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Review for Application and Medicine Effects of
Spirulina, Microalgae
Mansoreh Ghaeni and Laleh Roomiani
Department of Fisheries, college of Agriculture , Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Iran
Email: mansorehghaeni@gmail.com, gonomwo@yahoo.com
Abstract—Spirulina is a filamentous cyanobacteria with
many applications in food and drug industries, as a food in
human, aquaculture, vet and poultry industries. Semi and
mass culture of Spirulina carries out in different countries.
it contains large amounts of protein (70% dry weight),
carotenoid (4000mg/kg), (omega-3 and omega-6
polyunsaturated fatty acids, Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA),
sulfolipids, glycolipids, polysaccharides, provitamins;
vitamin A vitamin E, various B vitamins; and minerals,
including calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium,
zinc and selenium. Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest
that Spirulina has certain therapeutic effects such as
protection against some cancers, enhancement of the
immune system, radiation protection, reduction of
hyperlipidemia and obesity. In this paper, uses and
therapeutic effect of spirulina have been reviewed according
to new researches.
Index Terms—spirulina, use, therapeutic
I. INTRODUCTION
Spirulina is a “Super food”. It is the most nutritious,
concentrated whole food known to humankind. It has a
rich, vibrant history, and occupies an intriguing biological
and ecological niche in the plant kingdom. Spirulina is
truly an amazing food, full of nutritional wonders [1].
Spirulina is a blue-green microalgae has a spiral
cellular structure, and has an extraordinary capacity to
survive under conditions that are much too harsh for other
algae [2]. Habitats with extensive Spirulina growth
include the Pacific Ocean near Japan and Hawaii, large
fresh water lakes in Africa, North America, Mexico, and
South America. Two species of Spirulina that are most
commonly used in nutritional supplements are Spirulina
platensis and Spirulina maxima [2]. Spirulina, contains
large amounts of protein (70% dry weight), carotenoid
(4000mg/kg), (omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated
fatty acids, Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA), sulfolipids,
glycolipids, polysaccharides, provitamins; vitamin A,
vitamin E, various B vitamins; and minerals, including
calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, zinc,
and selenium [2]. It is, therefore, a potential therapeutic
agent for treating oxidative stress-induced diseases [3].
Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that Spirulina has
certain therapeutic effects such as reduction in blood
cholesterol, protection against some cancers,
Manuscript received June 4, 2015, revised October 12, 2015.
enhancement of the immune system, increase of intestinal
lactobacilli, reduction of nephrotoxicity by heavy metals
and drugs, radiation protection, reduction of
hyperlipidemia and obesity [4]. Besides Spirulina pills
and capsules, there are also pastries, blocks, and Spirulina
containing chocolate bars, marketed as health food. Other
Spirulina products are formulated for weight loss and as
an aid for quitting drug-addictions [5].
II. USE OF SPIRULINA
A. Human Consumption
Clinical trials have shown that spirulina can serve as a
supplementary cure for many diseases. Spirulina capsules
have proved effective in lowering blood lipid level, and
in decreasing white blood corpuscles after radiotherapy
and chemotherapy, as well as improving immunological
function. Spirulina also is used for health food, feed and
for the biochemical products since 1980s [6], [7].
B. Use as Feed and Feed Additives
Since many of the existing blue-green algae species are
known to produce toxin (microcystins, in particular
MCYST-LR), it is very important to clarify the specific
species used for human consumption as in all likelihood
there is a danger of species substitution and/or
contamination of spirulina with other cyanobacteria. It is
particularly important in countries where no such
regulation exists on this type of products. When the algal
cells or filaments of spirulina are transformed into
powder it can provide the basis for a variety of food
products, such as soups, sauces, pasta, snack foods,
instant drinks and other recipes [7]. Spirulina is also used
to prepare food with other ingredients. For example,
instant noodles, stylish noodles, nutritious blocks,
beverages and cookies [7]. In addition microalgal
biomass has been studied in several food products oil-in-
water emulsions, vegetable puddings, biscuits and pastas.
The effect of microalgal concentration on the products
color parameters was investigated, as well as its stability
through the processing conditions and along storage time
[8]. Many foods aimed at the juvenile market were
advertised as containing the delicious Spirulina with its
pretty blue-green color. Add it to milk shakes, jellies,
biscuits or cakes [9]. The enrichment of Spirulina
platensis has been studied in wheat flour to prepare fresh
pasta to evaluate the green color and nutritional
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of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2016
©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 114
doi: 10.18178/joaat.3.2.114-117
Spirulina platensis
enrichment in addition to functional properties due to the
presence of the bioactive compounds in the
cyanobacterium [10]. Also Sharma and Dunkwal (2012)
have been enriched biscuit by spirulina [11].
C. Use of Spirulina in Poultry
About one third of the world compound feed
production is for poultry and this new green marketplace
has challenged manufacturers to formulate feeds using
high quality components [12]. Spirulina is one of the high
quality natural feed additives that can be used in animal
and poultry nutrition. In this respect, Ross and Dominy
(1990) and Nikodémusz et al. (2010) reported that hens
fed Spirulina-containing diets achieved superior
productive and reproductive performance compared to
the control birds. Moreover, Sakaida Takashi, (2003)
found that egg yolk color was significantly improved by
the addition of Spirulina to laying hen diets [13].
D. Use of Spirulina in Aquaculture
Spirulina is a cheaper feed ingredient than others of
animal origin. China is using spirulina as a partial
substitute of imported feed to promote the growth,
immunity and viability of prawns (example Penaeus
monodon). Spirulina-containing feed was found to reduce
the cultivation time and mortality, and increase shell
thickness of scallop. The survival rate of abalone
(Haliotis midae) was improved by 37.4 percent. Feeding
on spirulina helped to improve disease resistance of high
value fish resulting in an improvement in their survival
rate from 15 to 30 percent [6]. Ghaeni (2010) has been
used spirulina as a supplement in green tiger prawn larvae
diet [14]. Also effect of spirulina platensis meal has been
evaluated as feed additive on growth and survival of
Litopenaeus schmitti shrimp larve [15].
III. SUMMARY OF STUDIES ON THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS
OF SPIRULINA
A. Effects against Hyperlipidemia
The antioxidant activity of Spirulina maxima has been
evaluated against lead acetate-induced hyperlipidemia
and oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of male rats.
The results showed that Spirulina maxima prevented the
lead acetate-induced significant changes on plasma and
liver lipid levels and on the antioxidant status of the liver
and kidney. On the other hand, Spirulina maxima
succeeded to improve the biochemical parameters of the
liver and kidney towards the normal values of the Control
group [16] Decreases in blood pressure and plasma lipid
concentrations, especially triacylglycerols and low
density lipoprotein-cholesterol have been demonstrated as
a result of oral consumption of Spirulina. It has also been
shown to indirectly modify the total cholesterol and high
density lipoprotein cholesterol values. A water extract
from Spirulina may inhibit the intestinal absorption of
dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity [17].
B. Anti-Cancer and Immune System Effects
Chemotherapy is one of the main treatments used to
cure cancer. Besides that, a group of drugs are used to kill
or inhibit the growth of cancer cells [18]. These drugs are
associated with toxicity, which at best is unpleasant and
at worst may threaten life. Many side effects of
chemotherapeutic drugs include hair loss, mouth sores,
diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite and
fatigue [18]. Hence new anticancer agents should be
investigated from various resources. Spirulina
preparations increase phagocytic activity of macrophages
and stimulate antibodies and cytokines production. It may
also faciliate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Studies
also demonstrate its benefits against several types of virus
(e.g. HIV), toxicity and cancers [18]. NK activation by
Spirulina has some advantage in combinational use with
BCG-cell wall skeleton for developing adjuvant-based
antitumor immunotherapy [19]. The molecular
mechanism of the human immune potentiating capacity
of Spirulina has been evaluated by analyzing blood cells
of volunteers with pre and post oral administration of hot
water extract of Spirulina. As a result, in humans
Spirulina acts directly on myeloid lineages and either
directly or indirectly on NK cells [20].
C. Radiation Protective Effects
Radiation protection offered by Spirulina may be due
to the phytopigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll,
phycocyanin) as well as polysaccharides. Spirulina can
elevate the activity of all the antioxidant related enzymes
viz., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione
peroxidase and glutathione reductase significantly. The
effect may be due to the high phytopigments (carotenoids,
chlorophyll, phycocyanin) in Spirulina [21].
D. Effects against Nephrotoxicity
The hepatoprotective action of Spirulina fusiformis is
against GalN induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The
protective efficacy of Spirulina fusiformis is very
promising as evidenced by the reversal of the altered
values following administration probably by promoting
regeneration of hepatocytes that restore integrity and it
was confirmed by the histopathological studies. The
hepatoprotective property of the extract may be attributed
to the presence of various constituents which are present
in Spirulina fusiformis [22]. Still extensive research is
required for understanding of the mechanism of action of
Spirulina fusiformis for providing protection against
galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity [22].
E. Effects against Diabetes, Obesity and Hypertension
According to Takai et al., (1988) a water-soluble
fraction of Spirulina was found effective in lowering the
serum glucose level at fasting while the water-insoluble
fraction suppressed glucose level at glucose loading [23].
Similar results were found in other studies. In a human
clinical study involving 15 diabetics, a significant
decrease in the fasting blood sugar level of patients was
observed after 21 days of 2 g/day Spirulina
supplementation. In a double-blind-crossover
study versus placebo, Becker et al. (1989) have found
that a supplementary diet of 2.8g of Spirulina 3 times d-1
over 4 weeks resulted in a statistically significant
reduction of body weight in obese outpatients [24].
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of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2016
©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 115
Spirulina has also been found to suppress high blood
pressure in rats. A vasodilating property of rat aortic rings
by Spirulina possibly dependent upon a cyclooxygenase-
dependent product of arachidonic acid and nitric oxide
has been reported by Paredes-Carbajal et al. (1991)
Cheng-Wu Z et al. (1992) did a preliminary study on the
effect of polysaccharides and phycocyanin on peripheral
blood and hematopoietic system of bone marrow in mice
[25], [26]. Their studies showed that C-phycocyanin and
polysaccharides from Spirulina had a high erythropoetin
(EPO) activity [7].
F. Anti-Viral Effects
Many researchers have attempted to search for
effective and inexpensive anti-viral agents from natural
sources. The inhibitory effects of polysaccharides from
marine algae on virus replication were first reported
almost four decades ago. Gerber et al. (1958) reported
that algal polysaccharides exhibited antiviral activity
toward mumps and influenza B virus [27]. Further,
Hayashi et al. (1993) reported the anti HSV-1 activity of
aqueous extracts from S. platensis [28].
G. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Recent research reveals that free bilirubin functions
physiologically as a potent inhibitor of NADPH oxidase
activity. The chromophore phycocyanobilin (PCB), found
in blue-green algae and cyanobacteria such as Spirulina,
also has been found to be a potent inhibitor of this
enzyme complex, likely because in mammalian cells it is
rapidly reduced to phycocyanorubin, a close homolog of
bilirubin [29]. In light of the protean roles of NADPH
oxidase activation in pathology, it thus appears likely that
PCB supplementation may have versatile potential in
prevention and therapy—particularly in light of rodent
studies demonstrating that orally administered Spirulina
or phycocyanin (the Spirulina holoprotein that contains
PCB) can exert a wide range of anti-inflammatory effects.
Until PCB-enriched Spirulina extracts or synthetically
produced PCB are commercially available, the most
feasible and least expensive way to administer PCB is by
ingestion of whole Spirulina [29].
H. Probiotic Effects
Probiotic microorganisms are ‘live microbial food
consumed as human food supplement for centuries
supplement which beneficially affect the host animal by
because of its best known nutritional value. Spirulina
contains improving its microbial balance. The probiotic
efficiency of S. platensis is for lactic acid bacteria and
also a potent antibacterial activity against human
pathogenic bacteria [30].
I. Other Effects
Spirulina contains phenolic acids, tocopherols and ß-
carotene which are known to exhibit antioxidant
properties. Miranda et al., (1998) evaluated the
antioxidant capacity of a Spirulina extract [31]. The
antioxidant activity of a methanolic extract of Spirulina
was determined in vitro and in vivo. The results obtained
indicate that Spirulina provides some antioxidant
protection for both in vitro and in vivo systems Spirulina
has been shown to prevent cataract [32], acute allergic
rhinitis [33], cerebral ischemia [2] and vascular reactivity
[34] and has also been shown to be effective against
cadmium [35] and arsenic induced-toxicities [36] In
recent years some of its properties have been confirmed
through studies while additional pharmacological
properties need to be proved. Spirulina platensis is
effectively suppressed peripheral sensitization via
modulation of glial activation, improved motor recovery
in collagen-induced arthritic rats [37].
J. The Side Effects
Upset stomach, feeling a bit sick, hiccups, and mild
diarrhoea. Nausea and constipation could come from
gastric over acidity and poor digestion. Feeling hungry,
dizzy and low on energy could be side effects in people
who suffer from hypoglycaemia and anaemia [38]. Slight
fever could be a reaction of the body's metabolism.
Spirulina is a concentrated protein and could increase
body temperature. Excitement and sleeping problems
could come from the fact that the body burns excessive
fats. It is advisable in these cases to take Spirulina only in
the morning. Headaches could come from a poor
digestion and is normally only a very brief and rare
healing crisis. Perspiration Detoxification goes through
the lung, the skin and the stools. During the detoxification,
perspiration can change for a period of time depending on
the level of toxification [38].
IV. CONCLUSION
Despite the few human studies done so far on the
health benefits of Spirulina, the evidence for its potential
therapeutic application is overwhelming in the areas of
immunomodulation, anti-cancer, anti-viral, and
cholesterol-reduction effects. Traditional therapies always
rely on the use of natural products and have been the
source of information for the discovery of many drugs we
have today. Currently, increased cost of health care has
become a driving force in the shift towards interest in
wellness, self-care, and alternative medicine, and a
greater recognition between diet and health care.
Spirulina is already in use in these new health care
approaches. Further clinical research will help solidify
the merit of its use.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are so appreciated from Dr. Matinfar for guiding
us about this subject.
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Mansoreh Ghaeni was born in Tehran, Iran
in 23 June 1979. She has taken PhD degree in
Fisheries course from Islamic Azad
University, science and research branch in
Tehran in 2000. Her field of study is
Aquaculture and Phycology. Ghaeni is
member of Agriculture Faculty in Islamic
Azad University in Ahvaz, Iran, Editorial
manager in Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal
Health, Head of Department in Fisheries
Technology, Referee of some Journals. Dr. Ghaeni is membership of
Iranian Ichthyology Association, CITES and Phycology.
Journal
of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2016
©2016 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 117
”
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oxidative-stress induced by lead acetate in the liver and kidney,”
Lipids in Health and Disease, vol. 9, pp. 116-117, 2010.
