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New Ways of Collecting Individual Travel Information Evaluation of data collection and recruitment methods
Abstract and Figures
The overall purpose of the project is to conduct a demonstration study that shows how two data collection methods that have been developed to collect travel survey data perform in the field, and how they perform compared with traditional TSs (i.e., postal questionnaires and/or telephone interviews). The project is also intended to provide a better understanding of the ways in which different recruitment methods of respondents can be used so that future TSs can be more cost effective.
The two collection methods tested consist of a mobile app and an online questionnaire with a map to assist the respondents to identify travel destinations. Three recruitment methods were used, i.e., recruitment via random sampling, a web panel, and crowdsourcing. The portion of the random sample that received an online questionnaire was divided into two groups. Half the group was given no incentive, while the other half received a gift card worth SEK 100 after answering the questioner. Those who were recruited via a web panel and were to use the mobile app were rewarded in the form of a gift card worth SEK 100 if, at minimum, they made corrections to trips made on one day registered in the mobile app. A nonresponse analysis was performed of the random sample for both the online questionnaire and the mobile app. Cost estimates for each collection method and recruitment method were also performed, as were uncertainty estimates.
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... CAWI was introduced in mobility surveys in the early 21st century [36] to improve response rates by addressing population groups that are more inclined to use technology [41]. In comparison to paper questionnaires, online questionnaires offer advantages regarding the collection of responses (submitted with the questionnaire, do not have to be manually entered into a database), the accessibility of addresses (maps can be used to indicate locations directly), and implausibility prevention by logistics implemented in the questionnaire [42]. Moreover, based on earlier answers, only relevant questions can be shown to the participants, thus making the questionnaire easier to use [42]. ...
... In comparison to paper questionnaires, online questionnaires offer advantages regarding the collection of responses (submitted with the questionnaire, do not have to be manually entered into a database), the accessibility of addresses (maps can be used to indicate locations directly), and implausibility prevention by logistics implemented in the questionnaire [42]. Moreover, based on earlier answers, only relevant questions can be shown to the participants, thus making the questionnaire easier to use [42]. Additionally, providing answers via common web browsers and smartphones can be helpful regarding accessibility, e.g., for people with impaired vision. ...
... Within the last decade, mobility research has evolved with a new, automated way of accessing travel information using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements [43]. With the rise of smartphone use, apps have been used to retrieve mobility data and to generate travel diaries by combining various sensor data (e.g., location and acceleration) [36,42]. Apart from correction by the user, some of the apps offer the implementation of questionnaires that collect information about the respondent's attitude towards certain aspects of mobility. ...
This paper explores the potential for connected public-transport (PT) mobility as an alternative to motorized private transport (MPT) in medium-sized cities. Despite the high demand for MPT, it occupies a lot of space and contributes to conflicts and reduced livability. The more sustainable mobility solution of PT, however, is often considered slow, unreliable, and uncomfortable. To overcome these issues, the authors investigate the state-of-the-art research of connected PT mobility, including ways to quantify mobility behavior, micro- and macro-simulations of traffic flow, and the potential of not-yet-established modes of transport such as Mobility on Demand (MoD) for last-mile transportation. MoD could reduce the drawbacks of PT and provide sufficient and sustainable mobility to all citizens, including those in rural areas. To achieve this, precise information on individual traffic flows is needed, including origin–destination (OD) relations of all trips per day. The paper outlines a two-step approach involving the expansion of OD relations to include all modes of transport and diurnal variation, followed by microscopic traffic simulations and macroscopic optimization to determine potentials for on-demand offers within inner-city traffic. The paper concludes by calling for critical questioning of the approach to validate and verify its effectiveness.
... The data was imported and analysed in IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and Amos 25. For a more detailed description of the TravelVu app as a travel logging method, see for instance [53] and [54]. ...
The market share of e-bikes has increased extensively in Europe over the last decade. How this trend will affect the transport system depends to a large extent on the substitution effect which needs to be determined in detail to allow projections on the potential of e-cycling as a means to promote sustainable transport systems. Further, little is known about what psychological determinants influence e-bike use, an important topic for policy makers that wish to promote e-cycling. This study aggregates GPS data from two randomised controlled trials in Sweden to determine the effect of e-bike use on travel behaviour. Motives behind e-bike use are investigated within a path-analytic structural model, based on an expanded theory of planned behaviour. The results reveal that, on average, total cycling increased by 4.5 kilometres per person and day during the trials and its modal share measured in distance increased by 19%. E-bike use was predicted by the intention to bike to work, which in turn mediated the effects of attitudes and self-efficacy on e-cycling. Attitude mediated the indirect effect of personal norm on intention and collective efficacy amplified the effect of self-efficacy on intention. The results show that e-cycling has a large potential to contribute to a sustainable transport system. Policy makers could increase the use of e-bikes by strengthening individuals' attitudes toward cycling and perceived self-efficacy to e-cycle, by making environmental personal norms more salient and by highlighting collective action in the effort to limit environmental degradation.
... Besides that, other differences can be seen i.e. towards employment (SILVANO et al., 2020) and higher educational levels (SELBY et al., 2018) -likewise when compared with random samples conducted in parallel. Further on, NPS may tend towards specific travel behavior patterns like sustainable modes of transport (FAGHIH IMANI et al., 2020) or longer distances (ERIKSSON et al., 2018). ...
Presented at the 12th International Conference on Transport Survey Methods, 20–25 March, Porto Novo, Portugal || Non-probability sampling (NPS) for GPS-based travel surveys by app has potential compared to random address-based sampling (ABS): survey samples can be obtained more targeted, cost-effective and with enhanced willingness to participate — especially in times of overall declining response rates and rapidly changing circumstances in context of a disruptive event. On the other hand, these samples may be prone to systematic losses, selectivity problems and bias. Yet, these effects are rather unclear in a pandemic context. Taking up on this research issue, comparative analyses of an NPS survey and a random ABS survey show remarkably similar sample structures. Looking at full-time employed individuals (18–59 years) in detail, no significant differences referred to sample composition and travel behavior were identified, showing potential use for specific research tasks.
... For a more detailed description of the TravelVu app as a travel logging method, see e.g. (Ek et al., 2018;Eriksson et al., 2018). A total of 50 e-bikes was at the project's disposal through Västra Götaland county council. ...
As sales of e-bikes increase, so does the need for reliable evaluations of which means of transport the e-bike replaces, what we call the substitution effect. A randomised controlled trial with GPS data from 98 frequent drivers in Sweden was conducted to investigate the effect of the e-bike on modal choice, the number of trips, distance, as well as perceptions of the e-bike as a substitute for the car. The results demonstrate that the treatment group increased cycling on average with 1 trip and 6.5 km per day and person, which led to a 25% increase in total cycling. The whole increase was at the expense of car use, which on average decreased by 1 trip and 14 km per person and day, a decrease in car mileage of 37%. Implications for policy and further research are discussed.
... For one participant (P9), however, two full months of data was lost due to technical problems with the app, and this data was not replaced. For a more detailed description and analysis of the TravelVU app as a travel logging method, see for example Eriksson et al. [14]. ...
Abstract New mobility solutions, such as Mobility as a Service, have been suggested to have the potential to reduce car ownership and be part of a transition towards a more sustainable transportation system. However, research suggests that governance measures such as taxation and policies will be needed to ensure sustainability aspects. This paper explores everyday mobility by use of interventions in people’s everyday lives. The focus is on identifying underlying factors that may motivate or hinder changes that are positive from a sustainability perspective. This is then put in the perspective of new mobility services and policy making. Our findings support the view that privately owned cars are hard to replace with new mobility services that contribute to sustainability and are not based on individual cars. Economic interventions for increased sustainability will likely have limited effects, since the alternatives do not offer what car owners value most. Also, limited understanding of the car’s full costs may make the new services appear comparatively more expensive. Furthermore, urban planning to reduce the need for travel, and the capacity of the physical public transport infrastructure will continue to be important. Long vacation trips and “medium sized flows” are identified as opportunities for further research and for new solutions to support sustainable mobility transitions.
Traditionally, travel survey data is collected through individuals’ self-reporting of trips using phone, web, or face-to-face interviews. Due to technological advancements, more effort has been put towards using GPS technology in smartphones to automatically register trips. Changing data collection methods can influence who responds. To date, no systematic study of different recruitment methods to motivate potential respondents has been completed.
This paper includes results from a document study, literature review, technical test as well as 2 qualitative studies using focus groups and personal interviews, a short survey and 4 pilot studies using a smartphone app.
We found that image, time, media attention and incentives influenced users’ participation. Campaigning the data collection using local ambassadors and social media, utilizing the name recognition of the university in the recruitment material (e.g. logo), and informing respondents of a lottery, made information distribution and direct recruitment easier. It was challenging to recruit participants due to privacy concerns and technical issues. Smartphone apps can potentially give high-detail travel data but are no quick fix to participation challenges, as the response rates from the pilots indicate that recruitment to these types of surveys results in low participation. Furthermore, the new data collection tool could introduce new types of biases if it is easier to recruit some groups, but harder to recruit others compared to previous tools.
To ensure the production of high-quality travel data in the future, group-specific recruitment strategies should be identified and tested. In future research, respondent burden as a concept needs more attention.
'Crowdsourcing' is a relatively recent concept that encompasses many practices. This diversity leads to the blurring of the limits of crowdsourcing that may be identified virtually with any type of internet-based collaborative activity, such as co-creation or user innovation. Varying definitions of crowdsourcing exist, and therefore some authors present certain specific examples of crowdsourcing as paradigmatic, while others present the same examples as the opposite. In this article, existing definitions of crowdsourcing are analysed to extract common elements and to establish the basic characteristics of any crowdsourcing initiative. Based on these existing definitions, an exhaustive and consistent definition for crowdsourcing is presented and contrasted in 11 cases.
Web surveys can suffer from their nonrandom nature (coverage error) and low response rate (nonresponse error). Therefore, web surveys should be supported by mail survey to eliminate these problems. However, using different survey methods together may introduce another problem: the mode effect. This experimental study investigated the mode effect between two survey modes. A randomly selected group of 1,500 teachers were assigned to two experimental groups, one of which received mail surveys, while the other received web surveys. Nonrespondents in both groups were followed up with the opposite mode. Overall, results show that there is no mode effect between mail surveys and web surveys on psychometric quality of the rating scales and data quality (item nonresponse rate) of the survey except regarding respondentsâ age and unit-response rate. Our findings indicate that web surveys had a substantially lower unit-response rate than mail surveys and that web survey respondents are significantly younger than mail survey respondents.
The purpose of the present study was to compare a methodologically sound telephone interviewing technique to the most promising web survey technique. Specifically, the web survey conducted for the present study randomly selected respondents who were members of a consumer panel whereas the telephone survey used a “cold-calling” method to randomly selected respondents. Two waves of each telephone surveys and web-panel surveys were conducted. The present study is one of the first to empirically show that web panels can produce more reliable data estimates than telephone surveys. Further, web panels are cheaper and less time consuming to conduct than telephone surveys. Even though web panels might not be appropriate for all survey research endeavors, the results show that they can be a viable alternative to telephone surveys that allows researchers to conduct high-quality research.
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2. What year were you born?
• Year of birth: YYYY
3. Where do you live?
• Flat
• Detached house/Townhouse
• Other type of residence
4. Do you have a driving licence for cars?
• Yes
• No
5. What is your primary occupation?
• Self-employed
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Experiences from smartphone based travel data collection -System development and evaluation. Final report from the SPOT project
- A Allström
- G Gidofalvi
- I Kristoffersson
- A C Prelipcean
- C Rydergren
- Y Susilo
- J Widell
Allström, A., Gidofalvi, G., Kristoffersson, I., Prelipcean, A.C., Rydergren, C., Susilo, Y. & Widell, J.
(2016). Experiences from smartphone based travel data collection -System development and
evaluation. Final report from the SPOT project. Version 1.0.