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SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
◦◦◦ Sayin HÜ, System Theory-Therapy ◦◦◦ ISSN 2536-5169 (print) ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT ● www.ciseated.org ● www.sexusjournal.com ● 787
Fall-2018 Issue: 10, December 31st , 2018
Sexual Health ● System Theory
Review
ISSN 2536-5169 (print)
ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
SAYIN HÜ
System Theory in Sex Therapy
SexuS Journal 3 (10): 787-802, 2018, DECEMBER
System Theory in Sex Therapy
H. Ümit Sayin
Abstract:
Constructing a System Theory (ST) is a method to establish a logical, mathematical, self-consistent, self-
existing, coherent model to explain the interactions of the elements, functions and development of a closed
or open system. System Theory (ST) is very important to define, organize, evaluate, control, regulate the
systems and form mathematical models in a set of elements of that particular system. General Systems
Theory (GST) is a name which has been adopted to describe a level of theoretical model-building which lies
somewhere between the highly generalized constructions of pure mathematics & logic and the specific
theories of the specialized disciplines. An ST can be universal, perfect, imperfect or defective; while the
defective STs cannot survive. GST is a series of related definitions, assumptions, and postulates about all
levels of systems from atomic particles through atoms, molecules, crystals, viruses, cells, organs, individu-
als, small groups, companies, societies, planets, solar systems, and galaxies. General Behavior ST is a sub-
category of such a theory, dealing with living systems, extending roughly from viruses through societies. A
significant fact about living things is that they are open systems, with important inputs and outputs. Laws
which apply to them differ from those applying to relatively closed systems. Ludwig von Bertalanffy, the
founder of ST, described two types of systems: open systems and closed systems. The open systems are
systems that allow interactions between its internal elements and the environment. An open system, like
space, is defined as a “system in exchange of matter and energy with its environment, presenting import
and export, building-up and breaking-down of its material components.” Closed systems, on the other hand,
are held to be isolated from their environment. Also Sex Therapy and other therapies should regard the
gestalt of the system as a holistic approach. Nowadays Systemic Sex Therapy is prevailing.
KEY WORDS: System Theory, General System Theory, Neuroscience, Brain, Open System, Closed System, Scientific
Model, Sex Therapy, Holistic Medicine
SexuS Journal ● 2018 ● 3 (10): 787-802
Introduction:
Most of the science theories and scientific
systems depend on certain axioms and pos-
tulates, which constitute the basics of scien-
tific and logical reasoning.
Without establishing some rigid and robust
axioms and postulates, which are stable,
logical, consistent and not interchangeable, it
is nearly impossible to build up a scientific
theory or a consistent system. For instance,
without the main postulates and definitions
of point, line, plane, cube and 3-D, parallel
lines, angles, it is would not be possible to
establish Euclidean plane geometry-system
theory; analytical geometry; mathematics;
number theory; probability Theory etc.
Corresponding Author: Ümit Sayin, M.D., PhD
Address: Institute of Forensic Sciences, İstanbul University, Cer-
rahpasa, Aksaray, İstanbul
ASEHERT-CİSEATED (www.ciseated.org)
Rewritten, updated and revised. Some parts reprinted by the
permission of NeuroQuantology.
humitsayin@gmail.com
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
◦◦◦ Sayin HÜ, System Theory-Therapy ◦◦◦ ISSN 2536-5169 (print) ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT ● www.ciseated.org ● www.sexusjournal.com ● 788
Axioms and postulates are a result of
numerous trial-errors and they are “the
established facts” in the real world.
However, the reference systems are the most
important. If you take the main reference
system or universal set-space as a conti-
nuous plane or a cube, then the Euclidean
geometry and Euclidean postulates are
correct. On earth and on small dimensions,
they are correct and work perfectly well,
as well as the Newtonian physics does.
However, if the reference system and the
“universal set” has a different shape and
structure, e.g. if the universal set or space
is continuously curved, then the axioms of
Euclidean geometry cease to work, then
one needs to establish another system &
system theory (ST) and other series of pos-
tulates which will work in the new “uni-
versal set”; then you have to define a non-
Euclidean geometry, whereas the shortest
distance between two points is a curve, not
a line.
Non-Euclidean geometry consists of two
geometries based on axioms closely rela-
ted to those specifying Euclidean geo-
metry. As Euclidean geometry lies at the
intersection of metric geometry and affine
geometry, non-Euclidean geometry arises
when either the metric requirement is re-
laxed, or the parallel postulate is set aside.
In the latter case one obtains hyperbolic
geometry and elliptic geometry, the tradi-
tional non-Euclidean geometries. When
the metric requirement is relaxed, then
there are affine planes associated with the
planar algebras which give rise to kinema-
tic geometries that have also been called
non-Euclidean geometry.
Another way to describe the differences
between these geometries is to consider
two straight lines indefinitely extended in
a two-dimensional plane that are both
perpendicular to a third line: In Euclidean
geometry the lines remain at a constant
distance from each other even if extended
to infinity, and are known as parallels. In
hyperbolic geometry they "curve away"
from each other, increasing in distance as
one moves further from the points of in-
tersection with the common perpendicu-
lar; these lines are often called ultra-
parallels. In elliptic geometry the lines
"curve toward" each other and intersect.
After establishment of Non-Euclidean
geometry and also “Topology” using the
aptitude of calculus and linear algebra, it
was understood that, Euclidean geometry,
that was valid only practically at short dis-
tances on the globe, would not be valid at
very large distances in a universal set,
such as a curved universe or sphere like
the globe (earth); thus, the postulates of a
system is precisely dependent on the refe-
rence system and the universal set. Eucli-
dean geometry was consistent and wor-
king perfectly in daily life at short distan-
ces and it was a consistent, self-sufficient
and self-progressive system. However, in
the space and at the quantum level, whet-
her Euclidean geometry will work is very
ambiguous
In such a huge universal set, it is nearly
impossible to determine all the parameters
that rule the system and to construct a
very consistent “system theory” (ST) of how
the universe works in macro and micro
cosmos. Quantum physics, astronomy,
space physics, biology, molecular biology,
chemistry may have many problems to
face when dealing with a reference system,
of which diameters changes from 1025 me-
ters to 10-16 meters. The postulates are very
difficult to build because they may change
according to new discovered facts, ele-
ments and parameters, or they may
change when novel quantal or astronomi-
cal events are encountered (such as “plas-
ma state of matter”, which was recently dis-
covered). Postulates and laws of quantum
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
◦◦◦ Sayin HÜ, System Theory-Therapy ◦◦◦ ISSN 2536-5169 (print) ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT ● www.ciseated.org ● www.sexusjournal.com ● 789
physics may not be relevant and valid at
the level of Solar System or Milky Way
Galaxy. However, in smaller systems and
smaller dimensions, it is easier to establish
the ST and institute the postulates of the
system, because the number of elements
and the parameters responsible of the
event interactions may decrease. Only
reliable truth in the systems is pure math-
ematics and mathematical pure logic,
which seem to be an indispensable mani-
festation and replication of the innate ge-
ometry and physiology of our central
nervous system (CNS) and the brain.
Thus, the initial determinants of a system
(IDSs) are;
a- Dimensions and the space of the system.
(universal set and reference)
b- Elements and the number of elements of
the system. (elements of the universal set)
c- Definable events of the system. (definable
mathematical functions between the ele-
ments)
d- The parameters that interact to induce the
events in the system.
e- Postulates that are always correct, inner-
consistent and logical-mathematical in the
system. (axioms)
f- Pure mathematical models and explana-
tions of the system and the interactions in
the system. (Mathematics and Physics)
g- Borders or limits of the system.
h- Whether this system is an open or closed
system (see below).
An ST can be: a) universal, b) perfect, c)
imperfect, d) defective and faulty.
Euclidean geometry ST is a perfect ST
when the universal set is taken as a plane
and a cube, but it is an imperfect ST when
the universal set is taken as a sphere or as
a curve.
Non-Euclidean geometry ST is a perfect
ST in its constrained universal set. Once
established, Unified Theory of Forces (The-
ory of Everything) may be accepted as a
“universal ST” to explain the forces which
unify the space and the quantum world by
means of same axioms. Most of the scienti-
fic STs are perfect STs, because they can-
not abide inconsistencies and contradicti-
ons, they do not rest on contradictory in-
formation and false logical thinking, but
they hold on tautologies; also, when it is
understood that there are flaws and de-
fects in the ST; the ST is re-organized and
renewed.
System Theory (ST) is very important to
define, organize, evaluate, control, regu-
late the systems and to form mathematical
models in a set of elements of that particu-
lar system. General Systems Theory (GST) is
a name which has been adopted to de-
scribe a level of theoretical model-building
which lies somewhere between the highly
generalized constructions of pure mathe-
matics and the specific theories of the spe-
cialized disciplines.
Mathematics attempts to organize gen-
eral relationships into a coherent-
consistent system, a system however
which does not need to have any neces-
sary connections with the "real" world
around us. It studies all thinkable relation-
ships abstracted from any concrete situa-
tion or body of empirical knowledge; ac-
tually, it has also been postulated that
mathematics and logic is a “reflection” or
“manifestation” of the functional structure
of our nervous system and of how it
works.
2 + 2 = 4; because this equation has its
counterparts in the structure of the nerv-
ous system, not only because 2 apples + 2
apples add up to 4 apples in the real
world, since CNS is a perfect system. If we
had perceived (2 apples + 2 apples) as 3
apples or 5 apples, and our logic had de-
cided on to be 3 apples (or 5 apples), then
our CNS would be a defective and faulty
system.
Near to this, a defective and faulty sys-
tem would not survive and become easily
extinct, so no CNS would be perceiving
and concurring 4 real apples as 3 apples
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
◦◦◦ Sayin HÜ, System Theory-Therapy ◦◦◦ ISSN 2536-5169 (print) ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT ● www.ciseated.org ● www.sexusjournal.com ● 790
(or 5 apples) as a result of the 50 million
years of evolution of the mammals, or 500
million years of the evolution of the verte-
brates after the Cambrian Explosion.
Human brain and CNS is also a reflec-
tion of the outer world and macro cosmos,
while, in micro cosmos, their constitutes
have the similar axioms and a perfect GST
which has same universal laws, some of
which have not been yet discovered.
GST (General System Theory) is a series
of related definitions, assumptions, and
postulates about all levels of systems from
atomic particles through atoms, molecules,
crystals, viruses, cells, organs, individuals,
small groups, companies, societies, plan-
ets, solar systems, and galaxies. General
Behavior ST is a subcategory of such theo-
ry, dealing with living systems, extending
roughly from viruses through societies. A
significant fact about living things is that
they are open systems, with important
inputs and outputs. Laws which apply to
them differ from those applying to rela-
tively closed systems (Miller, 1956).
When establishing the System Theory,
Ludwig von Bertalanffy described two types
of systems:
open systems and closed systems.
The open systems are systems that
allow interactions between its internal
elements and the environment. An open
system, like space, is defined as a “system
in exchange of matter and energy with its en-
vironment, presenting import and export,
building-up and breaking-down of its material
components.”
Closed systems, on the other hand, are
held to be isolated from their environ-
ment. Equilibrium thermodynamics, for
example, is a field of study that applies to
closed systems; so are the biological cellu-
lar biochemistry and cellular neuroscience
(Bertalanffy, 1969).
A Universal and/or Perfect General Sys-
tem Theory” should define the basic IDSs
(initial determinants) of the system. Mec-
hanical and Electronical Engineering use
the main postulates of GST to construct
universal systems by means of establis-
hing some universal mathematical connec-
tions of the axioms to the systems (such as
linear algebra) (Hintersteiner, 1998; Suh,
1990, 2001, 2005).
The Determinants of a Universal or
Perfect System Theory
Some Historical Examples
By means of investigating and observ-
ing already existent and self-coherent, sta-
ble perfect systems, and discovering the
mathematics in it, it is possible to establish
and extrapolate new and similar system
theories or a “Universal System Theory”
which can be valid in many other systems
(such as physical, chemical, biological
closed systems). For instance, computer
technology used various information
about the neuroscience and the interac-
tions of neurons, to build up many new
perfect computer systems.
Benoît B. Mandelbrot tried to discover
the mathematics in the system of nature
and biology, that is how the new “fractal
geometry of nature” and “Chaos Theory” was
born in 1980’s (Fig-4; Mandelbrot, 1982,
2004). By means of using the fractal geom-
etry design and mathematics of fractal
geometry and the interactions of it with
the nature and electromagnetic waves, it
was possible to build up antennas in a
very small volume by Nathan Cohen, such
as the ones in cellular phones, where very
powerful antennas were constructed that
can attract the nature’s electromagnetic
waves into a very small plate (Mondal,
2010; Gianvittorio, 2002; Cohen, 1997,
1999). So, by means of unraveling the
mathematics of nature, it was possible to
use Mandelbrot-ST of nature in electronics
and communication (Fig-4). Also using
Mandelbrot’s Set, Julia Set and Lorentz At-
tractor and many other complimentary
system theories, Chaos Theory which finds
its practical applications from biology,
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
◦◦◦ Sayin HÜ, System Theory-Therapy ◦◦◦ ISSN 2536-5169 (print) ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT ● www.ciseated.org ● www.sexusjournal.com ● 791
medicine, neuroscience and quantum
physics to weather forecasting, electronical
engineering, nano-technology was born
(Gleick, 1987; Hall, 1991; Peak, 1994; Man-
delbrot, 2004).
When dealing with GST, it is not essen-
tial to establish a Universal System Theory
in the beginning; a Perfect System Theory
will be good enough to establish the axi-
oms and the structure of the SYSTEM. A
Perfect ST can always evolve into a Univer-
sal ST eventually. It is very important that
the new established ST should not be a
defective ST, which cannot survive. Also,
an imperfect ST can evolve into a perfect ST
first, then into a Universal ST. However, a
defective and faulty ST can never evolve into
either.
Neurons, neural networks, axons, den-
drites, neurotransmitters, neurochemicals,
brain and eventually Central Nervous Sys-
tem (CNS) constitute a perfect system and
the theories of neuroscience which explain
the behavior of neurons, brain, CNS, and
the psyche can lead to a perfect ST of the
CNS, which can guide and precede to an
applicable universal ST, that can also be
used in other field systems, such as com-
puter science, social systems, biological
systems, electronical & mechanical engi-
neering, etc.
Long before the discovery of action po-
tentials, neuronal receptors, neurotrans-
mitters, synapses, synaptic plasticity, LTP,
in 1949, Donald Hebb designed an imperfect
system theory for the nervous system and
the theory of cellular learning, by means of
observing some simple experiments and
synthesizing of what was known by then
(Hebb, 1949).
Hebbian theory concerns how neurons
might connect themselves to become En-
grams. Engrams are means by which
memory traces are stored as biophysical or
biochemical changes in the brain (and oth-
er neural tissue) in response to external
stimuli (Ramirez, 2013; Bruce, 2001).
Engrams can also be explained as a
permanent neurophysiological impression
left on protoplasm as the result of a stimu-
lus or a lasting trace left in an organism by
psychological experience, or simply the
recording left behind in the brain by con-
scious experience. They are also some-
times thought of as a neural network or
fragment of memory. The existence of En-
gram hypothesis suggested by some scien-
tific theories to explain the permanence of
memory, how memories are stored or re-
trieved in the brain. Understanding and
explanation of the “Memory” is very im-
portant to establish the “Consciousness The-
ories”.
Hebb's theories on the form and func-
tion of neurons can be understood from
the following:
"The general idea is an old one that
any two cells or systems of cells that are
repeatedly active at the same time will
tend to become 'associated', so that activi-
ty in one facilitates activity in the other."
(Hebb 1949, p. 70)
"When one cell repeatedly assists in
firing another, the axon of the first cell
develops synaptic knobs in contact with
the soma of the second cell." (Hebb 1949,
p. 63)
Long after Hebb, Eric Kandel, a Nobel
laureate in 2000, provided evidence for the
involvement of Hebbian learning mecha-
nisms at the synapses in the Aplysia califor-
nica, by defining short term electrophysio-
logical learning and LTP (long term poten-
tiation), that occurred by means of the
activation of NMDA receptors and, Na+ &
Ca+2 ion influx. (Kandel, 2012).
Hebb had described the interactions of
the neurons with a mathematical formula:
where w{ij} is the weight of the connection
from neuron j to neuron i , p is the
number of training patterns, and x{i}k the
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
◦◦◦ Sayin HÜ, System Theory-Therapy ◦◦◦ ISSN 2536-5169 (print) ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT ● www.ciseated.org ● www.sexusjournal.com ● 792
kth input for neuron i . Hebbian model is
a good example of how to derive a imper-
fect ST from basic observations, then into a
perfect ST (Hebb, 1949).
Kandel, who had studied psychoanaly-
sis as a psychiatrist, wanted to understand
how the memory worked. His mentor had
once said, “If you want to understand the
brain you’re going to have to take a reduction-
ist approach, one cell at a time.”
So Kandel studied the neural system of
the sea slug Aplysia californica, which has
large nerve cells in which it was possible
to perform electrophysiological experi-
ments and is a member of the simplest
group of animals known to be capable of
learning (Dreifus, 2012). Working on LTP
(long term potentiation) Kandel established
the basis of neuronal learning and en-
hanced post synaptic potentials as a re-
sponse to repetitive stimuli (e.g. tetanic
100 Hz, 100-500 microamperes electrical
continuous stimulation). In 1983 Kandel
investigated to identify proteins that had
to be synthesized to convert short-term
memories into long-lasting memories.
Kandel identified CREB as being a protein
involved in long-term memory storage.
One result of CREB activation is an in-
crease in the number of synaptic connec-
tions. Thus, short-term memory had been
linked to functional changes in existing
synapses, while long-term memory was
associated with a change in the number of
synaptic connections, which is called “syn-
aptic plasticity” today.
Defining a System and a System
Theory in the Central
Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS) of the
Homo sapiens is a perfect system, which has
evolved through millions of years from
non-human primates, descending from the
mammals. Understanding and construct-
ing a system theory depending on the var-
iables, parameters, functions and the struc-
ture of the central nervous system may
convey a “perfect system theory” which may
in future be valid in neuroscience, psychia-
try, psychology, computer science, biolo-
gy, social sciences and electronics. There
are also philosophical aspects of the hu-
man CNS, that can have some specific
functions such as self-consciousness; self-
awareness; self-explanation; problem solv-
ing; perceiving the mathematical nature,
the reflection of mathematical structure of
the universe; developing itself and also
having pure logic; learning, storing infor-
mation and retrieving information; con-
tinuing evolving; having a self-conscious
psyche with a conscience, etc. (Fig-1).
When we evaluate our CNS, what are
the main determinants of a perfect CNS-
system?
It contains some elements which process the
information from the outer world in the forms of
mathematical units or Engrams. (vision-seeing,
sound-hearing, outer world chemical molecules-
smelling, shape-temperature-vibration of outer
world-touching, outer world chemical molecules
of food-tasting). (D1)
It has basic units that induce electrical, electro-
chemical and electromagnetic forces and energy.
(Neurons, interneurons, glial cells etc.) These
are the functions of IDSs and they can be ex-
plained in mathematical functions. (D2)
It has inner-energy forming systems for the
functions (mitochondria, oxidative phosphoryla-
tion and ATP). (D3)
It has basic units that induce capacitor effects
and hence produce electro-magnetic fields and
conducts this energy (excitable lipo-protein
structure of membranes of the neurons). (D4)
It has a specific energy function called as “exci-
tation” of the basic units, which are called ac-
tion potentials (AP). By means of APs energy is
transferred from one neuron to another. (D5)
It has a specific energy function called as “inhi-
bition” of the basic units, which are called inhib-
itory post synaptic potentials (or currents) (IP-
SPs or IPSCs). By means of IPSCs the trans-
mitted AP energy is modulated, decreased at
certain degrees. (e.g. by interneurons and neu-
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
◦◦◦ Sayin HÜ, System Theory-Therapy ◦◦◦ ISSN 2536-5169 (print) ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT ● www.ciseated.org ● www.sexusjournal.com ● 793
rotransmitters GABA and Glycin). (D6)
It has quantal units that transfer energy from
one neuron to another, or prevent or decrease
the transfer of energy (neurotransmitters, neu-
rochemicals, hormones).
It has quantal units that transfer energy from
one neuron to another in a fashion to modulate
functions at different areas of the brain (e.g. do-
pamine and serotonin are excitatory at some re-
ceptors of the neurons, inhibitory at other recep-
tors of the neurons). (D7)
It has an electro-chemical energy and force rec-
ognizing mechanism (e.g. different receptors of
the neurons) (D8)
It has auto-control and auto-feed-back systems
(auto-receptors, like alpha-2 noradrenergic re-
ceptors). (D9)
It has a recycling system (re-uptake of the quan-
tal units, re-synthesizing of the quantal units,
thus reducing the loss of energy and entropy).
(D10)
It has a huge combination of circuitry system
(millions of neurons and networks are connected
and wired into each other forming synapses).
(D11)
It has all or none binary mathematical percep-
tion and information processing system such as,
the current passes (1), the current does not pass
(0). (D12)
It has a self-healing and self-defense mechanism
(reconstructing mechanisms, immune system).
(D13)
It has information recording system (memory
processing). D(14)
It has information storage system (memory
forming, long term memory). (D15)
It has information retrieval system (recalling
the memory packages in either lingual Engrams
or visual Engrams as pictures, or some vivid
and motion picture memories). (D16) (above 16
determinants are the examples of the known de-
terminants)
Known other determinants of the CNS (D-K-
500, 501, 502…n)
Unknown other determinants of the CNS (D-
UK-900, 901, 902….m) which will be under-
stood in the near future.
If we define the CONSCIOUSNESS
Function ( f © ) as self-perceiving, self-
knowing, problem solving to survive, self-
aware, information input learning-storing-
retrieving and etc. “perfect system for-
mation”; and the Q function (Q (Dn)) as: to
assign a “CNS determinant” to form a self-
consistent, self-existing unity in coherence,
in accordance, and in cooperation with all
other existing determinants with a logical,
mathematical, electrophysiological and
molecular mechanism (D1, D2,
D3,……D16,…..DK-500, DK-501, …….D-UK-
900, D-UK-901, D-UK902….Dm ; in D-K-500, or
D-UK-900 numbers 500 and 900 are given as
an arbitrary examples only), then the Con-
sciousness Function (f ©) becomes
Even though we do not know D-
UK901…..D-UKm , it is possible to form a
perfect system theory for the CNS, just by
means of analyzing and synthesizing the
determinants D1, D2,….D16….DK500….D-Kn
and derive some possibilities using the
basic axiomatic system and basic mathe-
matical logic of the CNS, as Donald Hebb
had done long before the discovery of ac-
tion potentials, synapses, neurotransmit-
ters, etc. and many of the above determi-
nants; but he became to be correct in his
assumptions. Asking questions, intuition
and imagination can lead to the discovery
of undiscovered elements or unknown
determinants in a perfect system theory
for a perfect closed system; because the
system is perfect and to be perfect, we can
derive the basic needs and basic in-
puts/outputs of the existing perfect system
from the basic data and information of
that particular closed perfect system. Es-
tablishing a system theory increases and
enhances the insight and intuition of the
“problem solver” or the scientist.
For instance, if we did not know the
existence of neurotransmitters, but only
knew about the action potentials (AP) prop-
agating through neurons and the histolog-
ical electron microscopic images of the
neurons, determining the gaps and micro-
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
◦◦◦ Sayin HÜ, System Theory-Therapy ◦◦◦ ISSN 2536-5169 (print) ISSN 2536-5185 (web)
A Multidisciplinary Academic Journal Published Quarterly by CİSEATED-ASEHERT ● www.ciseated.org ● www.sexusjournal.com ● 794
meter spaces between the neurons (synap-
ses). We would drive the notion of how
bio-electric potentials would travel
through the spaces of neural networks in
the following possible mechanisms:
a-APs travel through the neurons by jumping
from one neuron to another.
b-APs travel through the neurons by means
of a kind of electromagnetic effect.
c-APs travel through the neurons by using a
quantal effect which swims from one neu-
ron gap junction or intercellular space to
the next one to affect the second following
neuron.
After performing some specific experi-
ments or even without doing those exper-
iments, it would be easy to exclude or
eliminate the first two assumptions just as
a result of analyzing the main axiomatic
system of the perfect ST of the perfect
closed system of CNS and the basics of
electrophysiology. So it is possible to es-
tablish some unknown determinants of a
perfect system only by means of analyzing
and synthesizing the “imperfect ST” in our
hand and the main elements, determinants
of this imperfect ST, to build up a “perfect
ST” for that particular closed perfect sys-
tem. A “Unifying Holistic Method” would
be a way to determine new and unknown
other aspects of the “whole iceberg” from
the clues of the tip of the iceberg to dis-
cover the part under the sea
The Conversion of CNS as a Perfect
Closed System into the System of
Theory of Social Structures
As mentioned in this article, a perfect ST
designed and working for a closed system
can also be applied to another version of a
system; here, such as CNS model can be
converted into the modelling of a perfectly
working social system, which will be a
subject of another article. For instance,
using some of the axioms and determi-
nants of CNS-perfect ST we can easily de-
rive the basic needs and determinants of a
social theory. Let us assume that we are
establishing a “a social association or NGO”,
names as X-NGO, which will have certain
aims to fulfill. Instead of X-NGO you can
also apply this theory to a Company (X-
company) The main determinants of this
social system would be as follows:
1- X-NGO (X-Company) must have elements
(human beings). Here, the elements in a so-
cial system are the most important. If the
perfection of the elements of a social system
is very high, then the human error and
flaws of the system will be decreased, the
system will be more likely to survive.
2- X-NGO (X-Company) must be self-
consistent to fulfil its aims. (coherence proper-
ty)
3- Each person in the system should be con-
sistent with the aims of X-NGO (X-
Company). Human error should be de-
creased to a minimum (tautology property)
4- This X-NGO (X-Company) should have
energy input to exist (in the case of a social
system it is money or income). (energy & an-
ti-entropy property)
5- This X-NGO (X-Company) should have
auto-control and feed-back system to check
and determine whether it is working
properly (auto control & feed back property)
6- In the social systems, where the elements
are human beings, the most important de-
fect may arise from the “human error”; X-
NGO (X-Company) should decrease the
human error into minimum to exist and
function properly. (tautology property)
7- This X-NGO (X-Company) should process
information properly. (information pro-
cessing property)
8- This X-NGO (X-Company) should be aware
of its own elements and also other rival or
hostile NGO’s (other companies) (infor-
mation processing property or intelligence prop-
erty)
9- The main aims and the ultimate goals of X-
NGO (X-Company) should be reflected to
each unit and elements (reflexive and tautol-
ogy properties)
10- The X-NGO (or X-company) should
evolve into a better system with a better or-
ganization and income. (evolution property)
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
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Figure 1: Some of the basic determinants of CNS. A) A single neuron B) A single neuron’s connections with other
neurons C) Network wiring of the neurons in the brain D) The inter-connected neurons systems in a very small area of the
brain E) Basic electrophysiological determinants of neurons; AP: Action Potential, EPSP: Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential,
IN: Interneuron, IPSP: Inhibitory post synaptic potential F) Presynaptic Neuron; TP: Neurotransmitter transporter, AR:
Auto-receptor, SV: Synaptic vesicles, NT: Neurotransmitter G) Postsynaptic Neuron; GLU: Glutamate receptor, M-GLU:
Metabotropic glutamate receptor, NMDA: N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor, 5-HT: Serotonin receptor, DA: Dopamine re-
ceptor, Ach: Acetyl Choline receptor, GABA: Inhibitory gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor, NE: Norepinephrine- adrener-
gic alpha-1 receptor.
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Figure 2: Observing and defining the main axiomatic system of triangle A, may lead to the assumptions and conclusions of
the inner system of the bigger triangle B (Iceberg) as well as determining and defining the axiomatic system of triangle B
(whole iceberg), because the main axioms of the whole system of the iceberg will also be reflected in the smaller holog-
raphic parts of the system (Iceberg). If the iceberg is a closed and perfect system, then the same axioms and main rules
should be valid in every holographic piece of the iceberg. Triangles A and B have the properties of similarity, coherence
and isomorphism.
Figure 3: The Infinite Number of Unifying Q Functions Interconnecting the Basic Elements, Basic Characteristics of the C-
PCS Using the Basic Axioms of the System.
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Figure 4. The Chaos Theory and Fractal Structure of Nature established by Mandelbrot-ST. A-(Upper) Some
examples of fractal and holographic essence and structure of the nature. B-(Lower) Examples of Practical applicati-
ons of fractals and Chaos Theory in medicine, electronics, communication, geography, nanotechnology, weather
forecast and astronomy. System Theory of fractals was used to invent and discover new systems and novel perfect
system theories.
11- The elements and the social structure of
X-NGO (X-Company) should be logical,
rational and consistent to exist, proceed
and evolve. (tautology property)
12- The properties in cooperation with an ex-
isting perfect closed system of X-NGO (or
X-Company) can be increased to a certain
degree, with adding some new statements
and also properties.
The Importance of Establishing
System Theories
This article is only a short introduction
to define the brain and CNS as a Con-
scious Perfect Closed System (C-PCS).
Once an ST on CNS is established ponder-
ing on what we currently know about
neuroscience, it may be possible to inves-
tigate the brain and the psyche, as well as
the fields of neurology, psychology and
psychiatry in a better scientific context.
When we investigate the history of science
and neuroscience, actually such a method-
ology has been a scientific procedure for
the last decades, even though the ST of the
neurological system has not been defined
or established and such terms have not
been articulated. Reductionist approach
can be a good discipline to reveal the be-
haviors of the individual elements and
some mechanisms of the system (e.g. neu-
rons, receptors, neurotransmitters, excita-
ble membranes, voltage-gated channels,
pores, c-AMP mechanisms, Na+-K+ pump
etc.). However, without a synthesizing
effort to combine and coordinate this
enormous amount of accumulated infor-
mation without defining universal laws
and axioms, the inter-relations between
them, it will be very difficult to under-
stand how the whole system is working.
For a holistic approach to evaluate the
whole, we need to define and establish
such systems and system theories.
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
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Some Important Methods of
System Theory
System Theory actually uses most of the
known scientific and rational thinking
methods. In fact, without giving the name,
most of the scientists have made their dis-
coveries using System Theory. To visualize
it, we can give some examples of the
methods of System Theory:
1-One of the mottos of Sytem Theory is “the
devil is hidden and embedded in the details”.
Namely, the details of a system are very im-
portant. Since the systems have a holographic
structure, the system has its main properties in
every detail and part of itself.
As in the example of Hebb, it is possible to
drive many properties of the gestalt by means
of observing some characterics, properties or
behavior of the system. Scientists generally call
it intuition.
If you know the main axioms of the system,
the sytem should work with those main axi-
oms, without contradicting itself. For instance,
the cells do not use different communications
systems other than action potentials, hor-
mones, neurotransmitters and receptors, in
different part of the body.
So if you discover the devil in the details of the
system, you can have ideas and hints of the
bigger picture of the system. (see Fig-2)
2-The system theory works with rational,
logical and relevant at every holographic part
of itself, using pure mathematics & physics.
Namely, in a perfect or universal system 2 + 2=
4 in every piece of the system.
The discrepancies in the quantum world
will be, one day understood and solved,
through a unified theory. Macrocosmos and
microcosmos seem to work by means of differ-
ent mechanisms, as if contradicting with each
other. But, it is not weak or imperfect; the dis-
crepancies are because we do not yet fully
understand and interpret it.
3- To understand the working mechanisms of
a system; you have to give a stimulus to the
system and get a response from that system. If
you interpret the response relevantly, you will
have more information from that single re-
sponse, than you would expect.
For instance, if you give electrical stimuli to
the afferent fibers of certain neurons in the
hippocampus (dentate gyrus, CA1 or CA3), the
response of the neurons gives a lot of infor-
mation to you about the nature and behavior
of neurons in the hippocampus. In the paired
pulse technique, you give two pulses, 15 mili-
seconds apart from each other, of 200-500 mi-
croamperes to afferent fibers and record the
behavior of neurons as a population spike
(evoked potential). By means of using paired
pulse technique, you can learn how interneu-
rons and GABAergic inhibition is affected in
that part of the hippocampus (Sayin, 1997;
1999; 2001; 2003; 2015).
4-A perfect system has auto control mecha-
nisms to protect itself from certain catastrophic
and sudden changes. You will discover this in
every synapse, every neuron, and every cell. If
you discover a very small hint about those
auto control mechanisms, you can have a
chance to control the regulation of that system.
In synapses, there are pre-synaptic neurons
and post synaptic neurons. When neurotrans-
mitters release from pre synaptic neuron, they
activate the receptors in the post synaptic neu-
ron and induce an action potential to fire in
about 0,5 miliseconds. Our thougths, feelings,
consciousness is formed by those action poten-
tials. When you take the fact that there are 1013
neurons in the brain, in one second, there can
be 2000 x 1013= 2 x 1016 action potentials firing.
If you accept one couple of action potentials as
a byte of information (yes or no), there can be
1016 bytes flowing in the brain in one second.
This is 104 terabytes of information flowing in
every second.
Of course in every second, every neuron
does not fire; otherwise there would be bio-
electric chaos or epileptiform discharges in the
brain. To control this, presynaptic neurons
have auto receptors as modulators of synaptic
transmission (for instance alpha adrenergic
auto receptors; GABAB presynaptic autorecep-
tors etc.); also there are inhibitory interneurons
which utilize the neurotransmitter GABA, to
harness the excessive action potential for-
mation. If there were no interneurons and GA-
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
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BAergic activity, everyone would be epileptic!
As a matter of fact, if GABAergic inhibition of
neurons is impaired, epileptic discharges may
occur, while also drugs (like vigabatrin,
gabapentin) which increase GABA levels in the
brain also treat epileptic seizures.
Today we can treat most of the forms of
epilepsy, by using such drugs, actually using
the methods of System Theory. So learning
about one single neuron may give so many
insights about the brain and central nervous
system.
5-System Theory is only interested in the facts.
There cannot be dogmas, unexplained meta-
physical powers or parapsychological effects,
which cannot be observed and measured, in
the methods of System Theory. In System Theory,
everything should be observed, measured and
calculated.
Similary mystical, religious theories or dog-
mas have no meaning for the System Theory.
System Theory has no interest in God, why we
exist, religions, creation theory. Actually, it is
the System Theory which established Evolution
Theory, which is one of the best explanations
about life on earth, while creationism is not
even a theory or a system.
6-System Theory uses pure mathematical
scientific methods. If event A induces event B,
which induces event C. Then System Theory
should analyze and interpret every step, A, B
and C.
System Theory in Medicine
The method of Eric Kandel to investigate
Aplysia and LTP is good to understand
the behavior of single neurons. This meth-
od is called Reductionist Method. However,
Reductionist Method, can only understand
the pieces and elements; it cannot combine
the pieces or elements when they are
working altogether in function. According
to Alan Hobson, the cells, the organs, the
systems in the human body do not work
indepently; they function in coordination
and in harmony. So it is not possible sepa-
rate liver’s activities from the functions of
the brain; Mind and Brain are united with
the body; he called it Mind-Body complex
(Hobson, 1994). When you change some-
thing at one part of the body, this altera-
tion affects other organs and every part of
the body, because everything works in
coordination in a perfect system. That is
why in 21st Century, Holistic (Related with
the whole, the gestalt) approach and Holis-
tic Medicine arose. Holistic approach is also
very important in psychology, psychiatry
and sex therapy.
To understand a certain disease the sci-
entist should not only look at the organ of
the disease, but the whole body. For in-
stance, cancer develops when the immune
system and when the molecular DNA re-
pair mechanisms are impaired. The prob-
lem is not in that organ, it is in the sytem
(or gestalt).
So Functional Medicine or Holistic Med-
icine is a new approach to diseases to un-
derstand the flaws of the system.
System Theory in Sex Therapy
Systemic Sex Therapy has also a similar
approach (Hertlein, 2009). If a person has a
sexual function disorder (SFD), then the
whole body, system, mind, blood chemis-
try, brain chemistry should be investigat-
ed.
For instance the reason for lack of sexu-
al interest cans the low testosterone levels
in the blood. As known, testosterone induc-
es sexual aggressiveness and libido in-
crease both in females and males.
Thyroid hormones can be a reason of hy-
posexuality.
If a woman is using SSRI anti-depresant
drugs for the treatment of depression and
she has problems in arousal and attaining
an orgasm. Then increased serotonin lev-
els and SSRI anti-depresants are reason for
her anorgasmia.
If a woman is using birth control pills and
having problems of arousal and orgasm.
Then the birth control pills can be the rea-
son for her SFD. Because birth control pills
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
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increase the blood levels SHBG (Sex hor-
mone binding globuline); increased SHBG
carries more free testosterone in the blood to
be metabolized in the liver. So, there is less
free testosterone in the blood, which will
result in low libido and orgasmic difficul-
ties.
Systemic diseases such as liver disease,
chirhosis, kidney diseases, heart problems
etc. can induce SFD.
Most of the vaginismus cases, for in-
stance, are also anorgasmic and they are
afraid of sexual intercourse, sexual en-
counters or even making love. To treat
vaginismus, the therapist should teach the
patient how to attain orgasm. That is why
we have developed “Orgasm and Pleasure
Oriented Treatment of Vaginismus” Therapy.
Also psychological and former experi-
ences may have great impact on the sexual
response of a woman. For this reason a
detailed medical and psychological life
history should be taken from the patient.
In Turkish women, most the time the
reason of SFDs is the partner of the wom-
en. Partner’s behavior, attitudes and
knowledge should be taken into consider-
ation. The partner should also be taken
into the therapy.
We have seen some patients who have
solved their SFDs after one workshop and
after having some information. Even, only
informing and training the woman can
solve the problem.
Today, although there are no robust
surveys, it is estimated that 15-20 % of
women may be suffering from vaginismus.
We have seen cases of couples with no
substential intercourse history from 5 to 12
years of marriage.
Anorgasmia was 14 to 20 %, 15-20 years
ago; today, anorgasmia frequency is esti-
mated to have risen up to 35-40 %, or even
more. When the term anorgasmia is men-
tioned among the physicans and sex ther-
apists there are a terminology chaos. For
instance, if a woman can attain clitoral
orgasms, but no orgasms through inter-
course; she is not anorgasmic. Most of the
women who cannot attain orgasm through
intercourse are diagnosed as anorgasmia
in Turkey. Vaginal-coital orgasm is not
essential to diagnose a patient as an anor-
gasmic woman.
Even, Masters & Johnson re-named it as
coital-anorgasmia in their book “Human
Sexuality” (1995) many years after their
book “Human Sexual Response” (1966)
(Masters & Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1995). Al-
so, they never believed that vaginal or-
gasms existed, a false hypothesis which is
debunked by other researchers using very
sophisticated fMRI techniques ( Komisa-
ruk, 2006; Sayin, 2004, 2017)
Globally only 30-34 % of women can
attain vaginal-coital orgasms, while 80-85
% attain clitoral orgasms (Hite, 1974-1984;
Wolfe, 1983). According to Kadınca Report
(1993), 17-20 % of Turkish women men-
tioned that they could attain vaginal-coital
orgasms. During 2013-2015, this coital-
anorgasmia frequency may be even worse.
Most of the coital anorgasmia patients
apply physicians and therapist, being as-
sured of that they have a problem and a
case of anorgasmia; however, most of the
time the problem is the partner. Because,
the evarage intercourse duration of Turk-
ish males is 3.6-5 minutes; in such a short
time interval, it is nearly impossible for
most of the women to attain not only coital
orgasm, but also clitoral orgasm.
As a conclusion, as many factors as pos-
sible should be considered and questioned
before a) diagnosing a patient b) taking
her into therapy. Mind-Body complex
should be investigated, as well as, psy-
chology, inhibitions, traumas, social inter-
action, medication used, as part of the
Sytemic Sex Therapy.
SexuS Journal www.sexusjournal.com │ Fall-2018 │Volume: 03 │Issue: 10 │Pages: 787-802
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