No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
A RATIONALE FOR DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATI ON STUDIES: Studies in Literary Translation
... Diferentes investigadores han analizado el texto periodístico desde el punto de vista de la traducción (véanse, entre otros, los estudios de Davier y Van Doorslaer, 2018;Gallardo, 2005;Hernández Guerrero, 2008Rovena y Marchan, 2017;Schäffner y Bassnett, 2010;Toury, 1985;Tymoczko y Gentzler, 2002;Van Doorslaer, 2010;Wang, 2019). Algunos, en particular, se han ocupado de estudiar la traducción de noticias publicadas por el mismo u otro periódico o agencia de información, en donde es posible hallar enunciados dispares que no siempre cumplen con los criterios más rigurosos relativos a la correspondencia y equivalencia semántica (y formal). ...
... Como advierten algunas publicaciones relativas a la manipulación y la traducción (Gallardo, 2005;Toury, 1985;Van Doorslaer, 2010), las noticias políticas que se traducen, dada su naturaleza sensible a la ideología (Van Dijk, 2009), son susceptibles de ser manipuladas durante el trasvase traductológico, tanto por cuestiones estilísticas como por otros factores de índole social y diplomática (Tymoczko y Gentzler, 2002). ...
En este artículo se analiza la traducción de una noticia procedente del periódico The New York Times que se ha publicado tanto en inglés como en español, con el fin de delimitar la presencia de manipulación en la traducción para la prensa en contextos políticos. Para ello, se utiliza como acercamiento metodológico el análisis crítico del discurso, en particular, el triángulo ideológico de Van Dijk y las estrategias de manipulación en traducción. Los resultados muestran que la inclusión del análisis crítico del discurso en el análisis traductológico de noticias políticas resulta fundamental para hallar marcas de manipulación.
... …the problems do not depend on the source text itself, but on the significance of the translated text for its readers as members of a certain culture, or of a sub-group within that culture, with the constellation of knowledge, judgment and perception they have developed from it [18]. ...
Although recent developments in the field of translation studies have brought theory building to a new level unrestrained to comparative textual analysis by incorporating system cultural theories, the lack of a consistent model for descriptive translation studies is still a problem not to be overlooked. In light of the theories of quality assessment proposed by scholars such as Toury and House, this paper seeks to lay the groundwork for the construction of a systematic model for literary translation review, in specific hope to provide a solution to the chronic issue of exaggerated foreignization in Mandarin translation of English works. It begins by reviewing and evaluating the theories of ‘equivalence’ as well as ‘targetoriented’ and ‘source-oriented’ translation proposed by major theorists over time, and then on such basis, stating its own methodology which combines descriptive and register analysis. This paper then bases its discussion and paradigm building on Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Use. It proposes, after a thorough case study, a possible solution to the above-mentioned problem: lexical chunk theory. The paper closes by providing an overview of the theoretical initiations embedded in it and pointing to new directions of further investigation.
... Many studies have focused on the socio-cultural functions of the translational activities in the field of translation studies so far (Bassnett, 1980(Bassnett, , 1998(Bassnett, , 2007Even-Zohar, 1979, 1990Hermans, 1985;Lefevere, 1992Lefevere, , 1998Toury, 1978Toury, /2004Toury, , 1985Toury, , 1995Toury, , 2005Venuti, 1995Venuti, , 1998Venuti, , 2012. These studies and discussions led to the cultural turn in the field during the 1980s and the sociological turn in more recent years (Snell-Hornby, 2006). ...
... (Baker, 1993: 234) [Translations] may well influence the recipient culture and language, if only because every translation is initially perceived as a target language utterance. (Toury, 1985: 19, in Baker, 1993 Translations are argued to constitute genuine instances of language production by the translator and, notably, also important instances of language reception by the receivers who read or hear the target language of translations. That the language of translations is a priori different from that of an original in the same language does not make translated language an illegitimate type of language; on the contrary, it is the key reason that translations must necessarily be included in studies as a type of language to be analyzed on par with non-translated language and other language types. ...
Focusing on structures in which the typical marker of sentential status – the verbal predicate – is absent, the present dissertation takes an interdisciplinary approach that combines contrastive linguistics, corpus methods and enunciative analysis in order to explore the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of verbless sentences in English and Russian. The results show that syntactic ellipsis does not explain the phenomenon of the verbless sentence and reveal a semantico-pragmatic explanation. Implications pertain to the theoretical account of the sentence and the sentential status of verbless structures, as well as the automatic processing of the absence of the verb.
... 3.2.1.1.1. Toury's Norm Toury categorizes the norms under three titles ( Toury, 1978( Toury, /19801995, p. 56-61): Initial norms, preliminary norms and operational norms. ...
... To approach the interesting works by the Israeli group of scholars (e.g., Even-Zohar 1978Sela-Sheffy 2005;Toury 1985, I would go back to , and draw on his ethnographic tradition, as it has been incorporated within SFL, and of course to the emphasis on language in context as a system in the sense of the Firth-Halliday tradition; whereas others would say: let me do a separate polysystem theory analysis. ...
This chapter first summarizes the contributions of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to computational linguistics. It elaborates on Martin Kay’s Functional Unification Grammar, highlights the achievements of the Penman Project on text generation directed by William C. Mann and comments on the influences from computational linguistics on SFL. The connections between Cardiff Grammar and Nigel Grammar are also discussed.
... How would you relate that to Gideon Toury's (e.g. 1980, 1985, 1995 work on Descriptive Translation Studies, norms and so on? Erich Steiner: I have in fact talked to Gideon Toury about this question on two or three occasions, including one on the telephone towards the end of his life. ...
Erich Steiner, as a leading scholar in systemic functional linguistics (SFL), has been involved in various important strands of research on SFL and translation. is transcript is based on the second part of the interview during his visit to Hong Kong. We continue to discuss the application of SFL to translation, covering topics like SFL and other functionalist theories of translation, the tools for translation contributed by functionally-oriented work, and translation as a method for language teaching. In addition, Steiner summarizes the contributions of SFL to translation, and introduces some possibilities for future research.
... Irrespective of such safety precautions and despite the professions of loyalty frequently found in paratexts and statements by translators throughout the history of literature, translations always involve changes. They have always been, and still 12 Toury (1995Toury ( ), (1985, pp. 16-41. ...
Dieser interdisziplinäre Open Access-Band beschäftigt sich mit den vielfältigen Konzepten und Methoden des Übersetzens als zentraler und ubiquitärer Kulturtechnik der Frühen Neuzeit (1450–1800). In fünfzehn Einzelstudien werden gesellschaftliche Leitvorstellungen, Wahrnehmungsmuster und Kommunikationsformen erforscht, die seit dem 15. Jahrhundert durch Praktiken des Übersetzens etabliert werden und bis in die Gegenwart von prägender Bedeutung sind. Behandelt werden etwa jiddische und kymrische Bibelübersetzungen, tamilische und zapotekische Missionstexte sowie französische und arabische Kartenmaterialien.
This interdisciplinary open-access collection addresses the multifarious concepts and methods of translation as a central and ubiquitous cultural technique of the Early Modern period (1450–1800). It features fifteen studies on the guiding principles, perception patterns, and communication forms that have taken root in society since the fifteenth century through the practices of translation and are still of defining importance today. The research spectrum encompasses such diverse topics as Yiddish and Welsh translations of the Bible, Tamil and Zapotec mission texts, and French and Arabic cartographic material.
... 14 Vgl. Hermans (2020a);Hermans (1999);Stolze (2001), S. 168-173;Prunč (2012), S. 229-256, Toury (1995), (1985, S. 16-41.15 Hermans (1985), S. 9. ...
Zusammenfassung
Übersetzen ist eine kulturstiftende Praxis, bei der Inhalte in ein neues Sprachsystem überführt, Literatur- und Wissensformationen ausgebildet und zugleich Machtrelationen austariert werden. Weil Übersetzungen aus konkreten Anlässen entstehen, bestimmten Zwecken dienen, in spezifische Kontexte gehören und situativ unterschiedlich verstanden werden, sind sie ein basales Instrument des Wissenstransfers und haben eine zentrale gesellschaftsnormierende und kulturkonstruierende Bedeutung. Die Einleitung zu Sektion 2 richtet ihren Fokus auf das Wissen, das beim Übersetzen erschlossen, neu geordnet und erweitert wird und das Rückschlüsse auf zugrundeliegende soziale, diskursive und anthropologische Konzepte erlaubt.
... ;Toury Gideon (1982;1985) 22 نايدا انظر "المكافئ" مفهوم حول للمزيد : Nida, Eugene (1964;2001;2003 ...
This paper discussed the variation in the translation of Shakespeare's metaphors from English into Arabic vis-a-vis the concepts of "shift" and "loss". The paper adopted descriptive analysis to highlight the binary role of translating Shakespeare's metaphors in cognitive enrichment and/or cultural dissonance, concluding that translating metaphors is a predictor of conceptual and cultural evolution of the target language and culture.
... The next technique used to analyze a translation is the description technique. Description techniques are translation techniques applied by replacing a term or phrase with a description of its form and function (Hansen, 2010;Toury, 1982). In other words, this technique sends the meaning of the source language text into the target language in combination freely. ...
The translation from Arabic into Indonesian on the Islamic field has its long history. However, researches on the subject are a little bit rare. Therefore, the study of the item using a modern approach is required. This research described the use of amplification and descriptions techniques in the translation of Arabic phrases in the reading of Matan al-Ghayah wa al-Taqrib by Ahmad Ma'ruf Asrori. Besides, this paper aimed to describe the quality of the text that is seen from the aspect of readability. This research used a qualitative analysis combined with a quantitative data approach. The data were selected and classified based on procedures of translation techniques. The results showed that based on the amplification techniques there were 35 data in Matan al-Ghayah wa al-Taqrib found 35 which can be divided into four Arabic phrases based as follows: 1) 'atfy phrases are 12 data, 2) idhafy phrases are 13 data, 4) syibhu al-jumlah phrases are 5 data, and 5) adjective phrases are 5 data. Whereas in the description technique, the researchers found 31 data divided into five Arabic phrases based on their constituent elements, namely the 'atfy phrase 12 data, idhafy phrase 12 data, ‘adady phrase 3 data, syibhu al-jumlah phrase 3 data, and adjective phrase 2 data. From the translation quality, it showed that the use of these two techniques could be seen from the assessment of the readability aspects of 42 respondents. It rated 52% high readability on the amplification technique, and 56% high readability on the description technique. It means that the translator used more of these two techniques frequently rather than other techniques. It assumed that amplification and description techniques are much more applicable in the translation of Arabic books into Indonesian due to its acceptance of the cultural dimension of the targeted language.
Attempts to define the concept of translation have historically both reflected and driven developments and demarcations in the field. In light of the ubiquitous rise of machine translation (MT), the current article considers how definitional approaches to translation that preceded the MT era, and were formulated with human translation in mind, correspond with today’s MT. The article engages with two influential definitional strands in the discipline: a-priori prescriptive definitions, and descriptive definitions focused on the reception of translations. The general compatibility of both definitional approaches with MT, notwithstanding some empirical and moral criticisms pertaining to the first approach, encourages us to conceive of MT as a full-fledged translational object of inquiry, fully at home in translation studies. Finally, the article suggests that shifts in the professional status of human translators may lead to new definitions, aimed at differentiating human from machine translation by focusing on the notion of (conscious) agency.
En este artículo se analizarán algunas de las principales evoluciones y retos perceptibles en las investigaciones más recientes sobre traducción. A partir de una mirada retrospectiva al estado y los debates del ámbito en torno al cambio de siglo, se identificarán tres destacadas tendencias como denominadores comunes de las investigaciones traductológicas de las dos últimas décadas. En concreto, como rasgos característicos de los estudios sobre la traducción en el siglo XXI se detectan un marcado compromiso con una interdisciplinariedad proactiva y una voluntad de influir en otros ámbitos de conocimiento y en la sociedad en general; un reconocimiento de la traducción como fenómeno ubicuo, tan multiforme como camaleónico, en las sociedades de la era digital y globalizada, y una llamada a adoptar nuevos marcos teóricos y metodológicos, alejados de los binarismos, que permitan arrojar luz sobre la compleja e inmensa heterogeneidad de prácticas traductoras que operan en las múltiples intersecciones entre las lenguas, culturas e identidades plurales que conviven en las sociedades superdiversas contemporáneas
This study aims to provide a descriptive account of the translational aspects of Reşat Nuri Güntekin’s (1889–1956) Gizli El (The secret hand) (1924/1954). Given its publication history from the Ottoman Turkish alphabet into the Latin alphabet and the claims on it in the Turkish cultural and literary system, the study is set to explore what Gizli El could offer new regarding the concepts of self-translation and indirect translation in intralingual context, which it encompasses altogether. Employing a descriptive target-oriented, historical approach to the translational phenomena in question, the study uses “textual” and “extratextual sources” (Toury 2012, 87–88). While the textual analysis involves intralingual comparison of the Ottoman Turkish and the Latin-alphabet versions of Gizli El published in book form in 1924 and 1954, respectively, the extratextual analysis mainly covers Reşat Nuri’s prefaces. Through such analyses, Reşat Nuri’s “assumed” (Toury 2012) intralingual translations of Gizli El yield a new conceptualization of self-translation in terms of the source and (in)directness of self-translation: ‘direct self-translation’ and ‘indirect self-translation.’ Reframing many aspects of self-translation and indirect translation in terms of their natures, scopes, categorizations, motives, and functions, as well as the longtime debates on ‘authority’ and closeness to ‘original,’ the study concludes by highlighting the historicity and relativity of any work, phenomenon, and concept in nature and scope, reiterating the call “to possess the problematic facts but to disown the problematic definitions” (Bengi 1990, 230).
Poetry is notorious for its quality of untranslatability. To Robert Frost, poetry itself is that which is lost in translation. But the works of great translators like Dryden, Pope, Ezra-Pound, Richard Burton, A.L. Basham, Edward Fitzgerald and a host of others have proved that even poetry is often amenable to translation. Yet, there is some truth in what Frost maintained, for some poems by their very nature have an in-built resistance to translation, as in this case for instance.
The theoretical lens of translation as activism underscores the ways translation has been used to make social change happen. Despite the growing interest in activist translation, few studies have been carried out on translation and activism in the context of China. This study examines the translator as an activist through a case study on Yan Fu (1854–1921), a pioneer activist translator in the late Qing. It investigates Yan Fu’s activist agendas manifested in the prefaces to his translations. It is found that Yan’s activist agendas in translation include saving the nation, opposing autocratic monarchy and strengthening the country, which are closely related to the historical context of the late Qing. Furthermore, this study discusses the interactive and cyclical relationship between translation and activism through the case of Yan Fu, which goes a step further than the one-way conceptualisation of translation as a tool of activism. As the activist side of Yan Fu’s translation has not received much attention previously, this study offers new insights into Yan’s translation practice from the activist perspective.
The aim of the study is to analyze two different Turkish translations, made by different translators and published by different publishers, of the figurative language in the dystopian novel Brave New World, written by British author Aldous Huxley, within the framework of Newmark, Popovic, Pym and Kocabıyık's translation theories. In this context, it has been tried to determine which translation strategies the translators prefer to use, that is, which translation theory or theories the translations can serve as an example. In accordance with this purpose, a total of thirty-four figurative language selected from each part of the original text consisting of eighteen chapters and their Turkish translations have been examined in the light of four translation theories. In this study, as the source text, the 25th edition of the original text published by Longman Literature Publishing House in 2010; as the target texts, 1989 - Orhan Burian’s translation of the Ministry of National Education Publications and the 2015 - Ümit Tosun’s translation of Ithaki Publications have been used. The research model of the study is document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods. The main point emphasized in the study is that a scientific translation analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should not be a true-false analysis. When the data obtained at the end of the study are evaluated, it is found that these two translators have adopted different translation approaches from each other. The first target text translator, Burian, has often achieved Directional Equivalence and adopted the Communicative Translation approach. The second target text translator, Tosun, on the other hand, has generally preferred the Semantic Translation approach, unlike Burian. The main difference between Burian and Tosun's translations is that Burian has used Ottoman Turkish words very often; Tosun, on the other hand, has prefered a plainer and simpler style.
Substitution is a discoursal grammatical cohesion; it replaces an element with a substitute with the same structural function as the substituted element. This paper ,investigates the language norms and translation norms of substitution in the literary text; it describes the occurrence of substitution and its structural effect in translation. The investigation is done on two novels, Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and Strait is the Gate by André Gide. This study follows Halliday and Hasan’s theory (1976) of cohesion and Catford’s (1965) theory of translation shifts. First, the whole text is read; then, data are identified, categorized, and analyzed. The investigation reveals that English uses substitution in cases where French uses other cohesive ties like reference, ellipsis, and repetition. The shift category used to achieve substitution cohesiveness is a class shift determined by language peculiarity norms of the source and target languages. The research, therefore, reveals that the translator’s invisibility and the inviolability of language norms enhance the literariness and acceptability of the target text
In 2019, Yuval Harari, an Israeli historian and bestselling author, appeared in the center of a media debate provoked by the discovery of considerable differences between the English text of his 21 Lessons for the 21st Century and its Russian translation. A comparative study of the English and Russian texts of the book featured in this paper revealed five major issues which turned out to be sensitive for the Russian censorship, namely, homosexuality, liberalism, U.S.S.R.–U.S. “tug-of-war,” Putin and Putin’s Russia, and Putin’s aggression against Ukraine and Georgia. It is in the presentation of these topics that Yuval Harari’s English text suffered essential transformation and reduction in the Russian edition. The conducted analysis contributes to the long-lived debate about the author’s and the translator’s responsibility before their readers, and the boundaries, beyond which mutilation of the source text no longer allows regarding the resulting text as a translation. The author argues that the escalating information wars targeted at people’s minds in the twenty-first century impose ever-increasing requirements to authors and translators of such books as Yuval Harari’s 21 Lessons for the 21st Century in terms of intellectual integrity and professional ethics.
The legacy of Akira Kurosawa has become ‘fertile land’, beckoning a plethora of intercultural and intermedia adaptations . Rashōmon (1950), which is adapted from two short stories by the great Japanese writer Akutagawa Ryūnosuke (1892–1927), namely, ‘Rashōmon’ (1915) and ‘In a Grove’ (1922), surprised Hollywood by refusing the dominant traditional narrative techniques of the period. Although this masterpiece was created over half a century ago, it has been reproduced continually through multimediated practices. Rashōmon was a cognitive explosion that revolutionized western perceptions of the creative and imaginative potential of eastern cinema. Since its release, this cinematic masterpiece has been rewritten and recontextualized into a slew of film, stage and musical productions. Adaptation is the process of reinterpreting and negotiating a target text for new cultural and sign biospheres. This work analyses the transformation process of Rashōmon into the movie adaptations The Outrage (Ritt 1964) (United States) and อุโมงค์ผาเมือง ( The Outrage , also known as At the Gate of the Ghost ) (Devakula 2011) (Thailand) to answer the following questions: what elements are added, amplified or excluded in the Rashōmon adaptations? Can the recontextualization of Rashōmon in the United States and Thailand show how the Rashōmon adaptations accommodate and confront cultural and epochal similarities and differences? What translatable and adaptable ‘textual gaps’ allow the adaptations to discourse and reinterpret the source/original/adapted texts? This article uses theory of adaptation as the main theoretical framework to address the questions above.
In this study the Turkish translation of the figurative language in the novel “The Day The Leader Was Killed” written by Egyptian writer Nejib Mahfouz has been analyzed in the context of translation theories developed by Vinay and Darbelnet, Newmark, Pym and Toury. The fundamental reason of analyzing this novel is because of the usage of brilliant eloquence in the figurative language. Another reason is the fact that Nejib Mahfouz is considered to be one of the preeminent writers in Arabic Literature. This research will only analyze the translation from Arabic to Turkish. In this study the indirect translation from English will not be discussed. The reason of this is due to the fact that great amount of loss of meaning might prevail in an indirect translation. Furthermore another reason is that the analysis of targets texts translated from a mediated language can not be successful. The fundamental argument of this research is the fact that a translation criticism is obliged to be carried out on the basis of a theoretical framework in order for it to be scientific. The methodoogy of this study is document analysis. In this study the fact that translation criticism that does not have a theoretical framework will only be error-hunting has been discussed. Moreover the fact that this kind of a translation analysis will not fulfill the requirement of being scientific in other words thoroughly academic has also been emphasized. This study is crucial in terms of demonstrating the systematic process of a scientific translation analysis. In this research the theories that constitute the theoretical framework of the analysis have been explained, the analysis has been carried out and the findings that were obtained were discussed in the conclusion respectively. The fundamental finding which was obtained in the conclusion of this study is the fact that the translator has aimed to produce an acceptable translation as the Initiai Norm.
This chapter, as a sequel to the first part of the interview on translation in Chap. 8, further examines issues related to Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and translation studies. We discuss the acceptance of the term “systemic functional translation studies” in academia. Then, we comment on the contributions made by various scholars, including J. R. Firth, Erich Steiner and his group, Mona Baker, Juliane House, and J. R. Martin. Finally, we explain the relationship between SFL and some other translation theories, including skopos theory, polysystem theory and descriptive translation studies.
Based on a review of the literature on ethnography produced by translation scholars over the past twenty years, this contribution explores how translation studies [TS] has appropriated this concept, first as a way to solve translation problems (with Eugene Nida), then as an object (within the cultural turn) and more recently as a research methodology to document and analyze translation and interpreting events in context. The author shows how, in the early seventies, both cultural anthropology and TS saw a change in paradigm that brought the two disciplines closer at the surface level (as the metaphor of culture as a text gained grounds), but that draw them very much apart from an epistemological viewpoint. Indeed, while ethnography was undertaking an interpretive turn, TS chose to define itself as an empirical discipline based on systematic and objective observation; this positivistic bias in early TS could partly explain its late adoption of ethnography as a research methodology. This literary review finally reminds us of the many dichotomies out of which TS has grown and structured itself — text vs context; translation vs. interpretation; experiential vs. scientific knowledge, hermeneutics vs. empiricism, to name but a few — and suggest the need for an interpretive move within the discipline.
Abstract. The article addresses the issue of adequate translation of poetry which is understood as the acceptable relationship between the original text and its translation. It provides an overview of the terms that are used in various theories to describe this acceptable relationship in poetry translation, and also of how this relationship is understood in sociosemiotic and hermeneutic translation studies. The article provides a more in-depth analysis of the concepts of equivalence and correspondence which are commonly used to define adequate translation. The author draws a conclusion that the concept of correspondence as a multiple analogue defines the acceptable relationship between the original text and its translation more adequately than the concept of equivalence. Finally, problematic aspects of poetry translation are discussed that the definition of correspondence fails to encompass.
The objective of this paper is to study the Spanish translation of Yaa Gyasi’s Homegoing (2016), a novel that adopts the form of a neo-slave narrative to chronicle a black family’s history from eighteenth-century Ghana to the early twenty-first century in the United States. The contexts in which both the source and target text were published will be described, paying attention to paratexts, to the book’s reception, and to the translation’s positive reviews. Gyasi’s debut oeuvre depicts alterity and the non-standard linguistic varieties, such as Black English, spoken by the dispossessed Other. This paper examines the strategies that the translator, Maia Figueroa (2017), has made use of to render this interplay of voices into Spanish. In addition, it considers how her choice to standardize some fragments and to introduce marked non-standard language in certain passages affects the reflection of the narrative Us vs. Otherness in the target text.
The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Methodology provides a comprehensive overview of methodologies in translation studies, including both well-established and more recent approaches.
The Handbook is organised into three sections, the first of which covers methodological issues in the two main paradigms to have emerged from within translation studies, namely skopos theory and descriptive translation studies. The second section covers multidisciplinary perspectives in research methodology and considers their application in translation research. The third section deals with practical and pragmatic methodological issues. Each chapter provides a summary of relevant research, a literature overview, critical issues and topics, recommendations for best practice, and some suggestions for further reading.
Bringing together over 30 eminent international scholars from a wide range of disciplinary and geographical backgrounds, this Handbook is essential reading for all students and scholars involved in translation methodology and research.
Bu tez çalışmasının amacı çeviribilim sosyolojisi alanını bir araştırma alanı olarak önermek; Bourdieu sosyolojisini bu yönde araştırmalar için işlemsel izlekleriyle açıklamak ve sahada araştırma tasarımını Türkiye’de çeviribilim alanı üzerine inşa etmektir. Bourdieu’nün disiplinlerarası ampirik bilim anlayışında tarihsel bakış açısıyla epistemolojik düşünüm belirleyici olduğundan; öncelikle bilimsel bir alanı nesne olarak inceleyen bilim sosyolojisinin disiplinlerarası çerçevesi ortaya konulmuş; ardından çeviribilim kaynaklarında çeviribilim sosyolojisine çağrıda bulunan söylem; araştırmacı kimlikleri sorgulanarak somutlaştırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu söylemde tarihsel ve epistemolojik düşünüm çağrısı açıktır. Öne çıkan düşünümsellik, bilimsel alan, sermaye, habitus vb. kavramlar Bourdieu sosyolojisinin metodolojik araçlarına gönderme yapmaktadır. Bu nedenle yöntem olarak Bourdieucü yaklaşımın düşünsel, epistemolojik ve kavramsal altyapısı açıklanmıştır. Yöntem öncelikle düşünümsel ve ilişkisel yaklaşımla nesnenin inşasını; ardından eyleyiciler ve pratiklere odaklanan alan çözümlemesini öngörmektedir. Bilimsel alanı ve bilim pratiğini incelemek üzere önerilen yöntemle ilgili kavramsal açıklama ve şemalar Bourdieucü yaklaşımın uygulamada işlemselleştirilmesi amacını gütmektedir. Tezin saha araştırması bölümü “Türkiye’de çeviribilim alanı”nın nesnel(l)eştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla Türkiye’de çeviribilim bölümleriyle çeviribilimin kurumsal yapısı, eğitim güzergâhlarıyla eyleyici profileri ve bilimsel yayınlarla çeviribilim araştırma pratiği üçgeninde bir alan çözümlemesi önerilmektedir. Yapı, eyleyici ve pratik üzerine inşa edilen çeviribilim alanına dönük saha araştırmasında önce Türkiye’de “çeviribilim” bölümleri ve akademik kadroları ele alınmaktadır. Çalışılan alt alanlarla bilim pratiklerine yönelik “temsiller” ise “çeviribilim” sorgusuyla sınırlandırılan tez ve makalelerden oluşan bir bütünce üzerinde araştırmaya konu
edilmektedir.
The objective of this PhD thesis is to offer the sociology of translation studies as a research field, explain Bourdieu sociology with operational themes for the research to be conducted in this field and construct the research design on the field of translation studies in Turkey. As the epistemological reflexion with a historical perspective in Bourdieu`s interdisciplinary empirical scientific approach is distinctive. First the interdisciplinary framework of the sociology of science has been laid out followed by an effort to concretize the discourse calling for the sociology of translation studies by examining the researcher identities. In this discourse, historical and epistemological reflexion call is explicit. The emphasized concepts such as reflexivity, scientific field, capital, habitus make a reference to the methodological and epistemological instruments of Bourdieusian sociology. For this reason, Bourdieusian approach has been explained as a method. The method first provides for the construction of the object with a reflexive and relational approach followed by the field analysis focusing on the agents and practices. The conceptual explanation and schemes in order to study the scientific field and the scientific practice pursue the goal to operationalize the Bourdieusian approach in practice. The field analysis chapter of the thesis aims at the objectivation of “translation studies field in Turkey”. For this purpose, a field analysis within the triangulation of the institutional structure of translation studies along with the translation studies departments in Turkey, agent profiles with educational trajectories and a translation studies practice with scientific publications is suggested. In this analysis constructed on structure, agent and practice, first “translation studies” departments in Turkey and their teaching/academic staff are examined. The representations on the subfields of research and the scientific practices are examined through a corpus comprised of articles and theses limited with the query of “translation studies”.
Metaphor translation has been a matter of concern in Translation Studies because its interlinguistic transfer can be impeded by cross-cultural and crosslinguistic differences. Since the inception of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), which focuses on the conceptual structure of metaphorical language, a range of studies have emerged to investigate metaphor translation from a cognitive perspective, presenting an eclectic mix of research questions and methodologies. This paper is targeted at illustrating what the cognitive approach has offered to Translation Studies by providing a critical overview of recent research in metaphor translation from a cognitive perspective. It is pointed out that cognitive theory can get to the heart of metaphor, an essential cognitive device for meaning-making, as well as translation, a cognitive activity. Illustrations from the literature show that a cognitive approach can account for in-depth conceptual transfer in the analysis of product- and process-oriented metaphor translation. The cognitive approach also provides important insights into translation as cross-cultural communication by offering a redefinition of culture. Within this context, the paper provides multilingual illustrations while paying special attention to translation between culturally-distant languages, e.g. English-Chinese and French-Chinese translation. Lastly, it is argued that there is potential in combining cognitive theory with translation theories such as Descriptive Translation Studies and the Interpretive Theory of Translation.
Keywords: metaphor translation, conceptual metaphor, cognitive approach to translation, Translation Studies, Cognitive Linguistics
Translation is a culture-forming practice that transmits content into a new language system. In the process, it contributes to shaping the development of literature and knowledge and even has the capacity to balance power relationships. Because translations arise from specific occasions, serve specific purposes, belong to specific contexts, and are understood differently depending on the situation, they are a fundamental instrument of knowledge transfer and play a key role in the normalization of society and the construction of culture. The introduction to the second section of this volume focuses on the knowledge that is accessed, reclassified, and expanded during the translation process and that permits conclusions to be drawn about underlying social, discursive, and anthropological concepts.
Applying insights from Shi Er’s philosophic-cultural studies-based “boundary theory” to the construal of the nature of translation, this paper discusses the various aspects of what could be regarded as a generative approach to defining translation, ranging from the idea that translation is a “cross-boundary” activity of communication to the concept of translational generativity and to analyzing the fundamental properties of what could qualify or disqualify given texts as translation. It thus provides a new understanding of the nature of translation enhanced by elements of Chinese philosophy and culture.
Indo aparentemente na contramão de uma tradição disciplinar que, aliás, só em tempos recentes parece ter chegado a atribuir a merecida relevância à história da tradução, o
presente trabalho visa agora a reler essa história através da categoria de “não-tradução”, cujo balizamento conceitual tem demonstrado não só a óbvia inter-relação com o seu oposto (sendo, afinal, a tradução e a não-tradução as duas faces da mesma moeda), como também a legitimidade heurística de complementar uma abordagem histórica da tradução com essa espécie de perspectiva às avessas.
The past three decades have witnessed an increase in research on retranslation. Drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis, this study examines the retranslation of political texts – specifically Work Reports by the Communist Party of China – as a special genre in its own right. By concentrating on the retranslation of a recurring set of Chinese political concepts, culture-specific items, and preferred usages into English from the early 1990s to the late 2010s, this study shows how and why the retranslations have been carried out, as motivated by the evolving ideologies of the original author – the Communist Party of China. The retranslations are shown to be influenced by the broader social, economic, and political dynamics within China, rather than by prevailing factors within the receiving culture or variables associated with the individual translators, as is commonly suggested in the literature. Our findings add to the existing body of research into retranslation by extending the genres and contexts of retranslation research.
Drawing on the ‘cultural turn’ in Translation Studies, this chapter addresses the problem of equivalence and symmetry in meaning. It problematises how the concept of anarchy was translated into ‘anarsṃi’ in the Turkish translation of Alexander Wendt’s seminal 1992 article ‘Anarchy Is What States Make of It’ and argues that the concept has a very particular meaning in the Turkish context which differs fundamentally from that intended by Wendt. The Turkish concept of anarchy was shaped amidst radical political changes in Turkey, in particular the coups d’etats in the 1970s and 1980s which resulted in the juxtaposition of anarchy with terror, and not merely the absence of rules. Theory-building in IR necessitates a more explicit focus on the translation of IR texts, which begins with problematising the idea of equivalence.
This paper studies how two recent neo-slave narratives have been translated into Spanish: The Good Lord Bird, by James McBride, and The Underground Railroad, by Colson Whitehead. Since they were both published simultaneously in Spain in September 2017, special attention is paid to the strategies used to render Black English, which marks slaves’ otherness, in the target polysystem. An overview of the origin, rise, and evolution of neo-slave narratives precedes the features of African-American Vernacular English portrayed in the novels that belong to this sub-genre. After some insights into the issue of translating literary dialect, the risks it entails, and the different strategies that can be used, the Spanish versions of McBride’s and Whitehead’s works are analyzed accordingly and contrasted.
I argue that there needs to be a greater critical awareness in parts of the academic world as regards the use of literary translations published at a time of state censorship. Using the first English translations of August Strindberg’s Giftas (1884; 1886) and I havsbandet(1890) as a case in point, this paper demonstrates the extent to which translations of books whose content clashed with the British Obscene Publications Act 1857 deviated from their source texts, often on the very points that made the books and their authors famous. Although there are more recent and uncensored translations available today, the old and censored translations of “provocative” authors such as Strindberg, Zola and Flaubert often outnumber more recent ones on the market, sometimes under the guise of being “Scholar’s Choice” editions. I will demonstrate that several literary scholars quote and refer to censored translations, even to the censored passages themselves, and that some use them in academic courses focussing on the very aspects that were censored. I therefore suggest that it should be made mandatory for all courses dealing with translated literature to include critical discussions on the use of translations.
Depois de traçar algumas coordenadas do campo literário português por finais de Trinta, posicionam-se nesse espaço as primeiras traduções de Rilke, por Paulo Quintela. À análise das traduções segundo as normas de Toury segue-se uma breve avaliação das reacções que logo desencadearam bem como da infl uência que exerceram sobre o nosso sistema literário.
Translation is traditionally defined as linguistic equivalence between two languages, but this is a reductive conceptualization that ignores how a cultural context can shape the translation process. Drawing from both translation studies and development studies, this paper discusses translation beyond interlingual transfer and considers how the concept changes in the developmental context in Africa in particular. Using as an example the First 1000 Most Critical Days Programme, a Zambian health campaign aimed at disseminating information on health and nutrition for mothers and children, this paper explores the use of other types of translation and how non-traditional translators act as mediators to convey messages intralingually and intersemiotically.
This paper investigates the reception history of the Danish Poet and fairytale writer Hans Christian Andersen in 19th-century Germany and its influence on his (auto)biographical depiction. Like many Scandinavian poets, Andersen discovered Germany’s literary potential and took advantage of it to further his career. In most cases, he was pictured as a genius who suffered systematic underestimation in Denmark. This narrative which determined his reception plays a central role in his German autobiography Märchen meines Lebens (Fairy Tale of my Life). Analyzing Andersen’s autobiographical discourse, I will reconstruct the process of the construction of Andersen’s (auto)biographical myth, emphasizing translation’s role in shaping autobiographical narratives.
This paper delves into a reappraisal of the curriculum for the teaching of translation in Nigeria with the aim of contributing towards the making of a more comprehensive and viable curriculum that responds to the need of the present day non-literary translator. Nigerian universities have over the years been producing academic translators and awarding them degrees even as high as the doctorate degree. During the course of training, no Nigerian University distinguishes from the training of a non-literary l and a literary translator, though their curricular have a bias for literary translation. Consequently many of their products end up as literary translators. The few courageous ones who delve into non-literary translation only do a shoddy job of it. To expose this lopsided curricular a reappraisal of the MA and PHD translation curricula of three National University Commission accredited Nigerian Federal institutions, selected from three geopolitical zones of the country were done. This research revealed that the major problem was that of the lopsided programmes run by the universities. Suggestions on how to improve the training of the non-literary translator were also proffered. (1) INTRODUCTION Translation according to Albir is "la totalité de l'opération qui permet de transmettre dans une langue un discours ou un texte formulé dans une autre langue"/ The totality of all the operations that make for the transfer of a speech or text from one language to the other. (My translation.) There are basically two types of texts for translation : literary and non literary texts. Literary translation deals with the translation of any genre of literature such as poetry, prose and theatre. Non literary translation simply means the translation of texts that are not literary. This type of translation has actually received a lot of appellations such as technical translation and pragmatic translation. But no matter by what term it is designated, this paper views it along the lines of Christine Durieux as "la traduction des textes de nature technique, technologique ou scientifique."(15)/ The translation of texts that are technical, technological or scientific in nature.(My translation) It therefore excludes texts that deal with drama, poetry and prose. Delisle further intimates us that this type of text » is characterised by the difficulty in its translation due to the technicalities of its content (13)» (My translation).The primary purpose of non-literary translation is to convey specialized information.. Services of non-literary translators are required in the following areas : technology, sciences, administration, pharmacy, medecine, law etc. Training a good non-literary translator would involve enough exposure to texts drawn from the various domaines that non literay translation covers.
This paper discusses how theories of definition and probabilistic theories of
categorization could help distinguish between translation and (literary film)
adaptation, and eventually between translation (TS) and (literary film) adaptation studies (LFAS). Part I suggests readopting the common parlance definition of “translation” as the accurate rendition of the meaning of a verbal expression in another natural language, and “adaptation” as change that leads to better fit. Readopting these common parlance definitions entails categorical implications. The author discusses three parameters: whereas “translation” represents an invariance-oriented, semiotically invested, cross-lingual phenomenon, “adaptation” refers to a variance-oriented phenomenon, which
is not semiotically invested, and entails better fit. Part II discusses how theories of categorization could help distinguish between TS and LFAS. The study of the disciplinarization of knowledge involves epistemic and socio-political conditioners. This section concludes that medium specificity, i.e., the linguistic versus lit-film paradigm, plays a major role in separating TS from LFAS. Another player that deserves more attention is the Romantic as opposed to the Classicist value system.
What is aspectual meaning without a verb? Focusing on sentences in which the typical marker of aspectual meaning – the verb constellation – is absent, we use translations to explore the aspectual meaning pragmatically implicated by verbless sentences. Retrieved automatically, they were analyzed from a monolingual, parallel-text and third-language perspective. Semantic annotation for situation and viewpoint aspect showed that while states are an important correlate, verbless sentences are also found in contexts that call for the use of dynamic situations. English verbless sentences tend to implicate the French present simple and require an indexical relation to the situation of utterance. In spite of its high frequency in the novel, the French passé composé is excluded from the conversational implicature of Russian and English verbless sentences.
Gideon Toury pioneered Descriptive Translation Studies as a science based on observation, (re)defining translation as a target-cultural 'fact' and, thus, shifting the focus to the translation as a product which can and should be studied without any methodological presumptions. However, this proves illusive, as it falsely supposes neutrality in research. Arguing that there could be no strict separation between description and evaluation, I will argue that-if we are to fully understand its complex nature-translation cannot be properly viewed as an exclusively target-cultural phenomenon. An overview of some alternative concepts that allow a more balanced perspective will be given.