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Paradoks cenowy produktów wirtualnych
Abstract
Przeciętnemu użytkownikowi Internet jawi się jako źródło nieprzebranych informacji, licznych udogodnień i aplikacji oraz ogromnych zasobów treści rozrywkowych. Co dzień miliardy ludzi korzysta z dobrodziejstw Internetu, nie zastanawiając się nad tym, że większość z jego zasobów, dostarczanych jako produkty wirtualne, jest nieodpłatna. Wartościowe produkty wirtualne są dostarczane przy cenach zerowych, co stoi w sprzeczności z zasadą gospodarowania. Z ekonomicznego punktu widzenia jest to paradoks. Niniejsza książka jest próbą jego wyjaśnienia na kanwie trzech programów badawczych: ekonomii neoklasycznej, ekonomii kosztów transakcyjnych i teorii wymiany społecznej. Prowadzone tu rozważania mają zarówno charakter praktyczny, ukazując strategie biznesowe przedsiębiorców udostępniających nieodpłatnie produkty wirtualne, jak i teoretyczny, dotyczący możliwości eksplanacyjnych poszczególnych programów badawczych.
... Zerowe koszty ich reprodukcji w połączeniu z powszechnie dostępnymi możliwościami anonimizacji ruchu sieciowego umożliwiają nielegalny handel plikami muzycznymi, filmowymi, książkami i artykułami w formie zdigitalizowanej i plikami STL. Oprócz zwykłego piractwa, czyli kradzieży własności intelektualnej [Czetwertyński 2017], przedmiotem obrotu mogą być też treści nielegalne, czyli np. pornografia dziecięca, projekty i instrukcje budowy broni i materiałów wybuchowych, a także instrukcje do produkcji substancji psychoaktywnych. ...
This study focuses on organizational efforts to constrain ex post transaction costs in interorganizational exchange. The theoretical model frames opportunism as a determinant of transaction costs and implicates cooperation and formalization as control structures that alleviate opportunism. The model also examines whether the proposed theoretical relationships are enduring. Franchisee-franchisor relationships in the Norwegian distribution system of a multinational oil refiner provide the context for analysis. A test of the model using multisample data across two time periods indicates that opportunistic behavior consistently increases transaction costs. Furthermore, cooperative interaction curbs bargaining costs, and formalization reduces opportunism. The authors discuss implications for interorganizational theory and franchising management.
An audio compact disc (CD) holds up to 74 minutes, 33 seconds of sound, just enough for a complete mono recording of Ludwig von Beethoven's Ninth Symphony ('Alle Menschen werden Brüder') at probably the slowest pace it has ever been played, during the Bayreuther Festspiele in 1951 and conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler. Each second of music requires about 1.5 million bits, which are represented as tiny pits and lands ranging from 0.9 to 3.3 micrometers in length. More than 19 billion channel bits are recorded as a spiral track of alternating pits and lands over a distance of 5.38 kilometers (3.34 miles), which are scanned at walking speed, 4.27 km per hour.
This year it is 25 years ago that Philips and Sony introduced the CD. In this jubilee article I will discuss the various crucial technical decisions made that would determine the technical success or failure of the new medium.
This paper deals with the phenomenon of peer production in the context of unauthorized copying of information goods. Acc. to Yochai Benkler, it is a form of production operation based on a community. It is widely applied in the Internet and consequently, such information goods as GNU/Linux and Wikipedia have been established. Although the peer production has promoted growth in importance of, among others, free software or an open source initiative, it is also related to unauthorized copying of an intellectual property commonly called Internet piracy. The huge scale of this phenomenon, which is nearly 24% of entire Internet traffic, must not be ignored. In the paper a hypothesis has been put forward that low efficiency of counteracting of intellectual property unauthorized copying results from that fact that, to a great extent, it is generated in a process of the peer production. In turn, the goal of the paper is verification of the thesis in the progress of considerations regarding the nature of both the peer production and the unauthorized copying. A research field was limited to a P2P file exchange network based on a BitTorrent protocol.
Commons‐based peer production is a socio‐economic system of production that is emerging in the digitally networked environment. Before turning to an analysis of the relationship between the emergence of peer production and virtue, it is important to underscore one further central characteristic of peer production. The best‐known examples of commons‐based peer production are the tens of thousands of successful free software projects that have come to occupy the software development market. The central thesis of this chapter is that socio‐technical systems of commons‐based peer production offer not only a remarkable medium of production for various kinds of information goods but serve as a context for positive character formation. Exploring and substantiating these claims will be the authors' quest, but they begin with a brief tour through this strange and exciting new landscape of commons‐based peer production and conclude with recommendations for public policy.
We summarize radio and optical SETI programs based at the University of California, Berkeley. The SEVENDIP optical pulse search looks for ns time scale pulses at visible wavelengths. It utilizes an automated 30 inch telescope, three ultra fast photo multiplier tubes and a coincidence detector. The target list includes F, G, K and M stars, globular cluster and galaxies. The ongoing SERENDIP V.v sky survey searches for radio signals at the 300 meter Arecibo Observatory. The currently installed configuration supports 128 million channels over a 200 MHz bandwidth with ~1.6 Hz spectral resolution. Frequency stepping allows the spectrometer to cover the full 300MHz band of the Arecibo L-band receivers. The final configuration will allow data from all 14 receivers in the Arecibo L-band Focal Array to be monitored simultaneously with over 1.8 billion channels. SETI@home uses the desktop computers of volunteers to analyze over 160 TB of data at taken at Arecibo. Over 6 million volunteers have run SETI@home during its 10 year history. The SETI@home sky survey is 10 times more sensitive than SERENDIP V.v but it covers only a 2.5 MHz band, centered on 1420 MHz. SETI@home searches a much wider parameter space, including 14 octaves of signal bandwidth and 15 octaves of pulse period with Doppler drift corrections from -100 Hz/s to +100 Hz/s. SETI@home is being expanded to analyze data collected during observations of Kepler objects of interest in May 2011. The Astropulse project is the first SETI search for μs time scale pulses in the radio spectrum. Because short pulses are dispersed by the interstellar medium, and the amount of dispersion is unknown, Astropulse must search through 30,000 possible dispersions. Substantial computing power is required to conduct this search, so the project uses volunteers and their personal computers to carry out the computation (using distributed computing similar to SETI@home). Keywords: radio instrumentation, FPGA spectrometers, SETI, optical SETI, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, volunteer computing, radio transients, optical transients.
Firms deliver a variety of services online, ranging from content, software and banking to entertainment and networking. This article examines a firm’s pricing decision for online services. It first discusses how a firm’s decision of pricing services online differs from offline pricing decisions. It then discusses how firms can price services online. It examines the firm’s choice between ‘fee’ or ‘free’ revenue models. It then turns to a firm’s decision on its pricing structure. This includes the decision whether to sell or to rent, and the choice between pricing plans (e.g. pay-per-use, flat-rate tariffs or more complicated multi-part tariffs) or bundling. Lastly, it turns to the role of pricing in new product adoption.