MODERN HOSPITALS IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Abstract

Contemporary research into the architecture of hospitals as a result has evidence that the immediate natural environment of the hospital, as well as in the hospital, has a positive impact on general conditions and faster recovery of patients. In this paper we will analyse hospitals located in and out of the city core, with their natural environment or without it. Also, the paper will present the ways which could, depending on the location of the hospital, introduce the nature into the environment.

Full text

O. NIKOLIC ET AL.: THE MODERN HOSPITALS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMEN
ICUP 2018  PROCEEDINGS  Nis: November 2018 299
MODERN HOSPITALS IN
THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Olivera Nikolic
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture - University of Nis, Serbia
PhD student, Assistant, olivera.nikolic@gaf.ni.ac.rs
Aleksandar Kekovic
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture - University of Nis, Serbia
PhD., Associate Professor, kekovic.aleksandar@gmail.com
Vladan Nikolic
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture - University of Nis, Serbia
PhD., Assistant Professor, vladan_nikolic@yahoo.com
Ana Momcilovic Petronijevic
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture - University of Nis, Serbia
PhD., Assistant Professor, ana.momcilovic.petronijevic@gaf.ni.ac.rs
ABSTRACT
Contemporary research into the architecture of hospitals as a result has evidence that the
immediate natural environment of the hospital, as well as in the hospital, has a positive impact on
general conditions and faster recovery of patients. In this paper we will analyse hospitals located in
and out of the city core, with their natural environment or without it. Also, the paper will present
the ways which could, depending on the location of the hospital, introduce the nature into the
environment.
Keywords: hospital; location; site; natural environment; patients; impact
1. INTRODUCTION
Modern scientific research in the field of hospital architecture proves that hospitals should be placed in
natural environment to provide patients and employees with the view to green areas, gardens, forests, lakes,
with the aim of reducing stress and creating an environment that facilitates faster recovery.
This paper examines the choice of location of modern hospitals in European and Asian countries that have
been designed in the last ten years, as well as design principles that achieve the introduction of natural light
and green environment in and around the buildings, along with a historical overview of the location of the
oldest hospitals in Europe and Serbia. The aim of the paper is to determine whether modern hospitals are
being moved out of the city centers and also what is the percentage of hospitals in the natural environment.
Historical method, analysis and synthesis, comparison and classification were used in the paper.
The results of work show the conclusions about the parameters of the location selection for the
construction of modern hospitals and the introduction of nature into the area of the treatment facility, when
there are limitations.
2. HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE LOCATION OF HOSPITALS
The first part of the study explores the locations chosen for the construction of existing, older hospitals.
The historical method was used to search for literature in order to define the guidelines that were used to
select the location at the time the hospitals were built. It is also being investigated whether there were
thoughts about the presence and impact of greenery in the immediate environment of the treatment facility.
The comparison method compared the city plans from the time when first hospitals were built with today's

O. NIKOLIC ET AL.: THE MODERN HOSPITALS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMEN300
300 ICUP 2018  PROCEEDINGS  Nis: November 2018
maps of cities in order to determine the location in today's urban structure of the city. The aim is to determine
whether the sites were selected on the outskirts of the city and what were the factors for the selection criteria.
In one of the first books of hospital building standards from 1863, Note of Hospital, F. Nightingale on site
selection states: „The elements which ought to determine the position of a hospital are the following : First,
and before all others, purity of the atmosphere. Second, the possibility of conveying the sick and maimed to it.
Third, accessibility for medical officers, and for the friends of the sick. Fourth, convenient position for a medical
school, if there be one. All of these elements are of importance, every one in its place. It is obviously of no use
to build a hospital in the best air in the world, if neither patients nor medical officers can get to it. It is only in
applying common sense to such a question, and by always giving a preponderance to the condition of highest
importance—namely, pure air, when the other conditions can be at the same time reasonably obtained, that
the best will be done for the sick. There is no doubt that suburban sites, nearest to the population likely to
apply for relief.“1 Also, the importance of fresh air, good ventilation of the building and space around it, as well
as exposure of the patient to sunlight, all from the aspect of achieving faster healing of the patient is
mentioned. However, there is no indication of the importance of greenery in the immediate surroundings of
the hospital building.
One century later, in the book „Hospitals“, Stanko Kliska recommends in the chapter on the method of
construction that the buildings should occupy 20% of the plot, communications and yards 15%, physical
exercise 5-10%, and parks 55-60%. 2 Although the text does not indicate the importance of the surroundings of
the hospital building in greenery, it is sufficient to establish that in 1960s they were built in such a way that
more than half of the plot belonging to the hospital was covered with greenery. This method of planning and
design has provided a sufficiently large surface area belonging to the hospital, which has included further
upgrades and modifications.
The 7th-century Paris plan, when a hospital known as Hôpital de l'Hôtel Dieu was built on the natural
island of the river Seine, near the Notre Dame cathedral, suggests that the location was in the past, as well as
the present city structure in the center, but also isolated, because it was surrounded on two sides by the river,
Figure 1.
(a) (b)
Figure 1: (a) Paris, France, medieval plan Paris, Photo by University of Texas at Oustin, Universiti of Texas libraries,
https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/mediaeval_paris_1912.jpg [Accessed: 06.09.2018.] and (b) Paris, France, plan from 2018,
Printscreen Google maps 2018, [Accessed: 06.09.2018.]
(a) (b)
Figure 2: (a) London, UK, plan from about 1300, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_London,_1300.svg [Accessed:
06.09.2018.] and
(b) London, UK, plan from 2018, printsceen Google maps, 2018. [Accessed: 06.09.2018.]
At the beginning of the 12th century, a hospital at St. Bartholomew's Monastery was established in
London. At that time, the plot was on the outskirts of the city, surrounded by fields, but today, with the growth
of the city, it is found in the very city core. In 2014, the reconstruction and upgrading of the hospital was
1 Nightingale F., 1863. Notes on Hospitals, Longman, Green, Longman , Roberts, and Green, London, Book from the collections of
Harvard University, http://books.google.com/books?id=FJhN-SqxUawC&oe=UTF-8, pp. 29
2 Kliska S., 1961. Bolnice, University in Belgrade, Belgrade, pp. 5

O. NIKOLIC ET AL.: THE MODERN HOSPITALS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMEN
ICUP 2018  PROCEEDINGS  Nis: November 2018 301
completed, the appearance of the facades that was 900 years old and a part of the inner courtyard and the
park were preserved. The hospital is also a monument of architectural heritage, Figure 2.
It is similar with the locations of the first purpose-built hospitals in Serbia, built in the second half of the
19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The first purpose-built hospital in Serbia was built in Šabac in 1865,
soon afterwards in Belgrade in 1868.3 For the building of the hospital in Šabac, a plot of approximately 4
hectares was selected, and it was away from the former business and residential part of the town, in a block
that was on the very edge of the town, Figure 3.
(a) (b)
Figure 3: (a) Sabac City, Serbia, plan from 1910. Photo by Dragutin Petrović, National library of Serbia,
http://secanjanasabac.blogspot.com/ [Accessed: 07.09.2018.] , and
(b) Sabac City, Serbia, plan from 2018., printscreen Google maps 2018. [Accessed: 07.09.2018.]
The building of a hospital in Belgrade was initiated by Prince Mihailo in 1861, who donated for this
purpose the plot he bought from Đorđe Cenić, at Palilula, as well as the construction material that was
prepared for the construction of his summer house in Smederevo.4 The building was built and moved in, in
1868. The Belgrade Plan of 1893 unambiguously shows that the location for the hospital was on the very edge
of the municipality of Palilula, as well as that north of the plot, there were not any buildings, Figure 4.
(a) (b)
Figure 4: (a) Belgrade City, Serbia, plan from 1893. photo by Historical Archive of Belgrade, and Belgrade, Serbia, plan from 2018, print
screen Google maps 2018. [Accessed: 07.09.2018.] and (b) Nis, Serbia, Vinter`s plan from 1896, National Museum of Nis, and Nis, Serbia,
plan from 2018, printscreen Google Maps 2018. [Accessed: 07.09.2018.]
In Niš, the first civil hospital, District Hospital, was founded in the private house of Mr Andon at the Nišava
quay. The hospital was opened in July 1881 and it was in this house until it was moved to a purpose-built
building in 1910. Three buildings for the hospital in Niš were built on a plot of 3 hectares. At that time, a three-
storey building was built for patient admission and treatment, a ground-floor building for the treatment of
patients suffering from infectious diseases and a building for administration of the District Hospital and the
apartments for managers and assistants. 5
In this part of the research we come to the conclusion that for the hospitals of the earliest construction
periods, large area locations on the outskirts of the cities were selected, but they were connected by roads
with other city structures to facilitate the arrival of patients and family members, as well as the delivery of all
necessities for the work of the hospital. By selecting a location for the construction of hospitals in the suburban
area, a larger area of the plot was available where the upgrades and extensions could be carried out, according
to the needs of the hospital's capacity and monitoring the development of technology in medicine. It was also
important that the location should be well lit and well ventilated. The presence of greenery was not mentioned
3 Nikolic O et al: 2018. First hospital buildings in Serbia and their present purpose and function, Proceedings of Conference XVIII
anniversary International scientific Conference by Construction and Architecture VSU'2018, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp. 26
4 Stanojevic V., 1960. Najstarije bolnice u Beogradu, book VII, GMGB, Belgrade, Serbia, pp. 84.
5 Nikolic O. and Nikolic V., 2012. Ecological and psychological aspects of green roofs and facades of buildings hospital, Proceedings of
Conference 1. Studentski simpozijum “Reciklažne tehnologije i održivi razvoj”; Soko banja, Serbia, pp. 167

O. NIKOLIC ET AL.: THE MODERN HOSPITALS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMEN302
302 ICUP 2018  PROCEEDINGS  Nis: November 2018
as an important factor in the recovery of patients, but on the plot, around the facilities for patient care, well-
organized park surfaces were formed.
3. MODERN HOSPITALS AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
In the second part of the paper, the locations of today's hospitals will be analysed to draw conclusions
about the presence of greenery in the immediate surroundings of the health facilities. The architecture of
modern hospitals is based on the application of the results of scientific research in the design process which
proves the influence of different factors on the faster recovery of the patient. Such a design is known as
Evidence Based Design. The aim of the scientific studies is to test whether the design can directly affect the
clinical outcomes.6
According to the EBD principles the positive impact on the stress reduction with employees and patients
has the introduction of greenery and nature into space, either physically or through the provision of views from
inside to the outside. It has long been known that nature has calming, healing effects, which is one of the
reasons why access to the natural environment is so important. In hospitals located in the city core itself or on
plots with a large coefficient of construction, as well as in hospitals with a great depth of space and premises
without natural lighting, nature is introduced into the space using wood materials. Green and brown colors,
artworks that point to nature, can also subtly contribute to the reduction of stress with patients and staff.
After abandoning the idea of building a monoblock type of healthcare facilities that marked the 20th
century in the architecture of hospitals, the "greening" of healthcare facilities began. One of the reasons is the
consideration of the significance of scientific research on the "treatment area", which began with the pilot
study of Roger Ulrich and the implementation of design results in order to create the place that can heal.
Another reason is the creation of an energy-efficient building or a sustainable architecture for healthcare
facilities and environments.
For the needs of this work, the locations of hospitals designed in the last ten years in Europe and Asia,
which have been completed or are under construction, are analysed. The following parameters are observed:
the area of the plot, its position in relation to the central city core or the center of the area to which it belongs,
the representation of the designed greenery on the plot and within the hospital itself, as well as the amount of
greenery in the immediate environment.
Hospitals are classified according to the presence of greenery on the plot as:
• Hospitals with greenery on the plot and
• Hospitals without greenery on the plot
3.1. Hospitals with greenery on the plot
In Europe, and especially in Scandinavian countries, the principle of building hospitals out of residential
areas, located in the natural environment is generally accepted. Hospitals like the Helsingborg Hospital in
Sweden, which is under construction, the New Aalborg University Hospital in Denmark, which has been being
built since 2013 and will be completed in 2020, Figure 6, as well as Espoo Hospital, in Espoo, near Helsinki,
Finland have several common features. Whether they are new hospitals or were built on existing plots, they
are distant from the city centers, are located on the outskirts overlooking the nature, are characterized by the
bases with one or several interior courtyards filled with plants, they are well lit. The key to the whole design
was flexibility, clear layout, variety, human scale, green courtyards and optimal conditions for daylight. It is
similar to the hospitals designed by the Henning Larsen Architects bureau in Denmark, the idea that the
ultimate goal of the hospital design process is to create a hospital environment that combines all the available
knowledge in creating a symbiosis between the hospital and the environment, which together creates a
hospital of feelings. Herlev Hospital, New Odense Hospital, New Mental Health Building within the Bispebjerg
Hospital are examples of innovation in health promotion.
The climate in Scandinavia is similar to the climate in Russia, sharp and cold, but in spite of that, hospitals
in Russia are very closed from the aspect of internal greenery and creation of illuminated, indoor spaces. The
architecture of modern hospitals in Scandinavia resembles hospitals in Spain and other countries with a
warmer climate, a similar principle is applied in the choice of location and design. In the city of Mostoles, near
Madrid in Spain, on its outskirts, Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital was built in 2012. In addition to the
location on the very edge of the city and the designed greenery on the plot, the hospital is characterized by two
large, partially covered atriums as well as planted high plants in two levels, within the main hall, Figure 7.
6 Susan Francis et al, 1999. 50 YEARS OF IDEAS in health care buildings, The Nuffield Trust, London, pp. 57

O. NIKOLIC ET AL.: THE MODERN HOSPITALS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMEN
ICUP 2018  PROCEEDINGS  Nis: November 2018 303
Hospitals in several cities in Slovakia have been designed in a similar way and they are part of the Next
Generation Hospital project whose construction will be completed in 2021.
Figure 6: New Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark, Photo by AART Architects, https://aart.dk/en/projects/aalborg-university-
hospital, [Accessed: 08.09.2018.]
Figure 7: King Juan Carlos Hospital, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain, Photo by Printscreen Google maps Mostoles and Rafael de La-Hoz,
http://www.rafaeldelahoz.com/[Accessed: 08.09.2018.]
In Asian traditional medicine, the concept of biophilic design has been present for more than four
thousand years. For Chinese traditional medicine hospitals as well as Indian Ayurveda hospitals, the most
important is the choice of location. Hospitals are located in a natural setting, near water, forests ... Within
hospitals, open spaces and atriums are designed so that each unit, room or place would have its own direct
connection with nature. And precisely this approach tends to design modern hospitals on all continents.7 In her
master thesis, Ying Yu concludes: Because of the large population, hospital design in China tend to make the
hospital very large so as to receive more patients. Many projects in recent years designed a hospital with over
one thousand beds, and even make the hospital a medical city. And when looking at hospitals built in China in
2000s, especially in big cities like Shanghai, many projects extend the hospital vertically to over 100 meters
with a centralized layout.8 However, an analysis of hospitals designed after 2010 shows a shift in planning and
spatial organization and the return to the fundamentals of human design, where the medicine architecture of
this continent is based, but it is also concluded that the shift is under the influence of the American school of
architecture of health facilities.
(a) (b)
Figure 8: a) Gleneagles Hong Kong Hospital, Hong Kong, China, Photo by NWS Holdings Limited, https://www.nws.com.hk/EN/Media-
Resources/Photo-Gallery [Accessed: 08.09.2018.] and b) Shanghai Jiahui International Hospital, Shangai, China, Photo by HOK,
https://www.hok.com/design/type/healthcare/shanghai-international-hospital-design-competition/ [Accessed: 08.09.2018.]
Gleaneagless Group is building several new hospitals in China. The buildings are of high capacity and
multispecialized. In 2017, the Gleneagles Hong Kong Hospital in Hong Kong was opened, it has a capacity of 500
beds, it is built on a large plot, at the outskirts of the city and at the foot of the hill. The building corresponds to
the topography of the terrain, it is filled with greenery in and around the building. The group opened the 350-
bed general hospital Gleneagles Chengdu in 2018 and the 70-bed obstetrics and gynecology hospital
7 https://architizer.com/projects/ayurvedic-hospital/, 15.09.2018.
8 Ju J., 2015. Master thesis Hospital Architecture in China ---- Through Comparison between Chinese and Nordic Hospital Design,
Department of Architecture Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 9

O. NIKOLIC ET AL.: THE MODERN HOSPITALS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMEN304
304 ICUP 2018  PROCEEDINGS  Nis: November 2018
Gleneagles Nanjing will be opened in 2019. What is particularly interesting is the Gleneagles Medical and
Surgical Center, which is planned for construction at a location of about 2.5 ha in the inhabited area. On the
south side of the building there is a pair of designed buildings, the orchard in the east, and the forest in the
north. In the west, the surface water is designed. The roofs are landscaped. Figure 8.
Shanghai Jiahui International Hospital, a privately owned facility that opened in Shanghai in December
2017, is one of the first and largest foreign-funded tertiary-level general hospitals in China. The design of the
sustainable and patient- and family-friendly facility relied on a “hospital in a garden” approach, driven by
research on the healing benefits of nature in healthcare environments and the desire to mitigate pollution
issues within the city. Large shade trees around the hospital act as a buffer to the city, provide shade and noise
reduction, and create a threshold for patients entering the building, while varied understory plantings provide
a tapestry of different plant colors and textures.9
Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in the northern part of Singapore, Figure 9, is the most energy-efficient
healthcare facility in Asia. It was designed by architect Chris Johnston, and built in 2010. The building is 93.000
m2, with a capacity of 590 beds and was built on a 3.5 hectare plot, on the shores of the lake. The wings of the
building are in the form of the letter V which opens to the north. It is designed with horizontal and vertical
greenery whose total surface is four times the base area. Roof terraces are actually gardens in which fruit and
vegetables are grown for the needs of the hospital, and it is maintained by community volunteers. According to
CPG Consultants, hoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH) sets a new benchmark in healthcare design with its 'hospital in
a garden, garden in a hospital' concept.10
Figure 9: Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Photo by RMJM and ChannelNewsAsia, https://www.alpolic-americas.com/innovative-
singapore-hospital-uses-customized-alpolic-panels/ [Accessed: 29.07.2018.]
3.2. Hospitals without greenery on the plot
With existing hospitals built in the inner city core, compact structures and centralized hospitals, from
visions towards a built-up urban environment or to the adjacent wing of the hospital, it is not possible to
introduce nature and greenery into buildings from the outside to the inside. In this case, the interior uses colors
and materials of natural tones, artworks with motifs of nature, all in order to make a warm and soothing
environment that reduces stress
When in 2014 the reconstruction and construction of The Royal London Hospital was completed, it was
necessary to demolish 13 buildings at the Royal London and create a new 17-storey building, making it Europe's
largest hospital at the time.11 The new hospital was built on the site of an existing 17th-century hospital,
located in the center of today's urban structure of today's London. This hospital is one of the rare examples of a
modern hospital with a maximum degree of occupancy of the plot and no park areas around the hospital,
Figure 10. The hospital designers, at the time of the project development, decided that because of the lack of
greenery in the environment, they can introduce the motifs of nature into the interior. Interior design will last
another two years, and teams of artists design the hospital so that it is a pleasant and relaxing environment.
Figure 10 shows the screen dividers between the hospital beds with the panorama of London and the Thames
designed by Ella Doran. Stylized motifs of nature are also found in the corridors of the building, Figure 10.
9 https://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/projects/acute-care/photo-tour-shanghai-jiahui-international-hospital/#slide-2, 18.09.2018.
10 https://www.cpgcorp.com.sg/our-work, 07.09.2018.
11 SCANSKA, Capital Hospitals and Barts and the Royal London Transforming London’s historic hospitals,
https://www.skanska.se/4929c6/siteassets/om-skanska/press/nks-i-media/barts-white-paper-single-pages-brochure-format.pdf, pp. 2,
23.09.2018.

O. NIKOLIC ET AL.: THE MODERN HOSPITALS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMEN
ICUP 2018  PROCEEDINGS  Nis: November 2018 305
(a) (b)
Figure 10: a) The Royal London Hospital,London, UK, location view, Photo by http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/politics/we-
re-paying-over-the-odds-for-new-royal-london-hospital-say-nhs-campaigners-1-3933745, [Accessed: 21.06.2018.] b) The Royal London
Hospital interior, Photo by Ella Doran, from http://elladoranshop.blogspot.com/2012/03/royal-hospital-london.html, [Accessed:
21.06.2018.] and Photo by Avery Dennison, http://graphics.averydennison.eu/en/home/resources-and-learning/case-
studies/decorating-child-friendly-hospitals.html, [Accessed: 21.06.2018.]
The soothing color tones of nature and printed light panels on the ceiling with motifs of flowering trees as
well as the emphasized vertical symmetry are characteristic of hospital rooms in the Indian city of Bangalore.
The introduction of a motif of nature, except in halls, waiting rooms and rooms for patients, can also be found
in the operating rooms and intervention rooms. This is the case with the operating theater in the Belgian city of
Liege.
(a) (b)
Figure 11: a) Hospital in Bangalore, India, Photo by Angela Carson, http://angelasbangalore.com/shop-in-bangalore/health-and-
fitness/expat-visits-doctor-in-bangalore/ [Accessed: 22.06.2018.] and b) Operating room department, Liège, Belgium, Photo by Hospital
Solutions Maquet, https://hospital-solutions.maquet.com/int/reference-projects/liege-belgium/[Accessed: 22.06.2018.]
4. CONCLUSION
It follows from the paper that from 2010 in the area of hospital design, new standards are established
regarding the location selection and the presence of nature in the hospital environment. Modern hospitals are
built on large plots outside residential blocks or at the outskirts of the settlements, by the lakes, rivers, forests.
Inpatient units, as well as the working space of the employees, are oriented towards the nature, thus providing
visions for which a positive, calming effect has been proven. Greenery within the arranged park areas
surrounds the hospital, but it is also present on the facades and roofs. Light and nature in objects are also
introduced through inner courtyards as well as covered, glazed atriums. In this way, the concept of building
hospitals that marked the 20th century was abandoned, which was reflected in the construction of monoblock-
type hospitals, in densely populated urban areas, on small plots with a high occupancy index. Parameters for
the location selection for the construction of modern hospitals are most suited to the parameters from the
18th and 19th centuries when standards in the architecture of hospitals in developed European countries were
set and when health care was established in Serbia. The concept of biophilic design has a broad and consistent
application in the architecture of health facilities.
According to the implemented classification in the modern practice, there are very few hospitals without
greenery in the environment. The most common locations for hospitals in the urban core are chosen in multi-
million, densely populated cities, such as cities in China. Despite the limitations due to location, the elements of
nature are introduced into this type of object through the interior.
Although examples from Europe and Asia have been analysed in the paper, the conclusions can also be
applied to the American type of hospital that is present in America, Australia and the Middle East. The reason
for this are the results of scientific research in the field of architecture of healthcare facilities, the largest
percentage of which is conducted in America, as well as the functioning of specialized design companies for
healthcare facilities at the world level.

O. NIKOLIC ET AL.: THE MODERN HOSPITALS IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMEN306
306 ICUP 2018  PROCEEDINGS  Nis: November 2018
REFERENCES
1. Ju J., 2015. Master thesis Hospital Architecture in China ---- Through Comparison between Chinese
and Nordic Hospital Design, Department of Architecture Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 9
2. Kliska S., 1961. Bolnice, University in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, pp. 5.
3. Nightingale F., 1863. Notes on Hospitals, Longman, Green, Longman , Roberts, and Green, London,
UK, Book from the collections of Harvard University, http://books.google.com/books?id=FJhN-
SqxUawC&oe=UTF-8, pp. 29.
4. Nikolic O. and Nikolic V., 2012. Ecological and psychological aspects of green roofs and facades of
buildings hospital, Proceedings of Conference 1. Studentski simpozijum “Reciklažne tehnologije i
održivi razvoj”; Soko banja, Serbia, pp. 167.
5. Nikolic O et al: 2018. First hospital buildings in Serbia and their present purpose and function,
Proceedings of Conference XVIII anniversary International scientific Conference by Construction and
Architecture VSU'2018, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp. 26.
6. SCANSKA, Capital Hospitals and Barts and the Royal London Transforming London’s historic hospitals,
https://www.skanska.se/4929c6/siteassets/om-skanska/press/nks-i-media/barts-white-paper-single-
pages-brochure-format.pdf, pp. 2, [Accessed: 23.09.2018.].
7. Stanojevic V., 1960. Najstarije bolnice u Beogradu, book VII, GMGB, Belgrade, Serbia, pp. 84.
8. Susan Francis et al, 1999. 50 YEARS OF IDEAS in health care buildings, The Nuffield Trust, London, UK,
pp. 57.
9. https://architizer.com/projects/ayurvedic-hospital/ [Accessed: 18.09.2018.].
10. https://www.cpgcorp.com.sg/our-work, [Accessed: 07.09.2018.].
11. https://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/projects/acute-care/photo-tour-shanghai-jiahui-
international-hospital/#slide-2, [Accessed: 18.09.2018.]