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Cinnamomum: review article of essential oil compounds, ethnobotany, antifungal and antibacterial effects

January 2019
Open Access Journal of Science 3(1):13-16

DOI:10.15406/oajs.2019.03.00121

Authors:

Sanjay Kumar

Hukum Singh Bora Government Post Graduate College, Someshwar

Reshma Kumari

Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya

Aromatic as well as medicinal plant species have played important roles in the lives of tribal people living in the Himalaya by providing products for both food and medicine. This review presents a summary of ethonobotanical, antibacterial, antifungal and volatile compounds of essential oils of some Cinnamomum species from the Nepal, Assam, Karnataka, and Indian Himalaya. This review illustrates the various prospective of cinnamon and its use in daily life.

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Introduction

Spices played an important role in the history of exploration and

development, are no longer luxury items of great cost. With the advent

of refrigeration, there is less demand in the west to preserve and

avour foods at home, but they are widely used by the meat, sauce,

canning, frozen food industries, and food manufacturing industry

generally. They are also used in the cosmetic and perfumery industries,

including its use in soap and toothpaste. Spices, or their essential oil,

are of some importance in the preparation of liqueurs and cordials.

They are also used in various ayurvedic and allopathic medicine.

Bakers use it liberally in cookies and in hot drinks. Cinnamomum are

said to be among the oldest spices Cinnamomum has fragrant, sweet

and warm taste. Commercial essential oil production industry used

several aromatic plant species for extracting high quality essential oil.

Cinnamon is a highly valued spice whose bark is widely used as a

spice. It is mainly used in cookery as a spice and by various industries

for foodstuff, avouring agent for fragrance and essence perfumes,

and medicinal products.1 Cinnamomum stands out of all spices in

its “warmth” and ranks as second to pepper. As spices, cinnamon is

considered one of the nest sweet spices.

It is indigenous in Sri Lanka, which still produces the largest

quantity and best quality, mainly in the form of quills. This genus

contains evergreen trees or shrubs belongs to Lauracaceae family

contain around 250 species in tropical and subtropical regions, mostly

in Asia and some in South and Central America, and Australia2

however, in Himalayan region only eight species i.e. Cinnamomum

bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.

Presl, Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Meisn, Cinnamomum

glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz., Cinnamomum impressinervium

Meisn., Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisn., Cinnamomum

tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees and Eberm., and Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Breyn is found Imani et al.,3 reported noticeable improvement in

digestion, as well as appetite stimulating properties in recent research.

In another report, Vangalapati et al.4 reported that in ancient Egypt

cinnamon was used for beverage avouring, as well as to treat

illnesses. Moreover, it has been frequently used in savoury cuisines,

Persian sweets soups and pickles. In conventional Chinese medicine,

cinnamon has been used as a potential neuroprotective agent,5 as

well as a potent medicine for the control and treatment of type 2

diabetes mellitus.6 Cinnamomum species are commercially valuable

source of camphor, cinnamaldehyde and safrol oil in the world. This

review presents a summary of Cinnamomum species from the Indian

Himalaya, Nepal, and Bhutan, focusing on their ethnobotanical uses

with the volatile compounds.

Methodology

The current review was conducted using a complete and organized

search of the available literature on the medicinal plant cinnamon by

using the keywords: essential oil, Himalaya, India, Nepal, Assam,

Karnataka, and Indian Himalaya. The searches were performed using

various databases, including PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

pubmed), Science Direct (http://www.sciencedirect.com/), Scopus

(http://www.scopus.com/), Scirus (http://www.scirus.com/), and

Google Scholar (http://www.scholar.google.com/).

Distribution

Sri Lanka is the major Cinnamon growing country along with

Seychelles, Madagascar and India.7 Best quality of cinnamon bark,

mainly as quills is produced by Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka and Seychelles

have approx 24,000 ha and 3400 ha area under cultivation producing

around 12,000 t and 600 t cinnamon respectively.8 Cinnamon leaf oil

is mostly produced in these countries, though the bark oil is distilled

mostly in the importing countries. Sri Lankan export is to the tune of

around 120 t of leaf oil and 4–5 t of bark oil.9

Cultivation of cinnamon

Around 27,000-35,000 annual tons cinnamon is globally

produced.10 It is mostly raised in China, Seychelles, Madagascar and

Sri Lanka; additionally, it’s cultivated on a little scale in Vietnam and

India. It’s a hardy plant in terms of its suitableness for its cultivation

in various weather conditions. The optimal temperature for the

cultivation of cinnamon ranges between 20 to 30°C, with a yearly

rainfall ranging between 1250 to 2500 mm. Cinnamon is usually

propagated by dried seed and vegetative propagation (Table 1).11

Open Access J Sci. 2019;3(1):13‒16. 13

permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

Cinnamomum: review article of essential oil

compounds, ethnobotany, antifungal and antibacterial

effects

Volume 3 Issue 1 - 2019

Sanjay Kumar,1 Reshma Kumari2

1Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, India

2Department of Botany &Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri

University, India

Correspondence: Reshma Kumari, Department of Botany

&Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar 249404, Tel

+91-8755388132India, Email

Received: January 18, 2019 | Published: January 29, 2019

Abstract

Aromatic as well as medicinal plant species have played important roles in the lives of tribal

people living in the Himalaya by providing products for both food and medicine. This review

presents a summary of ethonobotanical, antibacterial, antifungal and volatile compounds of

essential oils of some Cinnamomum species from the Nepal, Assam, Karnataka, and Indian

Himalaya. This review illustrates the various prospective of cinnamon and its use in daily

life.

Keywords: Cinnamomum, ethonobotany, antifungal, antibacterial, essential oil, India,

food and medicine

Open Access Journal of Science

Review Article Open Access

Cinnamomum: review article of essential oil compounds, ethnobotany, antifungal and antibacterial effects 14

Citation: Kumar S, Kumari R. Cinnamomum: review article of essential oil compounds, ethnobotany, antifungal and antibacterial effects. Open Access J Sci.

2019;3(1):13‒16. DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2019.03.00121

Table 1 Ethnopharmacological uses, essential oil compositions, and any biological activities of the essential oils of Cinnamomum species

Plant Name Ethnopharmacology Antifungal and Antimicrobial Essential oil

C. camphora

(L.) J. Presl

Bronchitis, cold,

congestion, diarrhea,

dysentery, edema,

inuenza, atulence,

metabolic and heart

problems, gynecological

problems15

leaf oils: antifungal activity against Choanephora cucurbitarum16

and antibacterial activity against Pasturella multocida17 and

Aspergillus niger;18 leaf oil sample from Nepal had shown

notable allelopathic activity, cytotoxic activity against MCF-7

human breast tumor cells, and insecticidal activity (Chaoborus

plumicornis, Pieris rapae, Drosophila melanogaster, Solenopsis

invicta x richteri);18 camphor has shown antibacterial activity

against the respiratory pathogen Haemophilus inuenza19

Essential oil chemotypes: (1) camphor,

(2) linalool, (3) 1,8-cineole, (4) nerolidol,

and (5) borneol;20 Leaf oil from Pantnagar,

Uttarakhand: camphor (82.4%) (Agarwal et

al., 2012) from Nukuchiatal, Uttarakhand:

camphor (81.5%),21 from Hetauda,

Makwanpur, Nepal: camphor (36.5%),

camphene (11.7%), limonene (9.0%), sabinene

(6.3%), β -pinene (6.3%).18

C .

glanduliferum

(Wall.) Meisn.

Root: wounds and

toothache;22Leaves: used

as stimulant, carminative,

and to treat coughs

and colds,23 analgesic,

antiseptic, astringent, and

carminative properties;24

Seed: cold, cough,

toothache and taenias,

muscular swellings, seed

oil in treating muscular

spasm, joint pain and

body aches;9 Bark: kidney

trouble.25

Leaf oil sample of northern India, rich in 1,8-cineole

(41.4%), α-pinene (20.3%), and α-terpineol (9.4%), was

found to have antibacterial activity against Gram-positive

bacteria (Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative bacteria

(Escherichiacoli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aeromonas

salmonicida). The high concentration of 1,8-cineole likely

contributes to its efcacy against coughs and colds.

1,8-Cineole has shown clinical efcacy as a mucolytic and

spasmolytic as well as benecial effects in inammatory

airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD).26,27

Leaf oil from northern India: 1,8-cineole

(41.4%), α-pinene (20.3%), α-terpineol (9.4%),

germacrene D-4-ol (6.1%) and α-thujene

(5.10%).28

C. tamala

(Buch.-Ham.)

Nees and

Eberm.

Leaves: gastic problems;29

spice and avoring

agent.30

Root essential oil from Nepal, insecticidal (Culex pipiens,

Solenopsis invicta richteri).18 Leaf oil from Munsyari,

Uttarakhand, antibacterial (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia

coli, Pasturella multocida); leaf oil from Logaghat, antibacterial

(Pasturella multocida).17

Root essential oil from Hetauda, Makwanpur,

Nepal: camphor (35.0%), linalool (10.6%),

p-cymene (8.5%), o-cymene (6.8%), and

1,8-cineole (6.1%).18 Leaf oil from Jeolikote,

Uttarakhand: (E)-cinnamaldehyde (79.4%),

(E)-cinnamyl acetate (3.7%), linalool (5.4%).21

Leaf oil from Munsyari, Uttarakhand: linalool

(52.5%), (E)-innamaldehyde 26.4%), 1,8-cineol

(4.2%).17 Leaf oil from Lohaghat, Uttarakhand:

linalool (29.8%), camphor (44.0%), (E)-

cinnamaldehyde (14.3%).17 Leaf oil from

Champawat, Uttarakhand: linalool (24.7%),

camphor (25.5%), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (30.4%)

.17 Leaf oil from Pannagar, Uttarakhand:

eugenol (65.0%).17 Leaf essential oil from

Uttarakhand: (E)-cinnamaldehyde (35.8%–

62.3%), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (4.7%–22.7%),

linalool (5.7%–16.2%).31

C. glaucescens

Hand.-Mazz.

In Manipur, India, the

powdered bark is used to

treat kidney trouble.25

Fruit oil from Hetauda, Makwanpur, Nepal, nematicidal

(Caenorhabditis elegans, LC50 = 151 g/mL), insecticidal

(Culex pipiens, Reticulitermes virginicus).18 Fruit oil from

Lucknow, India, insecticidal (Callosobruchus chinensis),

antifungal (Aspergillus avus).25

Fruit essential oil from Hetauda, Makwanpur,

Nepal: methyl (E)-cinnamate (40.5%)

1,8-cineole (24.8%), -terpineol (7.4%).17

Commercial fruit essential oil from Nepal:

methyl (E)-cinnamate (14%) 1,8-cineole (13%),

-terpineol (7%).32 Leaf oil from northeast

India: elemicin (92.9%).33

C. bejolghota

(Buch.-Ham.)

Sweet

Bark and its infusions used to treat cough, cold, toothache, liver complaints, diabetes, gall

stones and as mouth fresher;34 bone fracture and wonds35

Panicle oil from Jorhat area of Assam: Linalool

(65.00%), α-phellandrene (8.90%), 1-8-cineole

(3.96%), α-pinene (3.40%), β-phellandrene

(3.00%), β-pinene (2.55%), β -caryophyllene

(2.55%), (Z)-methyl isoeugenol (2.05%) and

α-farnesene (1.93%). Stem bark oil from

Jorhat area of Assam: α-terpineol (23.30%),

linalool (14.40%), p-cymene (13.90%),

α-pinene (5.30%), l,8-cineole (6.85%) and (E)-

methyl cinnamate (3.06%), β-pinene (1.40%),

α-phellandrene (1.46%), terpinen-4-ol (1.70%),

(E)-cinnamaldehyde (1.50%), eugenol (1.50%),

β –caryophyllene (2.85%) and (Z)-methyl

isoeugenol (1.05%).36

Cinnamomum: review article of essential oil compounds, ethnobotany, antifungal and antibacterial effects 15

Citation: Kumar S, Kumari R. Cinnamomum: review article of essential oil compounds, ethnobotany, antifungal and antibacterial effects. Open Access J Sci.

2019;3(1):13‒16. DOI: 10.15406/oajs.2019.03.00121

Plant Name Ethnopharmacology Antifungal and Antimicrobial Essential oil

C. zeylanicum

Breyn

Ground cinnamon is

used in diarrhoea and

dysentery; for cramps

of the stomach, gastric

irritation; for checking

nausea and vomiting;

used externally in

toothache, neuralgia

and rheumatism. The

bark is included in

medicinal preparations

for indigestion, atulence,

u, mothwashes, gargles,

herbal teas.37

Bark from Lucknow, antibacterial S. aureus (Gram positive)

and E. coli (Gram-negative), anticancer and apoptotic

activityagainst human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.38

Buds volatile oil: α-bergamotene (27.38 %),

α-copaene (23.05%), α- humulene (6.19%),

δ-cadinene (5.97%), tetradecanol (4.27%)

and viridiorene (3.29%).39 Leaf oil: Linalool

(85.7%), eugenol (3.1%), β –caryophyllene

(2.4%), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (1.7%), α-terpineol

(1.1%), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (0.9%).40 Fruit

stalks oil: (E)-cinnamyl acetate (36.59%), (E)-

caryophyllene (22.36%), α-humulene (5.49),

τ –cadinol (4.90%), δ-cadinene (4.70%), and

α-copaene (3.02%).41 Flower oil: (E)-cinnamyl

acetate (41.98%), trans- α -bergamotene

(7.97%); caryophyllene oxide (7.29%); α

-cadinol (6.35%), tetradecanal (5.05%) and

globulol (3.80%) .42

Table Continued...

Discussion and Conclusion

IUCN red listed twenty-four Cinnamomum species.12 Cinnamomum

are facing great pressure and threat because of economic activities,

especially manual picking of bark and fruits as spice and for their

medicinal value. Due to the unregulated use and overexploitation, its

number is steadily decreasing. If the necessary conservation measures

are not adopted, the species could become extinct. Genetic diversity

data are important for conservation and management of rare and

endangered species. Maintenance of genetic diversity is essential to

the long term survival of the tree species without which there may be

a risk of its extinction because of lack of adaptive ability.13 Cinnamon

possess immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiviral, lowering

blood cholesterol, antimicrobial, lipid-lowering, antihypertension,

anti-inammatory, antitumor, gastroprotective, antidiabetic,

neuroprotective and blood purifying properties.14 Therefore, future

conservation and sustainable management programmes for the

Cinnamomum species are an urgent priority.

Acknowledgments

None.

Conicts of interest

The author declares that there is no conict of interests concerning

this paper.

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Mar 2023

Background and Aim:| The increasing demand for the discovery of next-generation antimicrobials necessitates the use of plant extracts as alternatives. This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of extracted cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and commercial cinnamaldehyde (CN) against foodborne pathogens. Materials and Methods:| Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to screen the antimicrobial potency of CEO and CN. MIC and MBC were determined by the broth microdilution method. Kinetic destruction pattern was studied by time killing assay. CEO and CN mediated inactivation dynamics of S. typhimurium (ALM40) and L. monocytogenes were studied on the ground chicken meat model. Results: | Both CEO and CN showed remarkable antimicrobial efficacy against the test strains, with highest and lowest efficacy against V. metschnikovii and E. coli, respectively. The agents inhibited gram-positive and negative bacteria equally. CN showed higher efficacy than CEO although the results were very close. MIC of CEO and CN ranged from 0.625%-5% (v/v) and 0.078%-0.3125% (v/v), respectively. Heat treatment and pH alteration did not hamper the antibacterial potency of CEO. CEO and CN mediated destruction kinetics were faster in L. monocytogenes than S. typhimurium (ALM 40). Inactivation dynamics study showed CEO and CN to have slightly dose-dependent antimicrobial effects. Besides, storage conditions and time did not reduce the antimicrobial potency. The significant microbial reduction was observed in both CEO and CN treated meat samples than untreated controls. Notably, a complete reduction of viable count in meat model was observed in selective medium just after 24hrs storage. Conclusion: | Both CEO and CN showed promising antimicrobial effects to be used in combating foodborne pathogens. © 2023, This is an original open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-noncommercial 4.0 International License. All Rights Reserved.

The use of non-medicinal plants by the community of Ayah Village in South Gombong Karst Area, Kebumen, Central Java, Indonesia

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Hanun Z, Athaya DN, Sholekha AM, Damayanti CE, Nazar IA, Cahyaningsih AP, Junaedi E, Buot JR IE Setyawan AD. 2023. The use of non-medicinal plants by the community of Ayah Village in South Gombong Karst Area, Kebumen, Central Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 68-78. In the homegardens of the people of Kebumen District, Central Java Province, Indonesia, especially in the karst area of Ayah Village, usually planted various plant species with many benefits. However, the knowledge of the people of Ayah Village, Kebumen, about the various benefits of plants is only known from generation to generation, passed on orally and in daily practice habits, so a study is needed to document this information. This study aimed to determine the knowledge of local communities and various types of non-medicinal plants used to fulfill people's daily lives. Data was collected through survey techniques and open interviews with a purposive sampling method with 40 respondents. An inventory of non-medicinal plants resulted in findings of 118 plant species from 59 families. The plants used consisted of 51 species of food plants, 40 species of ornamental plants, 19 species of spices, six species of animal feed, six species of firewood, five species of building materials, and two species of hedges. Some species have more than one use. Our study showed that most of the local community uses plants as food with more diverse plant species compared to other uses.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM AGAINST ONIONS SPOILAGE FUNGICinnamomum zeylanicum

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Hamza Belkhodja

This work aims to evaluation of the antifungal activity of dichloromethane essential oil of barks of Cinnamomum zeylanicum against black rot onions pathogenic fungi such as Penicillium sp and Aspergillus niger. The antifungal activity of essential oils of barks of Cinnamomum zeylanicum was tested in vitro by agar well diffusion method against plant pathogenic fungi strains vis Penicillium sp.and Aspergillus niger. The results showed that the essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum exhibited the highest percentage of growth inhibition (100%) against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp at (1% v/v) and (2.5% v/v) minimum inhibitory concentration respectively. The ability of the extracts to inhibit the growth of the fungi is an indication of the antifungal potential of cinnamon, which make the candidate for production of antifungal agents. It can be applied in agricultural product for development of transgenic resistant to plant diseases.

Спектральные характеристики эфирных масел распространенных пряных пищевых растений

Article

Sep 2024

В настоящее время пряности широко используются для коррекции питания и фитооздоровления. Целью данного исследования явилось выявление спектральных характеристик эфирных масел пряно-ароматических растений, которые могут быть использованы для стандартизации препаратов на их основе. Объектами исследования служили листья лавра благородного, заготовленные в период цветения в городе Сочи; гвоздики бутоны промышленного производства; кора корицы сорта «Alba», поставляемая по импорту из Республики Шри-Ланка, и корневища имбиря свежие, реализуемые в торговой сети. Эфирное масло получали методом гидродистилляции и проводили исследование его УФ-спектра в диапазоне 200–400 нм. Полученные спектры сравнивали со спектрами стандартных образцов эвгенола, коричного альдегида и цингиберена. Было установлено, что мажорным компонентом эфирных масел гвоздики и лавра является эвгенол, в эфирном масле корицы очевидно присутствуют два компонента — коричный альдегид и эвгенол, а в эфирном масле корневищ имбиря эвгенола не обнаружено, его основным компонентом является сесквитерпеноид цингиберен. В целом можно сделать вывод о формировании бактерицидных и фунгистатических свойств исследуемых эфирных масел различными группами биологически активных соединений: эвгенола у лавра и гвоздики, суммы эвгенола и коричного альдегида у коры корицы и цингеберена в имбире лекарственном. Важным является возможность использования УФ-спектров эвгенола, цингиберена и коричного альдегида в качестве стандартов, определяющих доброкачественность масла, обеспечивающих воспроизводимость фармакологического действия препаратов лавра, гвоздики, имбиря и корицы.

Some Highly Potent Nepalese Medicinal Plants with Antimicrobial Properties

Article

Sep 2024
CURR PHARM DESIGN

In recent years, microbial infections have emerged as a serious global health problem, necessitating the search for novel and effective treatments. Medicinal plants contain phytochemicals that can be used to prevent and treat various infections. Traditional medicinal practices have long relied on the healing properties of herbs, and Nepal is particularly rich in this knowledge. Bioactive compounds found in plants possess antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, making them a valuable resource for the fight against microbial infections. This review focuses on three medicinal plants native to Nepal, Amomum subulatum, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, and Cinnamomum glaucescens, which contain potent antimicrobial phytochemicals. The traditional uses, bioactive components, and biological activities of these plants are discussed, providing valuable insights into their potential as natural remedies to combat microbial infections.

Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Essential Oil Against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated From Skin Lesions In Patients With Psoriasis

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Background and Objectives: Psoriasis is a chronic and inflammatory skin disease, which is has no definitive cure. Several microbial agents have been identified that have a role in the exacerbation of psoriasis, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. Increased Methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains is a major problem worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil on MRSA strains isolated from skin lesions in patients with psoriasis. Methods: In this study, participants were 140 patients with psoriasis referred to the dermatology and rheumatology clinic of Shariati Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Diagnostic tests including gram staining, catalase test, tube coagulase test, mannitol fermentation test, and deoxyribonuclease test were performed. To identify the phenotype of MRSA strains, methicillin susceptibility testing was performed using cefoxitin by disk diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil was investigated by broth microdilution method and its minimum inhibitory concentration against MRSA strains was calculated. Results: Of 140 patients, 43.57% had infection with Staphylococcus aureus and 14.28% had MRSA infection. There was no significant relationship between gender, age and sampling area in patients with MRSA infection. The results showed that Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil had antimicrobial effects on MRSA strains. Conclusion: The Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil can be a suitable alternative to antibiotics for the control and treatment of skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Effect of Herbal Medicine Formulation (Compound Honey Syrup) on Quality of Life in Patients With COPD: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as one of the health-threatening problems imposes many economic costs on health systems. Today, there is a greater tendency to use complementary and alternative therapies in the treatment of diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a Persian herbal formulation in patients with COPD. Materials and methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 76 patients with mild-severe COPD assigned to 2 groups (in each group n=38) for 8 weeks. The interventional group received Compound Honey Syrup (CHS), consisting of combination of honey and extracts of five medicinal plants (i.e., ginger, cinnamon, saffron, cardamom, and galangal) and the control group received a placebo. The COPD Assessment Test (CAT), St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and lung function test were used before and after. Results: Seventy-six patients, 88.6% male and 55.7% under 60 years of age, completed the course of treatment. At the end of the study, the overall score of the CAT questionnaire was significantly different between the first and fourth week (P=0.029). Meanwhile the findings of SGRQ questionnaire were significantly different between the interventional and control groups at other times (P=0.001). FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were found to be significantly different between two groups in weeks 4 and 8 (P <0.05). At the end of the study, no side effects of CHS were reported. Conclusion: Based on the data presented herein, CHS could be effective as a complementary and safe drug in increasing the quality of life of with COPD.

Review on Tamalpatra

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

In this article we will study about the Cinnamomum tamala.The genus Cinnamomum belonging to the family Lauraceae. Cinnamomum tamala is a multipurpose evergreen plant and it is a native of India. The plant is commonly known as Indian cassia, Tejpatta, Indian bay leaf etc. All parts of plant possess many major bioactive constituent due to the presence of major phytoconstituent like alkaloids, steroids, sugar, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, carbohydrate, etc. The different parts of this plants shows many pharmacological activities like immunosuppresive, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, anti-HIV, antiulcer, antidiabetic, hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumour,antityrosinase, anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, cryptoprotective, mulluscidial, antifungal, antipyretic, antipathogenic, antigenotoxic, antidiarrhoel and alzheimer prevention potential activity that are useful for the treatment of various diseases or disorders.

Anti-inflammatory Properties of the Monoterpene 1.8-cineole: Current Evidence for Co-medication in Inflammatory Airway Diseases

Article

Full-text available

May 2014

Uwe R Juergens

1,8-cineole is a natural monoterpene, also known as eucalyptol. It is a major compound of many plant essential oils, mainly extracted from Eucalyptus globulus oil. As an isolated compound, 1,8-cineole is known for its mucolytic and spasmolytic action on the respiratory tract, with proven clinical efficacy. 1,8-cineole has also shown therapeutic benefits in inflammatory airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This clinical evidence refers to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant mode of action, which has been proven in numerous pre-clinical studies. In vitro studies found strong evidence that 1,8-cineole controls inflammatory processes and mediator production of infection- or inflammation-induced mucus hypersecretion by its action as anti-inflammatory modifier rather than a simple mucolytic agent. The aim of this review is to present these preclinical studies performed with the pure monoterpene, and to summarize the current knowledge on the mode of action of 1,8-cineole. The actual understanding of the pure 1,8-cineole compared to mixtures of natural volatile oils containing 1,8-cineole as a major compound and to mixtures of natural terpenes, known as essential oils, will be discussed. Based on the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, recent clinical trials with 1,8-cineole have shown first evidence for the beneficial use of 1,8-cineole as long-term therapy in the prevention of COPD-exacerbations and to improve asthma control.

Bioactivities and Compositional Analyses of Cinnamomum Essential Oils from Nepal: C. camphora, C. tamala, and C. glaucescens

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2013
NAT PROD COMMUN

This work examines the biological activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum camphora leaves, C. glaucescens fruit, and C. tamala root from Nepal. The oils were screened for phytotoxic activity against lettuce and perennial ryegrass, brine shrimp lethality, and antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, insecticidal, and nematicidal activities. C. camphora leaf essential oil was phytotoxic to lettuce, antifungal to Aspergillus niger, and insecticidal, particularly toward midge and butterfly larvae, fruit flies, and fire ants. C. camphora oil was also toxic to brine shrimp and human breast tumor cells. C. glaucescens fruit essential oil showed notable nematicidal activity, as well as termiticidal and mosquito larvicidal activity. The root essential oil of C. tamala was toxic to mosquito larvae and fire ants.

Plant Resources of South East Asia no. 13. Spices

Article

Jan 2000

Phytochemistry and beneficial impacts of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as a dietary supplement in poultry diets

Article

Jun 2018

Cinnamon is a common spice obtained from the bark of Cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). It has been used for culinary, as well as medicinal, purposes since ancient times in various countries. Apart from substantial amounts of several nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, choline, vitamins (A, K, C, B3), and minerals, several biological active compounds are present in the extract of oil, which contribute to immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiviral, lowering blood cholesterol, antimicrobial, lipid-lowering, antihypertension, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, gastroprotective, antidiabetic, neuroprotective and blood purifying properties. Cinnamon roots serve as a hepatic stimulant by improving bile production, eliminating toxins, restoring electrolyte balance and regulating hydration and can be used for enhancing digestion. In addition, nutritional properties of cinnamon powder include positive effects regarding growth, digestion, enhanced activity of gut microflora, improvement of immune response, as well as improved feed efficiency and health improvement of poultry birds. Recently,research focus has been directed towards supplementing broiler diets with cinnamon powder as a phytobiotic in order to replace synthetic growth promoters.After reviewing the literature, it was found that the research at the molecular level to elucidate the mechanisms behind the potential ofcinnamon as a feed additive in poultry is limited, despite its promising impacts. Furthermore, supplementation doses vary significantly, i.e., from 0.02 to 7%. So, the aim of this review was to compile the published research related to cinnamon, explore its beneficial properties, find out its optimal dosage for uses byveterinarians, researchers, and nutritionists, as well as its potential to use as anatural feed additive to replace the synthetic antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feed.

The effect of bentonite and yeast cell wall along with cinnamon oil on aflatoxicosis in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ): Digestive enzymes, growth indices, nutritional performance and proximate body composition

Article

Apr 2017
AQUACULTURE

Feed safety is amongst the main factors affecting animal performance and economic viability of an aquaculture enterprise. The present research was to study the protective effects of mycotoxin binding agent along with cinnamon oil on the toxicity of various dietary aflatoxin levels in rainbow trout fingerlings. A three way factorial experiment was carried out for 60 days. Aflatoxin B1 (0, 25 and 50 ng/kg), mycotoxin binder (0 and 5%,) and cinnamon oil (0 and 1%) were deliberately included in the diet. Fish were fed three times a day. Dietary Aflatoxin B1 contamination resulted in better PPV (p < 0.05), while those fish fed aflatoxin contaminated diet supplemented with mycotoxin binder showed the highest weight gain (p < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of cinnamon oil resulted in significantly inferior growth and nutritional indices. Body lipid, energy and ash contents were mainly affected by cinnamon oil to the extent that fish received diet containing the oil had significantly lower lipid and energy content. Meanwhile, feeding oil containing diet resulted in higher ash content (p < 0.05). Markedly increased activity of digestive enzymes including alkaline protease, lipase and amylase were observed in fish fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diet. However, the presence of mycotoxin binding agent rehabilitated lipase activity of aflatoxin received groups. Trout fed diet supplemented with cinnamon oil tended to have lower digestive enzymes activity. In conclusion, aflatoxin B1 resulted in pathologically elevated digestive enzymes activity in trout and mycotoxin binding agent and/or cinnamon oil could correct the enzymes activity of the species.

Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical evaluation of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) sweet bark

Article

Jan 2016

Pharmacognostic, physico-chemical and preliminary phytochemical studies of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet (Family Lauraceae) bark was carried out. Physico-chemical parameters such as total, acid insoluble and water soluble ash value were determined. In microscopic studies, transverse and longitudinal section of bark and its powder characters were studied and characteristic features were established. Different extracts obtained by successive solvent extraction were tested separately for the presence of various phytoconstituents, viz. alkaloids, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats and fixed oils, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, gums, lignins, proteins, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. The present study of C. bejolghota bark will be useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters and information obtained can be used as markers in the identification. © 2016, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.

A review on pharmacological activities and clinical effects of Cinnamon species

Article

Jan 2012
RJPBCS

Many herbal remedies have been employed in various medical systems for the treatment and management of different diseases. Cinnamon is the ever green tree of tropical area, a member of family Lauraceae, has been used in day to day routine as a spice. Literature review on cinnamon revealed that it mainly contains essential oils and important compounds like Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamic acid and cinnamate. It has got good anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, memory enhancer and many other activities. The present review attempts to encompass the up-to-date comprehensive literature analysis on Cinnamon with respect to its Phytochemistry and its various pharmacological activities.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils of Cinnamomum Tamala, Cinnamomum Zeylenicum and Cinnamomum Camphora Growing in Uttarakhand

Chapter

Jan 2012

Studies were undertaken to chemically examine the essential oils of different species of Cinnamomum growing in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand and screening of their antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. Eight samples of Cinnamomum tamala, two samples of Cinnamomum zeylenicum and one sample of Cinnamomum camphora were collected. Among all these oils, four chemotypes of C. tamala, two of C. zeylenicum and one of C. camphora are introduced by GC-MS analysis. Antibacterial activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum species were tested against three pathogenic bacteria viz. Pasturella multocida, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica enterica by disc diffusion method and compared with Gentamicine. Antioxidant activities of the essential oils were evaluated by three different methods viz. reducing power activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity and effect on the chelating activity of Fe (II) ions. Results showed that the essential oils of Cinnamomum species have effective antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Therefore they could be used as food preservatives and as medicines.

Antihyperglycemic and in vivo antioxidative activity evaluation of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: An ethnomedicinal plant in Assam

Article

Sep 2014

Objective: To evaluate the antihyperglycemic property of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) on streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic rats. Methods: Oral glucose tolerance test level was measured at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the administration of extract. The extract was orally administered once daily at two dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 15 d. The effect of methanolic extract of Cinnamomum bejolghota (MECB) on the divergence of body weights, blood glucose levels and the biochemical parameters viz., total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase were measured in an autoanalyzer. Histopathology of pancreas and in vivo antioxidative status was studied. Results: A significant increase in bodyweights and rapid decrease in hyperglycemic peak was experiential in animals treated with MECB. After 15 d treatment the total cholesterol, TG, low density lipoprotein level decreased and high density cholesterol level increased significantly. MECB reduced the levels of the elevated marker enzymes aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase. MECB reduced the lipid peroxidation and improved the level of catalase and glutathione in liver. Histopathological studies of pancreas in diabetic and treated groups substantiate the cytoprotective action of extract. Conclusions: It can be evident from the research work that Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) has potent antihyperglycemic activity and supports the in vivo antioxidative status.

Cinnamomum camphora (Kapur): Review

Article

Mar 2012

Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of new drugs. The bioactive extract should be standardized on the basis of active compound. The bioactive extract should undergo safety studies. Almost, 70% modern medicines in India are derived from natural products. Medicinal plants play a central role not only as traditional medicines but also as trade commodities, meeting the demand of distant markets. Camphor is familiar to many people as a principal ingredient in topical home remedies for a wide range of symptoms, and its use is well consolidated among the population of the whole world, having a long tradition of use as antiseptic, antipruritic, rubefacient, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, contraceptive and lactation suppressant. This compound has also a long history of scientific studies on its action and on the way through which it is metabolized in the organisms of both humans and animals, due to the general interest that it has always arisen among common people and scientists.