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Yumurtacı bıldırcın kümesinde derece gün yöntemi ile ısıtma ve soğutma derece gün değerlerinin belirlenmesi
Abstract
zet: Mevcut çalışma, 2016 Eylül-Aralık ayları arasında 74 gün süresince yetiştiriciliği yapılan yumurtacı bıldırcın kümesinde gereksinim duyulan ısıtma ve soğutma derece gün değerleri, derece gün yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, ısıtma (IDG) ve soğutma (SDG) derece gün değerleri bıldırcınların dış sıcaklıklara bağlı olarak kümes içerisinde gereksinim duyduğu optimum sıcaklığa (24 °C) ve ısıtma yapılan kümes içerisindeki mevcut sıcaklık değerine göre hesaplanmıştır. Dış sıcaklığa bağlı olarak kümes içerisinde 74 gün süresince ısıtma ihtiyacı ortaya çıktığı ve IDG değeri yaklaşık 1175 iken soğutma ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmamıştır. Kümes içi ısıtma dikkate alındığında 65 gün ısıtma, 9 gün soğutma ihtiyacının olduğu ve IDG değeri yaklaşık 279, SDG değeri ise 19 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Hesap edilen değerlere göre ısıtma yapılarak kümes içerisinde ihtiyaç duyulan optimum sıcaklığın yaklaşık %76'sının karşılandığı ve yaklaşık 9 günlük süreçte ise kümesin fazladan ısıtıldığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, yapılacak yetiştiricilikte enerji maliyetlerinin önceden belirlenmesi amacıyla ısıtma ve soğutma derece gün değerlerinin bilinmesi ve kümes içerisinde bıldırcınlar için optimum sıcaklık değerlerinin sağlanması amacıyla gerekli yapısal tedbirlerin alınmasının işletmeler açısından karlı bir yetiştiricilik için oldukça önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Bıldırcın, ısıtma ve soğutma, enerji gereksinimi, enerji analizi Determination of the heating and cooling degree day values of laying quail henhouse by the degree day method Abstract: The present study, the required heating and cooling grade day values for henhouse that laying quail breeding carried out during 74 days between September-December, 2016 were determined to use by the degree day method. In the study, the heating (HDD) and cooling (CDD) degree day values were calculated according to the optimum temperature (24 °C) required in the poultry house depending on the outside temperatures and the current temperature value in the heated henhouse. Depending on the outside temperature, there was a need for heating in the henhouse for 74 days and the HDD value was about 1175, while there was no need for cooling. Considering the heating inside henhouse, 65 days of heating, it was found that 9 days of cooling is needed and HDD value was 279, while CDD value was 19. According to the calculated values, it was determined that about 76% of the optimum temperature needed inside the henhouse was met by heating, while the poultry was overheated during 9 days approximately. As a result of the study, it was determined that it is highly important for enterprises to know heating and cooling degree day values so as to predetermine the energy costs and to take the necessary structural measures in order to provide the optimum temperature values for the quails in the henhouse for profitable breeding.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the combined effects of air temperature and air velocity on the behavior of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A total of 216 Japanese quail in their initial laying phase were used. Bird behavior was categorized with an ethogram (eat, drink, stop, open wings/shiver, others). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in a 4x4 factorial arrangement, with four air velocities (0, 1, 2, and 3 m s-1) and air temperatures (17, 23, 29, and 35°C). The behavior “stop” was greater when the birds were subjected to 17°C. At 35°C, a significant reduction (p<0.05) was observed in the behavior “eat” at 0 m s-1, compared with the other velocities. The behaviors of laying quail are similar in the morning and in the afternoon. Quail remain stopped for a longer time under cold stress conditions, at 17°C.
In poultry production, degree-day values are used as fundamental design parameters considered among others in determining the extent of heating and cooling of poultry housing. In this study, heating and cooling data values for each of broiler production period were determined using the degree-day method. The total length of the experiment was 123 days which corresponds to 3 growing periods. The inside and outside air temperatures of the poultry house were measured using air temperature data loggers positioned at different points and heights within and outside broiler house. Knowledge of heating and cooling day values is important as it necessitates the provision and maintenance of ideal bird’s production conditions and ensuring the economic viability of the enterprise through optimized energy consumption.
In this study, heating and cooling day data were calculated by employing the degree-day method using long-term climate data belonging to Isparta (Turkey) and its districts, and the inside temperature recommended for broiler chickens. The recommended inside temperatures during a raising period of broiler chickens were chosen as equilibrium temperature. Heating Degree Day (HDD), Cooling Degree Day (CDD), Heating Degree Day Number (HDDN) and Cooling Degree Day Number (CDDN) were calculated by the equations given in the study using long-term temperature records of 16 stations obtained from the General Directorate of State Meteorology Works for Isparta and its districts. It was determined that the HDD number is higher than the number of CDD in almost all raising periods in Isparta and its districts. Therefore, the inside temperature recommended for broiler chickens, i.e. the equilibrium temperature, increases when the HDD values also increase. As a conclusion it is considered that more proper conditions for the animals in the house can be provided and the enterprise can be operated economically by taking obtained heating and cooling day data into account in the project design stage.
Aiming at evaluating the influence of cyclic temperatures on the performance and egg quality of Japanese quails an experiment was carried out with 480 birds after egg production peak. Birds were housed in a bioclimatic chamber with automatic temperature control that contained two rooms, one maintained at thermoneutral temperature (21 oC) and the other adjusted for the tested cyclic temperatures (24, 27, 30, 33 and 36 oC at a time). Each room had a battery of five floors and ten cages, with a capacity of 24 birds per cage, totaling 240 birds per battery. Birds were fed iso-nutritious and iso-caloric diets. Data obtained under the tested cyclic temperatures were compared with those obtained under thermoneutral temperature. At the end of each experimental period (14 days) performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated. A completely randomized experimental design with two treatments (thermoneutral temperature and tested temperature) and ten replicates of 24 birds each. Cyclic increases of 27 oC and higher in environmental temperature negatively affected bird performance, with reduced feed intake and consequent reductions in egg weight and mass. A cyclic increase of the environmental temperature to 36 oC reduced the percentage of saleable eggs and egg production.
This study included Japanese quail flock subjected to mass selection for four generations to increase live-weight and a control flock that randomly mated for four generations. The effects of selection and early feed restriction on live-weight, feed consumption, feed conversion and carcass traits were investigated. In terms of live-weight, higher mean values were observed for quail flock subjected to selection in all weeks. It was detected that feed restriction has no effect on weekly live-weight and feed consumption. In addition, restrictedly fed quails more effectively benefitted from feeds in the 3rd and 4th weeks. Carcass, edible inner organ, and abdominal fat weight of quails subjected to selection were found as 137.51, 8.94, and 1.17 g, respectively. The same traits were determined for quails in control group as 116.08, 7.89, and 1.08 g, respectively. It was concluded that feed restriction by producers for species like quails of which the sexual maturity age and cutting age were close to each other would not yield any economic gain, and short-term mass selection could increase carcass weight by around 20%.
The most extensive and effective environmentally controlled production takes place in greenhouses. New innovations and developments for greenhouse production go hand in hand with efforts for sustainability. The greenhouses must be heated to ensure high yields and high quality. However, high heating cost (20%-60%) adversely influences production. Costs Sustainability of greenhouse production can only be maintained with increase of energy efficiency. Use of renewable energy sources in place of fossil fuels is only means to increase energy efficiency. In this work, fossil fuels and geothermal energy used for heating of greenhouses are compared based on production cost and CO2 emissions to atmosphere. The results showed that greenhouse production in Aydın with geothermal energy price of 0.06 ₺/kWh will be very advantageous compared to greenhouse tomato production in Kütahya, which can only compete with that in Antalya. Carbon dioxide emission in plastic greenhouses with double layer PE plastic heat insulation in Kütahya was 199.4 kg/m2 when imported coal was used for heating. The emissions in similar type plastic greenhouses, again heated with coal, in Aydın and Antalya were 74.4 kg/m2 and 55.5 kg/m2, respectively. Greenhouses in geothermal energy rich areas will be very advantageous, based on cost of production and CO2 emission, compared to that in Antalya region if they are heated with geothermal energy.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature-humidity index (THI) level on productive parameters, welfare, and immunity in Japanese quails. One hundred and eighty (180) birds of Japanese quail, 14 weeks old, were used. Birds were divided randomly into three equal groups, control (at low THI, less than 70), H1 (at moderate THI, 70–75), and H2 (at high THI, 76–80). Birds in the control group had higher body weight (281.2 g, p = 0.001), egg mass (745 g, p = 0.001), fertility (85.4 %, p = 0.039), hatchability (80.4 %, p = 0.001), and immune response titer to Newcastle disease virus (p = 0.031), compared with H2 group. Furthermore, the thermoneutral group had higher internal egg quality score [albumen height (5.14 mm, p = 0.001), yolk height (10.88 mm, p = 0.015), yolk index (42.32 %, p = 0.039), and Haugh unit (92.67, p = 0.001)]. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in fertility percentage, immune response, and corticosterone concentration between control and H1 group. Birds in the H2 group had the lowest total leucocytic count and lymphocyte percentage (p = 0.001 and 0.020, respectively) but the highest H/L ratio (0.83, p = 0.001). Corticosterone concentration was lower in control and H1 groups (5.49 and 6.41 ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.024) than that in H2 group. Japanese quail exposed to heat stress revealed drop in production and immunological parameters, as well as a detrimental effects on welfare. Thus, practical approaches might be used to reduce the detrimental effects of greater THI level.