A short review on a Nutritional Fruit : Guava

Abstract

Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) commonly known for its food and nutritional values throughout the world. A number of chemicals isolated from plants like quercetin, guaijaverin, isoflavonoids, gallic acid, catechin, epicathechin, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol flavonoids and galactose-specific lecithins have shown promising activity. Toxicity studies in mice and other animal models as well as controlled human studies show leaf, seed, pulp, skin and fruits different extract in different concentration are helps to prevent cancer, regulating blood pressure, and treating diarrhea. Much of the traditional uses have been validated by scientific research. The plant has been extensively studied in terms of pharmacological activity of its major components and the results show antioxidant, antipyretic, antifungal, antimicrobial, hypotensive, analgesic & anti-inflammatory effect

Full text

Open Access: Toxicology & Research Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2018
Citation: G. M. Masud Parvez et al. (2018), A short review on a Nutritional Fruit : Guava. Opn Acc Tox & Res.1;1, 1-8.
Open Access: Toxicology & Research
A short review on a Nutritional Fruit : Guava
Research Article
01
Corresponding Author: G. M. Masud Parvez
Department of Pharmacy, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
E-mail: masud.ph.ru@gmail.com
Copyright: ©2018 G. M. Masud Parvez et al. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source
are credited
Citation: G. M. Masud Parvez et al. (2018), A short review on a
Nutritional Fruit : Guava. Opn Acc Tox & Res.1;1, 1-8
Abstract
Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) commonly known for its food and nutritional values throughout the world. A number of chemicals isolated
from plants like quercetin, guaijaverin, isoavonoids, gallic acid, catechin, epicathechin, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol avonoids and
galactose-specic lecithins have shown promising activity. Toxicity studies in mice and other animal models as well as controlled human
studies show leaf, seed, pulp, skin and fruits dierent extract in dierent concentration are helps to prevent cancer, regulating blood
pressure, and treating diarrhea. Much of the traditional uses have been validated by scientic research. The plant has been extensively
studied in terms of pharmacological activity of its major components and the results show antioxidant, antipyretic, antifungal, antimicrobial,
hypotensive, analgesic & anti-inammatory eect
Shakib Uzzaman1, Khokon Miah Akanda1, Sanzia Mehjabin1, G.M. Masud Parvez *1,2
1Department of Pharmacy,Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
2Department of Pharmacy, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Keywords: Psidium Guajava, Antidiabetic, Antibacterial, Hepatoprotective, Contractile.
Accepted: July 27, 2018
Received: July 17, 2018
Published: December 03, 2018
Introduction
Guava is of numerous trees and shrubs of the genus Psidium (family
Myrtaceae) native to tropical America. The term “guava” appears to
derive from Arawak guayabo “guava tree”, via the Spanish guayaba.
It has been adapted in many European and Asian languages, having a
similar form. The common types of guava include apple guava, yellow-
fruited cherry guava, strawberry guava, and red apple guava. It is
mostly eaten raw (ripe or semi-ripe) or consumed in the form of juice,
jams, and jellies. The common guava has a fruit with a yellow skin and
white, yellow, or pink esh. [1] Guavas are known for their sweet and
tangy avor and many uses, but there’s much more to this fruit than
meets the eye. Many consider it a “magical” fruit because of its array
of nutrients and medicinal uses.[2] P. guajava has a rich ethno-medicinal
history. Dierent parts of the plant are used in various indigenous
systems of medicine, primarily for the treatment of gastrointestinal
disorders [3]. Some of the ethno-medicinal uses includes the crushing
of the leaves and the application of the liquids coming out from them
on wounds, cuts, ulcers, boils, skin and soft tissue infectious site,
rheumatic places. [4]
Guava’s believed to have originated from Mexico or Central America. It
is now very popular in Asian countries and is also increasingly available
in American countries, particularly after its health benets have
been revealed. The most guava producing countries are India, China,
Thailand, Pakistan, Mexico, Indonesia, Brazil, Bangladesh, Philippines,
and Nigeria. Globally, India, Pakistan and Brazil had been the principal
producers of commercial Guava cultivars. Bangladesh is 8th highest
guava producing countries. In Bangladesh the annual production is
1,048,850 MT in 2017-18. [5]
Common Names [6]
Guava is known as various names in various regions of the world. The
common names of Psidium guajava include.
Review Article

Open Access: Toxicology & Research Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2018
Citation: G. M. Masud Parvez et al. (2018), A short review on a Nutritional Fruit : Guava. Opn Acc Tox & Res.1;1, 1-8.
02
Arabic guwâfah
Bengali Piara
Brazil araca
Cambodia trapaeksruk
Chinese fan shiliu
English apple guava
French gouyave
Germany Guavenbaum
India amarood; jamba
Portuguese goiaba
Spanish guayaba
Thailand farang
Philippines bayabas
Taxonomical Classication [7]
The taxonomical classication of the plant is
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Sub-Class Rosidae
Order Myrtales
Family Myrtaceae
Genus Psidium
Species Psidium guajava
Plant Description [8]
Psidium guajava is a shrub or small tree usually growing 1-6 m tall,
but occasionally reaching 10 m in height. The older stems are covered
in a smooth, light reddish-brown, bark that peels o in akes. This
sometimes gives the trunks a mottled appearance, because the newly
revealed bark is somewhat greenish-brown in colour. Younger stems
are greenish in colour, hairy (pubescent), and somewhat four-angled
(quadrangular).
The simple leaves are oppositely arranged along the stems and are
borne on short stalks (petioles) 4-10 mm long. The leaf blades (7-15 cm
long and 3-7 cm wide) are somewhat oval in shape (ovate-elliptic or
oblong-elliptic) with rounded or pointed tips (obtuse or acute apices)
and rounded (obtuse) bases. They have hairy (pubescent) undersides
(especially when young), entire margins, and are generally dull green
in colour. Each leaf has a prominent central vein (midrib) and 10-20
pairs of side veins (lateral veins) that are also relatively obvious.
The owers are usually borne singly in the upper leaf forks (axils).
These owers are about 25 mm across and are borne on a hairy stalk
(pubescent peduncle) 1-2.5 cm long. Each ower has four or ve green
sepals (6-15 mm long) that are fused together at the base and four or
ve white petals (10-20 mm long). They also have large numbers (200-
250) of small white stamens (6-10 mm long) and a style (6-12 mm long)
topped with a stigma.
The fruit is either rounded (globose), egg-shaped (ovoid) or pear-
shaped (pyriform) and turns from green to yellowish in colour as it
matures. These berries (2.5-10 cm long) are crowned with the remains
of the persistent sepals (calyx lobes) and have a juicy pink, white or
yellowish coloured pulp containing numerous seeds. The seeds are
yellowish in colour and kidney-shaped (reniform). Both planted and
wild trees are used for fruit which aids their spread.

Open Access: Toxicology & Research Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2018
Citation: G. M. Masud Parvez et al. (2018), A short review on a Nutritional Fruit : Guava. Opn Acc Tox & Res.1;1, 1-8.
03
Figure 1: Guava fruits
Various Species [9]
Guava belongs to genus Psidium and various species are
Psidium amplexicaule Psidium friedrichsthalium Psidium incanescens
Psidium araaoRaddi Psidium galapageium Psidium montanum
Psidium aracaRaddi Psidium guajava Psidium pedicellatum
Psidiuma ustraleCambess Psidium guineense Psidium robustum
Psidium cinereum Psidium harrisianum Psidium rostratum
Psidium dumetorum Psidium havanense Psidium sartorianum
Psidium rmum Psidium spathulatum Psidium sintenisii
Ethnomedicinal Uses
Psidium guajava fruit (Guava) is an ethnomedicine. It has special importance in the traditional system of medicine. In Ayurveda, it is considered
as an important herbal medicine for dysentery and diarrhea. In Traditional Chinese Medicine system, it is used to treat many diseases. It has been
used since ages to improve the health of humans
Plant part Compound Ethnomedicinal Use Reference
leaves
Phenolic compounds,
isoavonoids, gallic acid,
catechin, epicathechin, rutin,
naringenin, kaempferol
Hepatoprotection, antioxidant,
anti-inammatory, anti-spasmodic,
anti-cancer, antimicrobial anti
hyperglycemic, analgesic activity
[10- 16]
Pulp
Ascorbic acid, carotecoids
(lycopene, β-carotene,
β-cryptoxanthin)
Antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic,
Anti-neoplasic [17- 20]
Seed Glycosids, Carotenoids,
phenolic compounds
Antimicrobial activity [21-22]
Skin Phenolic compounds Improvement of food absorption [23-24]
Bark Phenolic compounds
Strong antibacterial activity,
stomachache and anti-diarrhoeal
activity
[10, 25]
Table 1: Ethnomedicinal use of guava

Open Access: Toxicology & Research Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2018
Citation: G. M. Masud Parvez et al. (2018), A short review on a Nutritional Fruit : Guava. Opn Acc Tox & Res.1;1, 1-8.
04
Nutritional Status [9]
Guava is an extremely good source of vitamin, minerals, protein, fat etc which is well known as a booster for vision health. The food value per
100g guava is presented in the following table.
Name Content
Calories 77-86g
Miosture 2.8-5.5g
Crude ber 0.9-1.0g
Protein 0.1-0.5
Fat 0.43-0.7mg
Ash 9.5-10mg
Carbohydrate 9.1-17mg
Calcium 17.8-30mg
Phosphorous 0.30-0.70mg
Iron 200-400 I.U
Carotene 0.046mg
Thiamine 0.03-0.04mg
Riboavin 0.6-1.068mg
Niacin 40 I.U.
Vitamin B3 35 I.U
Vitamin G4 36-50mg
Table 2: Food value of guava
Pharmacological Eect
Various part of the plant/fruit has been used for dierent pharmacological activity and dierent solvents are use to extract the sample. Various
concentrations of the extracts are used for various activities.
Pharmacological
Effect Extract Conc. Pharmacological Activity Ref.
Antioxidant activity
water 0.63 g/L Respectively showed effects on scavenging hydroxyl
radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. [26]65% Ethanol 0.47 g/L
95% Ethanol 0.58 g/L
Treatment of cough Water 2 and 5 g/kg
Decreased frequency of cough by 35% and 54%, as
compared to the control, within 10 min after injection of
the extract.
[27]
Anti-diabetic
activity
Water 250mg/kg Showed statistically signicant hypoglycaemic activity. [28]
Methanol 0.2-1.0 ml
There was a dose-dependent increase in percentage
inhibitory activity against alpha- amylase enzyme. At
a concentration of 0.2 ml of plant extract showed a
percentage inhibition 27.8% and for 1.0 ml plant extract
showed inhibition of 96.3%
[29]
Antibacterial
activity
Water 10.0, 5.0 &
0.16 mg/ml Showed antibacterial activity against S. suis, P.
multocida, E. coli and S. typhimurium. [30]75% Methanol 5.0 & 0.16
mg/ml
Acetone 20.0 & 0.31
mg/ml
Showed antibacterial activity against only S. Suis and P.
Multocida.

Open Access: Toxicology & Research Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2018
Citation: G. M. Masud Parvez et al. (2018), A short review on a Nutritional Fruit : Guava. Opn Acc Tox & Res.1;1, 1-8.
Hepatoprotective
Activity Water 250 and
500mg/kg
Signicantly reduced the elevated serum levels of
aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase,
alkaline phosphatise and bilirubin.
[31]
Anti-diarrhoeal
Activity Water
50-400 mg/
kg
Signicant protection of rats and mice against castor
oil-induced diarrhoea, inhibited intestinal transit, and
delayed gastric emptying.
[32]
1 mg/kg
Signicant antimotility effect, and caused dose-related
inhibition of castor oil-induced enteropooling in the
animals.
10 mg/kg Signicant delayed the onset of castor oil-induced
diarrhoea.
Contractile effect Water 0.25-2 mg/
ml
Psidium guajava signicantly contracted aorta rings. The
effect of P. guajavawas to a large extent mediated by
activation of alpha-adrenoceptor and to a lesser extent
by acting via calcium ion channel.
[33]
Anti-hypotensive
effect Water 50-800 mg/
kg
Reductions in systemic arterial blood pressures and
heart rates of hypertensive were examined in normal and
diabetic rats
[34]
Analgesic & anti-
inammatory
Activity
Water 50-800 mg/
kg
P. guajava leaf aqueous extract produced dose-dependent
and signicant (p < 0.05-0.001) inhibition of fresh egg
albumin-induced acute inammation (edema) in rats.
[35]
Anticancer
activity
Acetone 250µg/ml Showed 35.5% inhibition against growth of HT-29 cells. [36]
Water 1.5 mg/day
A Psidium guajava leaf has been shown to possess anti-
prostate cancer activity. It diminished both the prostate
specic antigen (PSA) serum levels and tumor size in a
xenograft mouse tumor model.
[37]
Essential oil 0.019-4.962
mg/ml
Psidium guajava was highly effective in reducing the
growth of human mouth
Epidermal carcinoma (KB) and murine leukemia (P388)
cell lines.
[38]
Anti-hypertensive
effect.
Water and
ethanol
0.5 g/kg
body weight
Final systolic blood pressure values from the beginning
and the end of the experimental Spontaneous Hypertensive
Rats in 0.5 and 2.0 mg/ml were 231-179 mmHg and 246-
169mm Hg. These results were signicantly lower when
the beginning until the end of the experiment.
[39]
2.0 g/kg
body weight
Antifungal activity
Hexane
50mg/ml
It showed the best antifungal activity against
Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans,
Sporotrix schenckii, Microsporum canis, Cryptococcus
neoformans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida
albicans. [40]
Acetone Only showed the activity against Cryptococcus
neoformans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida albicans
Methanol
Only showed the activity against Cryptococcus
neoformans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida
albicans.
Anti-proliferative
activity Water 29.0 ± 0.4
µg/ml
P. guajava extracts exhibited equivalently potent
antiproliferative activity towards KB cells with IC50
values.
[41]
Antipyretic activity Water 200 mg/kg The extract and aspirin produced comparable antipyretic
effects up to 60 min. [42]
05

Open Access: Toxicology & Research Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2018
Citation: G. M. Masud Parvez et al. (2018), A short review on a Nutritional Fruit : Guava. Opn Acc Tox & Res.1;1, 1-8.
Treatment of plaque Methanol 2mg/ml,
4mg/ml
The active avonoid compound, quercetin-3-O-
alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (guaijaverin) isolated from
Psidium guajava demonstrated high potential antiplaque
agent by inhibiting the growth of the Strep. Mutans.
[48]
Spermato protective
activity Ethanol
250 mg/
kg/d and
500 mg/
kg/d
The extracts of the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn.
possess benecial effects on sperm production and
quality, and may thus improve the sperm parameters
of infertile males with oligospermia and nonobstructive
azoospermia.
[49]
Spasmolytic effect Methanol -
The spasmolytic activity of the Psidium guajava leaf is
mainly due to the aglycone quercetin, present in the leaf
and in the extract mainly in the form of ve avonols,
and whose effect is produced when these products are
hydrolyzed by gastrointestinal uid.
[50]
Immuno modulatory
activity -55 microg/
ml
Extracts derived from Psidium guajava revealed
immunomodulatory activities.
[51]
Anti-malarial
activity Acqueous 10-20
microgra/ml
The leaves are used as an ingredient in the preparation
of fever “teas”. They are also used as a part of the pot
herb used in steam treatment for malaria. The stem
bark extract contained anthraquinones, avonoids,
seccoirridoids and terpenoids and was found to be
effective for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of malaria.
[52]
Table 3: Pharmacological potential of guava
Discussion
This fruit is one of the most important sources of medicines. It
is popularly known as guava and has been used traditionally as a
medicinal plant throughout the world for a number of ailments.
The aim of this review is to present some chemical compounds in P.
guajava and their pharmacological eects.
Guava has a good amount of lycopene that is carotenoid phytonutrient.
Lycopene has anti-tumor properties and protects from prostate
cancer[43]. Guava is rich in dietary ber, which can reduce the sugar
levels in the body and help diabetes patients take control of their
health[44]. People suering from chronic pain can use the fruit and
derive benet from its anti-inammatory properties. Guavas contain a
mineral known as folate. It helps promote fertility in humans[45] . Guava
is rich in magnesium which acts as a nervous relaxant[46]. It helps to
relax muscles and nerves of the body. Guava has a capacity to shrink
and contract any open tissues in your body. This has anti-bacterial
properties that can ush out the harmful toxins and bacteria from
your body. Guava juice is an eective remedy to treat dengue fever. It
is recommended to drink the guava juice at least three times in a day
for eective results. Pink guavas contain twice the amount of lycopene
present in tomatoes. Lycopene is an antioxidant that protects our skin
from being damaged by UV rays and environmental pollution[47].
Conclusion
In conclusion, these results show that guava (Psidium guajava)
has Antioxidant, Anti-diabetic, Antibacterial, Anti-diarrhoeal, Anti-
hypotensive, Analgesic & anta inammatory, Anticancer, Anti-
hypertensive, Antifungal, Antipyretic and high nutritional value. The
whole fruit of this plant is edible. The fruit can be eaten raw or even
cooked. Fruits are sliced and used as salads or desserts. Beverages are
also prepared from the pulp of the fruit. Many varieties of delicacies
such as jam, guava paste, and guava cheese are produced from the
fruit. The leaves are also edible and have medicinal properties. This vital
fruits should be cultivated more to meet the nutritional requirements
at cheaper value.
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