected in terminal paniculate cymes; panicles 5-30cm long, pendulous.
Capsules sub-globose, 1.01.5 cm in diameter, smooth, yellow when mature, transversely
wrinkled, dehiscing by three valves; seeds 3-6, ellipsoid or avoid, about 6x3 mm, yellowish
brown enclosed in crimson-red aril; flowering is from November to February and fruiting is
from March onward.[10,11]
Scientific classification
Kingdome plantae
Class angiospermae
Order celastrales
Family celastraceae
Genus celastrus
Species paniculatus
Description in Unani Literatures
In Unani System of Medicine, the plant is described by Hakim Azam Khan, Hakim Sharif
Khan and Hakim Najmul Ghani and many more physicians in their books. According to
them, it is a seed obtained from an Indian climber known as Malkangni (Celastrus paniculata
Willd.). It attains a height of Qad-i-Adam (height of a man). It has one or two stems with
many branches; leaves resemble with Morus leaves but more rounded and serrated; fruits
appear in clusters, divides into three parts after drying; seeds are rough, triangular in shape,
blackish red and yellowish white inside, enclosed in a capsule (fruit) which ripen in late
summer season. The seeds of this plant constitute the drug which is bitter and possess
unpleasant odour and bitter taste.[1,2] Roghan Malkangni is obtained by cold expelling process
from Malkangni seeds.[12] The second method of oil collection is that the coarsely powdered
seeds are placed on a cloth, which covers the head of a Deg, half filled with water. After
putting the seeds, the head is covered by a Sarposh (head cover). Now the deg is put on the
fire to boil. The vapors rise up and cross the cloth and warmth the seeds, after touching the
roof of the Sarposh (head cover) they return and drop back, taking the oil with them from the
seeds. After sometimes oil is collected in the water and then separated.[1]
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
384
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Parts used (Ajza-i-musta’mla)
In Unani System of Medicine mainly the seeds and its oil are used medicinally and leaves are
also used for some diseases[2]
Temperament (mizaj)
According to Unani physicians the temperament of the seeds is hot and dry in 3rd degree[1,2]
Action and uses
It has been described in the classical literature of Unani medicine to be as muqawi-i-bāh
(aphrodisiac), muqawwi-i-dimāgh (brain tonic), muqawwi-i-ḥāfia (memory tonic),
muqawwi-i-chashm (eye tonic), muqawwi-i-ham (digestive tonic), muqawwi-i-jigar (liver
tonic), munaffith-i-balgham (expectorant), mushil khafīf (mild laxative), muallil-i-awrām
(anti-inflammatory), musakkin-i-alam (analgesic), mudirr-i-bawl (diuretic), muddirr-i-ay
(emmenogogue), mu’arriq (diaphoretic), muwallid-i-arārat (thermogenic), muarrik-i-
ishtiha (appetizer), hāḍim ta’ām (digestive), kāsir-i-riyāḥ (carminative), muqi (emetic),
mumsik (retentive), tiryāq sumūm-i-afiyūn (antidote of opium poisoning) etc. Seeds and its oil
are used locally as well as internally to stimulate intellect and appetite, to sharpen memory
and to reduce a headache and joint pain (especially in the patients of arthritis). Especially it is
used to cure disorders which are caused by cold humours and nerve or brain origin like
Laqwa (facial paralysis), Falij (hemiplegia), Dard-i-Zanu (thigh pain), Dard-i-Sar
(headache), Waja’ al-adr (chest pain), Niqris (gout), Irq al-Nisa (sciatica), Tashannuj
(spasm), Waja’ al-Warik (hip pain), Zat al-riya (pneumonia), Zat al-janb (pleurisy), Ḍufi’
afia (amnesia), Baraṣ (leucoderma), iq al-nafas (asthma) etc. It is also used to treat
various disorders such as Juzām (leprosy), Istisqa (ascites), Su al-Qinia (anemia) etc.[1,2] In
various disorders its uses are as follows:
Memory weakness (dufi’ hafiza): One drop of its oil is used daily to increase memory.[2]
Loss in eye vision (du’fi chashm): Its seed is taken one daily then gradually increasing it one
every day for eight days and after that taken continuously 8 seeds daily, strengthen the
eyesight. Its oil is also applied to the soul of hand and feet to increase eyesight [1,2]
Spasm (tashannuj): If spasm occurs in any organ due to cold or collection of
gas, takmid (thermotherapy) after application of Roghan Malkangni is very useful.[1]
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
385
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Sexual weakness (du’fi bah): Its fried seeds with roghan zard (ghee) are taken in quantity of
one cuff (24 gm) to increase sexual power and the oil of its seeds in quantity of 10 drops is
taken daily with betel leaves to treat impotence.[2]
Premature greying of hairs (shayyeb-i-sha’r): A Ghee obtained from the milk boiled with
its seeds is used orally in quantity of 24 ½ gm -28gm with Khir (a diet made with rice and
milk) to treat premature greying of hair.[1,2]
Leprosy (juzam): Its oil is applied locally and also taken orally to cure leprosy.[1,2]
Stomach disorders (amraz-i-me’da): For diseases of stomach it is taken orally which
strengthen the stomach, increase appetite and digestion.[2]
Litharge (litharghas): A snuff is taken to cure lethargic condition.[2]
Cold diseases (amraz-i-barida): In cases of cold diseases like falij (hemiplegia), laqwa
(facial palsy) and tashannuj (spasm), local application of its oil are useful.[2]
Retention of urine (Ihtibas-i-bawl): The oil causes diuresis, so it is used with lassi to cure
retention of urine.
Fistula (nasur): Its oil is applied in the fistula, which heals it easily.[2]
Dose (miqdar khurak): Seeds 500mg-1gm; leaves juice 20-40ml and oil is used in the
quantity of 10-15 drops.[2]
Adverse effect (mazarrat): It is harmful in a younger age person in the hot season, hot
places, having a hot temperament. It also induces abortion so contraindicated in pregnancy; it
also causes a headache.[1,2]
Correctives (musleh): Due to the 3rd degree of its temperament, it produces some toxicity
and adverse effects, so cold materials like cow milk and cold regimens are used to correct its
toxic or adverse effects.[1,2]
Substitute (badal): Sometimes in absence or unavailability of one drug another drug is used
as a substitute in Unani Medicine, so Roghan Qarnful (clove oil) is used as a good substitute
of the Roghan Malkangni.[2]
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
386
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Compound Formulations: Various compound formulation are prepared in which Malkangni
is used as an important ingredient such as ‘Asbi, Habb-i-Sar’ Khas, Halwa-i-Malkangni,
Halwa-i-Ghikwar, Dawa-i-Takor, Majun Nishat Angaiz, Roghan Malkangni, Roghan Shifa,
Tila-i-Ajib, Tila-i-Khas al-Khas, Tila-i-Benazir, Tila-i-Iksir, Tila-i-Nishatangaiz, Zimad
Kharatin Shangarfi, Zimad Muqawwi (The detail is given in table 01) etc.
Bioactive compounds
Two alkaloids, namely, celastrine and paniculatine, isolated from seed are considered to be
the active constituents.[3] Three important alkaloids, namely, celapanin, celapanigin and
celapagin, have also been isolated from the plant.[13] Seeds contain brownish-yellow oil, a
bitter resinous principle, tannin and ash. It is rich in acetic and benzoic acids along with other
fatty acids and a crystalline substance tetracasanol and sterol is the main content of medicinal
use.[14,15] Other ingredients from the oil are also reported such as protein, carbohydrate,
fats, Vit. C, sodium, potassium, ash, calcium, iron etc.[11] The sesquiterpene alkaloids are
derived from a new sesquiterpene tetra-ol (celapanol) which is alternately esterified with
acetic, benzoic, nicotinic and β-furoic acids.[16] The plant was found to possess a number of
mineral elements such as sodium, magnesium, aluminium, potassium, calcium, vanadium,
chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and molybdenum.[17] Besides these,
oil of the plant also comprises of proteins, carbohydrates, fats (saturated fats, polyunsaturated
and monounsaturated fats) and vitamin C. The hydroalcoholic extract of areal part of the
plant was found to contain 3.52 % of tannins.[18]
Pharmacological Studies
Aqueous extract of the plant at a daily dose of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg for a period of 21
days was investigated for its cognitive-enhancing and antioxidant property in an experimental
model of Alzheimer’s disease in albino rats. The seeds oil given in the form of emulsion
showed the tranquillizing effect in mice subjected to the excitement with the administration
of adrenaline and amphetamine.[19] The seed extract has been studied by a number of
researchers for its neuropharmacological effects, and a number of preclinical reports are
available to confirm the nootropic action possessed by it.[20] Due to its remarkable brain-
stimulating and antioxidant properties as described in kinds of literature, its effect was
studied against immobilization-induced stress in albino mice. The crude C. paniculatus seed
oil administered orally, intramuscularly and intraperitoneally in a dose of 1 g/kg, which
produced a sedative effect in rats and demonstrated a significant reduction of movement in
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
387
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
mice.[19] Aqueous seed extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight of rat, administered for 14
days, has been observed to have an improvement in learning and memory. It has also
exhibited antioxidant properties by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing endogenous
antioxidant enzymes in the brain. It was found to be effective in forestalling the cognitive
deficits as well as the oxidative stress caused by the administration of streptozotocin in
rats.[21] The anticonvulsant activity of seed oil was examined against leptazole, picrotoxin and
strychnine-induced convulsions in rats. It increased strychnine convulsions and
reduced leptazole toxicity. It produced a calming effect in injected rats, potentiated
pentobarbitone sedation and exerted antispasmodic activity with respect to acetylcholine but
did not significantly affect the amphetamine toxicity.[22] Apart from its efficacy in diseases of
Nervous System it is also studies for various pharmacological properties and found to be
possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory[23], hypolipidaemic[24], anti-arthritic[25], anti-fungal[26],
antibacterial[27,28], anti-fertility[29] properties in various studies.
Table 01 showing compound formulation of Malkangni, their dosage and indications.
S.N.
Compound formulations
Dosage
01.
Asbi[30]
2 tablet twice a day
02.
Habb-i-Sar’ Khas[30]
I Pills twice a day
03.
Halwa-i-Malkangni[31]
2 tablet twice a day
04.
Dawa-i-Takor[32]
Local application
05.
Majun Nishat Angaiz[30]
6gm with milk or water
06.
Roghan Malkangni[12]
Local application and
per orally
08.
Tila-i-Ajib[32]
Local application
09.
Tila-i-Khas al-Khas[30]
Local application
10.
Tila-i-Benazir[30]
Local application
11.
Tila-i-Iksir[30]
Local application
12.
Tila-i-Nishatangaiz[30]
Local application
13.
Zimad Kharatin Shangarfi[30]
Local application
14.
Zimad Muqawwi[30]
Local application
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
388
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Fig. 01: Showing Illustrated diagram of the plant (a); leaves and fruits (b & c); fruits
(d); seeds (e).
CONCLUSION
Malkangni (Celastrus paniculatus Wild.) is one of the important Unani herbal drug which is
used locally as well as orally to treat various disorders related to digestive system, sexual and
eye diseases and especially in disorders of brain and nerves. The seed extract and its oil have
been extensively investigated in several research institutes and laboratories and a number of
reports are available confirming their neuropharmacological effects such as nootropic action,
tranquilizing, anticonvulsant, anti-stress effects etc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Being the corresponding author, I am thankful to all my co authors for collecting data to
complete this article. I am also thankful to Dr. Aziz Ur Rahman and Dr. Rashid (Deptt. of
Saidla AMU, Aligarh) for providing beautiful images of herbarium. We are extremely
thankful to Dr. Seema Akbar, Assistant Director and In-Charge, RRIUM, Srinagar for
providing basic facilities in the institute.
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
389
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Conflict of interest None declared.
REFERENCES
1. Khan Azam. Muhit-i-Azam, vol 4. (Urdu translation by Central Council for Research in
Unani Medicine), Ministry of AYUSH, Family Welfare and Health, Govt of India, New
Delhi, 2018; 512-15.
2. Ghani Najmul. Idara Kitab al-Shifa, New Delhi, 2011; 1211: 1212.
3. Khare CP. Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg,
2007; 1775
4. Kirtikara KR and Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, Periodical Experts Book Egancy,
Delhi. 2012; 1: 575-577.
5. Warrier PK, Nambiar V P K and Ramankutty C. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol.1-5. Orient
Longman Ltd., Madras, 1993-1995.
6. Anonymous. The Wealth of India, a Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials & Industrial
Products, Vol. I: A-Ci. National Institute of Science Communication and Information
Resources, CSIR, New Delhi, 2007; 238: 239.
7. Prakash Anand and Singh KK. Observation on some threatened plants and their
conservation in Rajaji National Park, Uttaranchal, India. J.Econ.Tax, Bot, 2001; 25(2):
363-366.
8. Anonymous. The Wealth of India, a Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials & Industrial
Products, Vol. 3: Ca-Ci. National Institute of Science Communication and Information
Resources, CSIR, New Delhi, 1992; 412,413.
9. Nadkarni AK. Indian Materia Medica (edn. 3), Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976; I: 296.
10. Afaq SH. Ethano Medico Botany of Western Uttar Pradesh. Publication Division AMU,
Aligarh, 2011.
11. Neha Arora and Shashi Pandey Rai. Celastrus Paniculatus, an Endangered Indian
Medicinal Plant with miraculous cognitive and other therapeutic properties: An Overview
Int J Pharm Bio Sci., 2012; 3(3): 290303.
12. Anonymous. National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Central Council for Research in
Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Family Welfare and Health, Govt of India, New
Delhi, 2006; 197.
13. Anonymous. The Wealth of India (Raw materials), Publication and Information
Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, 1992; VI: 439444.
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
390
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
14. Yoganarasimhan SN. Medicinal Plants of India, Tamil Nadu, Regional Research Institute,
Bangalore, 2000; 2: 441.
15. Gamlath CB, Gunatilaka AAL, Tezuka Y, Kikuchi T, Balasubramaniam S. Quinone-
methide, phenolic and related triterpenoids of plants of Celastraceae: further evidence for
the structure of celastranhydride. Phytochemistry, 1990; 29: 31893192.
16. Wagner H, Heckel E. Struktur und stereochemie eines sesquiterpenesters und dreier
sesquiterpen- alkaloide von Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Tetrahedron, 1975; 31: 1949
1956.
17. Saily A, Sahu R, Gupta B, Sondhi SM. Analysis for mineral elements of medicinal plants
used for the treatment of asthma, syphilis, diarrhoea, skin diseases and rheumatism.
Hamdard Med., 1994; 37: 1822.
18. Atal CK, Srivastava JB, Wali BK, Chakravarty RB, Dhawan BN, Rastogi RP. Screening
of Indian plants for biological activity: part VIII. Indian J Exp Biol., 1978; 16: 330349.
19. Gatinode BB, Raiker KP, Shroff FN, Patel JR. Pharmacological studies with malkanguni,
an indigenous tranquilizing drug (preliminary report). Curr Pract, 1957; 1: 619621.
20. Bhanumathy M, Harish MS, Shivaprasad HN, Sushma G. Nootropic activity of Celastrus
paniculatus seed. Pharm Bio., 2010; l 48: 324327.
21. Kumar MHV and Gupta YK. Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus willd: a
possible mechanism in enhancing cognition. Phytomedicine, 2002; 9: 302311.
22. Shroff FN, Gaitonde BB, Patel JR. Tranquillizers (An experimental study). J Group Hosp,
1959; 4: 160-173.
23. Ahmad F, Khan RA, Rasheed S. Preliminary screening of methanolic extracts of
Celastrus paniculatus and Tecomella undulata for analgesic and anti-inflammatory
activities. J Ethnopharm, 1994; 42(3): 193-198.
24. Mathur NT, Varma M, Dixit VP. Hypolipidaemic and antiatherosclerotic effect of
Celastrus paniculatus seed extract in cholesterol fed rabbits. Indian Drugs, 1993; 30: 76-
82.
25. Patil KS, Suryavanshi J. Effect of Celastrus paniculatus Willd: Seed on adjuvant induced
arthritis in rats. Phcog Mag, 2007; 3(11): 177-181.
26. Vonshak A, Barazani O, Sathiyamoorthy P, Shalev R, Vardy D, Golan-Goldhirsh A.
Screening South Indian medicinal plants for antifungal activity against cutaneous
pathogens. Phytother Res., 2003; 17(9): 1123-1125.
27. Patel RP, Trivedi BM. The in vitro antibacterial activity of some medicinal oils. Indian J
Med Res., 1962; 50: 218-222.
www.wjpps.com Vol 8, Issue 2, 2019.
391
Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
28. Pandya KK, Patel RB, Chakravarthy BK. Antibacterial activity of some Indian Medicinal
Plants. Indian Drugs, 1990; 27: 415-4117.
29. Wangoo D, Bidwai PP. Anti-spermatogenic effect of Celastrus paniculatus seed extract
on the testis of albino rats. Fitoterapia, 1988; 59: 377-382.
30. Anonymous. National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Central Council for Research in
Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Family Welfare and Health, Govt. of India, New
Delhi, part-VI. 2011; 21,26, 64,78, 79,90,92,93.
31. Anonymous. National Formulary of Unani Medicine, vol. 1, part-2. Central Council for
Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Family Welfare and Health, Govt of
India, New Delhi, 2007; 44.
32. Anonymous. National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Part-V. Central Council for
Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Family Welfare and Health, Govt of
India, New Delhi, 2008; 84, 128, 151.
... Boosts memory and eyesight. Relives joint crepitation, stiffness and pain (Kalam et al.,2019). Ashwagandha Root 10.89 g Neuroprotective herb (Singh et al.,2017). ...
... Ustakhuddus flower is rich in paralysis-curing properties (Nasir et al.,2020). The samagri contains herbs such as Jatamansi roots, Malkangni seeds, which cure nervous system (Kalam et al., 2019;Thakur et al., 2021). Ashwagandha and Pushkarmool are naturally neuroprotective. ...
Article
Full-text available
Paralysis is a symptom of some major ailment in the body that may take days or months to recover. The available treatments are not only expensive; they may have numerous side effects. Yagya therapy, on the other hand presents an efficient alternative or supportive therapy for paralysis treatment. The basic composition of yagya samgri contains different medicinal herbs that are reported to have several remedial effects. A paralysis specific yagya samgri namely "Divya Medheshti" that consists a mixture of paralysis-specific medicinal herbs like Bacopa monnieri, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Acorus calamus, Lavandula stoechas, Celastrus paniculatus, Withania somnifera, Inula racemose, Achyranthes aspera, Nardostachys jatamansi, Cinnamomum camphora and kapor wood is used in the present study to evaluate its effect on 14 patients of in the age group of 19-75 years. The patients were continued with yagya and pranayama for a duration of 10 days to 11 months. The patients have experienced satisfactory to complete relief after the yagya treatment. Therefore, yagya therapy is an affordable form of treatment for paralysis that helps in the restoration of lost muscle control and provides much-needed hope and a positive attitude.
... The Malkangni plant has reddish-brown or pale bark on the outside, with a rough, broken surface. The inside of the bark has a light yellow color 6,7 . ...
... The Malkangni plant has reddish-brown or pale bark on the outside, with a rough, broken surface. The inside of the bark has a light yellow color 6,7 . ...
Article
Full-text available
Malkangni, also known as Celastrus paniculatus Willd., is a herb widely used in the Unani system of medicine for its neuropharmacological properties. The seeds and oil of Malkangni have therapeutic benefits, including enhancing memory and cognitive functions. Malkangni exhibits a range of pharmacological activities, including neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. It has shown potential to improve learning and memory, sedation, and anti-convulsive properties and treat conditions such as leprosy, rheumatism, diarrhea, and arthritis. The diverse pharmacological activities of Malkangni suggest its potential in treating various health conditions. This review aims to describe the medicinal properties and therapeutic applications of Malkangni through the perspective of Unani medicine and its phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Keywords: Malkangni, Celastrus paniculatus, Unani medicine, traditional medicine, natural medicine
... C. paniculatus Willd also contain some minerals such as sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and molybdenum. The extract of areal part of plant in hydro-alcohol was constituted 3.52% of tannins ( Fig.2) [15]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Objective: Celastrus paniculatus Willd, family Celastraceae is an important medicinal plant distributed all over India. Due to the presence of antioxidative polyphenols in C. paniculatus Willd have received much attention for health-promoting properties by scavenging the free radicals, the purpose of this study is to understand neuropharmacological, anti-stress activity, and toxicity studies of standardized seeds extract of “C. paniculatus Willd. Methods: The sun dried C. paniculatus Willd seeds were collected and extracted with ethanol by maceration. Then, the ethanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical screening. The acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of C. paniculatus was observed as per the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline no. 423. Neuropharmacological and anti-stress effects were analyzed and evaluated by using physical stress models such as Swimming endurance test, Anoxic tolerance test, Tail suspension test (TST), and Elevated plus maze test. For this study, Swiss albino mice (20–30 g) were divided into five groups of six animals each. Distilled water administered as vehicle in control group and standard group received Withania somnifera (100 mg/kg) while C. paniculatus Willd ethanolic extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) was given orally for 7 days. Results and Discussion: Change in immobility time in swim endurance, first clonic convulsion produced in anoxic tolerance test, immobility time in TST and open arms entry in elevated plus maze test was recorded as parameters. The ethanolic extracts of C. paniculatus Willd significantly reduces the immobility timing along with increases the swimming endurance time, and clonic convulsion timing in anoxic tolerance test in comparison of control group. In tail suspension significant decrease in immobility time and increased open arm entry in elevated plus maze were observed as compare to control group. Conclusion: C. paniculatus Willd has potential as a medicinal plant and it showed protective effect for the stress prevention as the alkaloids are present as main constituents.
Article
Full-text available
Background The integration of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) with modern medicine aims to provide a more personalized and effective approach to healthcare. Ayurveda is a traditional medicine system in India that emphasizes the balance between mind, body, and spirit. It is based on the belief that every individual is unique and requires personalized treatment. The fundamental principles of Ayurveda revolve around maintaining equilibrium among three doshas: Vata (air and space), Pitta (fire and water), and Kapha (earth and water). Imbalances in these doshas are believed to cause diseases. Main body of the abstract The integration of Ayurveda with modern medicine seeks to utilize the best of both systems, focusing on using natural remedies and treatments that have been used for centuries in Ayurveda. The integration involves combining the strengths of both systems, including the use of Ayurvedic principles in modern medicine and the incorporation of modern medicine into Ayurvedic practices. Several studies have explored the efficacy of Ayurvedic treatments for various diseases, and the integration of Ayurvedic principles into modern medicine can provide a more comprehensive approach to patient care. Short conclusion Ayurveda is a traditional medical system deeply rooted in Indian culture that offers a holistic approach to healthcare. Its principles emphasize personalized treatment based on an individual's constitution. Integrating Ayurveda with modern medicine can enhance patient care by providing a more comprehensive approach towards health management. However, challenges exist regarding the standardization of Ayurvedic practices due to variations in formulations and the need for more scientific evidence for some treatments. Further studies are needed for validation purposes.
Article
Full-text available
Celastrus paniculatus (family: Celastraceae) is a woody climbing shrub valued for its immense medicinal properties contained in its various plant parts. Over-exploitation and poor natural regeneration either by seed or other method/s have resulted into depleting population of C. paniculatus in natural habitats in India. Novel approaches such as liquid culture media and photoautotrophic multiplication of shoots on sugar-free media has proved useful to obtain photosynthetically active micropropagated plantlets. The shoot cultures of C. paniculatus were multiplied on sucrose containing and sucrose-free semi-solid and liquid media. The cultures were further incubated under various concentrations of carbon dioxide (0.0 to 40.0 gm-3). The assessment of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fo, Fm, F’m, Ft, Fv/Fm and ΦPS2) under similar conditions was undertaken. It was observed that CO2 enrichment favored shoot multiplication and elongation and biomass production in sucrose supplemented medium. CO2 (10.0 gm-3) along with sucrose (3.0%), recorded maximum growth on semi-solid and liquid media. The valuation of Fo, Fm, F’m, Ft, Fv/Fm and ΦPS2 revealed that an increase in the concentration of CO2 resulted in a decline in all the parameters especially the Fv/Fm and ΦPS2. On the contrary, withdrawal of sucrose from the medium under CO2 enriched conditions resulted in a moderate growth rate and biomass production. However, Fv/Fm and ΦPS2 were considerably improved in shoot cultures incubated under elevated concentrations of CO2 (10.0 gm-3) without sucrose in the medium indicating their photoautotrophic growth. Liquid medium proved to be superior for overall growth and biomass production over its semi-solid counterparts. The observations of photochemical efficiency in shoot cultures grown on liquid medium were at par with their semi-solid counterparts indicating no adverse effects such as hyperhydricity.
Article
Full-text available
Celastrus paniculatus is an Indian medicinal plant which has been used for thousands of years in the traditional Ayurvedic system of medicine. It is fast gaining importance in the primary healthcare systems as well as in herbal drug formulations. Oil obtained from the seeds of the plant is reported to be highly beneficial in stimulating intellect and sharpening the memory. It also acts as a potential nervine tonic, rejuvenator and an anti-depressant. Moreover, the plant possesses a strong antioxidant as well as free radical scavenging activity. C. paniculatus has also been exploited for its potential role in the management of neurodegenerative diseases and other neuronal disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Oil being a powerful stimulant for neuromuscular system is also used for the treatment of rheumatism, gout and paralysis. This review aims at exploring the detailed phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties as well as therapeutic applications of different parts of C. paniculatus.
Article
A new sesquiterpene ester (Malkangunin) and three sesquiterpene alkaloids (Celapanin, Celapanigin, Celapagin) were isolated from Celastrus paniculatus Willd. The complete structure and stereochemistry of Malkangunin, a sesquiterpene tetra-ol of the β-dihydroagarofurane type two of whose hydroxyls being esterified with acetic and benzoic acids, is discussed. The alkaloids described here are derived from a new sesquiterpene tetra-ol (Celapanol) which is alternately esterified with acetic, benzoic, nicotinic and β-furoic acids.
Article
Quinone-methide and phenolic triterpenoids of the root outer bark ofCelastrus paniculatus have been identified as celastrol, pristimerin, zeylasterone and zeylasteral whereas those ofKokoona reflexa root outer bark were pristimerin, zeylasterone and zeylasteral. Celastranhydride, an unusual triterpene anhydride isolated fromK. zeylanica was shown to be present inK. reflexa, Cassine balae andReissantia indica. Details of the isolation and structure elucidation of celastranhydride are presented along with the analysis of1H-detected heteronuclear multiple-bond multi-quantum correlation (HMBC) NMR spectrum which aided the confirmation of its structure. Extracts ofC. balae, Gymnosporia emarginata, Pleurostylia opposita andR. indica were found to contain quinone-methides but were devoid of phenolic triterpenoids. The biosynthetic and chemotaxonomic significance of the co-occurrence of these triterpenoids in Celastraceae is discussed.