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Priming Uygulamalarının Kadmiyum ve Nikel Stresine Maruz Bırakılan Kırmızı Yumağın Çimlenme ve Fide Gelişimi Üzerine Etkisi The Effects of Priming Treatments on Germination and Seedling Growth of Red Fescue under Nickel and Cadmium Stress
Abstract
Abstract:
The objectives of this study were to determine effects of different priming treatments on germination and seedling growth in red fescue infected with different levels (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg l-1) of cadmium and nickel. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. In the study, two heavy metal kinds (Cadmium (Cd) and Nickel (Ni)) were considered 3 different concentrations (75, 150, 300 mg l-1) and distillate water as control application. To determine the effect of germination priming under heavy metal stress, 2% KNO 3 and 500 ppm GA 3 were used as priming agents. The research was performed as factorial arrangement of completely randomized design with four replications. The results of study indicated that both germination and seedling growth properties were negatively affected by both heavy metal kinds. Priming treatments were ineffective in reducing the effects of heavy metals on germination properties. Germination at high doses of heavy metals was negatively affected by priming treatments. There wasn't positively effect on root length of red fescue of priming treatments, while shoot length was positively affected by GA3 treatment. Also, the negatively effects on germination and seedling growth of nickel were greater than cadmium.
... Similarly, Shafiq et al. (2008) reported that the negative effects of cadmium on seed germination of Leucaena leucocephala were greater than for lead. Çalışkan (2009) reported that the negative effects of cadmium are higher than nickel in line with our findings, while some researchers have expressed opposite results (Akar and Atış, 2018;Akar and Atış, 2019;Houshmandfar and Moraghebi, 2011). This can be explained by the different response of different plants to heavy metal species. ...
... In contrast to our findings, Akar and Atis (2018) reported that KNO3 promoted root elongation in perennial ryegrass under heavy metal stress. Akar and Atış (2019) reported that the mean root length values of red fescue under heavy metal stress were similar for KNO3, GA3 and hydropriming pretreatments. This indicates that the effect of priming agents under abiotic stress conditions varies according to plant species. ...
... Similarly, some previous research results showed that GA3 promoted shoot growth under heavy metal stress. (Akar and Atış, 2019;Akar and Atis, 2018). In another study conducted on cumin, it was reported that different priming agents had positive effects on stem length in the presence of high doses of cadmium (Espanany et al., 2016). ...
This study was conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the effects of priming pretreatments (GA3, KNO3 and H2O) on germination and seedling development of sweet sorghum exposed to different levels (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg l-1) of lead, cadmium and nickel stress. The results of the research revealed that, in general, heavy metals negatively affected both germination and seedling growth properties. However, the severity of the negative effect showed significant differences depending on the kind and dose of the heavy metal. It has been determined that the negative effects of cadmium and nickel were higher than lead. Among the priming pre-treatments, it was determined that in general, pre-application with H2O was sufficient, and there was no need for other priming agents. However, it has been determined that heavy metals significantly reduce root and seedling growth even at low doses. This situation showed that even if germination occurred, healthy plant growth would not occur at heavy metal doses above 150 mg l-1.
... Kadmiyum dozları arttıkça 300 mg L -1 doza kadar kök uzunluklarında azalış görülmüştür ancak kök uzunluğu yönünden bu farklılıklar istatistiksel olarak önemsizdir. Artan kadmiyum dozlarının kinoada [7] ve kırmızı yumakta [12] kök uzunluğunu önemli derecede düşürdüğü bildirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte kök gelişimi üzerine kadmiyumun negatif etkileri diğer çalışmalarda bildirilmiştir [15], [16], [17], [18]. ...
Kenevir (Cannabis sativa) lif bitkileri arasında önemli bir yeri olan ve son yıllarda üretimi ve bilimsel araştırmalara konu olması yönünden popülerleşen bir bitkidir. Kenevir adaptasyon kabiliyetinin yüksek olması ile de ünlü bir bitkidir. Bu çalışma kenevirin farklı kadmiyum (CdCl2) dozlarında (kontrol, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375 mg L-1) çimlenme ve ilk fide gelişimini incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma kontrollü laboratuvar koşulları altında tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda çimlenme oranı (ÇO), çimlenme indeksi (Çİ), ortalama çimlenme süresi (OÇS), kök uzunluğu, sürgün uzunluğu ve yaş ağırlık değerleri incelenmiştir. Bu parametreler üzerinde kadmiyum dozlarının etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemsiz bulunmuştur. Ancak ÇO, OÇS, kök uzunluğu, sürgün uzunluğu ve yaş ağırlık yönünden en yüksek değerler kontrol uygulamasında gözlenmiştir.
Aims: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is very popular among the pseudocereals and its cultivation is increasing day by day in Turkey. This plant species is a plant that stands out with its resistance to abiotic stress conditions. This study was carried out to evaluate the germination and early seedling growth of some quinoa cadmium stress (sterile distilled water/control, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 mg L-1). Methods and Results: The experiment was established in the randomized plots with 4 replications under laboratory conditions and the statistical analysis was performed according to the factorial arrangement. At the end of the experiment, germination ratio (GR), germination index (GI) and mean germination time (MGT) were calculated. Root and shoot length and fresh weight were measured on the developing seedlings. Genotype × Dose interactions were found to be significant for all features except GR parameter. Genotype and dose main factors were found to be important for GR. When we evaluated the germination parameters, as the heavy metal doses increased, GR decreased, GI fluctuated, and MGT decreased. When we examined the first seedling growth parameters, shoot and root length and fresh weight decreased as the heavy metal dose increased. Conclusions: All quinoa genotypes evaluated according to the results of this study were tolerant to 75 and 150 mg L-1 doses of cadmium, while they were sensitive to doses above 150 mg L-1. Among the genotypes, the most tolerant genotype was determined as Cherry Vanilla. Significance and Impact of the Study: It has been determined that the quinoa plant can be included in cultivation systems using soils and irrigation water contaminated with cadmium up to 150 mg L-1.
Priming technique is based on the soaking of seed in water or a solution with low osmotic potential under a certain
time and temperature before sowing, and re-drying to initial humidity level. Primed seeds might be sown directly or stored at
low temperatures for a long time without losing the pragmatic effects of priming applications. In general, the most commonly
used priming techniques can be listed as hydro-priming, osmo-priming, halo-priming, solid matrix priming, hormonal priming,
nano-priming, and bio-priming. The priming technique contributes to improving germination characteristics, stimulating plant
growth and crop yield, and the development of tolerance against various biotic and abiotic stress factors. The density of the
used solution, seed/solution ratio, priming time, aeration, ambient temperature, drying, the temperature of the storage
environment, and storage time are the main factors that directly affect the success of priming applications. Studies carried out
to combine the seed coating technology with the priming technique are extremely important in terms of a sustainable approach
in agriculture. In addition, studies on the use of bio-priming applications in seed coating techniques and on extending the storage period are increasingly continuing. Thus, it is predicted that the reduction of chemical inputs and their damages to the
ecosystem will be the initial of a revolutionary change. The purposes of this review are to; i) evaluate the possibilities of using
priming techniques on plant growth and improvement of stress tolerance, ii) provide an understanding of the stress mechanism
in plants and the advantages of priming techniques in terms of stress management, and iii) Examine the use of new
technological and scientific applications with priming technique.
Araştırma, 2019 yılında Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü’ ne ait tam kontrollü bitki büyütme odasında yürütülmüştür. Deneme, 2 kg toprak kapasiteli 1/3 kum, 1/3 perlit ve 1/3 toprak karışımı olarak hazırlanmış plastik saksılarda, Tesadüf Parselleri Deneme Deseni’ ne göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak düzenlenmiştir. Araştırmada, beş farklı kadmiyum dozu (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg/L CdS04) kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, temel büyüme parametrelerinden bitki boyu (cm), kök uzunluğu (cm), kök ve gövde yaş ağırlığı (g), yaprak ağırlığı (g) ve yaprak sayısı (adet) gibi parametreler ölçülerek bitki fidesi; kök, yaprak ve gövde kısımlarına ayrılmış ve bazı mineral madde içerikleri (Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb ve Se) ile fizyolojik parametrelerden Malon Di Aldehit (MDA) ve Askorbat peroksidaz enzim aktivitesi (APX) miktarları belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda; kadmiyum stresinin tüm bitki gelişim parametreleri ile MDA ve APX miktarları üzerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli etkide bulunduğu, artan kadmiyum dozlarında MDA ve APX miktarının arttığı tespit edilirken, diğer parametrelerde azalmaların olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, kadmiyum dozlarının, incelenen mineral madde içerikleri üzerine bitki aksamları arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıkların olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Bu çalışma çim alanların tesisinde en çok kullanılan çim türlerinden biri olan çok yıllık Lolium perenne L.’nin 4 farklı çeşidinin kuraklık stresine toleransının belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla Lolium perenne L. çeşitleri laboratuvar koşullarında tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde ve 4 tekerrürlü petri denemesi olarak kuraklık stresi denemelerine alınmıştır. Lolium perenne L. çeşitlerinin kuraklık stresine tepkilerini belirlemek için 0, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2 ve -1.6 MPa ozmotik basınca sahip Polietilen glikol 6000 (PEG-6000) solüsyonları kullanılarak kuraklık ortamları oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmada Lolium perenne L. çeşitlerinin çimlenme oranı, çimlenme indeksi, ortalama çimlenme süresi, sap ve kök uzunluğu, sap ve kök kuru ağırlığı incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Lolium perenne L. çeşitlerinin artan kuraklık stresi düzeylerinden olumsuz etkilendiği ve bu etkinin istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. En yüksek çimlenme oranı (-0.4 MPa) kuraklık stresi uygulamasında Solstice II çeşidinde (% 97.5), en düşük çimlenme oranı (-0.8 MPa) kuraklık stresi uygulamasında Barminton çeşidinde (%51.5) olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm çeşitlerde -1.2 ve -1.6 MPa kuraklık stresi uygulamalarında çimlenme olmamıştır. Ayrıca Solstic II çeşidinin kurak koşullarda diğer çeşitlere göre daha iyi çimlenme ve fide gelişimi gösterdiği, bu nedenle kuraklık stresi koşullarında tercih edilebileceği belirlenmiştir.
This research was conducted to define the effect of excess nickel on germination and some growth parameters of early seedling period in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). For this aim, concentrations were 0 (control), 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg L-1 Ni in germination stage and 0 (control), 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg L-1 Ni in early seedling stage. Nickel was stimulator for germination stage in 25 mg L-1 and early seedling stage in 2.5 mg L-1; but it was inhibitor for germination, radicula-hypocotyll growth, growth tolerance index and water content of radicle-hypocotyll in higher concentrations. In study, nickel was toxic for germination stage than the early seedling stage in higher concentrations, because it is estimated that the barrier effects of seed coat can be reason of this event.
In this work we investigated whether priming with auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid and ethylene, alters the physiological responses of seeds of pigeon pea germinated under water and cadmium stress. Seeds treated with water or non-treated seeds were used as control. Although compared to non-treated seeds we found that the hormone treatments improve the germination of pigeon pea under cadmium stress, however, these treatments did not differ from water. However, we also observed a trend of tolerance to the effects of cadmium in the presence of ethylene, suggesting that the use of this hormone may be an efficient method to overcome seed germination under metal stress.
Due to extensive use of arsenic (As) contaminated ground water in rice cultivation As toxicity has become a growing concern to rice growers of south east Asian countries. The presence of As in soil and irrigation water causes impaired crop growth and development. Selenium (Se) at lower concentration (1.0 mg L⁻¹) is reported to be stimulatory on crop growth and it has also an antagonistic behavior with As. With this rationale the present study was conducted to investigate into the potentiality of seed priming technology with Se to ameliorate the As stress on rice seed germination and seedling growth. The seed germination percentage, seedling growth, total phenolics, proline and malonaldehyde content as well as total As uptake pattern of rice seedlings grown under As stressed condition were measured. The As induced toxicity markedly reduced the germination percentage by 70%, whereas, Se supplementation through seed priming enhanced the rice seed germination by 9% and root and shoot length vis-a-vis seedling biomass accumulation by 1.3, 1.6 and 1.4 fold respectively. The inhibitory effect of As stress was more on root growth than that of shoot. The toxicity due to arsenite stress was higher than the arsenate stress. Seed priming with Se enhanced seed germination and seedling growth by reducing As uptake, suppressing the oxidative damage through increase in antioxidants accumulation in rice seedlings. Seed primed with 0.8 mg Se L⁻¹ was more effective in improving rice seed germination and seedling growth, compared to 1.0 mg Se L⁻¹.
The beneficial effect of seed priming in improving critical growth stages like seed germination and early growth phases has been accepted by Plant Physiologists for many important field crops. In the present investigation, studies were made to see the effect of heavy metal stress imposed during germination using solution of HgCl2 in four different concentrations (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mM) in Petri dishes on primed and non-primed seeds of wheat. Priming has been done with distilled water (hydro), Mg(NO3)2 and Ca(NO3)2 (halo) salts. Different germination parameters, such as germination percentage, radicle and plumule lengths, seedling emergence, soluble and insoluble sugar contents and activity of α-amylase in endosperm were studied at different study periods. Primed seeds increased all the germination parameters except insoluble sugar content in respect to non-primed control in the absence of HgCl2. However, the use of primed seeds has shown to overcome the inhibitory effects of heavy metal stress imposed in the form of HgCl2 solution during the period of germination. Hence, the work concludes the mitigating effects of priming under heavy metal stress.
Anthropogenic activities caused release of toxic heavy metals including chromium (Cr) in environment all over the world, which pollute agricultural lands leading to reduction in growth of crop plants. Plant growth regulators like salicylic acid (SA) control growth and development and seed priming treatments with SA have been proven beneficial for plant growth. Therefore, the present study was focused on the potential mediatory role of SA under Cr (VI) toxicity in rice. For priming, seeds of two rice varieties, namely, Basmati-385 (B-385) and Shaheen Basmati (SB) were soaked in 0 (hydroprimed), 0.25 and 0.50mM solution of SA for 24hrs at room temperature. SA and hydroprimed seeds were grown in petriplates and later transferred to trays containing Hoagland’s nutrient medium up to 24 days and then 0 (control), 25, 50 and 100µM Cr (VI) stress was applied for one week. Cr treatments resulted in reduction of physiological parameters like germination rate and percentage, seedling vigor and seedling dry biomass while priming with SA treatments showed protection against Cr. Biochemical analysis of rice leaves showed that Cr stress alleviated chlorophyll content, accelerated cell membrane damage, decreased content of Na+, K+ and Ca+2 ions and also reduced the total nitrogen content but SA priming mitigated the negative effect on these parameters. Cr content was lowered in leaves of SA primed plants in comparison to non SA primed plants under the respective Cr concentrations. Chromium (VI) stress applied to SA unprimed plants elevated the levels of stress metabolites i.e. total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, glycinebetaine and proline content while SA priming lowered the toxicity of Cr manifested by alleviation in level of different stress metabolites. The important role of SA priming in inducing tolerance against environmental stresses may be due to its ability in expressing defense related proteins, which may provide tolerance against Cr. It can be suggested from the results that SA seed priming enhances resistance in rice against Cr.
Seed priming is a technique which is potentially able to promote rapid and more uniform seed germination and plant growth. In order to study the effects of seed priming treatments on some physiological and biochemical parameters, black cumin seeds were subjected to hormopriming and halopriming. The results indicated that germination percentage and rate were not impressed by cadmium. Radicle length was reduced more than plumule length and was expressed as the sensitivity index. Hormopriming (100mg/L of salicylic acid) improved the germination, radicle elongation and dry weight (30.74, 42, and 31.57%, respectively) in compared with the control under cadmium stress (30mgL-1). The maximum plumule elongation and plumule dry weight were related to the seeds primed with KNO3 about 48.61 and 25%, respectively. Increase in cadmium concentration until 30mg/L increased electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content for the all priming treatments and unprimed seeds, although in primed seeds was lower than that unprimed seeds. In highest cadmium concentration (30mg/L), POX activity significantly increased in SA, KNO3 and KCl treatments about 56.25, 50 and 40.62% as compared with control, respectively. The reduction in soluble protein was observed in unprimed and primed seedlings with SA, KNO3 and KCl under highest cadmium concentration. In conclusion, the seed priming with SA due to improve germination performance of black cumin in different Cd levels can enhance tolerance of seedlings to toxic metals stress in the irrigation water.
Temperature is an important environmental factor that affects lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germination. The present research was conducted to determine the role of seed coverings on lettuce seed germination at high temperature. Five lettuce genotypes were primed in order to bypass thermoinhibitional effects on germination. During germination of primed and nonprimed seeds, imbibition followed a normal triphasic pattern. Primed seeds had higher final water content, a decreased imbibitional phase II, and germinated at 36 °C compared to nonprimed seeds of thermosensitive genotypes, which did not germinate at 36 °C. Puncture tests were conducted to determine the force required to penetrate the whole seed or endosperm of the five genotypes at 24 and 33 °C. 'Dark Green Boston', a thermosensitive genotype, had the highest mean resistance (0.207 N) and PI 251245, a thermotolerant genotype, had the lowest (0.139 N). Resistance to penetration of the endosperm of the five genotypes was different at both temperatures. However, three thermotolerant genotypes had lower endosperm resistance than two thermosensitive types. At 36 °C, the penetration force for primed and nonprimed seeds was compared after the first hour of imbibition and 1 hour before radicle protrusion. The force required to penetrate the seed was affected by genotype, seed priming, and duration of imbibition. Puncture force decreased as imbibition time at 36 °C increased in primed and nonprimed seed of each thermotolerant genotype but not in the thermosensitive genotypes. Priming reduced the initial force necessary to penetrate the seed and endosperm in all genotypes. Thus, for radicle protrusion to occur, there must first be a decrease in the resistance of the endosperm layer as evidenced by priming or thermotolerant genotype. Then, the pericarp and integument are sufficiently weakened so that tissue resistance is lower than the turgor pressure of the expanding embryo, allowing germination to be completed.