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MALKANGNI (CELASTRUS PANICULATUS WILLD.):
NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN PERSPECTIVE OF
UNANI MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES-A REVIEW
*Mohd Afsahul Kalam1, Suheena Khanday2, Sajjad Salim3, Khan Nida4, Ansar Ahmad5
1,2,3Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, University of Kashmir, Naseembagh
Campus, Habak, Srinagar 190006, Jammu ande Kashmir, India.
ABSTRACT
Malkangni (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) which belongs to the
family celastraceae is a climber, a widely used medicinal herb in Unani
Medicare System. The seeds and its oil play an important role in a
wide range of substances of natural origin and used for the treatment of
facial paralysis, amnesia, hemiplegia, gout, leprosy, leucoderma,
ascites, anaemia etc. It is an endangered medicinal plant distributed
throughout India, mostly in tropical forest and the subtropical
Himalayas ascending up to 1400 m. increased interest in products of
natural origin has been noticed within recent years. In this view, the
main aim of this study is to document the knowledge of
ethnomedicinal uses and create awareness about the uses of the plant in
Unani System of Medicine to cure various disorders.
KEYWORDS: Endangered, Malkangni, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Climber.
INTRODUCTION
Malkangni (C. paniculatus Willd.) is the most widely used tradition herb in Unani System of
Medicine. The seeds and its oil have been used as common neurotonic, memory tonic, from
the time immemorial. It has been shown to possess aphrodisiac, eye tonic, digestive tonic,
liver tonic, expectorant, mild laxative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic and
emmenagogue, laxative, diuretic, diaphoretic, thermogenic, appetizer, digestive properties
also. The plant contains celastrine, paniculatine, celapanin, celapanigin and celapagin
alkaloids. In Unani system of medicine the plant is said to have hot and dry temperament in
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.421
Volume 8, Issue 2, 381-391 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
*Corresponding Author
Mohd Afsahul Kalam
Regional Research Institute
of Unani Medicine,
University of Kashmir,
Naseembagh Campus,
Habak, Srinagar 190006,
Jammu ande Kashmir, India.
Article Received on
03 Dec. 2018,
Revised on 24 Dec. 2018,
Accepted on 13 Jan. 2019
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20192-13113
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Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
3rd degree, so mainly used for the treatment of the diseases produced due to the cold and
related to the nerve and brain such as facial paralysis, hemiplegia, gout, sciatica, pneumonia,
pleurisy, amnesia, leucoderma, asthma etc. and also used to treat various disorders such as
leprosy, ascites, anemia, loss of appetite, flatulence, sexual weakness and amenorrhea etc. In
the present scenario, increasing health issues, hazardous effects of synthetic drugs and thus
the preference of natural products over synthetic one is questioning the survival of many
valuable medicinal plant species. So it is necessary to increase the production of such type of
drugs which have higher medicinal value. In this paper, the information regarding its
pharmacological and phytochemical studies and medicinal value in perspective of Unani
Medicine is described.
Vernacular Names
Arabic: Qaifur, Tilan; Bengali: Lataphatki; Burma: Myinkongnayoung; Deccan: Malkanguni;
English: Intellect tree, Black oil tree, Staff tree; Garhwal: Malkauni; Gujrati: Makngana,
Malkangani; Hindi: Jyotishmati, malkakni; Kannada: Kariganne; Kumaon: Makagni,
malakoni; Marathi: Kanguni; Malyalam: Palulavam; Panjabi: Samphu, sankhu; Tamil:
Atiparichcham, valuluwai; Telgu: Malaerikata, malkangni; Urdu: Malkangani, Sansikrit:
Amruta, Jyotishmati, Jyotishka, swarnlata, pita tel, mati priya, vanhiruchi, katumbhi,
maghzsudhi, medhya; Sinhalese: Duhudu.[1,2,3,4]
Threat Status
C. paniculatus Willd. is a rare and endangered medicinal plant distributed throughout India
mostly in tropical forests and subtropical Himalayas (5). It is recorded as a threatened plant in
forests of Rajasthan and critically endangered in Uttrakhand and Uttar Pradesh.[6,7]
Distribution
The genus is distributed in the sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelum eastward, up to 6000 ft.,
the species is extensively distributed in Andhra Pradesh, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Western Ghats, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Jammu
Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.[4,8]
Botanical Description
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. is a large liana (woody climber), height up to 18m with stem
diameter up to 23cm.[9] Stem woody, bark brown and thin. Branchlets hairless, with many
distinct minute white dots called lenticels; leaves simple, alternate, ovate to oblong-elliptic,
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about 5-15x2-8 cm; apex acute, acuminate or obtuse; base round, shortly acuminate, margin
toothed with rounded teeth, hairless; lateral nerves 5-8 pairs, slender; leaf stalks about 3 cm
long; flowers unisexual in terminal pyramidal panicles, about 6mm across, yellowish or
greenish white, collected in terminal paniculate cymes; panicles 5-30cm long, pendulous.
Capsules sub-globose, 1.0–1.5 cm in diameter, smooth, yellow when mature, transversely
wrinkled, dehiscing by three valves; seeds 3-6, ellipsoid or avoid, about 6x3 mm, yellowish
brown enclosed in crimson-red aril; flowering is from November to February and fruiting is
from March onward.[10,11]
Scientific classification
Kingdome plantae
Class angiospermae
Order celastrales
Family celastraceae
Genus celastrus
Species paniculatus
Description in Unani Literatures
In Unani System of Medicine, the plant is described by Hakim Azam Khan, Hakim Sharif
Khan and Hakim Najmul Ghani and many more physicians in their books. According to
them, it is a seed obtained from an Indian climber known as Malkangni (Celastrus paniculata
Willd.). It attains a height of Qad-i-Adam (height of a man). It has one or two stems with
many branches; leaves resemble with Morus leaves but more rounded and serrated; fruits
appear in clusters, divides into three parts after drying; seeds are rough, triangular in shape,
blackish red and yellowish white inside, enclosed in a capsule (fruit) which ripen in late
summer season. The seeds of this plant constitute the drug which is bitter and possess
unpleasant odour and bitter taste.[1,2] Roghan Malkangni is obtained by cold expelling process
from Malkangni seeds.[12] The second method of oil collection is that the coarsely powdered
seeds are placed on a cloth, which covers the head of a Deg, half filled with water. After
putting the seeds, the head is covered by a Sarposh (head cover). Now the deg is put on the
fire to boil. The vapors rise up and cross the cloth and warmth the seeds, after touching the
roof of the Sarposh (head cover) they return and drop back, taking the oil with them from the
seeds. After sometimes oil is collected in the water and then separated.[1]
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Parts used (Ajza-i-musta’mla)
In Unani System of Medicine mainly the seeds and its oil are used medicinally and leaves are
also used for some diseases[2]
Temperament (mizaj)
According to Unani physicians the temperament of the seeds is hot and dry in 3rd degree[1,2]
Action and uses
It has been described in the classical literature of Unani medicine to be as muqawi-i-bāh
(aphrodisiac), muqawwi-i-dimāgh (brain tonic), muqawwi-i-ḥāfiẓa (memory tonic),
muqawwi-i-chashm (eye tonic), muqawwi-i-haḍm (digestive tonic), muqawwi-i-jigar (liver
tonic), munaffith-i-balgham (expectorant), mushil khafīf (mild laxative), muḥallil-i-awrām
(anti-inflammatory), musakkin-i-alam (analgesic), mudirr-i-bawl (diuretic), muddirr-i-ḥayḍ
(emmenogogue), mu’arriq (diaphoretic), muwallid-i-ḥarārat (thermogenic), muḥarrik-i-
ishtiha (appetizer), hāḍim ta’ām (digestive), kāsir-i-riyāḥ (carminative), muqi (emetic),
mumsik (retentive), tiryāq sumūm-i-afiyūn (antidote of opium poisoning) etc. Seeds and its oil
are used locally as well as internally to stimulate intellect and appetite, to sharpen memory
and to reduce a headache and joint pain (especially in the patients of arthritis). Especially it is
used to cure disorders which are caused by cold humours and nerve or brain origin like
Laqwa (facial paralysis), Falij (hemiplegia), Dard-i-Zanu (thigh pain), Dard-i-Sar
(headache), Waja’ al-Ṣadr (chest pain), Niqris (gout), Irq al-Nisa (sciatica), Tashannuj
(spasm), Waja’ al-Warik (hip pain), Zat al-riya (pneumonia), Zat al-janb (pleurisy), Ḍufi’
ḥafiḍa (amnesia), Baraṣ (leucoderma), Ḍiq al-nafas (asthma) etc. It is also used to treat
various disorders such as Juzām (leprosy), Istisqa (ascites), Su al-Qinia (anemia) etc.[1,2] In
various disorders its uses are as follows:
Memory weakness (dufi’ hafiza): One drop of its oil is used daily to increase memory.[2]
Loss in eye vision (du’fi chashm): Its seed is taken one daily then gradually increasing it one
every day for eight days and after that taken continuously 8 seeds daily, strengthen the
eyesight. Its oil is also applied to the soul of hand and feet to increase eyesight [1,2]
Spasm (tashannuj): If spasm occurs in any organ due to cold or collection of
gas, takmid (thermotherapy) after application of Roghan Malkangni is very useful.[1]
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Sexual weakness (du’fi bah): Its fried seeds with roghan zard (ghee) are taken in quantity of
one cuff (24 gm) to increase sexual power and the oil of its seeds in quantity of 10 drops is
taken daily with betel leaves to treat impotence.[2]
Premature greying of hairs (shayyeb-i-sha’r): A Ghee obtained from the milk boiled with
its seeds is used orally in quantity of 24 ½ gm -28gm with Khir (a diet made with rice and
milk) to treat premature greying of hair.[1,2]
Leprosy (juzam): Its oil is applied locally and also taken orally to cure leprosy.[1,2]
Stomach disorders (amraz-i-me’da): For diseases of stomach it is taken orally which
strengthen the stomach, increase appetite and digestion.[2]
Litharge (litharghas): A snuff is taken to cure lethargic condition.[2]
Cold diseases (amraz-i-barida): In cases of cold diseases like falij (hemiplegia), laqwa
(facial palsy) and tashannuj (spasm), local application of its oil are useful.[2]
Retention of urine (Ihtibas-i-bawl): The oil causes diuresis, so it is used with lassi to cure
retention of urine.
Fistula (nasur): Its oil is applied in the fistula, which heals it easily.[2]
Dose (miqdar khurak): Seeds 500mg-1gm; leaves juice 20-40ml and oil is used in the
quantity of 10-15 drops.[2]
Adverse effect (mazarrat): It is harmful in a younger age person in the hot season, hot
places, having a hot temperament. It also induces abortion so contraindicated in pregnancy; it
also causes a headache.[1,2]
Correctives (musleh): Due to the 3rd degree of its temperament, it produces some toxicity
and adverse effects, so cold materials like cow milk and cold regimens are used to correct its
toxic or adverse effects.[1,2]
Substitute (badal): Sometimes in absence or unavailability of one drug another drug is used
as a substitute in Unani Medicine, so Roghan Qarnful (clove oil) is used as a good substitute
of the Roghan Malkangni.[2]
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Compound Formulations: Various compound formulation are prepared in which Malkangni
is used as an important ingredient such as ‘Asbi, Habb-i-Sar’ Khas, Halwa-i-Malkangni,
Halwa-i-Ghikwar, Dawa-i-Takor, Majun Nishat Angaiz, Roghan Malkangni, Roghan Shifa,
Tila-i-Ajib, Tila-i-Khas al-Khas, Tila-i-Benazir, Tila-i-Iksir, Tila-i-Nishatangaiz, Zimad
Kharatin Shangarfi, Zimad Muqawwi (The detail is given in table 01) etc.
Bioactive compounds
Two alkaloids, namely, celastrine and paniculatine, isolated from seed are considered to be
the active constituents.[3] Three important alkaloids, namely, celapanin, celapanigin and
celapagin, have also been isolated from the plant.[13] Seeds contain brownish-yellow oil, a
bitter resinous principle, tannin and ash. It is rich in acetic and benzoic acids along with other
fatty acids and a crystalline substance tetracasanol and sterol is the main content of medicinal
use.[14,15] Other ingredients from the oil are also reported such as protein, carbohydrate,
fats, Vit. C, sodium, potassium, ash, calcium, iron etc.[11] The sesquiterpene alkaloids are
derived from a new sesquiterpene tetra-ol (celapanol) which is alternately esterified with
acetic, benzoic, nicotinic and β-furoic acids.[16] The plant was found to possess a number of
mineral elements such as sodium, magnesium, aluminium, potassium, calcium, vanadium,
chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and molybdenum.[17] Besides these,
oil of the plant also comprises of proteins, carbohydrates, fats (saturated fats, polyunsaturated
and monounsaturated fats) and vitamin C. The hydroalcoholic extract of areal part of the
plant was found to contain 3.52 % of tannins.[18]
Pharmacological Studies
Aqueous extract of the plant at a daily dose of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg for a period of 21
days was investigated for its cognitive-enhancing and antioxidant property in an experimental
model of Alzheimer’s disease in albino rats. The seeds oil given in the form of emulsion
showed the tranquillizing effect in mice subjected to the excitement with the administration
of adrenaline and amphetamine.[19] The seed extract has been studied by a number of
researchers for its neuropharmacological effects, and a number of preclinical reports are
available to confirm the nootropic action possessed by it.[20] Due to its remarkable brain-
stimulating and antioxidant properties as described in kinds of literature, its effect was
studied against immobilization-induced stress in albino mice. The crude C. paniculatus seed
oil administered orally, intramuscularly and intraperitoneally in a dose of 1 g/kg, which
produced a sedative effect in rats and demonstrated a significant reduction of movement in
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mice.[19] Aqueous seed extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight of rat, administered for 14
days, has been observed to have an improvement in learning and memory. It has also
exhibited antioxidant properties by decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing endogenous
antioxidant enzymes in the brain. It was found to be effective in forestalling the cognitive
deficits as well as the oxidative stress caused by the administration of streptozotocin in
rats.[21] The anticonvulsant activity of seed oil was examined against leptazole, picrotoxin and
strychnine-induced convulsions in rats. It increased strychnine convulsions and
reduced leptazole toxicity. It produced a calming effect in injected rats, potentiated
pentobarbitone sedation and exerted antispasmodic activity with respect to acetylcholine but
did not significantly affect the amphetamine toxicity.[22] Apart from its efficacy in diseases of
Nervous System it is also studies for various pharmacological properties and found to be
possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory[23], hypolipidaemic[24], anti-arthritic[25], anti-fungal[26],
antibacterial[27,28], anti-fertility[29] properties in various studies.
Table 01 showing compound formulation of Malkangni, their dosage and indications.
S.N.
Compound formulations
Dosage
Indication
01.
‘Asbi[30]
2 tablet twice a day
Arthritis, Neuritis, Nerve weakness
02.
Habb-i-Sar’ Khas[30]
I Pills twice a day
Epilepsy, Infantile convulsion
03.
Halwa-i-Malkangni[31]
2 tablet twice a day
Arthritis, Neuritis, Sexual weakness
04.
Dawa-i-Takor[32]
Local application
Erectile dysfunction
05.
Majun Nishat Angaiz[30]
6gm with milk or water
Sexual weakness, weakness of vital organs
06.
Roghan Malkangni[12]
Local application and
per orally
Paralysis, arthritis, gout, nerve weakness,
numbness etc.
08.
Tila-i-Ajib[32]
Local application
Weakness male sexual organ
09.
Tila-i-Khas al-Khas[30]
Local application
Weakness male sexual organ
10.
Tila-i-Benazir[30]
Local application
Weakness male sexual organ
11.
Tila-i-Iksir[30]
Local application
Weakness male sexual organ
12.
Tila-i-Nishatangaiz[30]
Local application
Male sexual weakness
13.
Zimad Kharatin Shangarfi[30]
Local application
Male sexual weakness
14.
Zimad Muqawwi[30]
Local application
Weakness of male sexual organ
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Fig. 01: Showing Illustrated diagram of the plant (a); leaves and fruits (b & c); fruits
(d); seeds (e).
CONCLUSION
Malkangni (Celastrus paniculatus Wild.) is one of the important Unani herbal drug which is
used locally as well as orally to treat various disorders related to digestive system, sexual and
eye diseases and especially in disorders of brain and nerves. The seed extract and its oil have
been extensively investigated in several research institutes and laboratories and a number of
reports are available confirming their neuropharmacological effects such as nootropic action,
tranquilizing, anticonvulsant, anti-stress effects etc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Being the corresponding author, I am thankful to all my co authors for collecting data to
complete this article. I am also thankful to Dr. Aziz Ur Rahman and Dr. Rashid (Deptt. of
Saidla AMU, Aligarh) for providing beautiful images of herbarium. We are extremely
thankful to Dr. Seema Akbar, Assistant Director and In-Charge, RRIUM, Srinagar for
providing basic facilities in the institute.
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Conflict of interest – None declared.
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