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Khan et al.
Int. J. Biosci.
2019
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Response of various brassica cultivars to yield under agro-
ecological condition of Quetta
Nanak Khan1, Naqeeb Ullah2*, Muhammad Ashraf3, Shafique Ahmad4, Muhammad
Kashif5, Hameed Ur Rehman6
1Department of Agronomy, Baluchistan Agriculture College Quetta
2Directorate of Post-Harvest and Food Technology, Agriculture Research Institute, ARI Sariab
Road Quetta
3Directorate of Plant Protection, Agriculture Research Institute, ARI Sariab Road Quetta
4Directorate of Vegetable Seed Production, Agriculture Research Institute, ARI Sariab Road Quetta
5Directorate of Vegetable Seed Production, Agriculture Research Institute, ARI Sariab Road Quetta
6Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science &Technology, KUST, Kohat, KP, Pakistan
Key words: Brassica, Cultivators, Agro-Ecological, Quetta.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/14.1.53-69
Article published on January 11, 20199
Abstract
This study was carried out 2013-2014 under the agro-ecological condition of Quetta in order to evaluate the yield response of
four Brassica cultivars viz sultan Raya, Bard-1, Dunkled and cont-II . Tested Brassica cultivars were sown on 6th march 2014 at
experimental area of Agriculture research institute (ARI), Quetta by maintaining same plot size (5.0 m long and 3m wide), seed
rate (60 kg hac-1) and fertilizer dose (90 kg N hac-1and 60 kg P hac-1). The experiment was laid as Randomizes complete block
Design(RCBD) replicated thrice. Result showed that maximum plant height of 123.00 cm was recorded in Bard-1 followed by
121.33 cm in Sultan Raya and minimum was 98.67 cm in Dunkled. Similarly, maximum but non-significant No of pods plant-1
of 293.67 and 285.67 were recorded in con-II and dunkled and minimum was 248 in Sultan Raya followed by 264 in Bard-I.
Number of pods plant1 were positively and significantly correlated with seed index, grain yield and harvest index with
coefficient of determination (R2) of 74, 79, and 74% respectively. While in case of number of seeds pod-1seed index, grain yield
and harvest index, their mean maximum value of 24 seeds pod-1, 4.47g, 2791.00 kg hac-1 and 15.67 % were found in Con-II
followed by Dunkled and minimum of 16.00 seeds pod-1 , 3.33g 1742.00 kg hac-1 and 8.54 % were present Sultan Raya and
Bard-I. Among them, the canola type cultivars i-e. Dunkled and con-II performed better than Sultan Raya and Bard-I.
Whereas, the maximum Biological yield of 21380 kg hac-1 and minimum was 17771 kg hac-1 in con-II. The positive and
significant correlation was found among the yield components which showed that the high yield of Dunkled followed by con-II
can be grown successfully in Quetta valley and it can further be evaluated for other locations in Balochistan.
* Corresponding Author: Naqeeb Ullah 03449002451h@gmail.com
International Journal of Biosciences | IJB |
ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 14, No. 1, p. 53-69, 2019
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Khan et al.
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Introduction
Rapeseed (Brassica rapa and B. napus) and mustard
(B. juncea) are the important crop of Brassica group
grown as oilseed crops in Pakistan. These have
remained one of the major sources of oil in the sub-
continent for centuries. Rapeseed and mustard are
rich source of oil and contains 44-46% good quality
oil. In addition, its meal has 38-40% protein that has
a complete profile of amino acids including lysine,
methionine and cystine. The meal from canola quality
rapeseed varieties is an excellent feed for animals and
birds especially for poultry (Rashid, 2010).
Edible oil is one of the important commodities of
everyday use. Pakistan has been constantly and
chronically deficient in its production. Local
production of edible oil is remained 0.636 million
tonnes while imports were 2.148 million. During the
year 2012-2013 (July-March), 1.738 million tonnes of
edible oil valued at Rs. 153.3 billion (US $1.595
billion) have been imported. The local production
during 2012-2013 (July-March) was 0.612 million
tonnes. Total availability of edible oil from all sources
is provisionally estimated at 2.35 million tonnes
during 2012-2013 (July-March). The contribution of
rapeseed and canola in term of area is 0.482 million
hectares with a production of 176 million tonnes’
seeds (Anonymous, 2013).
In Pakistan, The area under oilseed crops during
2009-10 was 693 thousand hectares with total
production of 4940 thousand tonnes. Sunflower and
Canola with high oil yield per unit area have emerged
major oilseed crops and have the potential to narrow
the gap between production and consumption of
edible oil (Anonymous, 2010). However, among oil
seed crops, the rapeseed and mustard were grown on
area of 224 and 198 thousand hectares with total
production of 205 and 181 thousand tonnes during
2012-13 and 2013-14 (GOP, 2014). Province wise,
area and production of rapeseed/mustard and canola
crops in Pakistan revealed that Punjab contributed
largely with area of 111.5 (5.7) thousand hectare
producing 96.3 (6.4) thousand tonnes while the area
and production of Sindh, Khyber Pakhtonkhwa, and
Balochistan was 40.7 (1.9), 15.3 (1.0) and 22.8 (4.0)
thousand hectares and 46.5 (2.4), 7.3 (0.4) and 12.1
(2.4) thousand tonnes respectively (Anonymous,
2010).
Rapeseed-mustard is a traditional crop of Pakistan.
The oil extracted from indigenous varieties of
rapeseed-mustard is not being used in the
manufacture of vegetable ghee or as vegetable oil
because of high erucic acid (40-70% in oil) which is
harmful to human health. Canola belongs to a
rapeseed group (Brassica napus L.). It is a future
hope of Pakistan as it can play a significant role for
the enhancement of edible oil production in the
country. It is infect simply a variety of rapeseed with
certain defined characteristics especially low erucic
acid in oil and low glucosinolates in oilseed cake.
Canola oil contains no cholesterol and low erucic oils
are nutritional more desirable for human health
(Rashid, 2010).
Canola has been successfully on soil from pH 5.0 to
8.0. Canola has higher requirement for nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulphur than cereals and other crops
and will not produce high yields unless all three
elements are present. Canola needs approximately 40
to 50 kg of nitrogen i.e. 30% more than wheat, 8 kg
phosphorus and 10 kg sulphur per tonne of grain
produced (Colton and Sykes, 1992). In general, the
optimal germination conditions for canola are 20oC,
high water availability (i.e. -0.2 MPa) and exposure to
light (Pekrun et al., 1998). Whereas, soil temperature
below 10oC result in progressively poorer germination
and emergence. However, germination is also
influenced by the genetic variety, growth conditions
as the seed matures, how the seed was stored and
seed treatments (CCC, 2007).
Studies pertaining to comparative yield performance
of different Brassica varieties were carried out by
Cheema et al. (2001) at the Agronomic Research
Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, during
1998-99. Their comparative treatments were
comprised of six varieties including BSA, Shiralee,
Westar, Rainbow, Dunkled and Oscar. Among them,
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Khan et al.
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the Oscar variety produced maximum seed yield
(1843 kg ha-1) with improved yield components like
number of branches, pods plant-1, and 1000 seed
weight as compared to other varieties. Oscar also
proved best in qualitative traits like erucic acid,
glucosinolates and seed oil contents. The climatic
effect on yield performance of different canola
varieties were investigated by Ali et al. (2011) in four
regions in Oman in order to comprehend their
response and adaptability to these different agro-
climate regions. In this study they used three
varieties of canola (Canola 1, Hyola 43 and Hyola 60)
and their results demonstrated that there were
significant differences for location (Region) with
respect to both seed yield and plant height. There
were no significant differences among the varieties in
seed yield during 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 in
Jimah, Sohar and Salalah, while interestingly
significant differences were found during 2004/2005
in Al-Kamil and during 2006/2007 in Salalah and
Sohar. These results indicated that canola is highly
adaptable to different regions of Oman with relative
advantage for certain regions for both seed yield
productivity and oil content. The adaptability of
canola varieties such as Raya Anmol and Faisal
Canola under coastal climatic conditions of Lasbela
were tested in Balochistan at Lasbela University of
Agriculture, Water and Marine Science, Uthal,
Lasbela. This study showed that yield and yield
contributing traits were significant and seed yield of
Faisal Canola was better as compared to that of Raya
Anmol (Waseem et al., 2014).
Rapeseed and mustard are the conventional oil seed
crops in Pakistan and rank second after seed cotton in
oil production in the country. In recent years, many
canola varieties have been imported and cultivated in
Pakistan but their yield potentials and production
technologies have yet not been explored.Keeping in
view the importance of brassica cultivars as oil crops
and due to diversified agro-climatic zones, there is
great potential for production of these crops in
Balochistan. So, the present study was designed to
evaluate the growth and yield components of different
brassica cultivars under the agro-climatic condition of
Quetta with the following objectives:First, to test the
growth performance of various brassica cultivars
under the agro-climatic conditions of Quetta.Second,
to evaluate the yield response of different brassica
cultivars associated with influence of Quetta climate.
Materials and methods
For the investigation of growth and yield performance
of different brassica cultivars under the Agro-
ecological condition of Quetta, a field experiment was
carried out during 2014 at the experimental field of
Agriculture Research Institute Sariab Quetta with
Latitude of 30° 6'50.27"N and Longitude of
66°58'44.17"E. The research trial was based on
complete randomized block design (RCBD) of single
factorial with four brassica cultivars as treatments
and were replicated thrice. The experimental details
are as under:
Treatments
T1 = Sultan Raya
T1 = Bard-1
T1 = Dunkeld
T1 = Con-II
Source of Seeds
The seed of four brassica cultivars were collected from
the Directorate of Agriculture Research Oil Seed
Crop, ARI Sariab Quetta.
Land preparation
Before the preparation of land, the field was irrigated
using tube well water. When the soil moisture level
was reached to field capacity after one week of
irrigation then land was prepared as per agronomic
procedure with two ploughing by cultivator followed
by blanking. Then field was laid out according to the
plan of study with plot size of 5.0 x 3.0 m and total of
12 plots of same size were made.
Seed sowing and fertilizer application
The seeds of four brassica cultivars were sown on 6th
March 2014 with single row hand drill using seed rate
of 5 kg ha-1 while keeping planting distance at 30 cm.
Thinning was done twice up to the age of one month
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to maintain a distance of 10 cm between the plants.
Nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of urea and
triple super phosphate were applied @ 90 kg N ha-1
and at 60 kg P ha-1, respectively. Whole of the
phosphorus and 1/3 of nitrogen was applied as a basal
dose while remaining 2/3 nitrogen was applied in two
equal splits half at first irrigation and half at
development stage.
Irrigation
The crop was irrigated three times during the entire
period of growth using tube well water. First
irrigation was applied 30 days after sowing, second at
flowering and third at the start of seed development.
Weed and pest control
Two hoeing were given to keep the field free from
weeds. Insecticides were sprayed for the control of
aphids. All the other agronomic practices were kept
normal and uniform for all the experimental units.
Soil analysis
Before the installation of experiment, composite soil
sample was collected and analyzed for texture, EC,
pH, organic matter, totol N, P and K contents. The
detailed methods of soil analysis are described below
under separate heading:
Electrical conductivity and pH
For measurement of electrical conductivity (EC) and
pH, soil water extracts in 1:5 soil-water were
prepared. Twenty gram soil along with 100 ml
distilled water in a 250 ml conical flask on mechanical
shaker was shaken for 30 minutes at 180 rpm.
The suspension was filtered and used for
determination of EC and pH. For pH measurement,
pH meter (ModelWTW pH 720) with glass electrode
was used. The pH meter was calibrated by using
buffers of pH 7.0 and 9.2 before recording the sample
readings. For EC measurement, EC meter (ModelHI
8033) based on Wheatstone bridge circuit was
calibrated by using 0.02 M KCl solution. Before EC
measurement, both KCl solution and soil-water
extracts were maintained at 25 oC (McLean, 1982).
Organic matter
Two g soil was taken in to 500 ml conical flask and 10
ml of Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)solution and
20 ml concentrated H2SO4 were added. The flask was
swirled for complete contact of soil with the reagent
and kept for 30 minutes.
The contents of flask were diluted by adding 200 ml
water followed by 30 drops of diphenylamine
indicator and then titrated against 0.5N (NH4)2SO4.
6H2O until the colour sharply shifted from violet blue
to brilliant green.
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil
All the samples were analyzed for Kjeldahl’s N, and
ABDTPA extractable P and K. Kjeldahl’s N was
estimated by digesting the contents in H2SO4 followed
by distillation and finally titrating the distillate with
acid (Jones, 1991). Available P and K were extracted
with AB-DTPA (Soltanpour and Schwab, 1977) and
the P in the extracts was determined by developing a
blue color method as given by Cotteni (1962), while K
was analyzed directly by emission spectroscopy using
flame photometer (Knudsen et al., 1982).
Study parameters
Plant height (cm):Height of ten plants from each plot
was measured from ground level to the top of the plant
at harvest through measuring tape which were selected
randomly and then calculated the average plant height.
Number of pods plant-1:Randomlyten plants from each
plot were tagged and all the pods plant-1 were manually
counted and averaged to no. of pods plant-1.
Number of seeds pod-1:Ten pods were randomly
selected from each plot and number of seeds pod-1 of
each one was counted and the average number of
seeds pod-1 were calculated.
Seed index: 1000 grains were weighed on an electric
balance after sun drying.
Biological yield (kg ha-1):Biological yield was obtained
from harvest of m2, weighed and computed for ha-1 at
harvest.
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Grain yield (kg ha-1):Grain yield was recorded after
harvesting and threshing as per treatment with plot size
of 15 m2 and then converted them into kg ha-1 with
simple conversion calculation.
Harvest Index:Harvest index was calculated through the
following formula:
Statistical analysis
The randomized complete block design was carried
out through Statistix 8.1 computer software. The LSD
value for mean comparison was calculated only if the
general treatment F test was significant at probability
of ≤0.05 (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Correlation was
carried out to know the strength of relationship
between yield components and growth components.
Results
The results of this study regarding plant height,
number of pods plant- 1, number of seeds pod-1, seed
index, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index
are described in Table-1, Fig. 1 to 7 and appendix I-
VII. While the correlation among them where
possible are presented in Fig. 8-12.
Table 1. Pre-soil analysis of the experimental site.
Soil properties
Units
Value
Sand
%
60.1
Silt
%
12.6
Clay
%
27.3
Texture Class
Sandy clay loam
Organic matter
%
0.78
EC (1:5)
dSm-1
2.31
pH (1:5)
8.10
Calcium
meq/100g soil
15.6
Magnesium
meq/100g soil
8.4
Total nitrogen (N)
%
0.041
AB-DTPA
extractable Phosphorus (P)
Ppm
2.33
AB-DTPA
extractable Photassium (K)
Ppm
180.60
Table 2. Mean, minimum and maximum values of Brassica yield.
Plant traits
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
SE±
Plant height (cm)
96.00
134.00
110.83
3.91
Number of pods plant-1
224.00
301.00
272.83
7.03
Number of seeds pod-1
15.00
25.00
19.50
0.996
Seed index
3.10
4.90
3.87
0.185
Biological yield (kg ha-1)
15827
22326
19839
554.30
Gain yield (kg ha-1)
1422
3285
2302.3
161.49
Harvest index
6.57
17.93
11.83
1.01
Plant height (cm)
The data regarding plant height of four brassica
cultivars is given in Table-2 & 3, Fig.-1 and appendix-
I. All the four cultivars showed significant variations
in plant height. The overall plant height was ranged
between 96.00 and 134.00 cm with mean value of
110.83 cm. The analysis of variance showed a
significant (P≤0.01) differences in plant height with F
value of 25.13 (Appendix-I). The LSD test for
comparison of means (P≤0.05) showed a significant
plant height within brassica cultivars. The mean
maximum plant height of 123.00 was recorded in
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Bard-1.
Number of pods plant-1
The data regarding number of pods plant-1 of four
brassica cultivars is given in Table-2 & 4, Fig.-2 and
appendix-II. All the four cultivars showed significant
variations in number pods plant-1. The overall
number of pods plant-1 were ranged between 224 and
301 with mean value of 272.83 The analysis of
variance showed a significant (P≤0.01) differences in
number of pods plant-1 with F value of 18.92
(Appendix-II). The LSD test for comparison of means
(P≤0.05) showed significant variations in no. of pods
plant-1 within brassica cultivars.
Table 3. Plant height (cm) of four Brassica cultivars.
Brassica cultivars
Plant height (cm)
Sultan Raya
#121.33 a
Bard-1
123.00 a
Dunkeld
98.67 b
Con-II
100.33 b
S.E. ±
3.70
LSD at P value of 0.05
9.06
The mean maximum but significant number of pods
plant-1 of 293.67 and 285.67 were recorded in Con-II
and Dunkeld and minimum was 264 in Sultana Raya
followed by 248 in Bard-I. Statistically, the two
brassica cultivars i.e. Bard-I and Sultan Raya did not
differed from each and both were non-significantly
lower than other two cultivars. Among them, the
canola type cultivars i.e. Dunkeld and Con-II.
Produced higher number of pods plant-1.
Table 4. Number of pods plant-1 of four Brassica cultivars.
Brassica cultivars
Number of pods plant-1
Sultan Raya
248.00 b
Bard-1
264.00 b
Dunkeld
285.67 a
Con-II
293.70 a
S.E. ±
6.75
LSD at P value of 0.05
16.52
* Mean bearing the same letters is statistically non-significant.
Number of seed pod-1
The data regarding number of number of seeds pod-1
of four brassica cultivars is given in Table-2 & 5, Fig.3
and Appendix-III. All the four cultivars showed
significant variations in number of seeds pod-1.
The overall number of seeds pods-1 were ranged
between 15.00 and 25.0 with mean value of 19.50.
The analysis of variance showed a significant
(P≤0.01) differences in no. of seeds pod-1 with F value
of 37.85 (Appendix-III). The LSD test for comparison
of means (P≤0.05) showed significant variations in
no. of seeds pod-1 within brassica cultivars.
The mean maximum no. of seeds pod-1 of 24.0 in Con-
II followed by 21.0 in Dunkeld and minimum was
16.0 in Sultana Raya. Statistically, the two brassica
cultivars i.e. Bard-I and Sultan Raya did not differed
from each and both were non-significantly lower than
other two cultivars. Among them, the canola type
cultivars i.e. Dunkeld and Con-II. Produced higher
number of seeds pod-1.
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Table 5. Number of seeds pod-1 of four Brassica cultivars.
Brassica cultivars
Number of seeds pod-1
Sultan Raya
16 c
Bard-1
17 c
Dunkeld
21 b
Con-II
24 a
S.E. ±
0.85
LSD at P value of 0.05
2.08
Mean bearing the same letters is statistically non-significant.
Table 6. Seed index of four Brassica cultivars.
Brassica cultivars
Seed index
Sultan Raya
3.33 b
Bard-1
3.33 b
Dunkeld
4.30 a
Con-II
4.47 a
S.E. ±
0.09
LSD at P value of 0.05
0.23
*Meanbearing the same letters is statistically non-significant.
Seed index
The data regarding seed index of four brassica
cultivars is given in Table-2 & 6, Fig.4 and Appendix-
IV. All the four cultivars showed significant variations
in seed index. The overall seed index was ranged
between 3.1 and 4.90 with mean value of 3.87. The
analysis of variance showed a significant (P≤0.01)
differences in seed index with F value of 86.0
(Appendix-IV). The LSD test for comparison of means
(P≤0.05) showed significant variations in seed index
within brassica cultivars.
Table 7. Biological yield (t ha-1) of four Brassica cultivars.
Brassica cultivars
Biological yield (t ha-1)
Sultan Raya
20.77 ab
Bard-1
21.38 a
Dunkeld
19.44 ab
Con-II
17.77 b
S.E. ±
1.32
LSD at P value of 0.05
3.25
*Mean bearing the same letters is statistically non-significant.
Table 8. Grain yield (kg ha-1) of four brassica cultivars.
Brassica cultivars
Grain yield (t ha-1)
Sultan Raya
1.74 c
Bard-1
2.08 b
Dunkeld
2.59 a
Con-II
2.79 a
S.E. ±
1.17
LSD at P value of 0.05
2.87
*Mean bearing the same letters is statistically non-significant.
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The mean maximum seed index of 4.47 in Con-II
followed by 4.33 in Dunkeld and minimum was 3.33
in Sultana Raya and Bard-1. Statistically, the seed
index of two brassica cultivars i.e. Bard-I and Sultan
Raya did not differed from each and both were non-
significantly lower than other two cultivars which
were also statistically same. Among them, the canola
type cultivars i.e. Dunkeld and Con-II. Produced
higher seed index.
Table 9. Harvest index (%) of four brassica cultivars.
Brassica cultivars
Harvest index (%)
Sultan Raya
8.54 c
Bard-1
9.34 c
Dunkeld
13.37 b
Con-II
15.67 a
S.E. ±
0.90
LSD at P value of 0.05
2.21
*Mean bearing the same letters is statistically non-significant.
Biological yield (kg ha-1)
The data regarding biological yield of four brassica
cultivars is given in Table-2 & 7, Fig.5 and Appendix-
V. All the four cultivars showed non-significant
variations in biological yield. The overall biological
yield was ranged between 1422 and 3285 kg ha-1 with
mean value of 2302.3. The analysis of variance
showed a significant (P≤0.01) differences in grain
yield with F value of 8.13 (Appendix-VI). The LSD test
for comparison of means (P≤0.05) showed significant
variations in grain yield within brassica cultivars.
Fig. 8. Linear correlation between plant height and number of seeds pod-1.
The mean maximum biological yield of 21380 kg ha-1
in Bald-I and minimum was 17771 kg ha-1 in Cont-II.
Statistically, the biological yield of two brassica
cultivars i.e. Sultan Raya and Dunkeld did not
differed from each other. Among them, the canola
type cultivars i.e. Dunkeld and Con-II produced lower
biological yield.
Grain yield (kg ha-1)
The data regarding grain yield of four brassica
cultivars is given in Table-2 & 8, Fig.6 and Appendix-
VI. All the four cultivars showed significant variations
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2019
in grain yield. The overall grain yield was ranged
between 15827 and 22326 with mean value of 19839.
The analysis of variance showed a non-significant
(P≤0.01) differences in biological yield with F value of
2.91 (Appendix-V). The LSD test for comparison of
means (P≤0.05) showed no-significant variations in
biological yield within brassica cultivars. The mean
maximum but non-significant grain yield of 2791.0
and 2592 kg ha-1 was found in Con-II and Dunkeld
and minimum was 1742.0 kg ha-1 in Sultana Raya..
Statistically, the biological yield of two brassica
cultivars i.e. Sultan Raya and Dunkeld did not
differed from each other. Among them, the canola
type cultivars i.e. Dunkeld and Con-II produced
higher grain yield kg ha-1.
Fig. 9. Linear correlation between no. of pods plant-1 and seed index.
Harvest index
The data regarding harvest index of four brassica
cultivars is given in Table-2 & 9, Fig.7 and Appendix-
VII. All the four cultivars showed significant
variations in harvest index.
The overall harvest index was ranged between 6.57
and 17.93 with mean value of 11.83. The analysis of
variance showed a significant (P≤0.01) differences in
harvest index with F value of 0.03 (Appendix-VII).
The LSD test for comparison of means (P≤0.05)
showed significant variations in harvest index within
brassica cultivars.
The mean maximum harvest index of 15.67 in Con-II
followed by 13.37 in Dunkeld and minimum was
8.54in Sultan Raya. Statistically, the harvest index of
two brassica cultivars i.e. Sultan Raya and Bald-I did
not differed from each other. Among them, the
canola type cultivars i.e. Dunkeld and Con-II
produced higher harvest index.
Correlation
The linear correlation was found between plant height
and number of seeds pod-1, number of pods plant-1
and seed index, number pods plant-1 and grain yield,
number of seeds pod-1 and harvest index as well as
biological yield and harvest index under the influence
of different brassica cultivars in field study which are
presented in Figure 8-12. According to Fig.8, there
was negatively significant correlation between plant
height and number of seed pod-1. The coefficient of
determination (R2) showed that variation in number
of seed was due to its association with plant height
(64%).
The correlation coefficient indicated that a unit
increase in plant height resulted in corresponding
increase of number of seeds pod-1 by 0.2%. Likewise,
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2019
number of pods plant-1 was positively and
significantly correlated with seed index as indicated
by coefficient of determination (R2) of 74%. The
correlation coefficient showed that a unit increase in
number of pods plant-1 have resulted in the
corresponding increase in seed index by 0.02% (Fig.
9). While, in case of number of pods plant-1 and grain
yield, the yield was positively and significantly
correlated to number of pods plant-1 with coefficient
of determination (R2) of 79% while the correlation
coefficient indicated that a unit increase in number of
pods plant-1 was resulted in increase of yield by
20.45% (Fig. 10).
Fig. 10. Linear correlation between no. of pods plant-1 and grain yield.
Number of pods plant-1 were also correlated to
harvest index with coefficient of determination (R2) of
74% while the correlation coefficient indicated that a
unit increase in number of pods plant-1 was resulted
in increase of harvest index by 0.12% (Fig. 11).
However, a negatively significant correlation was
found between biological yield and harvest index with
the coefficient of determination (R2) of 52% while the
correlation coefficient showed that a unit increase in
biological yield resulted in increase of harvest index
by 0.001% (Fig.12).
Fig. 11. Linear correlation between no. of pods plant-1 and harvest index.
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Discussion
Plant height
As regard to plant height, present investigation
showed significant variations in plant height under
the influence of cultivars and the maximum plant
height of 123.00 cm was recorded in Bard-1 followed
by 121.33 cm in Sultan Raya and minimum was 98.67
cm in Dunkeld. Statistically, the two brassica cultivars
i.e. Bard-I and Sultan Raya did not differed from each
and both were non-significantly higher over other two
cultivars Dunkeld and Con-II which were also
statistically same from each other. Among them,
Sultana Raya and Bard-1 were non-canola type while
Dunkeld and Con-II were canola type. So, the plant
height of non-canola types was higher as compared to
canola types.
Fig. 12. Linear correlation between biological yield and harvest index.
This variation in plant height might be due to the
genetic characteristics of the canola and non-type
cultivars rather than climate change as the agro
ecological zone of Quetta because there is non-
significant differences within non-canola and canola
type brassica cultivars. Such variability in plant height
was also reported by Khatri et al., (2004) who
reported variability of plant height among different
brassica genotypes under rainfed conditions.
Similarly, El-Nakhlawy and Ahmed (2009) also
reported that Sero-4 genotype produced taller plants
in comparison to others composite brassica genotype
under different irrigation regimes and nitrogen
fertilizer application, respectively.
Growth of plant depends on cell expansion and
enlargement which is probably the most sensitive
physiological aspect of a plant with regard to water
deficit leading to reducing plant productivity (Larson,
1992) and thus affects plant height. Mastro (1995),
Reddy and Reddy (1998) and Ozer (2003) reported
that different brassica varieties differed significantly
with regard to their plant height. Cheema et al.,
(2001) recorded a range of 178-215 cm of plant height
while Sana et al.,(2003) recorded 198-229 cm plant
height of brassica varieties but in our experiment, a
range of 96-134 cm was recorded.
Among the study parameters, linear correlation was
found between plant height and number of seeds pod-
1. But this correlation was negatively significant with
64% coefficient of determination (R2) and showed
that variation in number of seed was due to its
association with plant height. However, a different
correlation was found by Ansar et al. (2014) who
reported the relationship between plant height and
number of branches that showed a linear regression
with each other. The number of branches per plant
increased by 0.08 with each cm increase in plant
height of brassica varieties.
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Khan et al.
Int. J. Biosci.
2019
Number of pods plant-1
As regard to number of pods plant-1, The mean
maximum but significant no. of pods plant-1 of 293.67
and 285.67 were recorded in Con-II and Dunkeld and
minimum was 248 in Sultana Raya followed by 264 in
Bard-I. Statistically, the two brassica cultivars i.e.
Bard-I and Sultan Raya did not differed from each
and both were non-significantly lower than other two
cultivars. Among them, the canola type cultivars i.e.
Dunkeld and Con-II. Produced higher number of
pods plant-1. Number of pods plant-1 were positively
and significantly correlated with seed index, grain
yield and harvest index showing coefficient of
determination (R2) of 74, 79 and 74%. Similar
correlation was found by Shi et al. (2009) who
reported a significant positive relationship between
seed yield, seeds per silique, siliques per plant, plant
height and seed weight. They further revealed that the
results from each study represent different
environments, locations and years, so clearly more
studies need to be completed in specific
environments. Chay and Thurling (1989) also
reported a positive correlation between seeds per
silique and silique length, but a negative correlation
between seeds per silique and seed weight.
Number of seeds pod-1,seed index, grain yield and
harvest index
In case of number of seeds pod-1, seed index, grain
yield and harvest index, their mean maximum values
of 24.0 seeds pod-1, 4.47 g, 2791.0 kg ha-1 and 15.67%
were found in Con-II followed by Dunkeld and
minimum of 16.0 seeds pod-1, 3.33 g, 1742.0 kg ha-1
and 8.54%were present in Sultana Raya. Statistically,
the canola type cultivars i.e. Dunkeld and Con-II.
Produced higher number of seeds pod- 1, seed index,
grain yield and harvest index.
Among them, the canola type cultivars i.e. Dunkeld
and Con-II performed better than Sultana Raya and
Bard-I. However, successes regarding use of yield
components to increase seed yield in rapeseed have
been variable. The components most predictive of
yield reported in scientific literature include siliques
per plant, (for which siliques per main raceme is often
used as a proxy), seeds per silique, plant height,
silique length, seed weight and oil content
(Marjanovic-Jeromela et al., 2011). Different
researcher have been conducted studies to examine
correlations of these traits to yield, which have been
valuable with respect to dissecting this complex trait.
However, these results have been inconsistent in the
literature. For example, Chay and Thurling (1989)
reported a positive correlation between seeds per
silique and silique length, but a negative correlation
between seeds per silique and seed weight. Although
this negative relationship was also reported by Zhang
et al. (2011).
Biological yield
As regard to biological yield, the mean maximum
biological yield of 21380 kg ha-1 in Bard-I and
minimum was 17771 kg ha-1 in Cont-II. Statistically,
the biological yield of two brassica cultivars i.e. Sultan
Raya and Dunkeld did not differed from each other.
Among them, the canola type cultivars i.e. Dunkeld
and Con-II produced lower biological yield. However,
a negatively significant correlation was found
between biological yield and harvest index with the
coefficient of determination (R2) of 52% while the
correlation coefficient showed that a unit increase in
biological yield resulted in increase of harvest index
by 0.001%.
Conclusion
From this study, it was concluded that under agro-
climatic condition of Quetta the brassica cultivar
Dunkeld performed best in respect of seeds pod-1,
number of seeds pod-1, seed index, grain yield and
harvest index but its plant height and biological yield
was lower as compared to other cultivars.
The positive and significant correlation was found
among the yield components which showed that the
high yield of Dunkeld followed by Cont-II was due to
the enhancement of these components. Among the
four cultivars, two non-canola types such as Sultana
Raya and Bard-1 did not prove better yield
performance under Quetta conditions. So, it is
suggested that the canola type’s cultivars viz. Dunkeld
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Khan et al.
Int. J. Biosci.
2019
and Cont-II can be grown successfully in Quetta
valley and it can further be evaluated for other
locations in Balochistan.
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Appendix-I. Analysis of variance pertaining to plant height of Brassica crop under the influence of cultivars.
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
Replication
2
348.67
174.33
Cultivars
3
1549.67
516.56
25.13**
0.001
Error
6
123.33
20.60
Total
11
2021.70
CV %
4.10
Appendix-II. Analysis of variance pertaining to no. of pods plant-1 of Brassica under the influence of cultivars.
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
Replication
2
2225.17
1112.58
Cultivars
3
3880.33
1293.44
18.92**
0.0018
Error
6
410.17
68.36
Total
11
6515.67
CV %
3.03
Appendix III. Analysis of variance regarding no. of seed pod-1 of Brassica plant under the influence cultivars.
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
Replication
2
1.50
0.750
Cultivars
3
123.00
41.000
37.85**
0.0003
Error
6
6.50
1.083
Total
11
131.00
CV %
5.34
Appendix-IV. Analysis of variance regarding seed index of brassica under the influence of cultivars.
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
Replication
2
1.007
0.503
Cultivars
3
3.440
1.145
86.00**
0.000
Error
6
0.080
0.013
Total
11
4.530
CV %
3.00
Appendix-V. Analysis of variance regarding biological yield of brassica crop under the influence of cultivars.
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
Replication
2
1671648
835824
Cultivars
3
2.31E+07
7682344
2.91NS
0.123
Error
6
1.583E+07
2639639
Total
11
4.01E+07
CV %
8.19
Appendix-VI. Analysis of variance regarding seed grain yield of brassica crop under the influence of cultivars.
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
Replication
2
1263865
631933
Cultivars
3
2054631
684877
33.15**
0.0004
Error
6
123956
20659
Total
11
3442453
CV %
6.24
Appendix-VII. Analysis of variance regarding harvest index of brassica under the influence of cultivars.
Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P
Replication
2
29.963
14.981
Cultivars
3
96.950
32.317
26.36
0.0007
Error
6
7.357
1.226
Total
11
134.270
CV %
9.36
