ArticlePDF Available

Spatially-explicit mapping of forest benefits and analysis of motivations for everyday-life's visitors on forest pathways in urban and rural contexts

January 2019
Landscape and Urban Planning 185:83-95

DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.01.007

Authors:

Markus Meyer

Anhalt University of Applied Sciences

Joachim Rathmann

University of Augsburg

Christoph Schulz

Bavarian State Institute of Forestry

Research on recreation in forests often aims at quantifying the recreational area, counting the numbers of visitors , or assessing the attractiveness of forest characteristics. The nature and spatial patterns of local recreation within a forest area are far harder to detect. Recreational behavior and perceived forest benefits (FB) such as fresh air or tranquility are weakly studied. We investigated local recreation in an urban and a rural forest in southern Germany during a summer and a winter survey. We mapped the visitors' paths and asked them to rate FB and reasons for pathway choice. We analyzed visitors' patterns of perceived FB and spatial behavior. Forest visitors concentrated their use along existing paths in limited parts of both forests. Most parts of the forest were used by multiple recreation groups, while specific groups (e.g., cyclists) dominated only small parts. Forest visitors gave high ratings to FB such as fresh air, experiencing nature, escaping everyday life, or health. Spatial clusters of similarly perceived FB were detectable but not fundamental in both forests. A regression analysis showed that FB ratings were significantly affected by visitor groups and insignificantly affected by forest characteristics or demographic factors. Pathway choice was dominantly driven by habit, spontaneity, or vicinity to the visitors' homes and not attributable to specific forest characteristics. We found a weak connection between recreational behavior and demand for FB. For local recreation, we recommend to provide a basic level of highly rated FB and to avoid nuisances than designing forests for a desired appearance.

Visitor group clusters in the urban (a, b) and in the rural forest (a, c); the x-axis in (a) indicates the normalized number of visitors per cluster (urban forest: cluster 1 (207), cluster 2 (346), cluster 3 (144), cluster 4 (71); rural forest: cluster 1 (116), cluster 2 (21)); cluster 2 has the maximum number of visitors (equal to 1); the cluster numbers for the visitor groups in the bar plot correspond to the numbers on the maps' legends (b, c).

…

Clusters of forest benefit ratings in the urban (a) and the rural forest (b); the boxplots indicate the distribution of all forest benefit ratings, and the colors represent the arithmetic means in each cluster; the overall arithmetic means and standard deviations are indicated in the supporting information.

…

Sample characteristics and county (urban forest: Augsburg (town and county); rural forest: Aichach-Friedberg and Dachau (counties)) as well as national averages.

…

Agreement between the FB ratings and the stated motivation for pathway choice.

…

Figures - uploaded by Markus Meyer

Content may be subject to copyright.

Content uploaded by Markus Meyer

Content may be subject to copyright.

UNCORRECTED PROOF

);H>M=;J?;H>2L<;H-F;HHCHA RRR  RRRRRR

IHN?HNMFCMNM;P;CF;<F?;N0=C?H=?!CL?=N

);H>M=;J?;H>2L<;H-F;HHCHA

DIOLH;FBIG?J;A?QQQ?FM?PC?L=IG

0J;NC;FFS?RJFC=CN G;JJCHA I@ @IL?MN <?H?eNM ;H> ;H;FSMCM I@ GINCP;NCIHM @IL

?P?LS>;SFC@?’M PCMCNILM IH @IL?MN J;NBQ;SM CH OL<;H ;H> LOL;F =IHN?RNM

*;LEOM  *?S?Lh; 'I;=BCG /;NBG;HHh< BLCMNIJB 0=BOFTh;

;';'7/'3 9'9+ 389/9:9+ 4, 47+897> '38'71;43'714</9?1'9?   7+/8/3- +72'3>

<"3/;+78/9> 4, $@7?(:7- 2 :(1'3*  $@7?(:7- +72'3>

/1& )" &+#,

+><47*8

/?=L?;NCIH

%OG;H <?H?eN

*INCP;NCIH

#IL?MN @OH=NCIH

#IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN

"=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?

01/ 1

/?M?;L=B IH L?=L?;NCIH CH @IL?MNM I@N?H ;CGM ;N KO;HNC@SCHA NB? L?=L?;NCIH;F ;L?; =IOHNCHA NB? HOG<?LM I@ PCMC

NILM IL ;MM?MMCHA NB? ;NNL;=NCP?H?MM I@ @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M 1B? H;NOL? ;H> MJ;NC;F J;NN?LHM I@ FI=;F L?=L?;NCIH

QCNBCH ; @IL?MN ;L?; ;L? @;L B;L>?L NI >?N?=N /?=L?;NCIH;F <?B;PCIL ;H> J?L=?CP?> @IL?MN <?H?eNM # MO=B ;M

@L?MB ;CL IL NL;HKOCFCNS ;L? Q?;EFS MNO>C?>

4? CHP?MNCA;N?> FI=;F L?=L?;NCIH CH ;H OL<;H ;H> ; LOL;F @IL?MN CH MIONB?LH $?LG;HS >OLCHA ; MOGG?L ;H>

; QCHN?L MOLP?S 4? G;JJ?> NB? PCMCNILM’J;NBM ;H> ;ME?> NB?G NI L;N? # ;H> L?;MIHM @IL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? 4?

;H;FST?> PCMCNILM’J;NN?LHM I@ J?L=?CP?> # ;H> MJ;NC;F <?B;PCIL

#IL?MN PCMCNILM =IH=?HNL;N?> NB?CL OM? ;FIHA ?RCMNCHA J;NBM CH FCGCN?> J;LNM I@ <INB @IL?MNM *IMN J;LNM I@ NB?

@IL?MN Q?L? OM?> <S GOFNCJF? L?=L?;NCIH ALIOJM QBCF? MJ?=Ce= ALIOJM ?A =S=FCMNM >IGCH;N?> IHFS MG;FF J;LNM

#IL?MN PCMCNILM A;P? BCAB L;NCHAM NI # MO=B ;M @L?MB ;CL ?RJ?LC?H=CHA H;NOL? ?M=;JCHA ?P?LS>;S FC@? IL B?;FNB

0J;NC;F =FOMN?LM I@ MCGCF;LFS J?L=?CP?> # Q?L? >?N?=N;<F? <ON HIN @OH>;G?HN;F CH <INB @IL?MNM  L?AL?MMCIH ;H;FS

MCM MBIQ?> NB;N # L;NCHAM Q?L? MCAHC@C=;HNFS ;@@?=N?> <S PCMCNIL ALIOJM ;H> CHMCAHC@C=;HNFS ;@@?=N?> <S @IL?MN

=B;L;=N?LCMNC=M IL >?GIAL;JBC= @;=NILM -;NBQ;S =BIC=? Q;M >IGCH;HNFS >LCP?H <S B;<CN MJIHN;H?CNS IL PC=CHCNS

NI NB? PCMCNILM’BIG?M ;H> HIN ;NNLC<ON;<F? NI MJ?=Ce= @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M

4? @IOH> ; Q?;E =IHH?=NCIH <?NQ??H L?=L?;NCIH;F <?B;PCIL ;H> >?G;H> @IL # #IL FI=;F L?=L?;NCIH Q? L?=

IGG?H> NI JLIPC>? ; <;MC= F?P?F I@ BCABFS L;N?> # ;H> NI ;PIC> HOCM;H=?M NB;H >?MCAHCHA @IL?MNM @IL ; >?MCL?>

;JJ?;L;H=?

1. Introduction

1I KO;HNC@S NB? FCHE <?NQ??H @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;H> @IL?MN <?H?eNM

# NB? =IH=?JN I@ ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M "00 CM CH=L?;MCHAFS OM?> "00

CFFOMNL;N? NB? =IHNLC<ONCIH I@ H;NOL? NI BOG;H Q?FF<?CHA *" 

&H J;LNC=OF;L @IL?MNM =FIM? NI OL<;H ;L?;M @;=? GOFNCJF? MI=C?N;F >?G;H>M

@IL "00 F?;>CHA NI FI=;F CHN?L@?L?H=?M ;H> NL;>?IgM ?HH?NN -?N?LMIH

 $IL>IH  !OH=E?L ?N ;F  $LZN/?A;G?S LOHH?L FNQ?AA

BLCMN?H  ?<C  );LIH>?FF?  %;;M?  *?S?L  0=BOFT

 1B?L? ;L? @?Q CHMCNO "00 OLEB;L> (;H>TCIL; %IO  *^FF?L

 #CMB?L 1OLH?L  *ILFCHA  MO=B ;M L?=L?;NCIH QB?L? MOJ

JFSCHA ;H> <?H?eNCHA ;L?;M =ICH=C>? 0O=B "00 =;H B;L>FS <? L?FI

=;N?> 1B?CL ;MM?MMG?HN ;H> G;H;A?G?HN ;L? FCE?FS NI <?=IG? GIL?

CGJILN;HN CH OL<;H ;L?;M >O? NI CH=L?;MCHA OL<;HCT;NCIH ;H> ;MMI=C

;N?> JL?MMOL?M IH AL??H MJ;=?M ,>?  #LS  ,NB?L "00 ?M

J?=C;FFS JLIPCMCIHCHA "00 MO=B ;M NCG<?L ;L? IGHC>CL?=NCIH;F

1B? <?H?eNCHA ;L?;M ;H> <?H?e=C;LC?M ;L? M=;NN?L?> CH NB? L?ACIH

OLEB;L> ?N ;F  #CMB?L ?N ;F  -LIPCMCIHCHA "00 GCABN <?

>CMJF;=?> GIL? ?;MCFS 0?NI ?N ;F  ;H> G;S JLIPIE? F;H>MJ;L

CHA MNL;N?AC?M C? MJ;NC;FFS M?J;L;NCHA H;NOL? =IHM?LP;NCIH @LIG QII>

JLI>O=NCIH ;M @L?KO?HNFS >CM=OMM?> CH NB? =IHN?RN I@ H;NOL? =IHM?LP;

NCIH #CM=B?L ?N ;F  #I=OMCHA IH M?F?=N?> "00 G;S L?>O=? NB?

JLIPCMCIH I@ INB?L "00 ;FNBIOAB IJNCGCT;NCIH N?=BHCKO?M ;L? @L?KO?HNFS

OM?> NI G;RCGCT? NB? IP?L;FF <?H?eN ?A );@IH> IL>IHHC?L *;I

;H> IOL<;O>  1B? JLIPCMCIH I@ GOFNCJF? "00 ;N NB? FI=;F F?P?F

CM ;>P;HN;A?IOM @IL ?NBC=;F ?>O=;NCIH;F ;H> ?@e=C?H=S L?;MIHM IFOH>

 %OHB;GG;L  $?LG;H @IL?MN JIFC=S ;H;FIAIOMFS ;CGM ;N A?H

?L;F GOFNC@OH=NCIH;F G;H;A?G?HN QCNB NB? MCGOFN;H?IOM JLIPCMCIH I@

GOFNCJF? @IL?MN "00 ILL;MM (F?CHM=BGCN  4CHE?F  )I=;F @IL

?MN G;H;A?G?HN H??>M NI ;>>L?MM NB? MJ;NC;FFS IP?LF;JJCHA JLIPCMCIH

I@ GOFNCJF? "00 &H NB? =;M? I@ CHMCNO "00 MO=B ;M L?=L?;NCIH @IL?MN

G;H;A?LM GOMN ;FMI B;H>F? NB? <?H?e=C;LC?M /?=L?;NCIH ;M =OFNOL;F "00

2'/1 '**7+88 G;LEOM;G?S?LAG;CF=IG * *?S?L

BNNJM>ICILADF;H>OL<JF;H

/?=?CP?> *;L=B/?=?CP?>CHL?PCM?>@ILG !?=?G<?L==?JN?> ';HO;LS

P;CF;<F?IHFCH? RRR

 a 

/?M?;L=B -;J?L

UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

J;LNC;FFS L?F;N?M NI INB?L GIMNFS L?AOF;NCHA "00 FCE? =FCG;N? IL HICM?

L?AOF;NCIH ;H> ;MMI=C;N?> # # ;L? >C@@?L?HN JBSMC=;F ;H> JMS=BIFIAC

=;F @;=NILM NB;N GCLLIL Q?FF<?CHA <;M?> IH MO<D?=NCP? IL ?HPCLIHG?HN;F

H??>M 0OGG?LM 0GCNB ;M?  )CHNBOLMN  MO=B ;M B;JJCH?MM IL

MI=C;F =IB?MCIH

 L?=?HN L?PC?Q I@ MNO>C?M IH =OFNOL;F "00 CH OL<;H @IL?MNM ;H>

J;LEM =;N?AILCT?M MNO>C?M CHNI MOJJFS >?G;H> ;H> OM?ILC?HN?> MNO>C?M

;H> JLIPC>?M ; =IGJL?B?HMCP? IP?LPC?Q %?A?NM=BQ?CF?L 3LC?M ?N ;F

 0OJJFSILC?HN?> MNO>C?M ;H;FST? NB? CGJ;=N I@ <CIJBSMC=;F @;=NILM

MO=B ;M @IL?MN MNLO=NOL? IH "00 MOJJFS !?G;H>ILC?HN?> MNO>C?M ;H;

FST? NB? CGJ;=N I@ MI=CI?=IHIGC= @;=NILM IH "00 >?G;H> 2M?ILC?HN?>

MNO>C?M ;H;FST? NB? CHN?L;=NCIH <?NQ??H IL NB? ;FCAHG?HN I@ >?G;H> ;H>

MOJJFS =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M I@ "00 ;M Q?FF ;M BOG;H <?H?eNM @LIG "00 OM?

1B? L?F;NCIHMBCJ <?NQ??H >?G;H> ;MJ?=NM MO=B ;M >?GIAL;JBC= @;=NILM

IL @IL?MN PCMCNIL ALIOJM ;H> <CIJBSMC=;F =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M CM CHMO@e=C?HNFS

CHP?MNCA;N?> 1B? OM? I@ ;H> NB? OH>?LFSCHA >?G;H> @IL =OFNOL;F "00 ;H>

?MJ?=C;FFS L?=L?;NCIH CM HIN MJ;NC;FFS ;H> N?GJIL;FFS =IHMN;HN ;H> P;LC?M

<?NQ??H PCMCNIL ALIOJM )OJJ ?N ;F  1B?L?@IL? @OLNB?L MJ?=Ce

=;NCIH I@ L?=L?;NCIH;F <?B;PCIL CM H??>?> <?SIH> =?HNL;F eAOL?M MO=B

;M PCMCNIL HOG<?L ;H> @L?KO?H=S 0J;NC;FFS ?RJFC=CN G;JJCHA I@ =OFNOL;F

"00 ;H> <?H?eNM CH OL<;H AL??H MJ;=?M CM ;FMI H??>?> %?A?NM=BQ?CF?L

3LC?M ?N ;F 

&H @IL?MNLS CH ?HNL;F "OLIJ? MJ;NC;FFS ?RJFC=CN CH@ILG;NCIH CM ;P;CF

;<F? ;<ION ?=IMSMN?G MNLO=NOL?M %?H=? NB? MOJJFS I@ JLIPCMCIHCHA ;H>

L?AOF;NCHA "00 MO=B ;M QII> JLI>O=NCIH IL =;L<IH M?KO?MNL;NCIH =;H <?

;MM?MM?> IL GI>?F?> <;M?> IH H;NCIH;F @IL?MN CHP?HNILC?M ;M >IH? CH GOF

NCJF? MNO>C?M ?A C<?L ?N ;F  &H =IHNL;MN =OFNOL;F "00 MO=B ;M

L?=L?;NCIH =;HHIN <? MOCN;<FS ;>>L?MM?> QCNB =F;MMC=;F @IL?MN CHP?HNILS

>;N; ;N NB? FI=;F M=;F? IHM?KO?HNFS MIG? =IOHNLC?M MO=B ;M 0QCNT?L

F;H> =IH>O=N ; GIHCNILCHA @I=OM?> IH MI=CI=OFNOL;F @;=NILM CH ;>>C

NCIH NI NB?CL @IL?MN CHP?HNILS %OHTCE?L PIH )CH>?LH ;O?L  #LC=E

 %IQ?P?L NB? 0QCMM MI=CI=OFNOL;F @IL?MN GIHCNILCHA MOLP?S CM HIN

MJ;NC;FFS >CMNCH=N /?MOFNM L?f?=N ;HS @IL?MN CH NB? GCH> I@ NB? L?MJIH

>?HN ;N NB? NCG? I@ MOLP?S 1I <LC>A? NBCM A;J ; L?=?HN JCFIN MNO>S <S

%?A?NM=BQ?CF?L -FOG ?N ;F  =IHH?=NM @IL?MN CHP?HNILS >;N; QCNB

; MOLP?S IH @IL?MN ;NNL;=NCP?H?MM ;H> M=?HC= <?;ONS <?SIH> ?RCMNCHA MNO>

C?M ">Q;L>M ?N ;F ; #CFSOMBECH; ACG;MM )OH>B?>? 0NL;HA? 

';=I<M?H  -;MNIL?FF; ?N ;F  /C<?  %IQ?P?L NBCM ;J

JLI;=B CM =OLL?HNFS FCGCN?> NI NB? M;GJFCHA JFIN I@ NB? @IL?MN CHP?HNILS

QBC=B >I?M HIN ;FFIQ NI =IHMC>?L MJ;NC;F GIP?G?HN J;NN?LHM

&N CM H?=?MM;LS NI C>?HNC@S ;H ;JJLI;=B NB;N <INB MJ;NC;FFS ?RJFC=CNFS

G;JM L?=L?;NCIH;F <?B;PCIL ;H> ;H;FST?M >LCP?LM I@ GOFNCJF? J?L=?CP?>

# <?SIH> M=?HC= <?;ONS  =IGJL?B?HMCP? MJ;NC;FFS ?RJFC=CN L?=L?;NCIH

;MM?MMG?HN =;H <? M?N CHNI =IHN?RN QCNB INB?L MJ;NC;FFS ?RJFC=CN =OFNOL;F

JLIPCMCIHCHA IL L?AOF;NCHA "00 ;MM?MMG?HNM NI ;FFIQ ; GIL? L?;FCMNC=

;H;FSMCM I@ NL;>?IgM 1I ;>?KO;N?FS ;FCAH >C@@?L?HN @IL?MN OM?M ?A NI

L?>O=? NB? JIN?HNC;F @IL =IHfC=NM <?NQ??H @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN ;H> L?=L?

;NCIH;F OM? CN CM =LO=C;F NI OH>?LMN;H> QBC=B J;LNM I@ NB? @IL?MNM ;L?

;=NO;FFS OM?> @IL L?=L?;NCIH 1B?L?@IL? CN CM H?=?MM;LS NI CH=L?;M? NB?

L?MIFONCIH ;H> KO;FCNS I@ L?=L?;NCIH;F ;MM?MMG?HNM ;M GIMN ;MM?MMG?HNM

=OLL?HNFS L?FS IH JLIRC?M MO=B ;M NB? ;P;CF;<CFCNS I@ @IL?MN ;L?; IL INB?L

AL??H MJ;=?M !I<<M (?H>;F  +CNM=BE?  )?A;FFS NB? ?HNCL? @IL

?MN ;L?; CM AL;HN?> @IL L?=L?;NCIH <S `  $?LG;H #?>?L;F #IL?MN );Q

<ON FCE?FS IP?L?MNCG;N?M NB? ;L?; @IL L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? IGGIH CH>C=;

NILM NI ?MNCG;N? L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? I@ OL<;H AL??H MJ;=?M ;L? MCT? MNLO=

NOL? PCMCN;NCIH L;N? ;H> ;==?MMC<CFCNS %;;M? ?N ;F  &H ;>>CNCIH

NB?L? ;L? ;JJLI;=B?M NB;N KO;HNC@S L?=L?;NCIH NBLIOAB NB? HOG<?L I@

J;NBQ;SM IL @;=CFCNC?M -;L;==BCHC ?N ;F  IL OM? NB? @IL?MN ;L?;

;M ; JLIRS >? $LIIN FE?G;>? L;;N %?CH  4CFF?G?H  ?

MC>?M GCMMCHA CH@ILG;NCIH IH PCMCN;NCIH L;N?M MO=B CH>C=;NILM MBIQ NB?

L?=L?;NCIH JIN?HNC;F L;NB?L NB;H NB? ;=NO;F OM?  MJ;NC;F L?eH?G?HN I@

NB? ;MM?MMG?HN =;H B?FJ NI CGJLIP? NB? ?MNCG;NCIH I@ NB? ;=NO;F ;L?;

JLIPC>CHA #

/?A;L>CHA NB? ;MM?MMG?HN I@ >C@@?L?HN # 1SLPXCH?H *XECH?H ;H>

0=BCJJ?LCDH  OM?> ; >?M=LCJNCP? ;JJLI;=B CH P;LCIOM OL<;H AL??H

;L?;M NI ;H;FST? >LCP?LM ;H> # =;FF?> MI=C;F P;FO?M CH NB?CL MNO>S

&H ;>>CNCIH NI ; H??> @IL BCAB?L MJ;NC;F L?MIFONCIH @IL ;L?;M F;LA?L

NB;H J;LEM IL @IL?MN ?HNCNC?M L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? ;H> >?G;H> MBIOF> <?

>CMNCHAOCMB?> <S PCMCNIL ALIOJM 1B? P;LC;NCIH CH JL?@?L?H=?M <S PCMC

NIL ALIOJM C@ HIN ;>>L?MM?> G;S F?;> NI CHN?L@?L?H=?M <?NQ??H PCMCNIL

ALIOJM >O? NI CH@L;MNLO=NOL? >?e=C?H=C?M IL GCMOM? @IL?MN GCMG;H

;A?G?HN IL MI=C;F CMMO?M *;HH  <MB?L  1B?L?@IL? MIG? MNO>

C?M >C@@?L?HNC;N? <?NQ??H PCMCNIL ALIOJM NI ;MM?MM L?=L?;NCIH;F J;NN?LHM

?A )OJJ ?N ;F  1BCM ;JJLI;=B ;FFIQ?> L?M?;L=B?LM NI ;MM?MM

JIN?HNC;F =IHfC=NM <?NQ??H PCMCNIL ALIOJM ?A =LIQ>CHA LH<?LA?L

 L;H>?H<OLA  ;H> NI ;>>L?MM MJ?=Ce= JL?@?L?H=?M I@ PCMC

NIL ALIOJM 3CMCNIL ALIOJM B;P? P;LSCHA JL?@?L?H=?M @IL MCN? =IH>CNCIHM

IL NB? NL;P?F >CMN;H=? NI NB? L?=L?;NCIH;F MCN? 0C?PXH?H LH<?LA?L

0bH>?LA;;L> !?B?T  '?HM?H  ?SIH> NB? =IGJ;LCMIH <?NQ??H

PCMCNIL ALIOJM LH<?LA?L ?N ;F  JLIJIM? NI CHP?MNCA;N? <?NQ??H

OL<;H ;H> LOL;F ;L?;M /;=?PMECM ;H> )OJC  =IH=FO>? NB;N @IL?MN

PCMCNILM CH OL<;H ;L?;M JLCILCNCT? J?LMIH;F <?H?eNM C? @IL?MNM MBIOF>

G??N CH>CPC>O;F H??>M QB?L?;M @IL?MN PCMCNILM CH LOL;F ;L?;M JLCILCNCT?

=IGGOHCNS <?H?eNM #IL ?R;GJF? LOL;F @IL?MN PCMCNILM OH>?LMN;H> NB?

H??> NI <;F;H=? QII> JLI>O=NCIH ;H> H;NOL? JLIN?=NCIH CH =IHNL;MN NI

PCMCNILM CH OL<;H @IL?MNM QBI P;FO? JL?>IGCH;N?FS H;NOL? JLIN?=NCIH

0=?HC= <?;ONS CM ;FMI GIL? CGJILN;HN @IL LOL;F @IL?MN PCMCNILM

/?A;L>CHA NB? >LCP?LM I@ J?L=?CP?> # >?GIAL;JBC= @;=NILM ;M Q?FF

;M PCMCNIL ALIOJM’JL?@?L?H=?M ;H> @IL?MN MNLO=NOL? G;S ;@@?=N L?=L?

;NCIH;F OM? ?A JBSMC=;F CHN?L;=NCIH M=?HC= <?;ONS ;H> >?G;H> @IL

INB?L "00 ;M ; <;MCM @IL # LH<?LA?L  %?A?NM=BQ?CF?L -FOG

?N ;F  (C?H;MN !?A?HB;L>N 4?CF?HG;HH 4XA?L  O=B?=E?L

 -FC?HCHA?L !CDEM ,N?LIM/IT;M  C?FCHA  1B? JL?>IG

CH;HN @I=OM IH @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M CH NB? H;G?> MNO>C?M >CML?A;L>M

INB?L JIN?HNC;F >LCP?LM I@ @IL?MN L?=L?;NCIH  <;F;H=?> =IHMC>?L;NCIH

GOMN CH=FO>? @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;H> PCMCNIL >?GIAL;JBC=M ;M Q?FF ;M

GINCP;NCIH;F @;=NILM  MOLP?S QCNB IJ?H KO?MNCIHM ;<ION >LCP?LM ;H>

GINCP;NCIHM @IL L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? QIOF> <? ;H IJNCIH NI ;>>L?MM NBCM CM

MO? ?A 1SLPXCH?H ?N ;F  1?GJIL;F @;=NILM GCABN ?KO;FFS ;@

@?=N L?=L?;NCIH;F J;NN?LHM ;H> # %IQ?P?L GIMN ?RCMNCHA MNO>C?M ?A

$OH>?LM?H ;H> #LCPIF>  ;H> "LCEMMIH ;H> +IL>FOH>  ;M

M?MM L?=L?;NCIH;F JL?@?L?H=?M @IL IHFS IH? M?;MIH /?=?HN MNO>C?M ;H;

FST? M?;MIH;F >C@@?L?H=?M CH 0=;H>CH;PC; CH ;L?;M >IGCH;N?> <S =IHC@

?LIOM NL??M ;H> MHIQ =IP?L CH QCHN?L 0IHHN;AVMNL]G ?N ;F 

1SLPXCH?H 0CFP?HHICH?H  %;FFCE;CH?H  1SLPXCH?H ?N ;F 

C>?HNC@S G;NOL? ;H> IF>?L =IHC@?LIOM MN;H>M ;M JL?@?L;<F? <INB CH MOG

G?L ;H> QCHN?L 5IOHA?L MN;H>M B;P? ; BCAB?L JL?@?L?H=? CH QCHN?L

>O? NI CH=L?;M?> MHIQ =IP?L;A? I@ @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN CGJ;=NM !O? NI

>C@@?L?HN @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN ;JJLI;=B?M M?;MIH;F =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ?A

MHIQ =IP?L ;H> @IL?MN NSJ?M >C@@?L?HN M?;MIH;F ?@@?=NM <?NQ??H MOG

G?L ;H> QCHN?L ;L? FCE?FS CH N?GJ?L;N? L?ACIHM MO=B ;M ?HNL;F "OLIJ?

%?A?NM=BQ?CF?L -FOG ?N ;F  ?RJ?=N ;H CGJ;=N I@ “QCHN?L”IH PC

MO;F ;NNL;=NCP?H?MM QB?L?;M MJLCHA ;H> ;ONOGH B;P? HIN MBIQH ; >C@@?L

?H=? MI @;L

&H IOL MNO>S Q? ;>>L?MM NBL?? G;CH ;CGM @I=OMCHA IH L?=L?;NCIH;F

OM? >?G;H> @;=NILM ;H> IHMCN? >LCP?LM I@ J?L=?CP?> # CH ;H OL<;H ;H>

; LOL;F @IL?MN C Q? KO;HNCN;NCP?FS G;J ;H> ;H;FST? MJ;NC;F J;NN?LHM I@

L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? CC 4? KO;FCN;NCP?FS ?R;GCH? >?G;H>M I@ @IL?MN PCMC

NILM =IH=?LHCHA J?L=?CP?> ;H> P;FO?> # ;H> ?P;FO;N? MJ;NC;F J;NN?LHM

CCC 4? ;H;FST? >LCP?LM I@ J?L=?CP?> # ;H> NB?CL CHfO?H=? IH J;NBQ;S

=BIC=?



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

2. Methods

 9:*> '7+'

1B? MNO>S ;L?; =IHMCMNM I@ NB? OL<;H @IL?MN I@ OAM<OLA ;H> NB? LOL;F

“LOAA?L”@IL?MN FI=;N?> ;JJLIRCG;N?FS  EG ?;MN I@ NB? =CNS I@ OAM

<OLA CH NB? $?LG;H #?>?L;F 0N;N? I@ ;P;LC; #CA  1B? OL<;H @IL

?MN ;L?; G?;MOL?M ;JJLIRCG;N?FS B;  CNS I@ OAM<OLA  &N

CM QCNBCH NB? <IOH>;LC?M I@ NB? =CNS I@ OAM<OLA  CHB;<CN;HNM

 )@0N;N 

1B? LOL;F @IL?MN ;GIOHNM NI ;JJLIRCG;N?FS  B; 1B? MO<=IHNC

H?HN;F =FCG;N? B;M ;H ;P?L;A? N?GJ?L;NOL? I@  _ ;H> ;H ;P?L;A?

JL?=CJCN;NCIH I@  GG – 1B? OL<;H @IL?MN CM MCNO;N?> IH

;H ;FFOPC;F fII>JF;CH QBCF? NB? LOL;F @IL?MN CM IH BCFFS N?LL;CH IG

J;L?> NI JIN?HNC;F H;NOL;F P?A?N;NCIH 4;F?HNIQMEC "Q;F> #CM=B?L

(]FFCHA  1^LE  @IL?MN NL?? =IGJIMCNCIH B;M <??H ;FN?L?> &H

NB? OL<;H @IL?MN ;L?; BCMNILC=;F >?@IL?MN;NCIHM )I>?L?L  ;H> ?G

<;HEG?HNM @IL fII> JLIN?=NCIH F?> NI  MJLO=? NL??M /)+' '(/+8

MJJ QBC=B GI>Ce?> NB? ILCACH;F LCJ;LC;H NL?? MJ?=C?M =IGJIMCNCIH

1B? LOL;F @IL?MN ;L?; CM >IGCH;N?> <S MJLO=? /)+' '(/+8 MJJ QCNB ;

 MB;L? I@ NB? H;NOL;FFS >IGCH;HN <??=B '-:8 8>1;'9/)' &H <INB

;L?;M @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN ;CGM ;N GCR?> MJ?=C?M MNLO=NOL?> ;H> OH

?P?H;A?> @IL?MNM QCNB M?F?=NCP? B;LP?MNCHA #IL?MN LI;>M NIN;F  EG

∼ G B;h− CH NB? OL<;H @IL?MN ;H>  EG ∼ G B;h− CH NB? LOL;F

@IL?MN 1B? OL<;H @IL?MN CM ;H IF> H;NOL? =IHM?LP;NCIH ;L?; ;H> CM

F;LA?FS ; >LCHECHA Q;N?L JLIN?=NCIH ;L?; 0=BL;O>S  1BCM @IL

G?L fII>JF;CH @IL?MN MBIQM ; GCRNOL? I@ @IL?MN NSJ?M CM =LIMM?> <S

G;HS =;H;FM ;H> CM @L;G?> IH NB? ?;MN?LH MC>? <S NB? LCP?L )?=B 0IG?

L;L? JCH?B?;NB ?=INIH?M QBC=B CH=FO>? M?P?L;F IL=BC>M ;L? FI=;N?> IH

JIIL M;H>S MICFM 1B? LOL;F @IL?MN CM MJLO=?>IGCH;N?> QCNB GIL? @;

PIL;<F? ALIQNB =IH>CNCIHM ;H> QCNBION L?G;LE;<F? Q;N?L <I>C?M 1B?L?

;L? HI =IHMNL;CHNM @IL H;NOL? =IHM?LP;NCIH IL >LCHECHA Q;N?L JLIN?=NCIH

1B?M? =IH>CNCIHM =IG<CH?> QCNB FIQ?L L?=L?;NCIH JL?MMOL? L?MOFN CH ;

MNLIHA @I=OM IH QII> JLI>O=NCIH ;H> ;MMI=C;N?> MOLJFOM A?H?L;NCIH &H

=IHNL;MN NB? OL<;H @IL?MN B;M ; FIQ?L N;LA?N?> ;HHO;F QII> B;LP?MN

0=BL;O>S  -?CNTM=B  0=BL;O>S  &H =FIM? JLIRCGCNS  EG

<Og?L I@ <INB @IL?MNM FCP? ;JJLIRCG;N?FS  J?IJF? OL<;H @IL

?MN ;H>  J?IJF? LOL;F @IL?MN L?MJ?=NCP?FS 0N;NCMNCM=B? UGN?L >?M

OH>?M OH> >?L )XH>?L 

 :7;+> '3* *'9'

4? >?P?FIJ?> ; J;J?L<;M?> MOLP?S @IL <INB NB? LOL;F ;H> OL<;H @IL

?MN J;LNFS <;M?> IH %OHTCE?L ?N ;F  ;H> "FM;MM?L  INB

MNO>C?M CHP?MNCA;N? PCMCNILM’JL?@?L?H=?M @IL L?=L?;NCIH 4? ;>;JN?> CN?GM

@IL # @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;H> MI=CI>?GIAL;JBC= @;=NILM &H =IH

NL;MN NI NB?CL ;JJLI;=B?M Q? G;JJ?> PCMCNIL J;NBQ;SM ;H> FCHE?> NB?G

NI NB? L;NCHA I@ >C@@?L?HN # 4? MNLO=NOL?> NB? MOLP?S CHNI @IOL G;

DIL M?=NCIHM #CLMN Q? ;ME?> NB? L?MJIH>?HNM @IL G;DIL =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M

I@ NB?CL L?=L?;NCIH;F <?B;PCIL ?A NB? >OL;NCIH I@ NB?CL PCMCN >?J?H>

CHA IH J?L=?CP?> Q?;NB?L =IH>CNCIHM ;H> IH NB? PCMCN;NCIH L;N? 0?=

IH> Q? ;ME?> NB? L?MJIH>?HNM NI C>?HNC@S ;H> L;N? #M 5+')+97'3

6:/1/9>,:3 '3* .'55/3+8885479)441/3-9/2+ </9. ,'2/1> '3* ,7/+3*8

.+'19.+8)'5+ ,742 +;+7>*'> 1/,++=5+7/+3)+ 3'9:7+,7+8. '/7*4- <'10

/3- IH ;H IL>CH;F eP?MN?J M=;F? HIN ;JJFC=;<F? L;NB?L HIN ;JJFC=;

<F? H?ONL;F L;NB?L ;JJFC=;<F? ;JJFC=;<F? 1B?M? #M Q?L? F;N?L =;N

?AILCT?> ;M L?AOF;NCHA "00 @L?MB ;CL =IIFCHA ?R?L=CM? >IA Q;FECHA

MJILN IL BOG;H Q?FF<?CHA @OH ;H> B;JJCH?MM ?RJ?LC?H=? H;NOL? ?M

=;J? ?P?LS>;S FC@? NCG? QCNB @;GCFS ;H> @LC?H>M J?;=? ;H> NL;HKOCF

CNS B?;FNB 1BCL> Q? ;ME?> J;LNC=CJ;HNM NI >L;Q NB?CL J;NB IH ; NIJI

AL;JBC= G;J QCNB ;H CHN?LPC?Q?L LH<?LA?L  %CHN?L<?LA?L 

)OJJ ?N ;F  1B? CHN?LPC?Q?LM Q?L? >CMNLC<ON?> ;FIHA NB? G;CH

@IL?MN ;==?MM JICHNM NI G;E? NB? G;JJCHA GIL? MJ;NC;FFS L?JL?M?HN;NCP?

2MCHA IJ?H?H>?> KO?MNCIHM Q? ;FMI ;ME?> NB? J;LNC=CJ;HNM NI ?RJF;CH

NB?CL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? ?A JL?@?L?H=?M ;H> GINCP;NCIHM @IL ; MJ?=Ce=

J;NB ;NNL;=NCIH NI IL ;PIC>;H=? I@ >C@@?L?HN JF;=?M );MNFS Q? ;ME?>

NB? J;LNC=CJ;HNM QB?NB?L NB?S J?L=?CP?> >C@@?L?HN @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M

;FIHA NB?CL =BIM?H J;NBQ;S 1;<F?  1BCM KO?MNCIH Q;M >?MCAH?> NI

JLIPC>? CHMCABN ;<ION QB?NB?L @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M Q?L? ; >?N?LGCHCHA

@;=NIL @IL L?=L?;NCIH;F <?B;PCIL 4CNBION PCMCNIL ALIOJM’L?=IAHCNCIH I@

MJ?=Ce= =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN =IOF> JIN?HNC;FFS >CML?A;L>

MIG? G;H;A?G?HN IJNCIHM ;FIHA @IL?MN J;NBM QCNBION >CGCHCMBCHA NB?

L?=L?;NCIH;F ?RJ?LC?H=? 1;<F?  MBIQM NB? G;CH =IHN?HNM I@ NB? KO?M

Fig. 1. 2L<;H @IL?MN =FIM? NI NB? =CNS I@ OAM<OLA ;H> LOL;F @IL?MN <?NQ??H OAM<OLA ;H> *OHC=B



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

Table 1

-IN?HNC;F P;LC;<F?M ?RJF;CHCHA NB? P;LC;NCIH CH L;NCHAM I@ # NB? P;LC;<F?M ;L? HIGCH;F 7

8 IL>CH;F 7R8 IL =IHNCHOIOM OHCN CH>C=;N?>

&H>?J?H>?HNP;LC;<F? 2HCNM=;F?

2L<;H@IL?MN 78

/OL;F@IL?MN 78

47+89).'7')9+7/89/)8

IHC@?LIOMNL??M 7–L;NCHA8

LI;>F?;@NL??M 7–L;NCHA8

*;HS<L;E?M;H><OMB?M 7–L;NCHA8

!?;>NL??M 7–L;NCHA8

/CP?LQ;N?L=;H;FMF;E?M 7–L;NCHA8

!;LE 7–L;NCHA8

F?;LCHA 7–L;NCHA8

OMB?M@IL?MN?>A? 7–L;NCHA8

%CABNL??M@IL?MN?>A? 7–L;NCHA8

!7'38547924*+

CE? 78

4;FECHA 78

-O<FC=NL;HMJILN 78

;L 78

#L?KO?H=SI@PCMCN 7–8

!/2+

!;SNCG? 7B8

4CHN?L 78

0OGG?L 78

4??E>;S 78

4??E?H> 78

#/8/9*:7'9/43

$II>Q?;NB?L 7GCH8

;>Q?;NB?L 7GCH8

4)/4*+24-7'5./)5'7'2+9+78

-?LMIHMCHBIOM?BIF> 7H8

A? 7;8

">O=;NCIH;=BC?P?G?HN 7–8

%IOM?BIF>CH=IG? 7–8

!CMN;H=?NIL?MC>?H=? 7EG8

#/8/947-74:5

#;GCFC?M 78

4;FE?LM 78

%CE?LM 78

!IAQ;FE?LM 78

'IAA?LM 78

+IL>C=Q;FE?LM 78

/C>?LM 78

S=FCMNM 78

*IOHN;CH<CE?LM 78

,NB?LM 78

NCIHH;CL? ;M Q?FF ;M NB? IJNCIHM @IL ;HMQ?LCHA =FIM??H>?> KO?MNCIHM

1B? L;NCHA M=;F? I@ @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M B;> NB? M;G? MN?JM ;M NB? #

CH>C=;N?> ;<IP?

4? =IH>O=N?> NB? CHN?LPC?QM CH 'OFS ;H> !?=?G<?L  ;H> CH ';H

O;LS  IH Q??E>;SM ;H> IH Q??E?H>M #IL?MN PCMCNILM Q?L? MOLP?S?>

>OLCHA NB? ?HNCL? >;S NI <?NN?L =;JNOL? NB? J?;EM I@ >;SNCG?>?J?H>?HN

@IL?MN OM? <S >C@@?L?HN ALIOJM ;M MBIQH <S LH<?LA?L  !OLCHA

NB? JF;HH?> MOLP?S J?LCI> Q? I<N;CH?>  =IGJF?N?> KO?MNCIHH;CL?M

QCHN?L  MOGG?L  OL<;H  LOL;F  @IL NB? J;L;G?N?LM CH

1;<F?  &H ;>>CNCIH NI NB? PCMCNILM Q? MOLP?S?> Q? =IOHN?> NB? HOG<?L

I@ PCMCNILM ?HN?LCHA ;N NB? L?MJ?=NCP? ;==?MM JICHNM 4? JF;=?> NB?G CHNI

NB? G;DIL =;N?AILC?M C>?HNCe?> <S )OJJ ?N ;F 

1I L?>O=? M;GJFCHA <C;M =;N?AILCT?> <S "FM;MM?L  Q? >?eH?>

G;DIL M;GJFCHA =LCN?LC; ;H> ;>;JN?> NB? MNO>S >?MCAH 4? G;RCGCT?>

NB? JLI<;<CFCNS I@ ; PCMCNIL ?H=IOHN?LCHA ;H CHN?LPC?Q?L <S MN;NCIHCHA

CHN?LPC?Q?LM ;N ;FF G;DIL @IL?MN ;==?MM JICHNM IH >C@@?L?HN >;SM I@ NB?

Q??E NCG? I@ >;S ;H> M?;MIHM ;M JLIJIM?> <S ?LH;NB "FM;MM?L ;H>

/IM=B?QCNT  ;H> <;M?> IH NB? L?=IGG?H>;NCIH I@ FI=;F @IL?MN?LM

1B? JLI<;<CFCNS I@ ;H CHN?LPC?Q?L <?CHA ;P;CF;<F? Q;M CH=L?;M?> NBLIOAB

;>;JNCHA NB? HOG<?L I@ CHN?LPC?Q?LM NI NB? FCE?FS PCMCN;NCIH BIN MJINM

NQI NI @IOL CHN?LPC?Q?LM CHMN?;> I@ IH? CHN?LPC?Q?L 1I ;>>L?MM NB? L?

MJIHMCP?H?MM JLI<;<CFCNS C? NB? CHN?LPC?Q?L’M JL?@?L?H=? @IL MJ?=Ce=

PCMCNILM NB? CHN?LPC?Q?LM Q?L? ;ME?> NI ;>>L?MM ?P?LS NBCL> PCMCNIL CH

NB? OL<;H @IL?MN ;H> ?P?LS PCMCNIL CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN NI ;PIC> ; M?F?=NCIH

<C;M 4? =IG<CH?> NBCM QCNB ; H?RNNIJ;MM ;JJLI;=B )OJJ ?N ;F 

C@ GIL? PCMCNILM ;LLCP?> ;N IH=? 1;<F?  MBIQM NB? >?GIAL;JBC= JLIJ?L

NC?M I@ NB? PCMCNILM QBI Q?L? CHN?LPC?Q?> ;H> =IGJ;L?M NB? L?MOFNM QCNB

NB? L?MJ?=NCP? =IOHNC?M’;H> H;NCIH;F >?GIAL;JBC= JLIJ?LNC?M

 '9' '3'1>8/8

4? MJFCN IOL ;H;FSMCM CH C ; MJ;NC;F M?=NCIH ;H> ; CC HIHMJ;NC;F M?=

NCIH C #IL NB? MJ;NC;F M?=NCIH Q? eLMN L?F;N?> NB? HOG<?L I@ =IOHN?>

PCMCNILM J?L PCMCNIL ALIOJ 1;<F?  NI NB? G;JJ?> J;NBQ;SM <;M?>

IH NB? >CACN;F F;H>M=;J? GI>?F ;S?LCM=B? 3?LG?MMOHAMP?LQ;FNOHA

 ;H> IH NB? MOLP?S 4? Q?CABN?> NB? =IFF?=N?> PCMCNIL J;NBQ;SM

1;<F?  NI ;PIC> ;H IP?LL?JL?M?HN;NCIH I@ ?;MCFS ;==?MMC<F? PCMCNILM

?A Q;FE?LM =IGJ;L?> QCNB PCMCNILM QBI ;L? GIL? >C@e=OFN NI ;J

JLI;=B ?A =S=FCMNM 0?=IH>FS Q? =;F=OF;N?> NB? ;LCNBG?NC= G?;H

I@ NB? # L;NCHA I@ NB? @IL?MN J;NBQ;SM >IA Q;FE

Table 2

0;GJF? =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;H> =IOHNS OL<;H @IL?MN OAM<OLA NIQH ;H> =IOHNS LOL;F @IL?MN

C=B;=B#LC?><?LA ;H> !;=B;O =IOHNC?M ;M Q?FF ;M H;NCIH;F ;P?L;A?M

2L<;H@IL?MN /OL;F@IL?MN $?LG;HS

0;GJF? IOHNC?M 0;GJF? IOHNC?M

$?H>?LQIG?H     

-+*/897/(:9/43%'&

     

–     

–     

–     

–     

–     

–     

–     

     

4:8+.41*8/?+%5+451+&

     

     

     

     

     

     

439.1>3+9.4:8+.41*/3)42+%€&

   

–   

–   

–   

–   

   

:)1/*+'3/89'3)+,742.42+5489'1)4*+94,47+89'))+88%02&

*?>C;H  

*?;H  

;+7'-+2+'3;/8/9*:7'9/43%2/3&

$II>Q?;NB?L  

;>Q?;NB?L  



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

Table 3

.O?MNCIHCHA JLIJILNCIH <S PCMCNIL ALIOJ ;H> @IL?MN CH MOGG?L ;H> QCHN?L

2L<;H@IL?MN /OL;F@IL?MN

0OGG?L 4CHN?L 0OGG?L 4CHN?L

#;GCFC?M    

4;FE?LM    

%CE?LM  – –

!IAQ;FE?LM    

'IAA?LM    

+IL>C=Q;FE?LM    

S=FCMNM    –

*IOHN;CH<CE?LM  – –

/C>?LM – –  –

,NB?LM    –

CHA @L?MB ;CL ?RJ?LC?H=? H;NOL? ?M=;J? ?P?LS>;S FC@? B?;FNB NCG? QCNB

@;GCFS ;H> @LC?H>M =IIFCHA MJILN @OH ;H> B;JJCH?MM J?;=? ;H> NL;H

KOCFCNS 4? =IH>O=N?> NQI =FOMN?L ;H;FSM?M QCNB $?NCM,L> $C MN;NCMNC=M

CH L=$&0 "0/&  4? C>?HNCe?> NB? <?MN HOG<?L I@ =FOMN?LM QCNB

NB? -M?O>I #MN;NCMNC= 1B? eLMN =FOMN?L OM?> NB? ;P?L;A? HOG<?L I@ PCM

CNILM @IL ?;=B J;NBQ;S M?=NCIH NI C>?HNC@S BINMJINM @IL >C@@?L?HN PCMCNIL

ALIOJM 1B? M?=IH> =FOMN?L OM?> # L;NCHAM J?L J;NBQ;S M?=NCIH NI C>?H

NC@S J;NN?LHM I@ PCMCNILM QBI MCGCF;LFS J?L=?CP? ;H> P;FO? #

#IL NB? HIHMJ;NC;F M?=NCIH Q? ;H;FST?> BIQ >C@@?L?HN @;=NILM MO=B

;M @IL?MN HIH@IL?MN C? @;=CFCNC?M MJ;NC;F ?A NB? >CMN;H=? NI NB? @IL

?MN ?HNL;H=? ;H> MI=CI>?GIAL;JBC= @;=NILM ;@@?=N?> NB? JL?@?L?H=? @IL

>C@@?L?HN # =;N?AILC?M M?? ;<IP? 1I N?MN NB? L?FC;<CFCNS ;H> NB? CHN?L

H;F =IHMCMN?H=S I@ NB? # CN?GM Q? =;F=OF;N?> LIH<;=BM ;FJB; LIH

LIH  IOJM 

4? N?MN?> NB? P;LC;<F?M CH 1;<F?  ;M ?RJF;H;NILS P;LC;<F?M CH NB?

L?AL?MMCIH ;H;FSMCM 4? ;JJFC?> ; =OGOF;NCP? FCHE GI>?F QBC=B CM MOCN

;<F? @IL IL>CH;F >?J?H>?HN P;LC;<F?M QCNBCH NB? / MN;NCMNC=M J;=E;A? /

!?P?FIJG?HN IL? 1?;G  4? OM?> NB? =OGOF;NCP? FCHE GI>?F

NI ?FCGCH;N? NB? HIHMCAHC@C=;HN ?RJF;H;NILS P;LC;<F?M J   CH ;

<;=EQ;L> MN?JQCM? G;HH?L NI NB? C>?HNC@S L?F?P;HN CH>?J?H>?HN P;LC

;<F?M <;M?> IH NB? E;CE? CH@ILG;NCIH =LCN?LCIH 4? ALIOJ?> NB? ;H

MQ?LM @LIG NB? IJ?H KO?MNCIH ;<ION NB? J;NBQ;S =BIC=? ;H> =F;MMCe?>

NB?G ;==IL>CHA NI NB? IGGIH &HN?LH;NCIH;F F;MMCe=;NCIH I@ "=IMSM

N?G 0?LPC=?M  & "0 %;CH?M5IOHA  -INM=BCH  ;H> >?P?FIJ?>

@OLNB?L =;N?AILC?M C@ H?=?MM;LS "KO;FFS Q? =IGJ;L?> NB? =F;MMCe=;NCIH

I@ J;NBQ;S =BIC=? IL ;PIC>;H=? QCNB NB? L;NCHAM I@ NB? # NI C>?HNC@S

JIN?HNC;F ;FCAHG?HNM

3. Results

 #/8/947 /39+38/9> '3* 85'9/'1 5'99+738 4, ;/8/947 -74:58

*IMN PCMCNILM NI NB? OL<;H @IL?MN ;H> LOL;F @IL?MN FCP?> CH NB? CGG?

>C;N? MOLLIOH>CHAM  J?L=?HN I@ NB? OL<;H @IL?MN PCMCNILM ;H> 

J?L=?HN I@ NB? LOL;F @IL?MN PCMCNILM ILCACH;N?> @LIG NB? ;>D;=?HN OL<;H

;H> LOL;F M?NNF?G?HNM >?LCP?> @LIG NB? JIMN;F =I>?M I@ @IL?MN PCMCNILM

1B? =IOHN?> ;H> MOLP?S?> @IL?MN PCMCNILM =IH=?HNL;N?> NB?CL L?=L?;NCIH;F

<?B;PCIL IH J;NBM ;H> LI;>M CH M?P?L;F J;LNM I@ NB? OL<;H ;H> NB? LOL;F

@IL?MN #CA  &H NB? OL<;H @IL?MN Q? C>?HNCe?> NBL?? >IGCH;HN ;L?;M

I@ L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? NB? HILNB?LH J;LN =FIM? NI NB? =CNS =?HN?L NB? MIONB

Q?MN?LH JCH? B?;NB ;H> NB? J;NBQ;S ;FIHA NB? )?=B /CP?L &H NB? LOL;F

@IL?MN PCMCNILM >C> HIN =IH=?HNL;N? CH =?LN;CH J;LNM I@ NB? @IL?MN &HMN?;>

NB?S NL;P?LM?> J;NBQ;S ;R?M QBC=B Q?L? GIMNFS =IHH?=N?> NI MOLLIOH>

CHA PCFF;A?M

/?A;L>CHA >C@@?L?HN PCMCNIL ALIOJM #CA  Q? C>?HNCe?> @IOL PCMC

NILALIOJ =FOMN?LM CH NB? OL<;H @IL?MN ;H> NQI PCMCNILALIOJ =FOMN?LM CH

NB? LOL;F @IL?MN <;M?> IH NB? BCAB?MN JM?O>I #MN;NCMNC= M=IL? 

Fig. 2. 3CMCNIL CHN?HMCNS MN;H>;L>CT?> PCMCNIL @L?KO?H=S CH NB? OL<;H ; ;H> NB? LOL;F @IL

?MN < Q? MN;H>;L>CT?> NB? HOG<?L I@ PCMCNILM NI NB? G;RCGOG HOG<?L I@ PCMCNILM J?L

J;NBQ;S M?=NCIH I@ ?;=B @IL?MN

;H>  L?MJ?=NCP?FS 3CMCNILALIOJ =FOMN?L  CH NB? MIONB?LH J;LN

;FIHA NB? )?=B LCP?L Q;M >IGCH;N?> <S =S=FCMNM ;H> GIOHN;CH <CE?LM

3CMCNILALIOJ =FOMN?L  Q;M >IGCH;N?> <S =S=FCMNM ;H> Q;FE?LM 3CMC

NILALIOJ =FOMN?L  Q;M GIL? <;F;H=?> =IGJ;L?> QCNB NB? INB?L =FOM

N?LM FOMN?LM   ;H>  MBIQ?> MCGCF;L PCMCNIL ALIOJ =IGJIMCNCIHM

FOMN?L  =IP?LCHA GIMN I@ NB? @IL?MN ;L?; >?JC=N?> ; <;F;H=?> ;H>

F?MM CHN?HMCP? OM? <S GIMN PCMCNIL ALIOJM &H NB? LOL;F @IL?MN NB? CHN?H

MCNS I@ NB? OM? Q;M GO=B FIQ?L %IQ?P?L =FOMN?L  C? NB? IH? =LIMM

CHA NB? BCABQ;S CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN Q;M ;FMI >IGCH;N?> <S =S=FCMNM ;H>

GIOHN;CH <CE?LM =IGJ;L;<F? NI =FOMN?L  CH NB? OL<;H @IL?MN FOMN?L 



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

Fig. 3. 3CMCNIL ALIOJ =FOMN?LM CH NB? OL<;H ; < ;H> CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN ; = NB? R;RCM CH ; CH>C=;N?M NB? HILG;FCT?> HOG<?L I@ PCMCNILM J?L =FOMN?L OL<;H @IL?MN =FOMN?L   =FOMN?L

  =FOMN?L   =FOMN?L   LOL;F @IL?MN =FOMN?L   =FOMN?L   =FOMN?L  B;M NB? G;RCGOG HOG<?L I@ PCMCNILM ?KO;F NI  NB? =FOMN?L HOG<?LM @IL NB? PCMCNIL ALIOJM

CH NB? <;L JFIN =ILL?MJIH> NI NB? HOG<?LM IH NB? G;JM’F?A?H>M < =

MBIQ?> <;F;H=?> OM? IGJ;LCHA <INB @IL?MNM #CA  MBIQ?> NB;N IHFS

=FOMN?L  CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN Q;M GIL? CHN?HMCP?FS OM?> NB;H NB? F?MM@L?

KO?HN?> =FOMN?L  CH NB? OL<;H @IL?MN 1B? J;NBQ;SM CH NB? OL<;H @IL

?MN Q?L? PCMCN?> ;<ION @IOL NCG?M GIL? @L?KO?HNFS NB;H J;NBQ;SM CH NB?

LOL;F @IL?MN ,P?L;FF NB? PCMCNIL CHN?HMCNS Q;M A?H?L;FFS BCAB?L CH NB? OL

<;H @IL?MN M?? =;JNCIH I@ #CA  1B? ;=NO;F ;H> L?F;NCP? HOG<?L I@ PCM

CNILM NI NB? OL<;H @IL?MN Q;M ?P?H BCAB?L ACP?H NB? MCAHC@C=;HNFS F;LA?L

@IL?MN ;L?; ;H> HOG<?L I@ J;NBQ;SM =IGJ;L?> NI NB? LOL;F @IL?MN

 5'9/'1 )1:89+78 4, ,47+89 (+3+A9 7'9/3-8

IGJ;LCHA NB? CH>CPC>O;F L;NCHA J;NN?LHM I@ # CH NB? OL<;H ;H> NB?

LOL;F @IL?MN NB? G?>C;H ;H> NB? ;LCNBG?NC= G?;H Q?L? GIMNFS BCAB?L CH

NB? LOL;F @IL?MN ;J;LN @LIG *4- <'10/3-441/3- ;M MJ?=Ce= MOGG?L #

NB?L?<S B;> ; BCAB?L L;NCHA CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN GIMNFS >O? NI NB? BCAB?L

HOG<?L I@ PCMCNILM CH MOGG?L NB;H CH QCHN?L 1BCM L;NCI Q;M GIL? <;F

;H=?> CH NB? OL<;H @IL?MN

/?A;L>CHA =FOMN?LM I@ # Q? C>?HNCe?> @IOL MJ;NC;F # =FOMN?LM CH NB?

OL<;H @IL?MN ;H> NBL?? =FOMN?LM CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN <;M?> IH NB? BCAB?MN

JM?O>I #MN;NCMNC= M=IL?  ;H>  L?MJ?=NCP?FS #CA  &H NB?

OL<;H @IL?MN =FOMN?L  CH NB? MIONBQ?MN?LH J;LN L?P?;F?> ; BCAB L;HECHA

@IL 85479 ;H> *4- <'10/3- ;H> ;FMI @IL .+'19. ;H> ,7+8. '/7 1B? >IGC

H;HN J;NN?LH @IL GIMN I@ NB? ;L?; =FOMN?LM  ;H>  MBIQ?> ; BCAB L;N

CHA I@ ,7+8. '/7+=5+7/+3)+ 3'9:7++8)'5+ +;+7>*'> 1/,+ ;H> .+'19. 0FCABNFS

F?MM CGJILN;HN Q?L? ,:3.'55/3+88 ;H> 5+')+97'36:/1/9> FOMN?L  CH NB?

MIONB?LH J;LN I@ NB? OL<;H @IL?MN B;> ; =IHMCMN?HNFS FIQ?L L;NCHA @IL

GIMN =;N?AILC?M ?R=?JN @IL ,:3.'55/3+88 ;H> 5+')+97'36:/1/9> =IGJ;L?>

QCNB =FOMN?LM  ;H>  J;LN @LIG *4- <'10/3- MI=C;F =IB?MCIH CH NB?

CN?G ,'2/1>,7/+3*8 CM L;N?> FIQ?L NB;H GIMN INB?L # &H NB? LOL;F @IL

?MN =FOMN?L  B;> ; J;LNC=OF;LFS BCAB L;NCHA @IL GIMN # ;H> =FOMN?L 

Q;M L;N?> =IHMCMN?HNFS FIQ?L ;J;LN @LIG 5+')+97'36:/1/9> ;H> *4- <'10

/3- &HN?L?MNCHAFS =FOMN?L  Q;M GIMNFS @IOH> CH NB? MIONB?LH J;LN I@ NB?

LOL;F @IL?MN 1B? L;NCHA I@ # Q;M F;LA?FS =IHMCMN?HN <?NQ??H NB? LOL;F

;H> NB? OL<;H @IL?MN $?H?L;FFS NB? =FOMN?LM I@ NB? LOL;F @IL?MN ;FCAH?>

GIMN =FIM?FS QCNB NB? ;<OH>;HN =FOMN?LM  ;H>  I@ NB? OL<;H @IL?MN

 7/;+78 4, ,47+89 (+3+A98 '3* 5'9.<'> ).4/)+

1B? =OGOF;NCP? FCHE L?AL?MMCIH ;H;FSM?M I@ NB? IL>CH;FL;N?> #

MBIQ?> ; =IHMCMN?HNFS FIQ?L L;NCHA <S PCMCNILM CH NB? OL<;H @IL?MN =IG

J;L?> NI NB? PCMCNILM CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN @IL @IOL =;N?AILC?M 5+')+97'3

6:/1/9> .+'19. +8)'5+ +;+7>*'> 1/,+ ;H> ,7+8. '/7 1;<F?  1;<F?  MOG

G;LCT?> NB? L?MOFNM @IL NB? CH>CPC>O;F L?AL?MMCIH ;H;FSM?M I@ # CH>C=;N?>

CH NB? MOJJILNCHA CH@ILG;CNIH /?A;L>CHA @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ; BCAB?L

JL?P;F?H=? IL J?L=?JNCIH I@ 7/;+78 <'9+7 )'3'18 1'0+8 =ICH=C>?> QCNB ;

BCAB?L L;NCHA I@ 5+')+97'36:/1/9> ,:3 '3* .'55/3+88 .+'19. ;H> ,7+8. '/7

1B? L;NCHA I@ NB? # 9/2+ </9. ,'2/1> '3* ,7/+3*8 ;H> +8)'5+ +;+7>*'> 1/,+

>C> HIN P;LS QCNB @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M %IQ?P?L NB? L;NCHA I@ .+'19.

;H> ,7+8. '/7 M??G?> NI P;LS ;==IL>CHA NI NB? J?L=?JNCIH IL NB? JL?P;

F?H=? I@ @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M #IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M QCNB ; BCAB?L ?R

JF;H;NILS JIQ?L @IL BCAB?L IL>?L JIFSHIGC;FM )43/,+74:8 IL (74'*1+',

97++82'3> (7'0+8 '3* (:8.+8 IL ./-. 97++8 '9 9.+ ,47+89 +*-+ >C> HIN ;@@?=N

# FCH?;LFS # =IHMC>?L;<FS CH=L?;M?> <?FIQ IL ;<IP? ; =?LN;CH NBL?MB

IF> I@ ?RCMNCHA @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M 1B? LIH<;=B’M ;FJB; @IL NB? #

;GIOHN?> NI  1BCM MCAHCe?> ; H?AFCAC<F? IP?LF;J I@ NB? #

/?A;L>CHA N?GJIL;F ;MJ?=NM GIMN # Q?L? L;N?> FIQ?L >OLCHA QCH

N?L NB;H >OLCHA MOGG?L ,HFS 5+')+97'36:/1/9> ;H> .+'19. >C> HIN MCA

HC@C=;HNFS P;LS >?J?H>CHA IH NB? M?;MIH /?A;L>CHA MI=CI>?GIAL;JBC=

J;L;G?N?LM IF>?L J?IJF? =IHMCMN?HNFS L;N?> GIMN # MFCABNFS BCAB?L 

BCAB?L ?>O=;NCIH >?=L?;M?> NB? L;NCHA @IL MJ?H>CHA 9/2+ </9. ,'2/1> '3*

,7/+3*8 QB?L?;M ; BCAB?L BIOM?BIF> CH=IG? =ICH=C>?> QCNB ; BCAB?L L;N

CHA I@ ,7+8. '/7 #IOL # >?J?H>?> IH PCMCNIL ALIOJM MJILN ALIOJM HIL>C=

Q;FE?LM =S=FCMNM ;H> GIOHN;CH <CE?LM L;N?> 85479 ;H> .+'19. BCAB?L

@;GCFC?M L;N?> 9/2+ </9. ,'2/1> '3* ,7/+3*8 ;H> ,7+8. '/7 BCAB?L &H ;>>C

NCIH Q;FE?LM >IA Q;FE?LM ;H> GIOHN;CH <CE?LM B;> ; BCAB?L JL?@?L?H=?

@IL @L?MB ;CL 4;FE?LM ;FMI L;N?> .+'19. <?H?eNM BCAB?L 1B? L;NCHA @IL +=

5+7/+3)+ 3'9:7+ Q;M GIMNFS BCAB QCNBION =IHMC>?L;<F? P;LC;NCIH ;=LIMM

PCMCNIL ALIOJM ;H> NB?L?@IL? Q;M HIN MOCN?> @IL ; L?AL?MMCIH ;H;FSMCM

4- <'10/3- Q;M HIN CH=FO>?> ;M ; # CH NB? L?AL?MMCIH ;H;FSMCM ;M CN =I

CH=C>?> QCNB NB? PCMCNIL ALIOJ I@ >IA Q;FE?LM



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

Fig. 4. FOMN?LM I@ @IL?MN <?H?eN L;NCHAM CH NB? OL<;H ; ;H> NB? LOL;F @IL?MN < NB? <IRJFINM CH>C=;N? NB? >CMNLC<ONCIH I@ ;FF @IL?MN <?H?eN L;NCHAM ;H> NB? =IFILM L?JL?M?HN NB? ;LCNBG?NC=

G?;HM CH ?;=B =FOMN?L NB? IP?L;FF ;LCNBG?NC= G?;HM ;H> MN;H>;L> >?PC;NCIHM ;L? CH>C=;N?> CH NB? MOJJILNCHA CH@ILG;NCIH

4? OM?> ;H IJ?H KO?MNCIH NI ;ME NB? J;LNC=CJ;HNM CH ?;=B @IL?MN NI ?R

JF;CH NB?CL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? 0IG? I@ NB? GINCP;NCIHM MN;N?> @IL J;NBQ;S

=BIC=? =IOF> HIN <? ;NNLC<ON?> NI & "0 <?=;OM? NB?S L?f?=N?> <?B;P

CIL;F J;NN?LHM I@ PCMCNILM 1;<F?  =IFOGH  8+)9/43 %?H=?  I@

NB? ;HMQ?LM Q?L? HIN ;NNLC<ON;<F? NI & "0 M?=NCIHM  I@ L?MJIHM?M

L?F;N?> NI =OFNOL;F "00  NI L?AOF;NCHA "00 ;H>  IH? PCMCNIL

H;G?> JLIPCMCIHCHA "00

&H ;>>CNCIH Q? =F;MMCe?> NB? ;HMQ?LM @IL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? L?A;L>CHA

NB?CL FCHE;A? NI NB? @IL?MN ?=IMSMN?G 1;<F?  =IFOGH /30'-+ 94 ,47+89

+)48>89+2  I@ NB? L?MJIHM?M Q?L? HIN L?F;N?> NI NB? @IL?MN ?=IMSM

N?G &HMN?;> NB?S ?RJF;CH?> NB?CL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? ;M 85439'3+/9> 

.'(/9  ;/)/3/9>  97'38/9  IL 57+,+L7+* *:7'9/431+3-9. 4,

74:9+  $?H?L;F @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M Q?L? G?HNCIH?> <S  I@ L?

MJIH>?HNM +IH@IL?MN ?F?G?HNM C? ?F?G?HNM CH NB? @IL?MN <ON HIN J;LN

I@ NB? ?=IMSMN?G ;GIOHN?> NI  ;H> @IL?MN ;M MJ;=? @IL ?R?L=CM?



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

Table 4

#;=NILM ;@@?=NCHA NB? L;NCHA I@ @IL?MN <?H?eNM =OGOF;NCP? FCHE L?AL?MMCIH GI>?F J    J    J   J   FCH?;L ) KO;>L;NC= . =O<C=   ;H> BCAB?L

IL>?L JIFSHIGC;F 9R NL;HM@ILG;NCIHM ;L? CH>C=;N?> NB? ?HNCL? L?AL?MMCIH L?MOFNM ;L? FCMN?> CH NB? MOJJILNCHA CH@ILG;NCIH ; JIMCNCP? P;FO? @IL NB? ?MNCG;N? CH>C=;N?M NB;N ;H ?RJF;H;NILS

P;LC;<F? JIMCNCP?FS =ICH=C>?M QCNB NB? @IL?MN <?H?eN L;NCHA ;H> PC=? P?LM; @IL ; H?A;NCP? P;FO?

3;LC;<F?

-?;=?

NL;HKOCFCNS

#OH;H>

B;JJCH?MM 0JILN IIFCHA

1CG?QCNB@;GCFS

;H>@LC?H>M %?;FNB

"M=;J?

?P?LS>;SFC@? #L?MB;CL

2L<;H@IL?MN −  −  −  − 

47+89).'7')9+7/89/)8

IHC@?LIOMNL??M

. − 

IHC@?LIOMNL??M



 

LI;>F?;@NL??M.  

*;HS<L;E?M;H>

<OMB?M9

 

/CP?LMQ;N?L

=B;HH?FMF;E?M)

       

!;LE)    

!;LE.    

F?;LCHA)      

F?;LCHA. − 

F?;LCHA   

F?;LCHA9 − 

OMB?M@IL?MN

?>A?)

 

OMB?M@IL?MN

?>A?.

 

%CABNL??M@IL?MN

?>A?.

 

%CABNL??M@IL?MN

?>A?9

 

!7'38547924*+

CE? − 

4;FECHA      

;L   −  − 

!/2+

!;SNCG?    

4CHN?L −  −  −  −  −  − 

4??E>;S − 

#/8/9*:7'9/43

$II>Q?;NB?L − 

;>Q?;NB?L      

4)/4*+24-7'5./)5'7'2+9+78

A?            

">O=;NCIH  − 

%IOM?BIF>

CH=IG?.

 

%IOM?BIF>

CH=IG?9

 

"8+7-74:5

#;GCFC?M    

4;FE?LM  

!IAQ;FE?LM  

'IAA?LM      

+IL>C=Q;FE?LM    

S=FCMNM    

*IOHN;CH<CE?LM      

;H> MI=C;F =IB?MCIH MB;L?>  I@ NB? ;HMQ?LM ,HFS  PCMCNILM 

?RJF;CH?> NB?CL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? QCNB MJ?=Ce= @IL?MN ?F?G?HNM FCE? MCHAF?

JF;HNM 1'*/41:8 '1:897/8 >?;>QII> IL @IL?MN MNLO=NOL?

&H ;>>CNCIH Q? ;H;FST?> QB?NB?L ; BCAB L;NCHA I@ # ;FMI ;JJ?;L?>

CH NB? GINCP;NCIH MN;N?> @IL J;NBQ;S M?F?=NCIH 1;<F?  1B? ;AL??G?HN

<?NQ??H ; BCAB L;NCHA I@ # ;H> NB? GINCP;NCIH @IL J;NBQ;S M?F?=NCIH

Q;M L;NB?L Q?;E 4- <'10/3- MBIQ?> ; MNLIHA ;AL??G?HN ;H> 85479 ;H>

5+')+97'36:/1/9> MBIQ?> ; =IHMC>?L;<F? ;AL??G?HN

#CH;FFS Q? ;ME?> @IL?MN PCMCNILM QBS NB?S ;PIC>?> J;NBQ;SM 1B?

G;DILCNS I@  G?HNCIHM Q?L? =LIQ>CHA  @?;L ;H> OH?;MCH?MM 

;H> G;HS >IAM  1B? ?HNCL? L?MOFNM =;H <? @IOH> CH 1;<F? 0 CH

NB? MOJJILNCHA CH@ILG;NCIH

4. Discussion

FF IOL L?MOFNM MOAA?MN?> NB;N MJ;NC;F J;NN?LHM I@ ?P?LS>;S L?=L?;NCIH

Q?L? F?MM >?J?H>?HN IH @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;M ?RJ?=N?> L?=L?;NCIH;F



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

Table 5

F;MMCe=;NCIH I@ NB? MN;N?> GINCP;NCIH I@ J;NBQ;S M?F?=NCIH H  

*INCP;NCIH=BIM?HJ;NBQ;S

*?HNCIHM

7H8 )CHE;A?NI@IL?MN?=IMSMN?G  & "0M?=NCIH >>L?MM?> & "0=F;MM

?;ONS  A?H?L;F@IL?MN=B;L;=N?LCMNC=M  =OFNOL;F ?MNB?NC=

-?;=?NL;HKOCFCNS  L?AOF;NCHA *?>C;NCIHI@MG?FFHICM?PCMO;FCGJ;=NM

PIC>CHAHICMSCH@L;MNLO=NOL?  L?AOF;NCHA *?>C;NCIHI@MG?FFHICM?PCMO;FCGJ;=NM

FCG;N?L?AOF;NCIH  L?AOF;NCHA *C=LI;H>L?ACIH;F=FCG;N?L?AOF;NCIH

IIFCHAQCHN?L  L?AOF;NCHA *C=LI;H>L?ACIH;F=FCG;N?L?AOF;NCIH

#L?MB;CL  L?AOF;NCHA *C=LI;H>L?ACIH;F=FCG;N?L?AOF;NCIH

0JIHN;H?CNSL;H>IG  OHL?F;N?>  HIN

;NNLC<ON;<F?

1L;>CNCIHB;<CN  HIN

;NNLC<ON;<F?

3C=CHCNSJL;=NC=;FCNSL?=L?;NCIH  HIN

;NNLC<ON;<F?

1L;HMCNJ;NBQ;S  HIN

;NNLC<ON;<F?

-L?@?LL?>>OL;NCIHF?HANBI@

LION?

 HIN

;NNLC<ON;<F?

,<M?LPCHAQ;N?L=;H;FMLCP?L  HIH@IL?MN?F?G?HNM  =OFNOL;F "RJ?LC?HNC;FOM?I@JF;HNM;HCG;FM;H>F;H>

M?;M=;J?M

$II>=IH>CNCIHI@J;NBQ;S  HIN

;NNLC<ON;<F?

*IHOG?HNMMCABNM  =OFNOL;F "RJ?LC?HNC;FOM?I@JF;HNM;HCG;FM;H>F;H>

M?;M=;J?M

-F;SALIOH>  HIN

;NNLC<ON;<F?

/?MN;OL;HNM<??LA;L>?HM  HIN

;NNLC<ON;<F?

;NBCHA  =OFNOL;F -BSMC=;FOM?I@F;H>M?;M=;J?M

!IAQ;FECHA  @IL?MN;MMJ;=?@IL?R?L=CM?;H>MI=C;F

=IB?MCIH

 =OFNOL;F -BSMC=;FOM?I@F;H>M?;M=;J?M

0JILN  =OFNOL;F

S=FCHA  =OFNOL;F

)?CMOL?;=NCPCNC?M  =OFNOL;F

4;FEQ;S  =OFNOL;F

0I=C;FL?F;NCIHM  =OFNOL;F "RJ?LC?HNC;FOM?I@JF;HNM;HCG;FM;H>F;H>

M?;M=;J?M

,<M?LPCHA?HDISCHAH;NOL?  MJ?=Ce=@IL?MN?F?G?HNM  =OFNOL;F "RJ?LC?HNC;FOM?I@JF;HNM;HCG;FM;H>F;H>

M?;M=;J?M

0?;L=BCHA@IL@II>  JLIPCMCIHCHA 4CF>JF;HNM;FA;?;H>NB?CLIONJONM

Table 6

AL??G?HN <?NQ??H NB? # L;NCHAM ;H> NB? MN;N?> GINCP;NCIH @IL J;NBQ;S =BIC=?

"00;H>BOG;H

<?H?eNM

AL??G?HNGINCP;NCIH@ILJ;NBQ;S

;H>BCAB"00L;NCHA

BCABL;NCHA7H8

-?;=?NL;HKOCFCNS  

#OHB;JJCH?MM  

0JILN  

IIFCHA  

#;GCFS@LC?H>M  

%?;FNB  

"M=;J??P?LS>;S

FC@?

 

"RJ?LC?H=?H;NOL?  

#L?MB;CL  

!IAQ;FECHA  

;=NCPCNC?M <S >C@@?L?HN PCMCNIL ALIOJM Q?L? GIMNFS GOFNC@IF> =B;JN?L 

MJ;NC;F J;NN?LHM I@ MCGCF;LFS J?L=?CP?> # Q?L? KOCN? BIGIA?H?IOM @IL

F;LA? J;LNM I@ NB? @IL?MN ;L?; =B;JN?L  ;H> @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M

MBIQ?> ; Q?;E CHfO?H=? IH # L;NCHAM ;H> Q?L? ; F?MM L?F?P;HN L?;MIH

@IL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? =B;JN?L 

 #/8/947 /39+38/9> '3* 85'9/'1 5'99+738 4, ;/8/947 -74:58

#IL?MN PCMCNILM OM?> LI;>M ;H> J;NBQ;SM NBLIOABION NB? ?HNCL? @IL

?MN <ON =IH=?HNL;N?> IH M?F?=N?> TIH?M #CA  1B? =IH=?HNL;NCIH IH

G;DIL J;NBQ;SM B;M <??H MCGCF;LFS C>?HNCe?> <S GG?L ;H> -L]<MNF

 1B? >?AL?? I@ =IH=?HNL;NCIH CM GIL? ?RNL?G? CH NB? OL<;H @IL

?MN NB;H CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN QB?L? GIMN PCMCNILM OM?> G;DIL J;NBQ;SM

FCHECHA MOLLIOH>CHA PCFF;A?M FNBIOAB F;LA? J;LNM I@ NB? @IL?MN ;L?; ;L?

B;L>FS OM?> <INB NB? OL<;H ;H> NB? LOL;F @IL?MN ;L? ;FGIMN ?HNCL?FS >?M

CAH;N?> @IL L?=L?;NCIH CH L?ACIH;F @IL?MN JF;HHCHA 0N*")#  QBC=B

NB?L?<S IP?L?MNCG;N?M NB? ;L?; @IL L?=L?;NCIH

,OL =FOMN?L ;H;FSMCM B;M MBIQH NB;N CHN?HMCP? OM? IHFS I==OLL?> CH

@?Q J;LNM I@ ?;=B @IL?MN PCMCNILALIOJ =FOMN?LM  ;H>  CH NB? OL<;H

;H> =FOMN?L  CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN #CA  1B?M? >?FCGCN?> J;LNM I@ NB?

@IL?MN GCABN <? >?N?=N;<F? <S FI=;F I<M?LP;NCIH ;H> NB? ;@@?=N?> @IL?MN

J;NBM =IOF> <? ;>;JN?> NI NB? H??>M I@ GOFNCJF? PCMCNIL ALIOJM #OLNB?L

GIL? QCNBCH NB?M? L?F;NCP?FS MG;FF M?=NCIHM @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN =IOF>

@I=OM IH NB? ?HB;H=?G?HN I@ ;?MNB?NC=;F ?>O=;NCIH;F ;H> H;NOL? ;M

J?=NM $I<MN?L +;MM;O?L !;HC?F  #LS  %;OLO (IMECH?H (INT?

 )?BPXPCLN;  /C<?  GG?L ;H> -L]<MNF  JLIJIM? ;

BCAB P;LC;<CFCNS I@ NL?? MJ?=C?M ;H> <OMB?M ;N @IL?MN ?>A?M )CE?QCM? PCM

C<F? B;LP?MNCHA G?;MOL?M ?A LIQQCM? MBIOF> <? ;PIC>?> ?MJ?=C;FFS



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

CH OL<;H @IL?MNM 0O=B PCMCNILILC?HN?> @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN G;S GINC

P;N? JO<FC= MOJJILN @IL ?=IMSMN?GM ;H> NB?CL M?LPC=?M !;HC?F ?N ;F

 FOMN?LM NB;N L?JL?M?HN @?Q MJ?=C;FCT?> PCMCNIL ALIOJM ?A =S

=FCMNM ;H> GIOHN;CH <CE?LM =FOMN?L  CH NB? OL<;H @IL?MN =;H <? B;H

>F?> ;H> =B;HH?F?> <S @IL?MN J;NB G;H;A?G?HN LH<?LA?L  *;HH

 4CFE?MFF?G;HH %;H?QCHE?F  -^NT 

1B? L?G;CHCHA MJ;NC;FFS>IGCH;HN PCMCNILALIOJ =FOMN?LM CH <INB

@IL?MNM L?P?;F ; >CP?LM? ;H> F?MM @L?KO?HN L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? 1BCM I@@?LM

AL?;N?L f?RC<CFCNS @IL @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN &N ;FFIQM @IL FIQ?L =IHMC>?L;

NCIH I@ L?=L?;NCIH L?KOCL?G?HNM ;H> ; BCAB?L JLCILCNCT;NCIH I@ INB?L @IL

?MN "00 ;N NB? FI=;F M=;F? <?SIH> NB? J;NBQ;SM 1B? JIN?HNC;F PC?QCHA

>CMN;H=? @IL @IL?MN PCMCNILM ; <Og?L <?SIH> – G CM B;L>FS =IHMC>?L

;<F? @IL NB? G;H;A?G?HN I@ L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? ;M GIMN @IL?MN PCMCNILM MN;S

IH NB? J;NBQ;SM ;H> ; J?L=?JNCIH I@ F;H>M=;J? ;?MNB?NC=M ;N >CMN;H=?M

I@  G CM IHFS L?F?P;HN CH MJ;LM?FS MNI=E?> @IL?MNM <CS ;OG

?LA?H FOG BG;L;  "HMCHA?L 

,OL L?MOFNM MOAA?MN NB;N >?MCAH;NCHA NB? ?HNCL? @IL?MN ;L?; @IL L?=L?

;NCIH ;M >IH? CH F;LA?M=;F? MNO>C?M IL L?ACIH;F IL FI=;F G;JJCHA ;J

JLI;=B?M $;L=[;+C?NI $;L=[;)FIL?HN? &HC?MN;L;H>C; 

*;LN[H)\J?T  >? $LIIN ?N ;F  1SLPXCH?H ?N ;F  H?

AF?=NM >C@@?L?H=?M QCNBCH NB? @IL?MN ;L?; ;H> NB?L?<S >I?M HIN B?FJ @IL

CNM G;H;A?G?HN ;N NB? FI=;F F?P?F 1B? BCAB?L L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? I@ NB? OL

<;H @IL?MN NB;H NB? LOL;F @IL?MN #CA  L?KOCL?M BCAB?L JLCILCNCT;NCIH I@

L?=L?;NCIH NB?L? ;M Q?FF ;M <?NN?L L?eH?G?HN I@ NB? H??>?> “MJ;=?”@IL

JLIPCMCIHCHA ;H> L?AOF;NCHA "00 %IQ?P?L L?F;NCP? NI NB? JIJOF;NCIH CH

NB? MOLLIOH>CHA ;L?; NB? L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? J?L J;NBQ;S M?=NCIH Q;M ;=

NO;FFS BCAB?L CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN

 5'9/'1 )1:89+78 4, ,47+89 (+3+A9 7'9/3-8

,OL L?MOFNM G;N=B?> NBIM? I@ %OHTCE?L ?N ;F  1B? BCAB?MN

L;HE?> # Q?L? CN?GM +=5+7/+3)+ 3'9:7+ ,7+8. '/7 .+'19. ;H> +8)'5+

+;+7>*'> 1/,+ M?? 0?=NCIH  @IL NB? =FOMN?LM ;H> 1;<F? 0 CH NB? ;J

J?H>CR @IL NB? ;P?L;A? L;NCHA J?L @IL?MN &H FCH? QCNB )OJJ ?N ;F 

IOL L?MOFNM MBIQ?> NB;N GIMN @IL?MN PCMCNILM A;P? BCAB L;NCHAM NI NB? >C

L?=NFS?RJ?LC?H=?> ;H> CHNOCNCP?FS;JJL?=C;N?> #  ION I@  QCNB ;

L;NCHA  4? @IOH> MCGCF;LCNC?M QCNB INB?L MNO>C?M L?A;L>CHA NB? L;N

CHA I@ >C@@?L?HN # +=5+7/+3)+ 3'9:7+ CM P;FO?> BCAB ;H> 84)/'1 )4.+8/43 CM

P;FO?> =IGJ;L;<FS FIQ CH NQI MNO>S ;L?;M CH +ILQ;S ;H> NB? +?NB?L

F;H>M ;M?NL? $OH>?LM?H 3CMN;>  %IFNLIJ 

1B?CL =;N?AILS “?R?L=CM?” QBC=B CM GIMN =IGJ;L;<F? NI IOL =;N?AILS

“MJILN” CM L;N?> BCAB?MN CH NB? +ILQ?AC;H =;M? MNO>S <ON L;N?> L;NB?L

FIQ CH IOL MNO>S &H NB? !ON=B =;M? MNO>S NB? L;NCHA @IL “?R?L=CM?”CM

FIQ?L =IGJ;L;<F? NI IOL MNO>S 1BCM >C@@?L?H=? BCHNM ;N NB? ?@@?=N I@ FI

=;F ;P;CF;<CFCNS I@ @IL?MNM 1B? +ILQ?AC;H =;M? MNO>S B;> GIL? H;NOL;F

@IL?MNM H?;L<S QB?L?;M NB? !ON=B =;M? MNO>S ;H> IOL =;M? MNO>S >C> HIN

1B?L?@IL? F?MM @IL?MN@I=OM?> # ?A ?R?L=CM? IL MJILN GCABN <?=IG?

GIL? CGJILN;HN @IL FI=;F L?=L?;NCIH NB;H ?RJ?LC?H=CHA H;NOL? C@ ;FN?LH;

NCP?M QCNB ; BCAB?L H;NOL;FH?MM ;L? ;P;CF;<F?

4? MBIQ?> NB;N NB? L;NCHA I@ # >C@@?L?> >?J?H>CHA IH NB? @IL?MN

M?=NCIH #IL ?R;GJF? NB?L? Q?L? J;NBQ;SM NB;N OM?LM =BIM? JL?>IGC

H;N?FS @IL B?;FNB ;MJ?=NM IL MJILN &H ;>>CNCIH =FOMN?LM =B;L;=N?LCTCHA

GIMN I@ NB? @IL?MN ;L?; >C@@?L?> FCNNF? <?NQ??H NB? OL<;H ;H> NB? LOL;F

@IL?MN IGJ;LCHA IOL L?MOFNM QCNB HIHMJ;NC;F MNO>C?M "FM;MM?L 

%OHTCE?L ?N ;F  Q? >CM=?LH?> GOFNCJF? BIN ;H> =IF> MJINM @IL

L?=L?;NCIH QBC=B @;=CFCN;N? @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN L?A;L>CHA JIN?HNC;F =IH

fC=NM QCNB INB?L "00 IL @IL?MN OM?M

1B? A?H?L;FFS BCAB L;NCHA I@ G;HS # ACP?M NB? CGJL?MMCIH NB;N <INB

@IL?MNM JLIPC>? GOFNCJF? # 1I N?MN NBCM Q? =IOF> =IH>O=N ; =BIC=??R

J?LCG?HN MO=B ;M ; <?MNQILMNM=;FCHA ;JJLI;=B C? PCMCNILM B;P? NI >?

=C>? IH NB? F?;MN ;H> GIMN JL?@?LL?> #

 7/;+78 4, ,47+89 (+3+A98 '3* 5'9.<'> ).4/)+

/?A;L>CHA @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;@@?=NCHA NB? L;NCHA I@ # 1;<F? 

CN <?=IG?M ;JJ;L?HN NB;N IHFS 7/;+78 <'9+7 )'3'18 1'0+8 ;H> )1+'7/3-8 B;>

;<OH>;HN JIMCNCP? ?@@?=N /;+78 <'9+7 )'3'18 1'0+8 ;L? GIMNFS FI=;N?> CH

NB? HILNB?LH J;LN I@ NB? OL<;H @IL?MN ;H> G;N=B NB? BCAB PCMCNIL CHN?H

MCNS 1BCM CM CH FCH? QCNB (C?H;MN ?N ;F  QBI ;FMI C>?HNCe?> ; JL?@

?L?H=? @IL Q;N?L <I>C?M CH FI=;F L?=L?;NCIH ;GIHA >C@@?L?HN F;H>M=;J? ?F

?G?HNM ,OL L?MOFNM ;FMI ;AL?? QCNB "LCEMMIH ;H> +IL>FOH>  QBI

C>?HNCe?> NB? ;JJL?=C;NCIH I@ Q;N?L ;H> NB? OM? I@ Q;N?L ;M ; F;H>G;LE

*;HS INB?L @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M MBIQ?> HI MCAHC@C=;HN CHfO?H=? IL

; GCR?> CHfO?H=? IH NB? # ;H;FST?> CH NBCM MNO>S 1BCM =IHNL;MNM NB?

MNO>S <S %?A?NM=BQ?CF?L -FOG ?N ;F  QBC=B ;ME?> ?RJFC=CNFS @IL

;HINB?L # =;N?AILS @IL?MN ;?MNB?NC=M ;H> ;NNL;=NCP?H?MM <;M?> IH @IL

?MN MNLO=NOL?M %?A?NM=BQ?CF?L -FOG ?N ;F  C>?HNCe?> ; =IHMC>

?L;<F? CGJ;=N I@ NB? @IL?MN NSJ? IH NB? PCMO;F ;NNL;=NCP?H?MM MFCABNFS

BCAB?L @IL >?=C>OIOM @IL?MNM 4? C>?HNCe?> ;H CGJ;=N I@ @IL?MN NSJ?M

<LI;>F?;@ IHFS @IL NB? L;NCHA I@ ,7+8. '/7 1B? L;NCHA I@ M?P?L;F # ,7+8.

'/75+')+97'36:/1/9>.+'19.+8)'5+ +;+7>*'> 1/,+ Q;M BCAB?L CH NB? LOL;F

@IL?MN ;FNBIOAB NBCM @IL?MN CM JL?>IGCH;N?FS =IHC@?LIOM 1BCM CM CH FCH?

QCNB GG?L ;H> -L]<MNF  QBI MOGG;LCT?> M?P?L;F MNO>C?M IH

JL?@?L?H=?M @IL >C@@?L?HN @IL?MN NSJ?M 1B?S @IOH> IH NB? IH? B;H> ;

BCAB JL?@?L?H=? @IL =IHC@?LIOM @IL?MNM ?P?H CH ;L?;M QCNBION =IHC@?LIOM

NL??M ,H NB? INB?L B;H> NB?L? Q?L? ;FMI MNO>C?M CH QBC=B PCMCNILM NI

N;FFS >CM;JJLIP?> I@ =IHC@?LIOM @IL?MNM

/?A;L>CHA NB? >C@@?L?H=?M <?NQ??H %?A?NM=BQ?CF?L -FOG ?N ;F

 ;H> IOL MNO>S CN CM H?=?MM;LS NI =IHMC>?L NB;N NB?S ;H;FST?>

NB? IHMCN? PCMO;F ;NNL;=NCP?H?MM L?F;N?> NI G?;MOL?> @IL?MN =B;L;=N?L

CMNC=M QBCF? IOL MNO>S ;ME?> @IL GOFNCJF? # ;M J?L=?CP?> ;H> P;FO?>

<S PCMCNILM &H NB;N L?MJ?=N NB? >C@@?L?HNC;NCIH <?NQ??H @IL?MN MNLO=NOL?M

GCABN <? GIL? JL?=CM? CH NB?CL MNO>S ?SIH> NB;N Q? L?=?CP?> ;H IP?L

;FF JC=NOL? ;FIHA NB? ?HNCL? J;NBQ;S MSMN?G QB?L?;M NB?CL ;JJLI;=B ;F

FIQ?> @IL ; L;NCHA I@ ; MJ?=Ce= @IL?MN MCN? &H ;>>CNCIH NB?CL MNO>S C>?H

NCe?> NB;N PCMCNILM NSJC=;FFS JL?@?LL?> NB? @IL?MN QB?L? NB?S Q?L? CH

N?LPC?Q?> *IL?IP?L NB? ;NNL;=NCP?H?MM I@ @IL?MN MCN?M CH=L?;M?> QCNB

L?J?;N?> PCMCNM ;H> PCMCNILM JL?MOG;<FS JL?@?L QB;N NB?S ;L? OM?> NI

%?A?NM=BQ?CF?L -FOG ?N ;F 

1B? eH;F =IH=FOMCIHM I@ %?A?NM=BQ?CF?L -FOG ?N ;F  =IH=?LH

CHA NB? JLCG;=S ?@@?=N MOJJILN IOL eH>CHAM I@ NB? L?F;NCP?FS FIQ CGJIL

N;H=? I@ @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M @IL # CH NBCM MNO>S &N M??GM FCE?FS NB;N NB?

PCMO;F ;NNL;=NCP?H?MM CM ;@@?=N?> <S @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M <ON INB?L L?=L?

;NCIH;F # M??G NI <? ;@@?=N?> F?MM 4? =;H NB?L?<S =IHeLG ">Q;L>M ?N

;F < NB;N NB? JL?@?L?H=?M @IL L?=L?;NCIH >?J?H> F?MM IH NB? @IL?MN

NSJ? GCR?> =IHC@?LIOM IL <LI;>F?;P?> @IL NB? ;H;FST?> #

IGJ;LCHA PCMCNILM’;H> ?RJ?LNM’J?LMJ?=NCP?M Q? >C> HIN C>?HNC@S

NB? =IHMC>?L;<F? CHfO?H=? I@ @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M @IL PCMCNILM ;M ACP?H

@IL ?RJ?LNM CH ; !?FJBC MOLP?S <S ">Q;L>M ?N ;F ; "RJ?LNM C>?HNC

e?> NB? L?=L?;NCIH;F P;FO? I@  @IL?MN MNLO=NOL;F ;NNLC<ON?M J;LN @LIG

=F?;L=ONM QBC=B >I HIN N;E? JF;=? CH IOL MNO>S L?ACIH ;FF INB?L MNLO=

NOL;F ;NNLC<ON?M =;H <? @IOH> &H ;HINB?L MNO>S <;M?> IH JBINIM <S

"LCEMMIH ;H> +IL>FOH>  MNO>?HNM B;P? NI >CMNCHAOCMB FCECHA NB?

M?NNCHA A?H?L;F M?NNCHA =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;H> ;=NCPCNSMJ?=Ce= @?;NOL?M NI

<? CGJILN;HN @IL @IL?MN ;=NCPCNC?M 1B?S MN;N? NB;N @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M

JIMCNCP?FS CHfO?H=? NB? GINCP;NCIH @IL L?=L?;NCIH;F ;=NCPCNC?M CH NB? @IL

?MN ;H> JLIJIM? F;H>G;LEM IL =F?;LCHAM NI @;=CFCN;N? NB? ILC?HN;NCIH IL

J;NBQ;S NSJ? #IL ?R;GJF? =OLP?> J;NBQ;SM =;H =L?;N? L?>O=?> PCMC

<CFCNS QBC=B =;H <? OM?> NI =L?;N? MOLJLCM? ?@@?=NM 1B? J;NBQ;S >?MCAH

IL MJ?=Ce= @?;NOL?M M??G?> NI <? F?MM CGJILN;HN CH IOL MNO>S H ?RJF;

H;NCIH @IL NB? >C@@?L?H=?M GCABN <? NB;N MNO>?HNM IL ?RJ?LNM CHN?LPC?Q?>

<S "LCEMMIH ;H> +IL>FOH>  IL ">Q;L>M ?N ;F ; FCE?FS B;P?

; BCAB?L ;JJL?=C;NCIH ;H> L?=IAHCNCIH I@ L?=L?;NCIH;F JF;HHCHA ;H> @IL



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M CH =IHNL;MN NI IOL L;H>IG M;GJF? I@ @IL?MN PCMCNILM

QBI ;L? =FIM?L NI NB? ;P?L;A? JIJOF;NCIH 1;<F?  &H NBCM L?A;L> CN

CM CGJILN;HN NI =IH>O=N @OLNB?L ?RJ?LCG?HNM ?A =BIC=? ?RJ?LCG?HNM

MO=B ;M )IOL?CLI ;H> !IGCHAO?T L=IM  NI C>?HNC@S QB?NB?L @IL

?MN PCMCNILM QIOF> ;JJL?=C;N? ; @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN MNL;N?AS F?;>CHA NI

BCAB?L JLIPCMCIH I@ >C@@?L?HN "00 ;H> # %IQ?P?L CN H?=?MM;LS NI =IH

MC>?L NB;N =B;HA?M I@ @IL?MN MNLO=NOL?M ;H> NB?CL MO<M?KO?HN ?@@?=N IH "00

;H> # =;H IHFS <? L?;FCT?> CH NB? FIHA LOH >O? NI NB? FIHA G;H;A?

G?HN =S=F?M #OLNB?LGIL? =B;HA?M CH @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN ;@@?=NCHA @IL

?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;L? MO<D?=N NI F?A;F =IHMNL;CHNM

/?A;L>CHA NB? N?GJIL;F J?LMJ?=NCP? Q? MBIQ?> NB;N NB? QCHN?L M?;

MIH MCAHC@C=;HNFS L?>O=?> NB? L;NCHAM I@ #M C? ; FIQ?L # L;NCHA

CH QCHN?L 1BCM IJJIM?M NB? eH>CHAM @LIG ; 0=;H>CH;PC;H MNO>S QCNB

=F?;L JL?@?L?H=?M @IL NB? QCHN?L L?=L?;NCIH ?HPCLIHG?HN 1SLPXCH?H ?N

;F  1BCM GCABN <? >O? NI NB? @;=N NB;N NB? F;NN?L MNO>S JLIPC>?M

CG;A?M QCNB MHIQ =IP?L ;M ; =IGJ;LCMIH QCNB MOGG?L CG;A?M 0OG

G?L CG;A?M G;E? GIHI=OFNOL?M =F?;L=ONM ;H> ?;LFS L?A?H?L;NCIH MN;A?M

GIL? PCMC<F? 1B?CL ?RJF;H;NCIH CM NB? FIQ?L H;NOL;FH?MM I@ PCMC<FS CHN?H

MCP?FS G;H;A?> @IL?MNM CH MOGG?L ;H> NB? L;NB?L =IB?L?HN ;H> B;LGI

HCIOM CG;A? QCNB MHIQ =IP?L CH QCHN?L &H IOL MNO>S N?GJ?L;N? @IL?MNM

GCABN =IHP?S ; BCAB?L H;NOL;FH?MM CH MOGG?L >O? NI @IFC;A? ;H> NB? M?

F?=NCP? B;LP?MNCHA QCNBION =F?;L=ONM ?SIH> NB;N MHIQ =IP?L Q;M GCH

CG;F IL ;<M?HN >OLCHA NB? MOLP?SM I@ IOL MNO>S IHMC>?LCHA NB? =IHNL;MN

<?NQ??H Q??E>;SM ;H> Q??E?H>M Q? C>?HNCe?> NB;N @IL?MN PCMCNILM @IF

FIQ NB? GINCP;NCIH NI ?M=;J? ?P?LS>;S FC@? IH Q??E>;SM F?MM 4? ;MMOG?

NB;N NBCM CM ;MMI=C;N?> F?MM QCNB @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;H> GIL? QCNB NB?

GINCP;NCIH ;H> GII> I@ @IL?MN PCMCNILM

?SIH> @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M LH<?LA?L ;H> *;HH  JLIJIM?>

NI CHP?MNCA;N? QB;N >?AL?? I@ =LIQ>CHA @IL?MN PCMCNILM QCFF NIF?L;N? &H

IOL MNO>S ;L?; Q? ?RJ?=N?> ; BCAB?L NIF?L;H=? @IL =LIQ>CHA CH OL<;H ;L

?;M NB;H CH LOL;F ;L?;M 1BCM Q;M =IHeLG?> QCNB ; BCAB?L ;P?L;A? L;NCHA

I@ 5+')+97'36:/1/9> CH NB? LOL;F @IL?MN NB;H CH NB? OL<;H @IL?MN 1B? BCAB

PCMCNIL CHN?HMCNS CH NB? HILNB?LH J;LN I@ NB? OL<;H @IL?MN ?KO;FFS MOJ

JILNM NBCM eH>CHA "LCEMMIH ;H> +IL>FOH>  JLIJIM?> ?A =OLP?>

J;NBQ;SM NI FCGCN BIQ I@N?H PCMCNILM M?? IH? ;HINB?L CH IL>?L NI =L?;N?

BCAB?L J?;=? ;H> NL;HKOCFCNS ;H> F?MM MI=C;F =IB?MCIH

+IN IHFS NB? L?AL?MMCIH ;H;FSMCM @IL NB? ;H;FSMCM I@ >LCP?LM I@ #

<ON ;FMI NB? MN;N?> GINCP;NCIH @IL NB? J;NBQ;S =BIC=? M?? 0?=NCIH 

1;<F?  JLIJIM?> ; Q?;E CHfO?H=? I@ @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M IH # L;N

CHAM *;HS @IL?MN PCMCNILM G?HNCIH?> L?;MIHM MO=B ;M MJIHN;H?CNS B;<CN

JL;=NC=;FCNS IL PC=CHCNS @IL NB?CL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? QBC=B ;L? HIN L?F;N?>

NI @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M 1BCM eH>CHA eNM QCNB NB? MBILN >CMN;H=? I@ NB?

HILNB?LH J;LN I@ NB? OL<;H @IL?MN NI NB? >?HM?FS JIJOF;N?> =CNS =?HN?L

I@ OAM<OLA /?=?HN MNO>C?M CH !?HG;LE 1B? +?NB?LF;H>M ;H> +ILQ;S

;M?NL? ?N ;F  ACG;MM )OH>B?>? -;H>OLI  ';=I<M?H 

?KO;FFS C>?HNCe?> NB;N >CMN;H=? CM ; G;DIL >?N?LGCH;HN @IL =BIIMCHA ;

@IL?MN MCN? @IL L?=L?;NCIH &H ;>>CNCIH ; F;LA? MB;L? I@ NB? PCMCNILM =BIM?

NB?CL J;NBQ;S >O? NI NB? JOL? JL?M?H=? I@ ; @IL?MN ,HFS IH? ION I@

 L?MJIH>?HNM MN;N?> ; GINCP;NCIH @IL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? “>?;>QII>”

NB;N G;N=B?> NB? @IL?MN MNLO=NOL;F ?F?G?HNM CH NB? ?RJ?LN<;M?> MNO>S <S

">Q;L>M ?N ;F ;

,OL L?MOFNM IH NB? GINCP;NCIH @IL J;NBQ;S M?F?=NCIH IJ?H KO?M

NCIH <INB ;FCAH QCNB ;H> >C@@?L @LIG );LIH>?FF? ;H> %;;M? 

1B?S ;ME?> PCMCNILM @IL NB?CL GINCP;NCIH NI PCMCN NB? @IL?MN $LOH?Q;F> CH

?LFCH 1B? L?MOFNM @IL NB? GINCP;NCIH I@ NB? @IL?MN PCMCN CH NB?CL MNO>S L?

P?;F?> NB;N =;FG ;H> L?F;RCHA ;M Q?FF ;M @IL?MN ;H> <?;ONS Q?L? NB? GIMN

CGJILN;HN GINCP;NCIHM &H IOL MNO>S NB?M? GINCP;NCIHM Q?L? G?HNCIH?>

<S IHFS  ;H>  I@ @IL?MN PCMCNILM L?MJ?=NCP?FS 1B? >C@@?L?H=? <?

NQ??H NB? MNO>C?M GCABN <? ?RJF;CH?> <S NB? @;=N NB;N @IL?MN PCMCNILM CH

N?LPC?Q?> <S );LIH>?FF? ;H> %;;M?  B;> ;H ;<MNL;=N @IL?MN PCMCN CH

GCH> 1B?CL L?MJIH>?HNM ;FMI M;Q ; BCAB H??> @IL CH@L;MNLO=NOL? MO=B ;M

>OMN<CHM IL <?H=B?M 4? >C> HIN C>?HNC@S NBCM >?G;H> ;FNBIOAB CN =IOF>

<? J;LN I@ J;NBQ;S =IH>CNCIHM ;M GINCP;NCIH @IL J;NBQ;S =BIC=? 

 '251/3- 1/2/9'9/438 '3* ,:9:7+ 7+8+'7).

$?H?L;FFS Q? Q?L? ;<F? NI ;>>L?MM G;DIL M;GJFCHA <C;M?M C>?HNCe?>

<S "FM;MM?L  ;M CH>C=;N?> CH 0?=NCIH  ,HFS AFI<;F ;H> MJ?

=Ce= L?JFS JLI<;<CFCNC?M =IOF> HIN <? >?>O=?> @LIG L?F;NCP? @L?KO?H=C?M

QBC=B =;H <? >CML?A;L>?> ;M JLIJIM?> <S ?LH;NB ?N ;F  &H ;>>C

NCIH @ONOL? L?M?;L=B =IOF> CHP?MNCA;N? NB? JL?@?L?H=? @IL # NBLIOABION

NB? S?;L ;M JLIJIM?> <S )OJJ ?N ;F  L;NB?L NB;H N;ECHA ; N?G

JIL;F MH;JMBIN I@ M?P?L;F GIHNBM IL >;SM #IL ?R;GJF? NB? JL?@?L?H=?

IL ?GINCIH;F MN;N? I@ NB? M;G? PCMCNIL G;S =B;HA? NBLIOABION NB? S?;L

;H> NBOM NB? ?HPCLIHG?HN;F J?L=?JNCIH I@ NB? PCMCNIL G;S P;LS ,L NB?

PCMCNIL ALIOJM ;H> NB?CL =IGJIMCNCIH G;S >C@@?L <?NQ??H >C@@?L?HN J?LC

I>M I@ NB? S?;L %?L? J;H?F MNO>C?M =IOF> CGJLIP? NB? KO;FCNS I@ ;MM?MM

G?HNM QCNB L?MJ?=N NI N?GJIL;F P;LC;<CFCNS -L?@?L?H=?M @IL # <?NQ??H

=IHC@?LIOM ;H> >?=C>OIOM @IL?MNM ;L? FCE?FS GIL? JLIHIOH=?> <?NQ??H

QCHN?L ;H> MJLCHA fIQ?LCHA IL ;ONOGH @IFC;A? %IQ?P?L /S><?LA ;H>

#;F=E  JL?>C=N?> =IHMC>?L;<F? >C@@?L?H=?M CH @IL?MN ;?MNB?NC=M @IL

;FF M?;MIHM 1B?L?@IL? ; GIL? =IGJL?B?HMCP? MNO>S =IHMC>?LCHA ;FF M?;

MIHM =IOF> =IGJF?G?HN IOL eH>CHAM

IHMC>?LCHA NB? =IGJIMCNCIH I@ @IL?MN PCMCNILM Q? C>?HNCe?> >C@@?L

?HN L?MJIHM? JLI<;<CFCNC?M ;M MBIQH CH 1;<F?  1I ;>>L?MM NBCM CMMO? @IL

NB? G;JJCHA I@ PCMCNIL ALIOJM Q? OM?> NB?M? JLIJILNCIHM NI Q?CABN NB?

G;JJ?> J;NBQ;SM %IQ?P?L Q? >C> HIN Q?CABN NB? PCMCNIL ALIOJM CH NB?

L?AL?MMCIH ;H;FSMCM .OIN;M =IOF> <? CHMN;N?> NI ?HMOL? NB;N NB? MOLP?S?>

J;LNC=CJ;HNM ;L? ; L?JL?M?HN;NCP? M;GJF? I@ ;FF PCMCNILM 1B? GOFNCJF? ;=

=?MM JICHNM ;FIHA NB? @IL?MN ?>A?M GCABN CGJ?>? MO=B CGJF?G?HN;NCIH

;M >C@@?L?HN KOIN;M @IL ?;=B JICHN QIOF> NB?IL?NC=;FFS <? H??>?> ?A

GIL? =S=FCMNM ;FIHA G;DIL <CE? J;NBQ;SM

/?A;L>CHA NB? NB?G;NC= M=IJ? Q? ?RJFC=CNFS ;ME?> @IL @IL?MN PCMCNILM

L;NCHAM I@ #M 4? >C> HIN ;ME NB?G NI L;N? >CMNOL<;H=?M IL >CMM?LPC=?M

?A >IH? <S 1SLPXCH?H ?N ;F  %IQ?P?L Q? ;ME?> @IL?MN PCMCNILM

@IL L?;MIHM QBS ; MG;FF?L @L;=NCIH I@ PCMCNILM  NSJC=;FFS ;PIC>M

=?LN;CH JF;=?M 4? =IOF> C>?HNC@S NB;N >CMNOL<;H=?M>CMM?LPC=?M GIMNFS

;LIM? @LIG BOG;H >CMNOL<;H=? =LIQ>CHA >IAM PIC>;H=? Q;M ;FMI

?RJF;CH?> J;LNFS NBLIOAB @?;L ;H> OH?;MCH?MM QBC=B =;H <? L?F;N?> NI

INB?L J?IJF? ;H> @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M <ON QCNBION ; =F?;L FCHE #IL

?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M B;P? B;L>FS <??H G?HNCIH?> ;M L?;MIH @IL ;PIC>CHA

JF;=?M %?L? @ONOL? L?M?;L=B =IOF> CHP?MNCA;N? CHN?L;=NCIHM <?NQ??H NB?

I==OLL?H=? I@ # ;H> NB? CGJ;=N I@ >CMM?LPC=?M ;H> >CMNOL<;H=?M

#ONOL? L?M?;L=B =IOF> ;FMI CGJF?G?HN MJ;NC;F ;MM?MMG?HNM ;N F;LA?L

M=;F?M ?A H;NCIH;F ;MM?MMG?HNM 1BCM QIOF> L?KOCL? MOLP?SCHA ;H CH

=L?;M?> HOG<?L I@ PCMCNILM #IL ?R;GJF? CN GCABN <? MOCN;<F? NI OM? H?Q

>;N; =IFF?=NCIH ;JJLI;=B?M MO=B ;M MG;LNJBIH? ;JJFC=;NCIHM NI L?>O=?

NB? ?@@ILN J?L PCMCNIL QBC=B MBIOF> ;FFIQ G;JJCHA # ;H> "00 CH ; MJ;

NC;FFS ?RJFC=CN G;HH?L 0CFP; ?N ;F  1B? ;==?MMC<CFCNS ;H> NB? L?J

L?M?HN;NCP?H?MM I@ PCMCNIL ALIOJM G;S J?LMCMN ;M JLI<F?G %?L? Q? M??

G;DIL =B;FF?HA?M L?A;L>CHA C NB? ;==?MMC<CFCNS I@ PCMCNIL ALIOJM ;M PCM

CNILM QIOF> H??> MG;LNJBIH?M ;H> ; GINCP;NCIH NI OM? NB? ;JJFC=;NCIH

#IL ?R;GJF? CN GCABN N;E? NCG? OHNCF NB? G;DILCNS I@ ;FF ;A? ALIOJM C?

IF>?L PCMCNILM OM?M MG;LNJBIH?M NI ; F;LA? ?RN?HN CC 1B? ;==?JN;H=?

GCABN ;FMI JIM? ; JLI<F?G ;M PCMCNILM G;S JL?@?L HIN NI NL;=E NB?CL J;NB

&H ;>>CNCIH =CNCT?H M=C?HNCMNM H??> ; L?Q;L> IL ; GINCP;NCIH @IL MB;L

CHA NB?CL L?=L?;NCIH B;<CNM ;H> NL;=EM (L;MHS /OMM 1C><;FF  "FGKPCMN

 4? ?RJ?=N NB? GINCP;NCIH NI L?=IL> # NI <? FIQ?L =IGJ;L?> NI

J?IJF? MJINNCHA ;HCG;FM IL L;L? JF;HNM QBC=B B;M ; FIHA NL;>CNCIH ;H>

?MN;<FCMB?> GIHCNILCHA JLINI=IFM 0ONB?LF;H> /IS  G;HI 

5. Conclusions

,OL eH>CHAM CH>C=;N? ; A;J <?NQ??H NB? L?;FCT?> IHMCN? L?=L?;NCIH

>?LCP?> @LIG KO?MNCIHH;CL?M ;H> ;H C>?;F I@ L?=L?;NCIH <;M?> IH MI=C

?N;F >?MCL?M ;H> JL?@?L?H=?M ?RJ?=N?> <S ?RJ?LNM ;M?NL? ?N ;F 



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

">Q;L>M ?N ;F ; "LCEMMIH  +IL>FOH>  '?HM?H  (I=B

 ,OL L?MOFNM MBIQ?> NB;N L?=L?;NCIH I@ NB? FI=;F JIJOF;NCIH CM

BCABFS >LCP?H <S L?F;R;NCIH QBC=B CGJFC?M ; L?>O=?> ;NN?HNCIH ;H> FCNNF?

L?A;L> @IL MJ?=Ce= @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M $?H?L;F ;MJ?=NM FCE? NB? JOL?

JLIPCMCIH I@ MJ;=? =FCG;N? L?AOF;NCIH IL NB? ;<M?H=? I@ HICM? M??G NI <?

GIL? CGJILN;HN @IL?MN @?;NOL?M &H IOL MNO>S ?RNL; MNLO=NOL?M FCE? =;H;FM

;L? ;JJL?=C;N?> ;M >CP?LMCe=;NCIH ?P?H C@ NB?S ;L? HIN CGG?>C;N? ;NNLC<

ON?M I@ NB? @IL?MN ?=IMSMN?G

MMOGCHA FCGCN?> L?MIOL=?M @IL NB? FI=;F @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN ?@@ILNM

G;>? CH NB? @IFFIQCHA IL>?L GCABN <? L?;MIH;<F? eLMN @IL?MN G;H;A?

G?HN CH $?LG;HS GOMN =IHMC>?L L?=L?;NCIH;F OM? <?=;OM? I@ NB? F?A;F

>ONS NI ;PIC> LCMEM -?N?LMIH  %LIH?E  <?SIH> ; =?LN;CH H;N

OL;F ?H>;HA?LG?HN ?A ; @IL?MN?L H??>M NI ?HMOL? NB;N PCMCNILM ;L? HIN

M?P?L?FS CHDOL?> >OLCHA NB?CL PCMCN IH J;NBQ;SM &H N?LGM I@ NB? "00

=IH=?JN CH NBCM CM ?R;GJF? JIN?HNC;F >CMM?LPC=?M !I<<M ?N ;F 

)SSNCGXEC  0CJCFX  0B;=EF?NIH ?N ;F  PIH !]BL?H  %;;M?

 H??> NI <? JLI;=NCP?FS GCHCGCT?> NI M?=OL? NB? JLIPCMCIH I@ ;H

INB?L M?LPC=? L?=L?;NCIH 0?=IH> FI=;F G;H;A?G?HN MBIOF> @I=OM IH

NB? ;PIC>;H=? I@ HOCM;H=?M FCE? HICM? IL JIIL J;NBQ;S =IH>CNCIHM 1BCM

GCABN CH=FO>? NB? ;PIC>;H=? I@ =IHfC=NM <?NQ??H >C@@?L?HN PCMCNIL ALIOJM

LH<?LA?L  *;HH  4CFE?MFF?G;HH ?N ;F  FNBIOAB NBCM

>C> HIN N;E? JF;=? CH IOL MNO>S ;L?; =LIQ>CHA Q;M I<M?LP?> 1BCL> ?P?H

C@ ?RNL; MNLO=NOL?M FCE? NB? BCMNILC= =;H;FM CH IOL MNO>S ;L?; ;L? IONMC>?

@IL?MN G;H;A?G?HNM’L?MJIHMC<CFCNS CN M??GM CGJILN;HN NI G;CHN;CH ;H>

JLIGIN? NB?G ?MJ?=C;FFS C@ NB?S ;L? FCHE?> NI INB?L "00 IL # ?A =OF

NOL;F B?LCN;A? #IOLNB @IMN?LCHA MJ?=Ce= @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M ;H> MNLO=

NOL?M =;HHIN <? M??H ;M ; JL?@?L?HNC;F AI;F CH =IHH?=NCIH QCNB NB? JLIPC

MCIH I@ ;FF L?=L?;NCIH;F # 1B? GOFNCNO>? I@ # ;H> NB? >LCPCHA GINCP;

NCIH I@ J;NBQ;S =BIC=? Q?L? HIN =IHMC>?L;<FS >LCP?H <S @IL?MN =B;L;=

N?LCMNC=M +?P?LNB?F?MM NB?L? ;L? L?;MIHM NI CH=L?;M? <CI>CP?LMCNS ;H> NB?

>CP?LMCNS I@ "00 !;HC?F ?N ;F  0=B;FF ?N ;F  P;H >?L -F;M ?N

;F  QBC=B MBIOF> <? JOLMO?> <S ; GI>?LH GOFNC@OH=NCIH;F @IL?MN

?=IMSMN?G G;H;A?G?HN

4? A?H?L;FFS ;AL?? QCNB '?HM?H  (I=B  NB;N NB?L? CM HI ;P

?L;A? @IL?MN PCMCNIL ;H> ; QC>? L;HA? I@ ;FN?LH;NCP?M CM H?=?MM;LS NI M;N

CM@S G;HS J?IJF?’M H??>M )I=;F @IL?MN PCMCNILM CH IOL MNO>S M??G?> NI <?

?P?HN?GJ?L?> ;M FIHA ;M NB? @IL?MN JLIPC>?M MIG? <;MC= <?H?eNM 1BCM

=L?;N?M f?RC<CFCNS ;H> IJNCIHM @IL @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN

Acknowledgments

1BCM QILE Q;M J;LNFS @OH>?> <S NB? #IOH>;NCIH @IL #IL?MN /?M?;L=B

CH ;P;LC; 1B? ;ONBILM NB;HE NB? @IL?MN ;>GCHCMNL;NCIH I@ NB? =CNS I@

OAM<OLA ;H> 0;GO?F *]MMH?L @LIG NB? 2HCP?LMCNS I@ *^HMN?L @IL NB?CL

MOJJILN ?SIH> Q? NB;HE ;FF MNO>?HNM @LIG NB? 2HCP?LMCNS I@ *OHC=B

)*2 NB? 2HCP?LMCNS I@ OAM<OLA ;H> =IFF?;AO?M @LIG NB? ;P;LC;H

0N;N? &HMNCNON? I@ #IL?MNLS @IL NB?CL MOJJILN CH >;N; =IFF?=NCIH ?SIH>

NB? ;ONBILM QIOF> FCE? NI NB;HE 2FLC=B 0N?NN?L @IL NB? JL?J;L;NCIH I@ M?P

?L;F G;JM ;H> MJ;NC;F >;N; ;H> *;LC?"P? /CHAF?L 1I<C;M ?S?L ;H>

;LIFCH; %IH?LN @IL >;N; JL?J;L;NCIH 1B? ;ONBILM ;L? ?KO;FFS AL;N?@OF

@IL NB? B?FJ@OF MOAA?MNCIHM @LIG NBL?? ;HIHSGIOM L?PC?Q?LM ;H> (;L?H

$LIMMEL?ONT @IL JIFCMBCHA NB? F;HAO;A?

Appendix A. Supplementary data

0OJJF?G?HN;LS >;N; NI NBCM ;LNC=F? =;H <? @IOH> IHFCH? ;N BNNJM

>ICILADF;H>OL<JF;H 

References

;M?NL? ' $OH>?LM?H 3 3CMN;> ,& %IFNLIJ "'  /?=L?;NCIH;F JL?@?L?H=?M ;FIHA

; H;NOL;FH?MM>?P?FIJG?HN =IHNCHOOG /?MOFNM @LIG MOLP?SM CH NQI OH?KO;F OL<;H

@IL?MNM CH "OLIJ? 'IOLH;F I@ ,ON>IIL /?=L?;NCIH ;H> 1IOLCMG  – BNNJM>IC

ILADDILN 

<CS * ;OG  ?LA?H - FOG * BG;L; 0 "HMCHA?L ( … 4OLMN?L * 

)?CN@;>?H TOL (;LNC?LOHA >?L 0=BONT OH> "LBIFOHAM@OHENCIH >?M 4;F>?M 4;F>@OHENCI

H?HE;LNC?LOHA 4#(

ACG;MM # )OH>B?>? 1 -;H>OLI 1" ';=I<M?H '  1B? =BIC=? I@ @IL?MN MCN?

@IL L?=L?;NCIH  L?P?;F?> JL?@?L?H=? ;H;FSMCM OMCHA MJ;NC;F >;N; "=IMSMN?G 0?LPC=?M

 – BNNJM>ICILAD?=IM?L 

GG?L 2 -L]<MNF 2  #L?CT?CN OH> +;NOL -LI<F?G? OH> )]MOHAMG]AFC=BE?CN?H

?CH?L ]EIFIACM=B P?LNLXAFC=B?H #L?CT?CNHONTOHA  GCN  1;<?FF?H

LH<?LA?L   /?=L?;NCIH OM? I@ OL<;H @IL?MNM H CHN?L;L?; =IGJ;LCMIH 2L<;H

#IL?MNLS  2L<;H $L??HCHA  – – BNNJM>ICILADO@OA

 

LH<?LA?L  L;H>?H<OLA   -;MN IHMCN? ?RJ?LC?H=? =LIQ>CHA J?L=?JNCIHM ;H>

OM? >CMJF;=?G?HN I@ PCMCNIL ALIOJM NI ; J?LCOL<;H H;NCIH;F J;LE "HPCLIHG?HN;F *;H

;A?G?HN   – BNNJM>ICILAM 

LH<?LA?L  "<?H<?LA?L * 0=BH?C>?L &" INNL?FF 0 0=BFO?N?L   PIH

/OM=BEIQMEC " …$I<MN?L -%  3CMCNIL JL?@?L?H=?M @IL PCMO;F =B;HA?M CH <;LE

<??NF?CGJ;=N?> @IL?MN L?=L?;NCIH M?NNCHAM CH NB? OHCN?> MN;N?M ;H> $?LG;HS "HPCLIH

G?HN;F G;H;A?G?HN   – BNNJM>ICILAM



LH<?LA?L  %CHN?L<?LA?L   3CMCNIL GIHCNILCHA G?NBI>M @IL G;H;ACHA JO<FC= OM?

JL?MMOL?M CH NB? !;HO<? #FII>JF;CHM +;NCIH;F -;LE OMNLC; 'IOLH;F @IL +;NOL? IH

M?LP;NCIH   – BNNJM>ICILA 

LH<?LA?L  *;HH   LIQ>CHA CH "OLIJ?;H @IL?MNM  L?PC?Q I@ L?=?HN L?M?;L=B

;H> CGJFC=;NCIHM @IL @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN ;H> JIFC=S #IL?MNLS   – BNNJM

>ICILA@IL?MNLS=JH 

LIH  LIH " IOJM "'  0N;NCMNC=M @IL JMS=BIFIAS NB ?> -?;LMIH -L?HNC=?

%;FF 2JJ?L 0;>>F? /CP?L +'

;S?LCM=B? 3?LG?MMOHAMP?LQ;FNOHA  1(&0;MCM!)* BNNJQQQA?I>;N?H

<;S?LH>?IA=IA=:;NECM:>FG=AC ==?MM?>  OAOMN 

?HH?NN "* -?N?LMIH $! $IL>IH )'  2H>?LMN;H>CHA L?F;NCIHMBCJM ;GIHA

GOFNCJF? ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M "=IFIAS )?NN?LM   – BNNJM>ICILA

DR 

?LH;NB ( "FM;MM?L - /IM=B?QCNT   /?>OENCIH MSMN?G;NCM=B?L OH> TO@;FFM<?

>CHAN?L #?BF?L CH 6C?FA?<C?NM>;N?H 1B?ILC? OH> ?GJCLCM=B? "LA?<HCMM? ?CH?L 4;F><?

MO=B?L<?@L;AOHA CH 6^LC=B #'6   –

C<?L - ILA?M ' *IMB;GG?L / ;LL?CLI 0 IN?KOCG  LI>L?=BNIPW 5 …

0;FFHXM ,  %IQ M?HMCNCP? ;L? ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M CH "OLIJ?;H @IL?MN F;H>

M=;J?M NI MCFPC=OFNOL;F NL?;NG?HN #IL?MNM   – BNNJM>ICILA

@ 

IFOH> - %OHB;GG;L 0  "=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M CH OL<;H ;L?;M "=IFIAC=;F "=IHIG

C=M   – BNNJM>ICILA0 

ILL;MM ) (F?CHM=BGCN ! 4CHE?F $  1B? “$?LG;H GI>?F”I@ CHN?AL;NCP? GOFNC

@OH=NCIH;F @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN—H;FSMCHA NB? ?G?LA?H=? ;H> JIFCNC=;F ?PIFONCIH I@ ;

@IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN =IH=?JN #IL?MN -IFC=S ;H> "=IHIGC=M  – BNNJM>ICILA

D@ILJIF 

OLEB;L>  (;H>TCIL; * %IO 5 *^FF?L #  "=IMSMN?G 0?LPC=? -IN?HNC;FM #FIQM

;H> !?G;H>M – IH=?JNM @IL 0J;NC;F )I=;FCM;NCIH &H>C=;NCIH ;H> .O;HNCe=;NCIH ),

– BNNJM>ICILA), 

CNS I@ OAM<OLA  0N;>NQ;F> OAM<OLA –"LBIFOHA LOH> OG )?=B OH> 4?LN;=B BNNJ

QQQ;OAM<OLA>?@L?CT?CN;OMfOAMTC?F?MN;>NQ;F> ==?MM?>  OAOMN 

!;HC?F 1  *OB;L  LH<?LA?L  TH;L , IS> '4 B;H (;C *  …PIH

>?L !OHE H>L?;M  IHNLC<ONCIHM I@ =OFNOL;F M?LPC=?M NI NB? ?=IMSMN?G M?L

PC=?M ;A?H>; -LI=??>CHAM I@ NB? +;NCIH;F =;>?GS I@ 0=C?H=?M I@ NB? 2HCN?> 0N;N?M I@

G?LC=;   – BNNJM>ICILAJH;M 

>? $LIIN /0 FE?G;>? / L;;N ) %?CH ) 4CFF?G?H )  B;FF?HA?M CH CHN?

AL;NCHA NB? =IH=?JN I@ ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M ;H> P;FO?M CH F;H>M=;J? JF;HHCHA G;H;A?

G?HN ;H> >?=CMCIH G;ECHA "=IFIAC=;F IGJF?RCNS   – BNNJM>ICILA

D?=I=IG 

/ !?P?FIJG?HN IL? 1?;G  / ; F;HAO;A? ;H> ?HPCLIHG?HN @IL MN;NCMNC=;F =IGJON

CHA BNNJLJLID?=NILA ==?MM?>  OAOMN 

!I<<M  (?H>;F ! +CNM=BE? /  *OFNCJF? ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M ;H> >CMM?LPC=?M I@

NB? OL<;H @IL?MN ?MN;<FCMBCHA NB?CL =IHH?=NCIHM QCNB F;H>M=;J? MNLO=NOL? ;H> MI=CI>?

GIAL;JBC=M "=IFIAC=;F &H>C=;NILM  – BNNJM>ICILAD?=IFCH>

 

!OH=E?L -0 /;OFOH>/;MGOMM?H ( $OH>?LM?H - (;NT?HMN?CH?L ( >? 'IHA ' /;PH

%- …0JC?=E?L %  %IQ @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN ;@@?=NM ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M CH

=FO>CHA NCG<?L JLI>O=NCIH ;H> ?=IHIGC= L?NOLH 0SH?LAC?M ;H> NL;>?IgM "0  

BNNJM>ICILA"0 

">Q;L>M ! ';S * '?HM?H #0 )O=;M  *;LT;HI * *IHN;AH  …4?CMM $ 

-O<FC= JL?@?L?H=?M @IL MNLO=NOL;F ;NNLC<ON?M I@ @IL?MNM 1IQ;L>M ; J;H"OLIJ?;H J?L

MJ?=NCP? #IL?MN -IFC=S ;H> "=IHIGC=M  – BNNJM>ICILAD@ILJIF

 



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

">Q;L>M !* ';S * '?HM?H #0 )O=;M  *;LT;HI * *IHN;AHY  …4?CMM

$  -O<FC= JL?@?L?H=?M ;=LIMM "OLIJ? @IL >C@@?L?HN @IL?MN MN;H> NSJ?M ;M MCN?M @IL

L?=L?;NCIH "0   BNNJM>ICILA"0 

"FM;MM?L -  -LI<F?G? >?L 0NC=BJLI<?H;OMQ;BF OH> >?L /?JLXM?HN;NCPCNXN <?C

(*2G@L;A?H &H "FM;MM?L - *?S?LBIg ' ">M VEIHIGCM=B? ?Q?LNOHA PIH

2GQ?FNA^N?LH *?NBI>?H@L;A?H TOL EIHNCHA?HN?H ?Q?LNOHA OH> JL;ENCM=B? "L

@;BLOHA?H CG >?ONM=BMJL;=BCA?H /;OG *?NLIJIFCM3?LF *;L<OLA JJ –

"FM;MM?L -  0NLOENOL ?MO=BMGINCP? OH> "LQ;LNOHA?H PIH 4;F><?MO=B?LH ?CH? ?G

JCLCM=B? 0NO>C? CH >?L /?ACIH %;G<OLA L<?CNM<?LC=BN >?M &HMNCNONM @^L VEIHIGC?

%;G<OLA

"LCEMMIH ) +IL>FOH>   %IQ CM M?NNCHA JL?@?L?H=? L?F;N?> NI CHN?HNCIH NI ?HA;A?

CH @IL?MN L?=L?;NCIH ;=NCPCNC?M 2L<;H #IL?MNLS  2L<;H $L??HCHA   –

BNNJM>ICILADO@OA 

"0/&  L=$&0 !?MENIJ /?F?;M? 

#CFSOMBECH;  ACG;MM # )OH>B?>? 1 0NL;HA? + ';=I<M?H '  -L?@?L?H=?M

@IL P;LC;NCIH CH @IL?MN =B;L;=N?LCMNC=M !I?M >CP?LMCNS <?NQ??H MN;H>M G;NN?L "=IFIAC

=;F "=IHIGC=M  – BNNJM>ICILAD?=IF?=IH 

#CM=B?L ' <MIH !' P;H ONMC= B;JJ?FF *' "ELIIM ' %;HMJ;=B ' …4?BL>?H

PIH %  );H> 0J;LCHA 3?LMOM );H> 0B;LCHA *IPCHA #ILQ;L> IHM?LP;NCIH )?N

N?LM   – BNNJM>ICILA=IHF 

#CMB?L  1OLH?L /( *ILFCHA -  !?eHCHA ;H> =F;MMC@SCHA ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M @IL

>?=CMCIH G;ECHA "=IFIAC=;F "=IHIGC=M   – BNNJM>ICILAD

?=IF?=IH 

$;L=[;+C?NI - $;L=[;)FIL?HN? * &HC?MN;L;H>C; & *;LN[H)\J?T   *;J

JCHA @IL?MN ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M #LIG JLIPC>CHA OHCNM NI <?H?e=C;LC?M "=IMSMN?G 0?L

PC=?M  – BNNJM>ICILAD?=IM?L 

$I<MN?L -% +;MM;O?L '& !;HC?F 1  #LS $  1B? MB;L?> F;H>M=;J? 4B;N >I?M

;?MNB?NC=M B;P? NI >I QCNB ?=IFIAS );H>M=;J? "=IFIAS   – BNNJM>IC

ILAMR 

$LZN/?A;G?S  LOHH?L 0% FNQ?AA ' BLCMN?H * ?<C -  &HN?AL;NCHA "R

J?LN (HIQF?>A? CHNI *;JJCHA "=IMSMN?G 0?LPC=?M 1L;>?IgM @IL 0OMN;CH;<F? #IL?MN

*;H;A?G?HN "0   BNNJM>ICILA"0 

$OH>?LM?H 30 #LCPIF> )%  -O<FC= JL?@?L?H=?M @IL @IL?MN MNLO=NOL?M  L?PC?Q

I@ KO;HNCN;NCP? MOLP?SM @LIG #CHF;H> +ILQ;S ;H> 0Q?>?H 2L<;H #IL?MNLS  2L<;H

$L??HCHA   – BNNJM>ICILADO@OA 

%;;M? ! );LIH>?FF? + H>?LMMIH " LNG;HH * ILAMNL]G 0 L?OMN? ' …

"FGKPCMN 1   KO;HNCN;NCP? L?PC?Q I@ OL<;H ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=? ;MM?MMG?HNM

IH=?JNM GI>?FM ;H> CGJF?G?HN;NCIH G<CI   – BNNJM>ICILA

M 

%;CH?M5IOHA / -INM=BCH *  IGGIH &HN?LH;NCIH;F F;MMCe=;NCIH I@ "=IMSMN?G

0?LPC=?M  & "0 IHMOFN;NCIH IH 3?LMCIH  OAOMN  !?=?G<?L  /?JILN NI NB?

"OLIJ?;H "HPCLIHG?HN A?H=S

%;OLO ( (IMECH?H 0 (INT? !' )?BPXPCLN; 0  1B? ?@@?=NM I@ >?=;SCHA FIAM IH

NB? ;?MNB?NC= ?RJ?LC?H=? ;H> ;==?JN;<CFCNS I@ OL<;H @IL?MNM –&GJFC=;NCIHM @IL @IL?MN

G;H;A?G?HN );H>M=;J? ;H> 2L<;H -F;HHCHA  – BNNJM>ICILA

DF;H>OL<JF;H 

%?A?NM=BQ?CF?L (1 >? 3LC?M 0 LH<?LA?L  ?FF 0 L?HH;H * 0CN?L + …%OH

TCE?L *  )CHECHA >?G;H> ;H> MOJJFS @;=NILM CH C>?HNC@SCHA =OFNOL;F ?=IMSMN?G

M?LPC=?M I@ OL<;H AL??H CH@L;MNLO=NOL?M  L?PC?Q I@ "OLIJ?;H MNO>C?M 2L<;H #IL?MNLS

 2L<;H $L??HCHA  – BNNJM>ICILADO@OA 

%?A?NM=BQ?CF?L (1 -FOG  #CM=B?L  LXH>FC 2 $CHTF?L  %OHTCE?L * 

1IQ;L>M ; =IGJL?B?HMCP? MI=C;F ;H> H;NOL;F M=C?HNCe= @IL?MNL?=L?;NCIH GIHCNILCHA CH

MNLOG?HN— JLININSJC=;F ;JJLI;=B );H>M=;J? ;H> 2L<;H -F;HHCHA  – BNNJM

>ICILADF;H>OL<JF;H 

%OHTCE?L * )CH>?LH " PIH ;O?L + #LC=E '  !;M 3?LBXFNHCM >?L 0=BQ?CT?L

?P]FE?LOHA TOG 4;F> 4;F>GIHCNILCHA MITCIEOFNOL?FF 4?CN?L?HNQC=EFOHA OH>

TQ?CN? "LB?<OHA  4;*IM  "C>A #ILM=BOHAM;HMN;FN @^L 4;F> 0=BH?? OH> );H>M=B;@N

40) CLG?HM>IL@

'?HM?H #0 (I=B +"  *?;MOLCHA @IL?MN JL?@?L?H=?M I@ NB? JIJOF;NCIH – !;HCMB

;JJLI;=B  0QCMM #IL?MNLS 'IOLH;F   –

(C?H;MN # !?A?HB;L>N  4?CF?HG;HH  4XA?L 5 O=B?=E?L *  $&0;MMCMN?>

G;JJCHA I@ F;H>M=;J? MOCN;<CFCNS @IL H?;L<S L?=L?;NCIH );H>M=;J? ;H> 2L<;H -F;H

HCHA   – BNNJM>ICILADF;H>OL<JF;H 

(L;MHS *" /OMM  1C><;FF ($ "FGKPCMN 1  CPC= ?=IFIAS JL;=NC=?M -;LNC=CJ;

NILS ;JJLI;=B?M NI A?H?L;NCHA ;H> G?;MOLCHA ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M CH =CNC?M "=IMSMN?G

0?LPC=?M  – BNNJM>ICILAD?=IM?L 

);@IH> 3 IL>IHHC?L 1 *;I 6 IOL<;O>   1L;>?IgM ;H> MSH?LAC?M <?NQ??H

?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M CH OH?P?H;A?> GIOHN;CH @IL?MNM "PC>?H=?M OMCHA -;L?NI @LIHNM

"OLIJ?;H 'IOLH;F I@ #IL?MN /?M?;L=B  – – BNNJM>ICILA

M 

);LIH>?FF? + %;;M? !  2L<;H ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M ;MM?MMG?HN ;FIHA ; LOL;F–OL<;H

AL;>C?HN  =LIMM;H;FSMCM I@ "OLIJ?;H =CNC?M "=IFIAC=;F &H>C=;NILM  – BNNJM

>ICILAD?=IFCH> 

);LIH>?FF? + %;;M? !  ;=E NI H;NOL? ,L HIN 2L<;H >Q?FF?LM ;H> NB?CL @IL?MN

CH <?LFCH 2L<;H "=IMSMN?G   BNNJM>ICILAM 

)@0N;N  ?P]FE?LOHA (L?CM? $?M=BF?=BN +;NCIH;FCNXN 0NC=BN;A L BNNJM

QQQMN;NCMNCE>;N?H<;S?LH>?A?H?MCMIHFCH?F;HAO;A?>?

M?KO?HT1;<?FF?"LA?<HCMM?F?=NCIHH;G?L ==?MM?>  OAOMN 

)I>?L?L   !C? ?MCNTA?M=BC=BN? OH> ?MCNTP?LQ;FNOHA >?L OAM<OLA?L 0N;>NQ;F

>OHA?H "CH ?CNL;A TOL OAM<OLA?L 0N;>NA?M=BC=BN? !CMM?LN;NCIH *^H=B?H

)IOL?CLI *) !IGCHAO?T L=IM #  JJFSCHA ?MN4ILMN 0=;FCHA CH ; MN;N?> JL?@

?L?H=? ;H;FSMCM I@ @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN JLIAL;GM 'IOLH;F I@ #IL?MN "=IHIGC=M  

– BNNJM>ICILADD@? 

)OJJ $ #]LMN?L  (;HN?F<?LA 3 *;LEG;HH 1 +;OG;HH ' %IH?LN  …-;OF?CN

0  MM?MMCHA NB? L?=L?;NCIH P;FO? I@ OL<;H QII>F;H> OMCHA NB? ?=IMSMN?G M?L

PC=? ;JJLI;=B CH NQI @IL?MNM CH NB? GOHC=B G?NLIJIFCN;H L?ACIH 0OMN;CH;<CFCNS  

 BNNJM>ICILAMO 

)SSNCGXEC ' 0CJCFX *  %IJJCHA IH IH? F?A –1B? =B;FF?HA? I@ ?=IMSMN?G >CMM?L

PC=?M @IL OL<;H AL??H G;H;A?G?HN 2L<;H #IL?MNLS  2L<;H $L??HCHA   –

BNNJM>ICILADO@OA 

*;HH  <MB?L '!  /?=L?;NCIH =IHfC=N JIN?HNC;F ;H> G;H;A?G?HN CGJFC=;NCIHM

CH NB? HILNB?LH=?HNL;F F;=E #IL?MN +;NOL? -;LE 'IOLH;F I@ "HPCLIHG?HN;F -F;HHCHA

;H> *;H;A?G?HN   – BNNJM>ICILA



*"  "=IMSMN?GM ;H> BOG;H Q?FF<?CHA 0SHNB?MCM 1B? GCFF?HHCOG ?=IMSMN?G ;M

M?MMG?HN M?LC?M &MF;H> -L?MM 4;MBCHANIH ! 

*?S?L * 0=BOFT   !I ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M JLIPC>? ;H ;>>?> P;FO? =IGJ;L?> NI

?RCMNCHA @IL?MN JF;HHCHA ;JJLI;=B?M CH ?HNL;F "OLIJ? "0   

,>?  #LS $   GI>?F @IL KO;HNC@SCHA ;H> JL?>C=NCHA OL<;H JL?MMOL? IH QII>

F;H> );H>M=;J? ;H> 2L<;H -F;HHCHA  – – BNNJM>ICILAD

F;H>OL<JF;H 

-;L;==BCHC *) 6OFC;H $ (IJJ?LICH?H ) *;?M ' 0=BXAH?L '- 1?LG;HM?H *

…C>IAFCI $  *;JJCHA =OFNOL;F ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M  @L;G?QILE NI ;MM?MM

NB? JIN?HNC;F @IL ION>IIL L?=L?;NCIH ;=LIMM NB? "2 "=IFIAC=;F &H>C=;NILM  –

BNNJM>ICILAD?=IFCH> 

-;MNIL?FF; # P>;ACc  d;<;L;P>Cc  *L;EIPCc  ,MG;HIPCc * -;F?NNI  

1IOLCMNM’J?L=?JNCIH I@ >?;>QII> CH GIOHN;CH @IL?MNM HH;FM I@ #IL?MN /?M?;L=B 

 – BNNJM>ICILA;@L 

-?N?LMIH ' %LIH?E   /CME G;H;A?G?HN @IL J;LE L?=L?;NCIH ;H> F?CMOL? M?L

PC=?M NB ?> 0;A;GIL? -O< 2L<;H; &)

-FC?HCHA?L 1 !CDEM 0 ,N?LIM/IT;M " C?FCHA   MM?MMCHA G;JJCHA ;H> KO;H

NC@SCHA =OFNOL;F ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M ;N =IGGOHCNS F?P?F );H> 2M? -IFC=S  –

BNNJM>ICILADF;H>OM?JIF 

/;=?PMECM ) )OJC #  IGJ;LCHA 2L<;H ;H> /OL;F -?L=?JNCIHM I@ ;H> #;GCFC;L

CNS 4CNB NB? *;H;A?G?HN I@ #IL?MN "=IMSMN?GM 0I=C?NS  +;NOL;F /?MIOL=?M  

– BNNJM>ICILA 

/C<? /$  1B? ;?MNB?NC=M I@ @IL?MNLS 4B;N B;M ?GJCLC=;F JL?@?L?H=? L?M?;L=B

N;OABN OM "HPCLIHG?HN;F G;H;A?G?HN   – BNNJM>ICILA

# 

/C<? /$  &HMN;H> M=?HC= <?;ONS I@ P;LC;<F? L?N?HNCIH B;LP?MNM ;H> G;NOL? @IL?MNM

CH NB? 20 -;=Ce= +ILNBQ?MN 1B? ?@@?=NM I@ <;M;F ;L?; >?HMCNS L?N?HNCIH J;NN?LH ;H>

>IQH QII> 'IOLH;F I@ ?HPCLIHG?HN;F G;H;A?G?HN   – BNNJM>ICILA

DD?HPG;H 

/S><?LA ! #;F=E '  2L<;H @IL?MNLS CH 0Q?>?H @LIG ; MCFPC=OFNOL;F J?LMJ?=NCP?

 L?PC?Q );H>M=;J? ;H> 2L<;H -F;HHCHA  – – BNNJM>ICILA

0 

0=B;FF - $IMMH?L ** %?CHLC=BM 0 #CM=B?L * I=B 0 -L;NC ! …*ILC  

1B? CGJ;=N I@ ?P?H;A?> ;H> OH?P?H;A?> @IL?MN G;H;A?G?HN IH L?ACIH;F <CI>CP?LMCNS

I@ GOFNCJF? N;R; CH "OLIJ?;H <??=B @IL?MNM 'IOLH;F I@ JJFC?> "=IFIAS  

BNNJM>ICILA 

0=BL;O>S * -?CNTM=B '  "LQ?CN?LN? 6QCM=B?HL?PCMCIH TOG #ILMNQCLNM=B;@NMJF;H

@^L >?H 0N;>NQ;F> OAM<OLA ?NLC?<MEF;MM? );H>Q;F>  !CHE?FM=B?L<?H

0=BL;O>S *  #ILMNQCLNM=B;@NMJF;H @^L >?H 0N;>NQ;F> OAM<OLA ?NLC?<MEF;MM?

OQ;F> !CHE?FM=B?L<?H

0?NI (  /??H<?LA  IIH? $ #L;AEC;M * %;;M? ! );HA;HE? 1 …0CGIH

!  2L<;H F;H> N?F?=IHH?=NCIHM ;H> MOMN;CH;<CFCNS -LI=??>CHAM I@ NB? +;NCIH;F

=;>?GS I@ 0=C?H=?M I@ NB? 2HCN?> 0N;N?M I@ G?LC=;   – BNNJM

>ICILAJH;M 

0B;=EF?NIH * /OQ;HT; 0 0CH;MMIH 0;HHC $( ?HH?NN 0 >? );=S - *I>CJ; /

…1BIH>BF;H; $  2HJ;=ECHA -;H>IL;’M <IR 2H>?LMN;H>CHA ;H> =;N?AILCMCHA



UNCORRECTED PROOF

+>+7+9'1 '3*8)'5+'3*"7('31'33/3- ===  ======

?=IMSMN?G >CMM?LPC=?M @IL ?HPCLIHG?HN;F G;H;A?G?HN ;H> BOG;H Q?FF<?CHA "=IMSMN?GM

  – BNNJM>ICILAMT 

0C?PXH?H 1 LH<?LA?L  0bH>?LA;;L> !?B?T ' '?HM?H #L;HE  *IHCNILCHA I@

@IL?MN L?=L?;NCIH >?G;H> &H ?FF 0 "> "OLIJ?;H @IL?MN L?=L?;NCIH ;H> NIOLCMG 

B;H><IIE 1;SFIL  #L;H=CM <CHA>IH

0CFP; / );JIF; !* -;NLC=CI $ 1?CR?CL; *  -CHBI - -LC?MM '  ,J?L

;NCIH;FCTCHA J;SG?HNM @IL ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M CH L;TCFM MOA;L=;H? <?FN %IQ >I MN;E?

BIF>?L IJCHCIHM G;N=B QCNB MO==?MM@OF =;M?M CH );NCH G?LC=; "=IMSMN?G 0?LPC=?M 

– BNNJM>ICILAD?=IM?L 

0IHHN;AVMNL]G " +IL>CH * !IFFCHA  )OH>?FF 5 +CFMMIH ) 0FOHA; 'XLPBIFG )

 ;H L?B;<CFCN;NCIH CH <IL?;F @IL?MNM B?FJ L?=IP?LS @LIG ?RB;OMNCIH >CMIL>?L

1B? L;H>IGCM?> =FCHC=;F NLC;F #IL/?MN 0=;H>CH;PC;H 'IOLH;F I@ #IL?MN /?M?;L=B  

– BNNJM>ICILA 

0N;NCMNCM=B? UGN?L >?M OH>?M OH> >?L )XH>?L  "CHQIBH?LT;BF D? %?EN;L "LA?<HCMM?

>?M 6?HMOM ;G  *;C  JLI B; 4C?M<;>?H

0N*")#  4;F>@OHENCIHMJF;H @^L >C? /?ACIH OAM<OLA *^H=B?H

0OGG?LM '( 0GCNB )* ;M? ') )CHNBOLMN /   L?PC?Q I@ NB? ?F?G?HNM I@

BOG;H Q?FF<?CHA QCNB ;H ?GJB;MCM IH NB? =IHNLC<ONCIH I@ ?=IMSMN?G M?LPC=?M G<CI

  – BNNJM>ICILAM 

0ONB?LF;H> 4' /IS ! G;HI 1  H ;A?H>; @IL NB? @ONOL? I@ <CIFIAC=;F

L?=IL>CHA @IL ?=IFIAC=;F GIHCNILCHA ;H> =CNCT?H M=C?H=? CIFIAC=;F 'IOLH;F I@ NB? )CH

H;?;H 0I=C?NS   – BNNJM>ICILA<CD 

1SLPXCH?H ) *XECH?H ( 0=BCJJ?LCDH '  1IIFM @IL G;JJCHA MI=C;F P;FO?M I@ OL<;H

QII>F;H>M ;H> INB?L AL??H ;L?;M );H>M=;J? ;H> 2L<;H -F;HHCHA   – BNNJM

>ICILADF;H>OL<JF;H 

1SLPXCH?H ) 0CFP?HHICH?H % %;FFCE;CH?H 3  "@@?=N I@ NB? M?;MIH ;H> @IL?MN G;H

;A?G?HN IH NB? PCMO;F KO;FCNS I@ NB? H;NOL?<;M?> NIOLCMG ?HPCLIHG?HN  =;M? @LIG

#CHHCMB );JF;H> 0=;H>CH;PC;H 'IOLH;F I@ #IL?MN /?M?;L=B   – BNNJM

>ICILA 

P;H >?L -F;M #IHM *;HHCHA - 0IFCP?L?M 0 FF;H " 0=B?L?L)IL?HT?H * 3?LB?S?H

( …#CM=B?L *  CINC= BIGIA?HCT;NCIH =;H >?=L?;M? F;H>M=;J?M=;F? @IL?MN

GOFNC@OH=NCIH;FCNS -LI=??>CHAM I@ NB? +;NCIH;F =;>?GS I@ 0=C?H=?M I@ NB? 2HCN?>

0N;N?M I@ G?LC=; BNNJM>ICILAJH;M 

PIH !]BL?H - %;;M? !  "=IMSMN?G >CMM?LPC=?M L?M?;L=B  L?PC?Q I@ NB? MN;N? I@

NB? ;LN QCNB ; @I=OM IH =CNC?M "=IFIAC=;F &H>C=;NILM  – BNNJM>ICILA

D?=IFCH> 

4;F?HNIQMEC % "Q;F> ' #CM=B?L  (]FFCHA  1^LE 4  %;H><O=B >?L

H;N^LFC=B?H 4;F>A?M?FFM=B;@N?H ;S?LHM 3?LF;A $?I<IN;HC=; #L?CMCHA

4CFE?MFF?G;HH ' %;H?QCHE?F * -^NT *  #IL?MN L?=L?;NCIH ;M ; AIP?LH;H=?

JLI<F?G #IOL =;M? MNO>C?M @LIG 0QCNT?LF;H> "OLIJ?;H 'IOLH;F I@ #IL?MN /?M?;L=B 

  BNNJM>ICILAM 



An observational assessment of winter human-nature interaction in urban parks

Article

May 2024
BASIC APPL ECOL

Interaction with urban nature provides many nature-derived benefits for people. However, human-nature interaction studies are conducted primarily during the vegetative season, but remain largely unexplored in winter. We therefore used non-participatory methods (i.e. systematically observing park users on-site) to characterize human-nature interactions in three urban parks in Stuttgart, Germany in the winter of 2020/2021 (N = 13,474 observations). Descriptive statistics were calculated and two multivariate logistic regression models built to serve as the basis for analyses. Results indicated that high-engagement human-nature interaction (i.e. nature photography, active observation, touching, or collecting natural elements) was generally low (2.4 % of observations) and that park visitors most frequently interacted with flora, then fauna, and finally abiotic natural elements. Certain visitation behaviors including technology use and visiting alone were associated with a lower odds of high-engagement nature interaction, whereas walking a dog was associated with a higher odds of high-engagement nature interaction. Additionally, odds of high-engagement nature interaction were higher at sites with a naturalized pond. While these findings are context-specific, they provide insight into the number of people that participate in high-engagement nature interaction, details into how they interact with urban nature in winter, and have potential implications for the design and management of urban greenspaces in future cities that best support both people and nature year round.

Mapping and Exploring the Conditions and Purpose of Using Trail Paths in a Medium-Sized Suburban Environment

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

The current paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey which examines the trail path usage conditions on Peranthi Hill in Arta, a medium-sized city in northwestern Greece. The key element of the survey is the detailed mapping of the suburban trail path network of the city, and it focuses on questions about the types of activities of people who walk or bike on the trail paths and the day, time, duration and distance of their trips, as well as their equipment (bicycles, clothes, shoes, etc.). Further questions focus on maintenance and safety issues (e.g., security, guarding, cleanliness) and infrastructures which are considered necessary in order to improve the trail paths’ environment and their use. Taking into consideration that several routes are being developed on Peranthi Hill, with distinct differences in their layouts, the preferred layout is explored in relation to each activity selected by the users. The results of the questionnaire survey, and the cluster analysis specifically, aim to address these issues and assist stakeholders and policymakers in improving the trail paths in terms of their utility and usability level.

Carbon dioxide removal through ecosystem restoration: Public perceptions and political participation

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2024
AMBIO

We compare public perceptions of restoring different ecosystems to increase CO 2 uptake in Germany, through focus groups and a general population survey. Among focus group participants forests were highly popular, peatlands evoked negative associations, and seagrass was largely unknown. Nevertheless, the restoration of all ecosystems was viewed positively. We contrast these reactions to those of survey respondents who had not received additional information on restoration. They voiced narrower, less diverse opinions centering around afforestation. Further, focus group participants preferred expert-led restoration decisions, citing low trust in politicians’ technical competence. Contrary to common policy recommendations, also beyond the German context, participants did not emphasize the need of citizen participation and were not strongly concerned about land use conflicts or compensation of affected user groups. The results imply that the public underestimates the political complexity of negotiation processes in ecosystem governance, which are becoming increasingly relevant in the international policy landscape.

The effect of forest composition on outdoor recreation

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024
J ENVIRON MANAGE

Seasonal Variation in the Thermal Environment and Health-Related Factors in Two Clustered Recreational Bamboo Forests

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023

Forest thermal environments and health-related factors have a significant impact on user experience and physical benefits. Therefore, it is important to study changes in the thermal environment and health-related factors in recreational forests. Clustered bamboo forests have unique structures featuring high canopy density and extensive understory spaces suitable for recreational activities. However, there is no relevant report on the recreational use of these forests. This study investigated seasonal characteristics in the thermal comfort and health-related factors in two clustered bamboo forests in Southwest China. Microenvironmental parameters and health-related factors (negative air oxygen ions (NAI), airborne particulate matter, airborne microorganisms, and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs)) were measured in four seasons. The microenvironmental parameters were converted into a physiological equivalent temperature (PET) for each period. The results showed that (1) most of the time, the thermal comfort, air particle, NAI, and bacteria concentrations in the two bamboo forests were superior to the controls and met the standard for recreational activities; (2) thermal comfort environments and health-related factors levels varied between two bamboo forests; and (3) the most abundant compounds in the two bamboo forests in each season were leaf alcohol and 2-hexenal. The two clustered bamboo forests provided a comfortable thermal environment and had clean air and bactericidal abilities in all seasons. The forests emitted BVOCs with fresh grass and leaf fragrances, helping to alleviate the sense of depression among visitors. The results confirm that clustered bamboo forests can provide suitable recreational conditions. The results can be used to guide the management of recreational forests and provide support for the development of bamboo forests.

Influence of Perceptual Experiences, Especially Sounds, on Forest Attractiveness

Chapter

Jun 2023

In most studies, forest attractiveness is determined by visual aspects. However, forest perception is not only influenced by visitors’ visual impressions—all sensory dimensions play a role. In order to capture other sensory perceptions, we conducted seven go-along interviews, during which forest visitors were accompanied by an interviewer on their normal route through the forest and prompted to comment on what they saw, smelled, heard and felt. In addition, a pilot survey provided some initial insights on the influence of sounds on visitors’ perceived visual attractiveness of forest plots. The pilot study was part of a larger quantitative forest visitor survey across the whole of Switzerland aiming to link forest visitor data to forest characteristics according to the Swiss National Forest Inventory NFI. At a subset of 29 forest plots, sounds were recorded in addition to the questionnaire survey and the data on forest characteristics. This enabled us to link forest visitor data provided in the questionnaires with forest characteristics and sound parameters, in an attempt to explain between-plot variability in the perceived visual attractiveness of forest plots.KeywordsVisual attractivenessForest perceptionForest soundsGo-along interviewsQuestionnaire surveyMultilevel modellingSound measurements

Shinrin Yoku: Waldbaden

Chapter

Jun 2023

Joachim Rathmann

Planning of Forest Recreation Services at Provincial Scale with a Multi-Criteria Approach: A Case of Türkiye

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

The planning of forest services is becoming more crucial day by day, depending on the people’s tendency to the services provided by forests. For this reason, this study focused on planning of recreation service, which is one of the non-wood forest products and services offered in forests in Türkiye. The distribution of national parks, nature parks, and A-, B-, C-, and D-type recreational areas, which are all types of recreational areas in forests, were evaluated by weighted overlay analysis at the provincial level in Türkiye. The criteria that can express the distribution of people in the country and the forest assets and existing recreational areas (Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, number of people per km2 , population growth rate, ratio of forest area to the overall area, and total forest recreation areas) were used. The criteria data of the provinces were rasterized and a reclassify analysis was performed with the obtained raster, dividing data into five categories. Weighted overlay analysis was carried out using the reclass maps. As a result of the analysis, in terms of planning recreational areas, the provinces were divided into three priority categories. The provinces, included in the first priority province category in the study, are those located in the south, east and southeast of Türkiye (where asylum seekers and irregular migrants enter Türkiye), those located along the line extending from the northwest to the interior provinces (important centers of both internal immigration and industrialization) and those located in the middle of Türkiye ( the ones that are poor in terms of forest assets). In this study, it was emphasized that the recreational areas of the provinces are planned to depend on the changing provincial populations with both internal and external migrations and economy. In addition, a different approach is presented to planners to manage of utilization of forest recreation services according to different needs, by evaluating forests and the changing characteristics of society structure altogether.

Planning Forest Recreation Services for Urban Dwellers With a Multi- Criteria Approach (a Case of Türkiye)

Preprint

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Due to its geography, Türkiye has recently been exposed to extensive refugee migration and hosts many refugees. In addition, like the rest of the world, it has faced the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic. Alongside these unfavorable situations, life continues, and people's orientation toward the services offered by forests and the planning of services are becoming more and more important every day. For this reason, this study focused on recreation, which is one of the non-wood forest products and services offered in forests in Türkiye. The distribution of national parks, nature parks, and A-, B-, C-, and D-type recreation areas, which are recreational areas in forests, were evaluated by weighted overlay analysis at the provincial level in Türkiye, using criteria such as Gross Domestic Product GDP per capita, number of people per km ² , population growth rate, ratio of forest area to overall area, and total forest recreation areas. As a result of the analysis, the provinces were divided into three priority categories. Considering Türkiye's national development policies, different approaches are presented to planners in this study regarding organizing the utilization of forest service’s according to changing needs by evaluating the changing characteristics of the society and the forest structure together.

Impacts of rising COVID-19 incidence and changed working conditions on forest visits in early 2020 of the pandemic: Evidence from Switzerland

Article

May 2023
FOREST POLICY ECON

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many nations to implement a certain degree of lockdown measures to contain the spread of the virus. It has been reported that recreational visits to forests and green spaces increased in response to the lockdown. In this study, we investigated the effect of the policy-induced changes in working conditions during the lockdown period, as well as the effect of COVID-19 infection rates, on forest visits throughout Switzerland early in the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed data from an online panel survey first conducted one week before the government imposed the lockdown in Switzerland and repeated two weeks after the lockdown began. We use a modeling approach to assess the impact of the home-office and short-time working situation on forest visitation frequency, as well as their effects on the length of visits to the forest. For those who visited the forest both before and during the lockdown, the frequency of forest visits increased during the early lockdown phase considered here, while the duration of visits decreased. According to our model, the opportunity to work from home was a significant driver of the increased frequency of forest visits by this visitor group, while COVID-19 infection rates had no effect on their forest visits.

Revision of the Common International Classification for Ecosystem Services (CICES V5.1): A Policy Brief

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2018

The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) is widely used for mapping, ecosystem assessment, and natural capital ecosystem accounting. On the basis of the experience gained in using it since the first version was published in 2013, it has been updated for version 5.1. This policy brief summarises what has been done and how the classification can be used.

Visitor Preferences for Visual Changes in Bark Beetle-Impacted Forest Recreation Settings in the United States and Germany

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2018
ENVIRON MANAGE

Extensive outbreaks of tree-killing insects are increasing across forests in Europe and North America due to climate change and other factors. Yet, little recent research examines visitor response to visual changes in conifer forest recreation settings resulting from forest insect infestations, how visitors weigh trade-offs between physical and social forest environment factors, or how visitor preferences might differ by nationality. This study explored forest visitor preferences with a discrete choice experiment that photographically simulated conifer forest stands with varying levels of bark beetle outbreaks, forest and visitor management practices, and visitor use levels and compositions. On-site surveys were conducted with visitors to State Forest State Park in Colorado (n = 200), Lake Bemidji State Park in Minnesota (n = 228), and Harz National Park in Germany (n = 208). Results revealed that the condition of the immediate forest surrounding was the most important variable influencing visitors’ landscape preferences. Visitors preferred healthy mature forest stands and disliked forests with substantial dead wood. The number of visitors was the most important social factor influencing visitor landscape preferences. Differences in the influence of physical and social factors on visual preferences existed between study sites. Findings suggest that both visual forest conditions and visitor use management are important concerns in addressing landscape preferences for beetle-impacted forest recreation areas.

The choice of forest site for recreation: A revealed preference analysis using spatial data

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2017

In this paper, we investigate the factors that can influence the site choice of forest recreation. Relevant attributes are identified by using spatial data analysis from a questionnaire asking people to indicate their most recent forest visits by pinpointing on a map. The main objectives of the study are (1) to examine the preferences of visitors for different forest attributes using data from actual visits and (2) to illustrate how many alternative sites need to be considered for estimation in case of a large number of potential recreational sites. Estimation is performed using a conditional logit as well as a random parameter logit model. The variables that are found to affect the choice of forest site to a visit for recreation include: forest area, tree species composition, forest density, availability of historical sites, terrain difference, state ownership, and distance. Regarding the second research objective, we empirically show the possibility of getting consistent parameter estimates through random selection of alternatives. We find that increasing the number of alternatives increases consistency of parameter estimates.

Do ecosystem services provide an added value compared to existing forest planning approaches in Central Europe?

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2017
ECOL SOC

In forestry research, the concept of ecosystem services (ESS) is less prominent than in agricultural studies. One reason might be that multifunctional forestry and the concept of forest functions, i.e., societal demand from forest, are established and legally required planning approaches in Central Europe, e.g., in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. To explore differences in concept and perspective, we conducted a participatory stakeholder workshop to identify, score, and map ESS in an urban forest in Germany. For comparison, we used existing forest function maps. Forest function mapping as planning approach is based on a regional-scale expert assessment of forest agencies. The local ESS scoring showed a clear preference for recreation, drinking water, biodiversity, mediation of climate and water, and wood provision in decreasing order. Most stakeholder groups scored recreation highest. Drinking water was also important for most stakeholders. Recreation stakeholders scored unbalanced with an apparent focus on their own demand (Gini coefficient: 0.83). Contrastingly, forestry stakeholders scored the ESS in a balanced manner (Gini coefficient: 0.47). ESS and forest function maps highly overlapped. The stakeholders identified both synergies and trade-offs between timber and biodiversity and between drinking water and biodiversity depending on the management. Recreation has mostly trade-offs, with timber, hunting, and drinking water. The stakeholders mapped only few ESS in addition to forest functions, e.g., feed production, beekeeping, and biodiversity hotspots. Although forest functions consider most forest benefits despite weak stakeholder consultation, the opportunity to prioritize forest benefits and to analyze interactions is a clear added value of the ESS approach. The paradigm of simultaneous provision of all forest functions does not reflect heterogeneous societal preferences. The stakeholders showed a rather low level of conflict and a high level of understanding for differences in their prioritization. The reason might be the long local tradition of multiple-use forestry beginning in the late 1800s. The study area is an example for an urban forest of a larger city in Europe with high pressure from local recreation. It would be interesting to test the approach for other environmental conditions and locations of an urban forest. In general, the developed approach could be used to evaluate the quality of other planning instruments for multiple-use forestry worldwide regarding their consideration of stakeholder requirements and the potential added value of the ESS approach.

Preferences for variation in forest characteristics: Does diversity between stands matter?

Article

Full-text available

May 2017
ECOL ECON

The majority of existing studies of recreational preferences and forest characteristics focused on single stand attributes and demonstrated that people prefer stands with visual variation. However, it may be too simple since most people experience more than one stand when visiting a forest. This study aims at evaluating the effects of variation both within and between stands on recreational values. A choice experiment (CE) was applied to elicit people's preferences for forest types on their next recreational visit. Each alternative is presented with drawings of three forest stands which differ with respect to tree species, height (age) and distance to the site, the latter representing the cost factor – willingness-to-travel. Respondents also compose their ideal recreational forest by selecting three types of stands from the catalogue of drawings. We find that mixed tree species are preferred compared to monocultures. Stands with trees of varying height (uneven-aged stands) are preferred over stands consisting of trees of the same height (even-aged ones). Variation between stands is found to contribute positively to recreational value, and in some instances, this may outweigh contribution of variation within a stand. Comparing respondents' composition of their ideal forest with elicited preferences from the CE, confirm these findings.

Forest recreation as a governance problem: four case studies from Switzerland

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2017
EUR J FOREST RES

Recreational activities have undergone a change from mainly passive forms (e.g. rest, relaxation, reinvigoration, solitude and escape) to more active forms (e.g. mountain biking, climbing and running). Correspondingly, the demand for forest recreation infrastructure to support the more active forms has increased. However, very little is known about what features characterise the planning and management of forest recreation infrastructure. This study takes four in-depth mountain-bike trail cases in Switzerland to characterise the planning and management of forest recreation infrastructure. The analysis is performed using the institutional analysis and development framework (Ostrom in Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1990) and qualitative data based on cases and interviews. We argue that by considering the identified external features (formal and informal rules, location) and process features (partnerships, public participation, conflicts, profitability perspectives, time frame of process, funding of process and approval), we can better plan and manage active forms of forest recreation. Conflict situations and response strategies associated with mountain-bike-trail planning and management are also identified. The findings are relevant for other regions facing the growing use of forests for recreational and leisure activities.

Back to nature! Or not? Urban dwellers and their forest in berlin

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2017
Urban Ecosyst

What type of urban nature do urban dwellers prefer? Contributing to this ongoing discussion, this study presents the results of an internet and on-site field survey on general use and visitation pattern conducted in Grunewald Forest via a questionnaire; this is a 3000 ha area southwest of Berlin, Germany. The questions were developed in close cooperation with the local forestry administration and targeted the uncovering of user-specific needs and climate change-related conflicts. More than 1300 valid answers were analyzed, which made it possible to (1) identify and characterize different visitor groups, (2) identify reasons for an urban forest visit, (3) uncover the needs for infrastructure and information, (4) reflect on the survey methods used. The interesting findings include (I) the reasons for a visit highly coincide with forest-related properties in particular; however, the infrastructure preferences reveal the desire for managed greenspace; and (II) the answers obtained from the field differ significantly from those obtained online in various respects. The differences found suggest that the survey, with both online and on-site answers, is a major advantage for future studies regarding urban green infrastructure use. These results can be fruitfully used to inform urban forest management regarding user needs and create a better forestry information policy in the future.

Trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services in uneven-aged mountain forests: evidences using Pareto fronts

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017
EUR J FOREST RES

Uneven-aged mountain forests are considered favourable for the continuous provisioning of multiple ecosystem services (ES). These ES may however exhibit trade-offs or synergies that can be modulated by forest management. Yet, our knowledge remains poor on both the relationships between ES and the way management practices can optimise and reconcile them. In this study, we aimed at (1) characterising trade-offs and synergies between timber production, biodiversity conservation and protection against natural hazards; (2) identifying efficient (i.e. Pareto-optimal) management scenarios for the joint provisioning of these ES; and (3) comparing them to “reference” management scenarios. Using a simulation framework that couples a forest dynamics model, a silviculture algorithm and linker functions relating ES indicators to stand structure, we predicted the response of different ES indicators to various uneven-aged management practices in the Western Alps. With a metamodeling approach and Pareto front techniques, we intensively explored and analysed relationships between ES indicators and found trade-offs between timber production and other ES, but synergies between protection and biodiversity. “Pareto-optimal” management scenarios were characterised by low thinning and harvesting intensities but exhibited gradients of total removals and deadwood and large tree retention along the Pareto front. They greatly differed from our set of production and biodiversity oriented reference scenarios, thus emphasising the strong impact of considering additional ES in scenario optimisation processes. This study highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of Pareto front techniques for both the analysis of trade-offs and synergies between ES and the identification of efficient management practices.

Towards a comprehensive social and natural scientific forest-recreation monitoring instrument—A prototypical approach

Article

Nov 2017
LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN

Linking demand and supply factors in identifying cultural ecosystem services of urban green infrastructures: A review of European studies

Article

Nov 2016

Urban green infrastructure provides a number of cultural ecosystem services that are greatly appreciated by the public. In order to benefit from these services, actual contact with the respective ecosystem is often required. Furthermore, the type of services offered depend on the physical characteristics of the ecosystem. We conducted a review of publications dealing with demand or social factors such as user needs, preferences and values as well as spatially explicit supply or physical factors such as amount of green space, (bio)diversity, recreational infrastructure, etc. and linking demand and supply factors together. The aim was to provide an overview of this highly interdisciplinary research, to describe how these linkages are being made and to identify which factors significantly influence dependent variables such as levels of use, activities or health and well-being benefits. Commonly used methods were the combination of questionnaires with either on-site visual recording of elements or GIS data. Links between social and physical data were usually established either by using statistical tools or by overlaying different thematic maps. Compared to the large number of variables assessed in most studies, the significant effects in the end were relatively few, not consistent across the studies and largely dependent on the context they were seen in. Studies focused on aesthetic and recreational services, while spiritual, educational and inspirational services were not considered when creating links to spatially explicit ecological structures. We conclude that an improvement and harmonization of methodologies, cross-country studies and an expansion of this line of research to a wider range of services and more user groups could help clarify relationships and thereby increase applicability for urban management and planning.

Spatially-explicit mapping of forest benefits and analysis of motivations for everyday-life's visitors on forest pathways in urban and rural contexts

Abstract and Figures

Recommended publications

Using advanced surface complexation models for modelling soil chemistry under forests: Solling fores...

Fractured families – united countries? Family, nostalgia and nation-building in Das Wunder von Bern...

Silikat-Felskiefernwälder am Grünten – eine Rarität in den bayerischen Alpen