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Einfluss von Partnergewalt auf die kindliche kognitive Entwicklung – Ergebnisse der Begleitforschung zum Hausbesuchsprogramm „Pro Kind“
Abstract
Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Child's Cognitive Development - Results from the Evaluation of the Home Visiting Program "Pro Kind" Intimate partner violence (IVP) is a socially relevant problem area of high prevalence. Direct or indirect IVP leads to well documented problems in child socioemotional development. Longitudinal studies on influences of IVP on child's cognitive development are rare. The present study adds to close this gap. We analyze data from n = 535 families living under psychosocial risk conditions. All families took part in the evaluation of the home visiting program "Pro Kind". We administered one item of a parent questionnaire to assess the occurrence of IVP. The child's cognitive development is assessed at the ages of 6, 12, and 24 months of age with the Bayley Scales-II. We test the hypothesis that IVP to the mother causally affects early cognitive development of children in a structural equation model with Cross-Lagged-Panel design. The results show a causal influence of IVP on child's cognitive development during the period from t3 (12 months of child's age) to t4 (24 months of child's age). The explanatory power of results is limited by methodological problems, e. g. the operationalization of IVP with only one item and a high panel mortality. Implications for early prevention and intervention of IVP are derived.
... Further, children's cognitive development (e.g. Kliem et al., 2019) or school performance (e.g. DePrince et al., 2009;Jayasinghe et al., 2009;Kiesel et al., 2016) is described as being affected by these violent circumstances. ...
... This is surprising as previous studies found that witnessing IPV affects cognitive development (e.g. Kliem et al., 2019) and school performance (e.g. DePrince et al., 2009). ...
... Based on findings that witnessing IPV affects cognitive development (e.g. Kliem et al., 2019), a differentiated analysis could investigate whether IPV has an equal impact on all subjects or whether isolated subjects that require more cognitive performance are more greatly affected. ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) continues to be a global problem. The increasing international research, focussing on children who witness IPV between their parents, indicates that these circumstances might influence children in different ways. Despite these efforts, little evidence stems from Germany. Using data from a German school student survey from 2017 and 2019 (N = 21,382), this paper aims to examine the consequences of witnessing IPV. The present paper takes a closer look at children’s violent behaviour, attitudes and quality of life while controlling for other potential influences (e.g. physical and psychological child abuse). Results indicate that IPV has a significant negative effect on children’s quality of life, in particular on children’s sense of security at home and children’s life satisfaction. No other effects were significant. In discussing these complex dynamics, the results of the present study highlight the importance of considering children who witness IPV as direct victims. A home with personal threats cannot provide emotional and physical security. Coping with this absence of a secure base at home may lead to the neglect of important developmental tasks during that time, which can have possible far-reaching implications on different areas of children’s lives (e.g. social competence). Further research examining the severity and duration of witnessing IPV within the context of a longitudinal design is recommended.
... 45 Alcohol-related items were summed to create a score for alcohol-related problems with higher scores indicating greater substance-related risk. We used published guidelines for the ASSIST to classify alcohol scores into three categories for descriptive purposes: low/no risk (0-10), moderate risk (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) and high risk (>26), with the likelihood of alcohol dependence. 46 Bayley scales of infant and toddler development, third edition The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition (BSID-III) 47 was used to measure toddler neurodevelopment. ...
... Therefore, formal mediation analyses were not done. Emotional score, median (IQR) 0 (0, 0) Emotional (above threshold), n (%) 102 (16) Physical score, median (IQR) 0 (0, 0) Physical (above threshold), n (%) 107 (17) Sexual score, median (IQR) 0 (0, 0) Sexual (above threshold), n (%) 25 (4) Any subtype score, median (IQR) 0 (0,0) Any subtype (above threshold), n (%) 138 (22) Sociodemographics (24 months Open access ...
Objectives
This study investigated associations between recent maternal intimate partner violence (IPV) (emotional, physical and sexual) and child development at 2 years as well as whether maternal depression or alcohol use mediated these relationships.
Design
Cross-sectional study nested in a South African birth cohort.
Setting
Two primary care clinics in Paarl, South Africa.
Participants
626 mother–child pairs; inclusion criteria for maternal antenatal enrolment were clinic attendance and remaining in the study area for at least 1 year; women were excluded if a minor.
Primary outcome measures
Child cognitive, language and motor development composite scores. These were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition.
Results
Emotional IPV was associated with lower cognitive (β=−0.32; 95% CI −0.60 to –0.04), language (β=−0.36; 95% CI −0.69 to –0.01) or motor composite scores (β=−0.58; 95% CI −0.95 to –0.20) in children at 2 years of age. Physical IPV was associated with lower motor scores (β=−0.42; 95% CI −0.75 to –0.09) at 2 years. Sexual IPV was unrelated to developmental outcomes, possibly due to low prevalence. Neither recent maternal depression nor alcohol use were shown to mediate the relationship between IPV and developmental outcomes.
Conclusions
Interventions to reduce maternal physical and emotional IPV and early-life interventions for infants and toddlers are needed to promote optimal child development.
... In a prospective study, low verbal intelligence was found to be the only developmental factor predicting IPV in men (Lussier et al. 2009). Although some studies (Kliem et al. 2019;DePrince et al. 2009) suggest that low academic achievement increases the risk of witnessing IPV and future IPV, as in our study, other studies (Stiller et al. 2022;Capaldi et al. 2012) argue the opposite. In addition, in our study we found that perpetrators with poor school performance were more likely to perpetrate violence against their partners, and those who perpetrated psychological and physical violence together had lower school performance than those who perpetrated only one type of violence. ...
Purpose
Our study examines the socio-demographic, forensic psychiatric, and childhood trauma exposure (CTE) data of Turkish intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators and draws comparisons with the violence data.
Methods
Data of male perpetrators referred to the domestic violence outpatient clinic by judicial authorities between November 2019 and June 2022 were retrospectively examined, with a focus on CTE data.
Results
The mean age of the male perpetrators examined in the study was 37.1 years. Among the overall sample, 16.2% (n = 17) had experienced violence at school in childhood, and 22.9% (n = 24) had experienced CTE. Regarding the frequency of domestic violence in their households, of the perpetrators admitted to the clinic for IPV, 40% (n = 42) reported rarely, 43.8% (n = 46) sometimes, and 16.2% (n = 17) often engaged in violent acts. There is a significant relationship between the frequency of IPV and the level of CTE (χ2: 13.052, SD: 2, p = 0.001, Cramer’s V: 0.353). Similarly, individuals who witnessed domestic violence during childhood were found to commit partner violence more frequently (χ2: 8.157, SD: 2, p = 0.017, Cramer’s V: 0.279).
Conclusions
In this study, we found a strong relationship between CTE and IPV. To the best of our knowledge, our study is only example that investigates the relationship between CTE and IPV in a Turkish sample.
... • negative (mittelbare und unmittelbare) psychische und physische Folgen (z.B. Aggressivität, Niedergeschlagenheit, Regulationsprobleme), • erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit zukünftiger Viktimisierung und/oder Täterschaft, • negative Folgen auf das eigene Erziehungsverhalten (z.B. Kliem et al., 2019;Smith-Marek, 2015;Kindler, 2013;Lamnek et al., 2013;Kessler et al., 2010;Kim, 2009 ...
Diese Handlungsempfehlungen wurden auf Grundlage des am Kriminologischen Forschungsinstituts Niedersachsen e.V. (KFN) durchgeführten und durch die Deutsche Kinderhilfe e.V. geförderten Projektes „Partnerschaftliche Gewalt in Familien mit Kindern – Was passiert nach einer polizeilichen Wegweisungsverfügung?“ erstellt.
... Aus diesen Erkenntnissen einer möglichen Beeinträchtigung für die in diesen Haushalten lebenden Kinder, fordern Praktiker*innen und Wissenschaftler*innen, diese Kinder als Betroffene partnerschaftlicher Gewalt zu betrachten sowie damit einhergehend die Interventions-und Präventionsstruktur entsprechend auszubauen (vgl. Kindler, 2003;Kliem et al., 2019, Stiller & Neubert,2020). ...
https://haeuslichegewalt.elearning-gewaltschutz.de/
Background:
Pro Kind is a German adaptation of the US Nurse Family Partnership program. It is an intervention based on home visits targeting first-time mothers from disadvantaged populations. Pro Kind was implemented as a randomized control trial from 2006 to 2012 with N = 755 first-time mothers (TG n = 394, CG n = 391). The 7–8-year follow-up aims to assess the mid-term effects of the program.
Methods/design:
Mid-term outcomes are being assessed by trained assessors. In a multimethod approach telephone interviews, on-site interviews, observations and developmental tests will be held in order to assess children’s and mothers’ life satisfaction, mental health, cognitive and social development, parenting behavior, signs of child abuse or neglect as well as the family’s socio-economic status. Furthermore, administrative data will be accessed to obtain information regarding the mother’s usage of pediatric health care, welfare usage and employment history.
Discussion:
Results regarding the mid-term effects of the intervention from the Pro Kind Follow-up will provide a scientific basis for future primary prevention programs as well as help stakeholders legitimizing early childhood investments.
Zusammenfassung
Es ist eine seit langem bekannte und vielfach belegte Tatsache, dass familiäre psychosoziale Belastungen das Risiko für Kindesmisshandlung und –vernachlässigung sowie für Verzögerungen der kindlichen Entwicklung erhöhen. Was jedoch noch fehlt, sind verlässliche, repräsentative Daten zur Prävalenz von psychosozialen Belastungen in Familien mit kleinen Kindern in Deutschland. Solche Daten werden dringend benötigt, da der bundesweite Auf- und Ausbau von Angeboten und Netzwerken Früher Hilfen mit politischen Initiativen auf allen föderalen Ebenen aktuell verstärkt vorangetrieben wird. Um die Hilfelandschaft effektiv zu gestalten, ist fundiertes Wissen um psychosoziale Belastungen von Familien kleiner Kinder dringend erforderlich. Nur so kann auf den Hilfe- und Unterstützungsbedarf von Familien – zum Wohle der Kinder - adäquat reagiert werden. Die Erforschung der Lebensbedingungen, in denen Säuglinge und Kleinkinder aufwachsen, stellt für die Forschung eine methodische Herausforderung dar, da psychosozial hochbelastete Familien eher schwierig für die Teilnahme an einer Studie zu gewinnen sind und die Fragen von den Studienteilnehmern potentiell als heikel wahrgenommen werden könnten. Die KiD 0-3 Prävalenzstudie wurde 2015 an Familien mit 0-3-jährigen Kindern durchgeführt und wird zum ersten mal einen systematischer Überblick über die Verteilung empirisch bestätigter Risikofaktoren in Deutschland geben.
This paper provides an overview of the German home visiting program Pro Kind. We conducted a RCT to assess the program effects. A total of 755 women with multiple risk factors were recruited; of those, 394 were assigned to the treatment group. We assessed program influences on family environment, maternal and child health, and child development until the child’s third birthday in regular interviews, with developmental tests, and in dental examinations. We found small benefits on, e.g., parental self-efficacy, feelings of attachment, social support, and maternal oral health. Further, home visiting is significantly associated with increased second births.
Based on the US Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) program, the German home visiting program “Pro Kind” offered support for socially and financially disadvantaged first-time mothers from pregnancy until the children’s second birthday. A multi-centered, longitudinal randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to assess its effectiveness on mothers and children. A total of 755 women with multiple risk factors were recruited, 394 received regular home visits (treatment group), while 361 only had access to standard community services (control group). Program influences on family environment (e.g., quality of home, social support), maternal competencies (e.g., maternal self-efficacy, empathy, parenting style), and child development (e.g., cognitive and motor development) were assessed from mothers’ program intake in pregnancy to children’s second birthday based on self-reports in regular interviews and developmental tests. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) models showed small, but significant positive treatment effects on parental self-efficacy, and marginally significant effects on social support, and knowledge on child rearing. Maternal stress, self-efficacy, and feelings of attachment in the TG tend to show a more positive development over time. Subgroup effects were found for high-risk mothers in the TG, who reported more social support over time and, generally, had children with higher developmental scores compared to their CG counterparts. Post hoc analyses of implementation variables revealed the quality of the helping relationship as a significant indicator of treatment effects. Results are discussed in terms of implementation and public policy differences between NFP and Pro Kind.
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a vast field and widely used by many applied researchers in the social and behavioral sciences. Over the years, many software pack-ages for structural equation modeling have been developed, both free and commercial. However, perhaps the best state-of-the-art software packages in this field are still closed-source and/or commercial. The R package lavaan has been developed to provide applied researchers, teachers, and statisticians, a free, fully open-source, but commercial-quality package for latent variable modeling. This paper explains the aims behind the develop-ment of the package, gives an overview of its most important features, and provides some examples to illustrate how lavaan works in practice.
Auf diese Weise beschreiben zwei im Rahmen von familiengerichtlichen Begutachtungen befragte Kinder ihr unmittelbares Erleben
von Situationen, in denen ihre Mutter Partnergewalt erleben musste. Generell schildern Kinder Angst, Mitleid, Erstarrung und
Hilflosigkeit, wenn sie über ihre ausgeprägten Gefühle in Situationen von Partnergewalt sprechen (z.B. Ericksen & Henderson
1992, Mullender et al., 2001, Strasser 2001). Diese von Kindern empfundene Belastung, Verunsicherung und Überforderung angesichts
miterlebter oder in ihren Folgen sichtbarer Gewalt erscheint Fachkräften und Laien in der Regel gleichermaßen gut nachzuempfinden
und ist kaum Gegenstand von Kontroversen. Weit weniger einheitlich ist die Einschätzung von Öffentlichkeit und Fachkräften
hingegen, wenn es um die Frage geht, inwieweit Partnerschaftsgewalt über das belastende unmittelbare Erleben hinaus eine Gefahr
für das Kindeswohl darstellen kann, also geeignet ist, die Entwicklung betroffener Kinder in erheblichem Ausmaß zu beeinträchtigen.
Genau deshalb steht diese Frage im Mittelpunkt des vorliegenden Beitrags.
Treating Likert rating scale data as continuous outcomes in confirmatory factor analysis violates the assumption of multivariate normality. Given certain requirements pertaining to the number of categories, skewness, size of the factor loadings, and so forth, it seems nevertheless possible to recover true parameter values if the data stem from a single homogeneous population. It is shown that, in a multigroup context, an analysis of Likert data under the assumption of multivariate normality may distort the factor structure differently across groups. In that case, investigations of measurement invariance (MI), which are necessary for meaningful group comparisons, are problematic. Analyzing subscale scores computed from Likert items does not seem to solve the problem.
The WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women is a landmark research project, both in its scope and in how it was carried out. For the results presented in this report, specially trained teams collected data from over 24 000 women from 15 sites in 10 countries representing diverse cultural settings: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, and the United Republic of Tanzania.
Depression and suicide are responsible for a substantial burden of disease globally. Evidence suggests that intimate partner violence (IPV) experience is associated with increased risk of depression, but also that people with mental disorders are at increased risk of violence. We aimed to investigate the extent to which IPV experience is associated with incident depression and suicide attempts, and vice versa, in both women and men.
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies published before February 1, 2013. More than 22,000 records from 20 databases were searched for studies examining physical and/or sexual intimate partner or dating violence and symptoms of depression, diagnosed major depressive disorder, dysthymia, mild depression, or suicide attempts. Random effects meta-analyses were used to generate pooled odds ratios (ORs). Sixteen studies with 36,163 participants met our inclusion criteria. All studies included female participants; four studies also included male participants. Few controlled for key potential confounders other than demographics. All but one depression study measured only depressive symptoms. For women, there was clear evidence of an association between IPV and incident depressive symptoms, with 12 of 13 studies showing a positive direction of association and 11 reaching statistical significance; pooled OR from six studies = 1.97 (95% CI 1.56-2.48, I (2) = 50.4%, p heterogeneity = 0.073). There was also evidence of an association in the reverse direction between depressive symptoms and incident IPV (pooled OR from four studies = 1.93, 95% CI 1.51-2.48, I (2) = 0%, p = 0.481). IPV was also associated with incident suicide attempts. For men, evidence suggested that IPV was associated with incident depressive symptoms, but there was no clear evidence of an association between IPV and suicide attempts or depression and incident IPV.
In women, IPV was associated with incident depressive symptoms, and depressive symptoms with incident IPV. IPV was associated with incident suicide attempts. In men, few studies were conducted, but evidence suggested IPV was associated with incident depressive symptoms. There was no clear evidence of association with suicide attempts. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence IPV was conducted. Inclusion criteria included publication in a peer-reviewed journal, a representative community sample or a clinical sample with a control group comparison, a response rate of at least 50%, use of a
physical or sexual violence outcome measure, and control of confounding factors in the analyses. A total of 228 articles were included (170 articles with adult and 58 with adolescent samples). Organized by levels of a dynamic developmental systems perspective, risk factors included (a) contextual
characteristics of partners (demographic, neighborhood, community, and school factors), (b) developmental characteristics and behaviors of the partners (e.g., family, peer, psychological/behavioral, and cognitive factors), and (c) relationship influences and interactional patterns. Comparisons
to a prior review highlight developments in the field in the past 10 years. Recommendations for intervention and policy along with future directions for IPV risk factor research are presented.
For more than 20 years, there have been periodic reports in the research literature about the co-occurrence of spouse abuse and physical child abuse. This review compiles and evaluates those reports. Forty-two studies were found that provided some data concerning co-occurrence; 31 of the studies included sufficient detail to be used in this review. The different types of studies are classified and methodological issues are discussed. The base rate of co-occurrence found in representative community samples was about 6%. In clinical samples of either battered women or physically abused children, the percentage of overlap ranged from 20% to 100%. When a conservative definition of child abuse was used, a median co-occurrence rate of 40% was found. Five models depicting the directionality of abuse in violent families are proposed and discussed in relation to the data and theories of violence. Recommendations for methodological improvements and theory-driven studies are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Comorbidity, meaning the co-occurrence of two supposedly separate conditions at above chance levels, provides a most important research opportunity. It requires a rigorous examination of diagnostic concepts and a systematic critical testing of those concepts. Such testing may shed much needed light on risk mechanisms. Four issues that have given rise to misunderstanding in this connection are discussed: definitions of terms, diagnostic validity, reassessment and research strategies.
This study examined the direct and indirect effects of domestic violence on preschoolers' intellectual functioning. The sample consisted of 100 women and their 3–5-year-old children (44 boys and 56 girls) recruited from the general community. Forty-three percent of mothers had experienced domestic violence within the last year, defined by at least one physically aggressive act by an intimate partner. Children who had witnessed domestic violence had significantly poorer verbal abilities than nonwitnesses after controlling for SES and child abuse, but there were no group differences on visual–spatial abilities. Domestic violence also indirectly affected both types of intellectual abilities through its impact on maternal depression and the intellectual quality of the home environment. Strengths and limitations of the study are discussed, as well as the implications for interventions for young child witnesses.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a prevalent social problem in the United States and women of childbearing age are the most likely victims. The young children born to these women are impacted, however, women are not routinely asked about IPV even when there is evidence that their child has been abused. To highlight the importance of routinely screening for IPV in child welfare and other social service agencies this article reviews typical social-emotional development and physiological/neurological development in early childhood and the impact that IPV and trauma have on these domains of development. Early intervention with young children and caregivers living with IPV provides a significant buffer to the negative effects that witnessing IPV have on children's development and their relationships with caregivers.
Modern data acquisition based on high-throughput technology is often facing the problem of missing data. Algorithms commonly used in the analysis of such large-scale data often depend on a complete set. Missing value imputation offers a solution to this problem. However, the majority of available imputation methods are restricted to one type of variable only: continuous or categorical. For mixed-type data, the different types are usually handled separately. Therefore, these methods ignore possible relations between variable types. We propose a non-parametric method which can cope with different types of variables simultaneously.
We compare several state of the art methods for the imputation of missing values. We propose and evaluate an iterative imputation method (missForest) based on a random forest. By averaging over many unpruned classification or regression trees, random forest intrinsically constitutes a multiple imputation scheme. Using the built-in out-of-bag error estimates of random forest, we are able to estimate the imputation error without the need of a test set. Evaluation is performed on multiple datasets coming from a diverse selection of biological fields with artificially introduced missing values ranging from 10% to 30%. We show that missForest can successfully handle missing values, particularly in datasets including different types of variables. In our comparative study, missForest outperforms other methods of imputation especially in data settings where complex interactions and non-linear relations are suspected. The out-of-bag imputation error estimates of missForest prove to be adequate in all settings. Additionally, missForest exhibits attractive computational efficiency and can cope with high-dimensional data.
The package missForest is freely available from http://stat.ethz.ch/CRAN/.
stekhoven@stat.math.ethz.ch; buhlmann@stat.math.ethz.ch
The posttraumatic stress symptoms of 64 children ages 7 to 12 were assessed by their mothers, who had experienced emotional and physical abuse during the past year. A measure of child symptoms based on DSM-IV criteria was used. Of the children exposed to violence, 13% qualified for a complete posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. However, 52% suffered from intrusive and unwanted remembering of the traumatic event(s), 19% displayed traumatic avoidance, and 42% experienced traumatic arousal symptoms. Children with PTSD symptoms had significantly more internalizing behavioral problems, as expected; they also had more externalizing problems than did children without trauma symptoms.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit Kausalaussagen auch aufgrund von Fragebogendaten aus Längsschnittstudien möglich sind. Hierzu wird zunächst das Grundprinzip des Cross-Lagged-Panel-Designs vorgestellt, von dem prinzipiell angenommen wird, dass es die zur Identifikation kausaler Strukturen notwendigen Bedingungen erfüllt. In einem zweiten Schritt werden exemplarisch drei verschiedene Analysemethoden diskutiert und auf ihre Brauchbarkeit zur Umsetzung des Cross-Lagged-Panel-Designs geprüft. (DIPF/Orig.) This contribution analyses the possibilities to conduct causal analysis with longitudinal data. Therefore the principles of cross-lagged-analyses are described and concluded that this design matches the requirements for drawing causal conclusions based on questionnaire data of longitudinal studies. To prove this assumption empirically, three techniques of cross-lagged analyses are applied and discussed whether or not they are sufficient for interpreting results as causal pathways. (DIPF/Orig.)
This study examines the impact of family violence on the development of attention and conduct problems in girls and boys. Mothers (n = 287) were interviewed and given diagnostic assessment instruments to measure attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder in 1 of their children. Six years later, youths were interviewed about their delinquent behavior. Family violence related to attention and conduct problems in girls only. Girls who displayed these problems in childhood were not necessarily at risk for later delinquency. Family violence in childhood had a direct effect on delinquency in girls. Boys who developed attention problems were more likely to show conduct problems that eventually led to adolescent delinquency. Family violence failed to account for problems or delinquency in boys.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is widely used for examining hypothesized relations among ordinal variables (e.g., Likert-type items). A theoretically appropriate method fits the CFA model to polychoric correlations using either weighted least squares (WLS) or robust WLS. Importantly, this approach assumes that a continuous, normal latent process determines each observed variable. The extent to which violations of this assumption undermine CFA estimation is not well-known. In this article, the authors empirically study this issue using a computer simulation study. The results suggest that estimation of polychoric correlations is robust to modest violations of underlying normality. Further, WLS performed adequately only at the largest sample size but led to substantial estimation difficulties with smaller samples. Finally, robust WLS performed well across all conditions.
Violence against women is a serious human rights abuse and public health issue. Despite growing evidence of the size of the problem, current evidence comes largely from industrialised settings, and methodological differences limit the extent to which comparisons can be made between studies. We aimed to estimate the extent of physical and sexual intimate partner violence against women in 15 sites in ten countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, and the United Republic of Tanzania.
Standardised population-based household surveys were done between 2000 and 2003. Women aged 15-49 years were interviewed and those who had ever had a male partner were asked in private about their experiences of physically and sexually violent and emotionally abusive acts.
24,097 women completed interviews, with around 1500 interviews per site. The reported lifetime prevalence of physical or sexual partner violence, or both, varied from 15% to 71%, with two sites having a prevalence of less than 25%, seven between 25% and 50%, and six between 50% and 75%. Between 4% and 54% of respondents reported physical or sexual partner violence, or both, in the past year. Men who were more controlling were more likely to be violent against their partners. In all but one setting women were at far greater risk of physical or sexual violence by a partner than from violence by other people.
The findings confirm that physical and sexual partner violence against women is widespread. The variation in prevalence within and between settings highlights that this violence in not inevitable, and must be addressed.
This research examines whether parents' intimate partner physical violence (IPV) relates to their preschoolers' explicit memory functioning, whether children's symptoms of hyperarousal mediate this relation, and whether mothers' positive parenting moderates this relation. Participants were 69 mothers and their 4- or 5-year-old child (34 girls). Mothers completed measures of IPV, children's hyperarousal symptoms, parent–child aggression, and positive parenting. Measures of explicit memory functioning were administered to preschoolers. As expected, IPV correlated negatively with preschoolers' performance on explicit memory tasks, even after controlling for parent–child aggression and demographic variables related to preschoolers' memory functioning. Preschoolers' hyperarousal symptoms did not mediate the relation between IPV and explicit memory functioning, but mothers' positive parenting moderated this relation. Specifically, the negative relation between IPV and preschoolers' performance on 2 of the 3 explicit memory tasks was weaker when mothers engaged in higher levels of positive parenting. These findings extend research on IPV and children's adjustment difficulties to explicit memory functioning in preschoolers and suggest that mothers can ameliorate the influence of IPV on preschoolers' memory functioning via their parenting.
The Bayley Scales are carefully constructed norm-referenced measures for assessing the development of infants and toddlers, ages 1 month to 3 years 6 months. Originally developed by Dr. Nancy Bayley and published in 1969, the Second Edition of the Bayley Scales (BSID-II) was published in 1993, and a third edition (Bayley-III) was released in 2006. The description that follows focuses on the Bayley-III, developed by the staff of the Psychological Corporation with advice from a panel of outside experts, consultants, and reviewers. The administration manual states that Bayley-III “maintains the original nature and purpose of the Bayley Scales as envisioned by its author, Nancy Bayley” (Bayley, 2006a, p.1).
Keywords:
infant development;
developmental assessment;
cognitive assessment;
motor assessment;
language assessment;
social-emotional assessment;
adaptive behavior assessment
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Bedeutung der Mutter-Kind-Beziehung für kindliche Fehlentwicklungen wird seit langem intensiv diskutiert. Welche Rolle den Vätern zukommt, wenn ein Kind psychische Probleme entwickelt, bleibt dagegen häufig ungewiss. Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Arbeit will auf dieses Forschungsdefizit aufmerksam machen und Möglichkeiten zu seiner Überwindung aufzeigen. Methode: In einem Literaturüberblick wird die Bedeutung der Vater-Kind-Beziehung aus der Sicht der Entwicklungspsychopathologie dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Während die Vaterforschung bezogen auf die normale Entwicklung des Kindes ein beachtliches Niveau erreicht hat, steht die Untersuchung der Rolle des Vaters bei kindlichen Verhaltensstörungen noch ganz am Anfang. Die vorliegenden Studien zeigen, dass die Vaterperspektive einen wichtigen Beitrag zu einem besseren Verständnis der Entstehungs- und Verlaufsbedingungen psychischer Störungen bei Kindern leisten kann. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Integration der Vaterforschung in die Entwicklungspsychopathologie stellt ein wichtiges Forschungsdesideratum dar.
This study investigated the psychological assessment literature to determine what applied researchers are using and reporting from confirmatory factor analysis (CIA) studies for evidence of construct validation. One hundred and one articles published in four major psychological assessment journals between 1990 and 2002 were systematically reviewed. Information from each article was collected across four broad areas: Background, Data Screening, Reporting Results, and Discussing Results. Temporal trends were assessed with point-biserial correlations to deter-mine how practices have changed over time. From the review, several recommendations were provided to assist assessment researchers report validity evidence from CIA studies.
The study reported in this chapter examines the long-term consequences of various aspects of maltreatment (types, chronicity, and severity) across the range of behavior problems and psychopathology. Data for the study comes from the Mother–Child Project, a longitudinal study of children and their families originally drawn from a high risk poverty population. A sample of 267 low-income mothers pregnant with their 1st child were enrolled during pregnancy and have been followed for 19 yrs. Outcomes to assess the effects of maltreatment included academic achievement, behavior problems, psychiatric disorders, and adolescent adjustment. Measures included the Child Behavior Checklist, the Adolescent Health Survey, the Woodcock Johnson Psycho-Educational battery, and the K-SADS Diagnostic Interview.
Results indicate that children who were maltreated in the early years had a variety of problems in adolescence. Maltreatment was strong associated with school failure, drug and alcohol problems, and a variety of behavior problems including serious psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Some problems of investigating causal relationships when undertaking field research are outlined. The potential of cross-lagged correlation analysis in this context is assessed by describing the technique, its underlying assumptions and its previous use in applied occupational research. A method for evaluating the technique using simulated data is described. Preliminary findings using this approach show that cross-lagged correlation analysis is a viable technique under relatively straightforward conditions. Nevertheless, further work needs to be done before it is sufficiently well understood to give a high level of confidence in conclusions based on the technique.
Pregnancy and the early years of the child's life offer an opportune time to prevent a host of adverse maternal, child, and family outcomes that are important in their own right, but that also reflect biological, behavioral, and social substrates in the child and family that affect family formation and future life trajectories. This article summarizes a 27-year program of research that has attempted to improve early maternal and child health and future life options with prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses. The program is designed for low-income mothers who have had no previous live births. The home-visiting nurses have three major goals: to improve the outcomes of pregnancy by helping women improve their prenatal health, to improve the child's health and development by helping parents provide more sensitive and competent care of the child, and to improve parental life course by helping parents plan future pregnancies, complete their education, and find work. The program has been tested in three separate large-scale, randomized controlled trials with different populations living in different contexts. Results from these trials indicate that the program has been successful in achieving two of its most important goals: (a) the improvement of parental care of the child as reflected in fewer injuries and ingestions that may be associated with child abuse and neglect and better infant emotional and language development; and (b) the improvement of maternal life course, reflected in fewer subsequent pregnancies, greater work-force participation, and reduced dependence on public assistance and food stamps.
This study analyzed the impact of the co-occurrence of parental and interparental violence on the behavior of adolescents.
Results reveal that the co-occurrence of interparental violence and child physical abuse has a significantly greater negative
impact on behavior than does exposure to interparental violence only. Moreover, participants, who are both abused and exposed
to interparental violence, exhibit internalized and externalized symptoms falling within the clinical range more frequently.
Exposure exclusively to interparental violence also has definite impact; for example, teens who are only exposed to interparental
violence exhibit internalized and externalized symptoms more frequently than do those who have been neither subject to physical
abuse from a parent nor exposed to interparental violence. Implications of the findings are discussed.
This study examined the associations of deviant features in early mother–infant interaction and parental psychopathology with symptoms of behavioral/emotional problems in the child 2 years later. Fifty mother–infant dyads were assessed in the study; mother–infant interaction was videotaped at infant’s 8–11 weeks of age, parental psychopathology was assessed by a structured diagnostic interview. At 2 years the symptoms of behavioral/emotional problems were investigated by CBCL questionnaires. The results suggest that the mother’s hostility and/or intrusiveness in early mother–infant interaction and parental psychopathology are related to and predict behavioral/emotional symptoms in the child but their influence varies. Father’s psychiatric problems predicted high internalizing, externalizing and total problem scores and mother’s psychiatric problems before the pregnancy predicted high externalizing scores in the child at 2 years. Mother’s hostility and/or intrusiveness in early mother–infant interaction predicted high externalizing and total problem scores.
To identify demographic, family, parent, and child factors prospectively associated with risk for child abuse and neglect among families in the community, using data on child maltreatment obtained from both official records and youth self-reports.
Surveys assessing demographic variables, family relationships, parental behavior, and characteristics of parents and children were administered to a representative sample of 644 families in upstate New York on four occasions between 1975 and 1992. Data on child abuse and neglect were obtained from New York State records and retrospective self-report instruments administered when youths were > or = 18 years old.
Logistic regression analyses indicated that different patterns of risk factors predicted the occurrence of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect, although maternal youth and maternal sociopathy predicted the occurrence of all three forms of child maltreatment. In addition, the prevalence of child abuse or neglect increased from 3% when no risk factors were present to 24% when > or = 4 risk factors were present. State records and self-reports of child maltreatment did not correspond in most cases when maltreatment was reported through at least one data source, underlining the importance of obtaining data from both official records and self-reports.
Assessment of a number of risk factors may permit health professionals to identify parents and children who are at high risk for child maltreatment, facilitating appropriate implementation of prevention and treatment interventions.
Intimate partner violence, which describes physical or sexual assault, or both, of a spouse or sexual intimate, is a common health-care issue. In this article, I have reviewed research on the mental and physical health sequelae of such violence. Increased health problems such as injury, chronic pain, gastrointestinal, and gynaecological signs including sexually-transmitted diseases, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder are well documented by controlled research in abused women in various settings. Intimate partner violence has been noted in 3-13% of pregnancies in many studies from around the world, and is associated with detrimental outcomes to mothers and infants. I recommend increased assessment and interventions for intimate partner violence in health-care settings.
Statistical procedures for missing data have vastly improved, yet misconception and unsound practice still abound. The authors frame the missing-data problem, review methods, offer advice, and raise issues that remain unresolved. They clear up common misunderstandings regarding the missing at random (MAR) concept. They summarize the evidence against older procedures and, with few exceptions, discourage their use. They present, in both technical and practical language, 2 general approaches that come highly recommended: maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian multiple imputation (MI). Newer developments are discussed, including some for dealing with missing data that are not MAR. Although not yet in the mainstream, these procedures may eventually extend the ML and MI methods that currently represent the state of the art.
Research suggests that exposure to extreme stress in childhood, such as domestic violence, affects children's neurocognitive development, leading to lower intelligence. But studies have been unable to account for genetic influences that might confound the association between domestic violence and lower intelligence. This twin study tested whether domestic violence had environmentally mediated effects on young children's intelligence. Children's IQs were assessed for a population sample of 1116 monozygotic and dizygotic 5-year-old twin pairs in England. Mothers reported their experience of domestic violence in the previous 5 years. Ordinary least squares regression showed that domestic violence was uniquely associated with IQ suppression in a dose-response relationship. Children exposed to high levels of domestic violence had IQs that were, on average, 8 points lower than unexposed children. Structural equation models showed that adult domestic violence accounted for 4% of the variation, on average, in child IQ, independent of latent genetic influences. The findings are consistent with animal experiments and human correlational studies documenting the harmful effects of extreme stress on brain development Programs that successfully reduce domestic violence should also have beneficial effects on children's cognitive development.
The degree to which infant regulatory behaviors, together with infant reactivity to novelty, predicted anxious behavior at 2.5 years, and the moderating effect of maternal behavior were tested. Sixty-four low-risk mothers and infants participated. Mothers rated infant negative reactivity and anxious behavior; infant and maternal behaviors were observed at 6 months postpartum. Based on results of hierarchical, multiple regressions, infant regulatory behaviors (i.e., attention control, withdrawal) moderated associations between reactivity to novelty and later anxious behavior, but predictions depended also on maternal behavior. High reactivity to novelty, in conjunction with withdrawal and with poor attention control, predicted anxious behavior only when mothers were less engaged or less sensitive, suggesting that maternal behavior alters developmental trajectories associated with infant temperament.
Gewalt gegen Frauen und ihre Kinder
- B Appelt
- A Höllriegl
- R Logar
Appelt, B., Höllriegl, A., Logar, R. (2001). Gewalt gegen Frauen und ihre Kinder. In Bundesministerium für Soziale Sicherheit und Generationen (Hrsg.), Gewaltbericht 2001 (S. 377498). Wien: Bundesministerium für Soziale Sicherheit und Generationen. Abteilung V/7.
Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Säuglingsalter
- D Blomeyer
- M Laucht
- F Pfeiffer
- C Reuß
Blomeyer, D., Laucht, M., Pfeiffer, F., Reuß, C. (2010). Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Säuglingsalter, Familienumgebung und Entwicklung früher kognitiver und nichtkognitiver Fähigkeiten:
Eine prospektive Studie. DIW-Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, 76, 11-26.
Kinder schützen, Familien stärken
- T Brand
- T Jungmann
Brand, T., Jungmann, T. (2013). Kinder schützen, Familien stärken. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa.
Männer-die ewigen Gewalttäter? Gewalt von und gegen Männer in Deutschland
- P Döge
Döge, P. (2013). Männer-die ewigen Gewalttäter? Gewalt von und gegen Männer in Deutschland. München: Springer.
Violence against women: An EU-wide survey: Main results. FRA, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
- Fra-European
FRA-European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2014). Violence against women: An
EU-wide survey: Main results. FRA, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights.
Kindeswohl und Kindeswohlgefährdung
- B Galm
- S Herzig
- S Lillig
- M Stötzel
Galm, B., Herzig, S., Lillig, S., Stötzel, M. (2007). Kindeswohl und Kindeswohlgefährdung. In
Arbeitsstelle Kinder-und Jugendkriminalitätsprävention (Hrsg.), Strategien der Gewaltprävention im Kindes-und Jugendalter. Eine Zwischenbilanz in sechs Handlungsfeldern
(S. 31-59). München: DJI.
Kinder und häusliche Gewalt-Kinder misshandelter Mütter. Vortrag Jahrestagung der DGgKV in Stuttgart
- B Kavemann
Kavemann, B. (2000). Kinder und häusliche Gewalt-Kinder misshandelter Mütter. Vortrag
Jahrestagung der DGgKV in Stuttgart. Verfügbar unter: http://www.ms.niedersachsen.de/
portal/live.php?navigation_id = 5023&article_id = 14108&_psmand = 17
Psychische und körperliche Gewalterfahrungen in den vergangenen 12 Monaten in der Allgemeinbevölkerung
- C Lange
- A Starker
- E Lippe
- H Hölling
Lange, C., Starker, A., Lippe, E. von der, Hölling, H. (2016). Psychische und körperliche Gewalterfahrungen in den vergangenen 12 Monaten in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz, 59, 4-16.
Häusliche Gewalt gegen Frauen. Ergebnisse einer Befragung niedergelassener Ärztinnen und Ärzte
- H Mark
Mark, H. (2001). Häusliche Gewalt gegen Frauen. Ergebnisse einer Befragung niedergelassener Ärztinnen und Ärzte. Marburg: Tectum.
Eine repräsentative Untersuchung zu Gewalt gegen Frauen in Deutschland
- U Müller
- M Schröttle
Müller, U., Schröttle, M. (2004). Lebenssituation, Sicherheit und Gesundheit von Frauen in
Deutschland. Eine repräsentative Untersuchung zu Gewalt gegen Frauen in Deutschland.
Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Senioren, Frauen und Jugend. Verfügbar unter:
https://www.bmfsfj.de/blob/84328/0c83aab6e685eeddc01712109bcb02b0/langfassungstudie-frauen-teil-eins-data.pdf
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2003). Costs of intimate partner violence
against women in the United States. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Screening Partnergewalt: Ein deutschsprachiges Screening-Instrument für häusliche Gewalt gegen Frauen. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie (FDN)
- E Nyberg
- P Hartman
- R D Stieglitz
- A Riecher-Rössler
Nyberg, E., Hartman, P., Stieglitz, R. D., Riecher-Rössler, A. (2008). Screening Partnergewalt:
Ein deutschsprachiges Screening-Instrument für häusliche Gewalt gegen Frauen. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie (FDN), 76, 28-36.
Prevalence of children's exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment: Implications for prevention and intervention. Clinical child and family psychology review
- J D Osofsky
Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of children's exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment: Implications for prevention and intervention. Clinical child and family psychology review, 6, 161-170.
BAYLEY-III. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition
- G Reuner
- J Rosenkranz
Reuner, G., Rosenkranz, J. (2014). BAYLEY-III. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition. Göttingen: Hogrefe.