BIOMIMICRY ARCHITECTURE, FROM THE INSPIRATION BY NATURE TO THE INNOVATION OF THE SAHARAN ARCHITECTURE

Abstract

Biomimicry is an old approach, but in the scientific conceptualization is new, as an approach of innovation based on the emulation of Nature, in recent years, this approach brings many potential theories and innovations in the architecture field. Indeed, these innovations have changed our view towards other Natural organisms also to the design processes in architecture, now the use of the biomimicry approach allows the application of a great sustainable development. The Sahara area is heading towards a sustainable policy with the desire to develop this rich context in terms of architecture. This article discuss the using of biomimetic strategy in the sustainable development of Saharan architecture.
The aim of the article is to present a synthesis of biomimicry approach and propose the biomimicry as a solution for the development of Saharan architecture which can use this approach as a sustainable and innovation strategy. The biomimicry is the solution for effective strategies of development and can have a great potential point to meet the current challenges of designing efficient for forms or structures, energy efficiency, and climate issues. Moreover, the Sahara can be a favorable soil for great changes, the use of this approach is the key for the most optimal strategies and sustainable development of the Saharan architecture.

Full text

3
Yassine Mohammed Benyoucef, Andrey Razin — Pages 3–12
BIOMIMICRY ARCHITECTURE, FROM THE INSPIRATION BY NATURE TO THE INNOVATION
OF THE SAHARAN ARCHITECTURE
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2018-3-4-3-12
3
BIOMIMICRY ARCHITECTURE, FROM THE INSPIRATION BY NATURE TO
THE INNOVATION OF THE SAHARAN ARCHITECTURE
Yassine Mohammed Benyoucef, Andrey Razin
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 6, Moscow, Russia
b.yassine@mail.ru
Abstract
Biomimicry is an old approach, but in the scientic conceptualization is new, as an approach of innovation based on
the emulation of Nature, in recent years, this approach brings many potential theories and innovations in the architecture
eld. Indeed, these innovations have changed our view towards other Natural organisms also to the design processes
in architecture, now the use of the biomimicry approach allows the application of a great sustainable development. The
Sahara area is heading towards a sustainable policy with the desire to develop this rich context in terms of architecture.
This article discuss the using of biomimetic strategy in the sustainable development of Saharan architecture.
The aim of the article is to present a synthesis of biomimicry approach and propose the biomimicry as a solution
for the development of Saharan architecture which can use this approach as a sustainable and innovation strategy.
The biomimicry is the solution for eective strategies of development and can have a great potential point to meet the
current challenges of designing ecient for forms or structures, energy eciency, and climate issues. Moreover, the
Sahara can be a favorable soil for great changes, the use of this approach is the key for the most optimal strategies and
sustainable development of the Saharan architecture. .
Keywords
Biomimicry, Sahara, architecture, nature, innovation, technology.
Introduction
Biomimicry, dened as a new engineering inspired
by Nature, for innovation in dierent elds, design,
transportation, architecture. As an interdisciplinary eld,
architecture is inuenced by many aspects of the natural
and technology and social sciences. Among these
inuences, the inspiration of biology is currently dominant.
The framework of bio-inspired design has evolved and
turned into dierent innovative approaches, largely due to
the development of computing and its use in architecture
(Chayaamor-Heil, Guéna, 2018).
After the emergence of this approach that makes the
relationship between biology and architecture and also
technology in architecture, Biomimicry denes as an
innovative constructive approach to designs or a process
of innovation inspired by nature.
In the worldwide, the United States is a leader in
Biomimicry, and the latter is becoming increasingly
important with New Research and Projects. Germany is
the European leader with more than 80 research groups,
the universities of Stuttgart, Freiburg and Tübingen,
Germany, have joined forces to create a center of
excellence dedicated to the bio-inspired design of building
structures (Raskin, 2017).
Biomimicry design is not only adapting the design
from the nature but also considering how to use nature’s
eective functions such as heating and cooling system
(Rajshekhar Rao, 2014).
The historical part allowed becoming aware that nature
has always been a reference for every population. Here
are some historical landmarks (Figure 1) that spotted this
evolutionary approach:

Architecture and Engineering Volume 3 Issue 4
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The term Biomimicry appears since 1980 by the
biologist and environmentalist Janine Benyus, the author
of the book "Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature"
Benyus suggests looking at nature as a Model, Measure,
Mentor.
In the scientic conceptualization, J. M. Benyus (1997)
proposed as a denition of Biomimicry: "Innovation
approach, which involves the transfer and adaptation
of the principles and strategies developed by living
organisms and ecosystems, to produce goods and
services in a sustainable manner, and to make human
societies compatible with the biosphere ... "
Architecture follows nature
Nature always oering immense inspirations and
ideas to designers for creating architecture. Nature is
demonstrably sustainable, her challenges have been
resolved over eons to enduring solutions with maximal
performance using minimal resources (Nori Oxman, 2010).
We always need to go back to nature, and architecture
considered nature as a source of inspiration. As we have
seen, the Biomimicry is that science which makes the
intersection between biology and other disciplines, and
this approach always asks the following questions:
How does nature help us to innovate? And how we can
develop the architecture led or other science from the
concept of the bio-inspiration?
According to Frei Otto, the biology has become
indispensable for architecture but architecture has also
become indispensable for biology. In architecture, the bio-
inspiration is perceived as a better method to answer the
stakes of the design of forms and ecient structures, of
energy eciency and also at the level on the urban scale
(Raskin, 2017), and the materials are also made by nature
(Benyus, 2011). The goal of biomimetic architecture is not
only to shape and measure space but also to develop
synergistic relationships between the building and its
environment (Chayaamor-Heil, 2018).
Figure 1. Architecture and the evolution of naturalistic thought. Source: Adeline STALS.
Figure 2. Elytra Filament Pavilion for Victoria & Albert Museum in London. With the using of robotics technologies (https://www.
designboom.com/architecture/elytra-lament-pavilion-robotic-fabrication-victoria-and-albert-museum-london-05-18-2016/).

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Yassine Mohammed Benyoucef, Andrey Razin — Pages 3–12
BIOMIMICRY ARCHITECTURE, FROM THE INSPIRATION BY NATURE TO THE INNOVATION
OF THE SAHARAN ARCHITECTURE
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2018-3-4-3-12
5
Table 1. Three possible levels of imitation and their description.
The three levels of imitation The approaches Description
The level of the organism Formal At the organism level corresponds to a biomimetic shape or surface. It is a
question of the inspiration from forms found in nature. The organisms in na-
ture and their morphology are perfectly adapted to the environment in which
they live.
The projects
Elytra Filament Pavilion (Figure 2) in Victoria & Albert Museum in London
which is an impressive example which explains the intersection between
architecture and biology and the robotics. Its individual modules were dened
by an algorithm and then produced with the help of an industrial robot,
realized by a team from the University of Stuttgart. The second project is the
design of the Art-Science Museum was inspired by the lotus ower (Figure3).
The particular arrangement of the petals that make up the building allows
rainwater to be collected for recycling and lets in natural light in several
decreasing directions.
The level of behavior Functional At the behavior level corresponds to the function. It's about observing how
nature performs a function.
The projects
One of the examples of the biomimetic technical solutions, the work of
architect Mick Pearce illustrates the level of behaviour of Biomimicry in the
Eastgate Building in Harare, Zimbabwe. It is partly based on ventilation and
temperature control techniques observed in termite mounds in order to cre-
ate a stable thermal environment inside the building (Figure 4). This passive
ventilation system considerably reduces energy consumption.
The Level of ecosystem Eco-systemic The ecosystem-level corresponds to imitate ecosystems found in nature
and considered as a means of increasing the sustainability of an architec-
tural project. It is about understanding how relationships between species
and their environment produce an ecosystem and It is characterized by his
organization, hierarchy, interdependence, Dynamic, Adapted. The world’s
ecosystems are very complex and those characteristics what keep the planet
as a whole in balance.
The projects
Among the examples, the Sahara Forest Project in Tunisia is a new environ-
mental solution designed to utilize what we have enough of to produce what
we need more of using deserts, saltwater, sunlight and CO2 to produce food,
water and clean energy.
The biomimetic approach
The Biomimetic Concept:
Biomimicry = Science X + Biology.
Science X = Engineering, Architecture, Agricultural,
Design, Mechanics, Industrial, Robotics, Management
etc. Biomimicry or bio-inspiration approaches are very
diverse, we consider the biomimetic design process as
a whole, from the initial idea to the nal product, and
two approaches have been identied (Chayaamor-Heil,
Guéna, 2018).
The rst part concerns the design problem and then
examines the ways in which organisms or ecosystems
found in nature solve this problem. The second approach
is to identify a particular characteristic, behavior, or
function in an organism or ecosystem, and then look for
the design problem that could be addressed.
We can distinguish in the process three main sections
(Chayaamor-Heil, Guéna, 2018):
1- The search for the biological basis.
2- The abstraction of the results.
3- Implementation in design and technology.
Biomimicry, which is one of the most important science,
by functionalities and by systems, which we can nd and
observe in Nature to develop sustainable innovations from
an ecological point of view. This concept of innovation has
a lot of advantages and a practical point of view.
The three levels of biomimicry in architecture:
Many of the architects developed architectural projects
and constructions at the crossroads between biology and
computer science and architecture. This development is
at two levels the theoretical level and the practical level,
For example, Frank Gerry’s works, characterized
by wild, rupture entre la form and function, sweeping
curves, and other projects which they use the advances

Architecture and Engineering Volume 3 Issue 4
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Figure 3. a – The Art-Science Museum, designed by architect Moshe Safdie, inspired by the lotus ower. b – Roof plan of the
museum. Singapore (https://journals.openedition.org/craup/309, https://www.area-arch.it/en/artscience-museum/).
a b
Figure 4. The termite mound ventilation system and the application of the termite mound operation to the natural ventilation of the Eastgate Building
(https://journals.openedition.org/craup/309).
Figure 5. Physarum polycephalum in his Natural habitat (http://
sweetrandomscience.blogspot.ru/2014/01/le-metro-de-tokyo-et-les-
routes-des.html).
in 3D printing technology are often lauded as examples of
biomimetic architecture.
The biomimetic design processes in architecture reveal
three possible levels of imitation: the level of the organism,
the behavior or the ecosystem (URBEO, 2010).
A biomimetic algorithm. A gooey Mold inspires
the design of transport networks
When a team of Japanese and Hungarian researchers
discovers that a kind of gooey Mold called Physarum
Polycephal (Figure 5) is able to nd its way in a labyrinth
(Madjer, 2014). This Mold seems to be intelligent and able
to explore its environment to nd the shortest paths to
food, and this was the rst biological basis which was the
base for the project.
Here is how the researchers proceeded to reproduce,
at the scale of Physarum, the problematic of the network
of Tokyo, which connects the capital to the 36 neighboring
cities: they had 37 food points, corresponding to the 36
cities and Tokyo, in a box Petri, trying to respect the
geography of the region. Then, they implanted Physarum
at the point corresponding to Tokyo (the yellow dot in

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Yassine Mohammed Benyoucef, Andrey Razin — Pages 3–12
BIOMIMICRY ARCHITECTURE, FROM THE INSPIRATION BY NATURE TO THE INNOVATION
OF THE SAHARAN ARCHITECTURE
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2018-3-4-3-12
7
Figure 6. The evolution of the Physarum network in a Petri dish representing the Tokyo region (http://
sweetrandomscience.blogspot.ru/2014/01/le-metro-de-tokyo-et-les-routes-des.html).
Figure 7. The biological principles of the pine cone, HygroSkin Meteorosensitive Pavilion (http://www.anabf.org/pierredangle/magazine/
europe-et-international/architecture-bio-inspiree-vers-la-conception-dhabitats-r-g-n-ratifs)
Figure 8. HygroSkin Meteorological Hall, Achim Menges in collaboration with Olivier David Krieg and Steen Reichert, University of Stuttgart
(http://www.anabf.org/pierredangle/magazine/europe-et-international/architecture-bio-inspiree-vers-la-conception-dhabitats-r-g-n-ratifs)
Figure 6 below) and observed how the Mold was growing
(Chayaamor-Heil, Guéna, 2018).
On the basis of these observations, an algorithm is
constructed that mimics the behavior of the Physarum
Polycephal: the Physarum Solver. This algorithm is able
to nd an optimal path in a network and be more ecient.
This amazing algorithm can, for example, solve problems
of optimization of a transport network. And give us the
optimal answer of how we can connect cities in a minimum
of lines with maximum eciency and performance.
The examples of bio-inspiration are numerous, this
review proposes to review the project’s applications of this
approach and identify the characteristics and methods of
innovations and her development.
The examples presented show that the architectural
biomimetic approach is an interdisciplinary approach
combining biology and architecture and can give us the
most optimal solutions to any architectural problems or for
the new project’s designs.
We can also mention the project designed by Achim
Menges. This architect reproduces the biologic al principles
of the pine cone (Figure 7). Indeed, it has developed a
particular hygroscopic behavior, according to the moisture
content of the air, it opens or retracts.

Architecture and Engineering Volume 3 Issue 4
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This phenomenon and the anisotropy of wood, in
general, to understand and thus apply to architectural
elements and represent the behavior level corresponds
to the function.
In 2012, he designed HydroSkin, Meteorosensitive
Pavilion (Figure 8), typically conceived as a technical
function which reacts to climatic variations. Nature has
evolved a variety of dynamic systems interacting with
climatic conditions like the pine cone. For Achim Menges
he starts from the material to generate the form, it is the
characteristic of the trend of the material-based design.
At the intersection between biology and
architecture, computer sciences
The world of biology is a great source of inspiration
for the work of architects. For example, the architect
Frei Otto's interest in biology is explained by his design
of Lightweight constructions. While the Japanese
Metabolists were interested in the biological processes
of growth because they could apply to urban structures,
Frei Otto was passionate about the optimization of natural
structural forms. Frei Otto's interest in biology is explained
by his recognition that the processes of evolution of
natural forms are due to the biological laws of selection
that generate lightweight constructions (Stals, 2013).
The mathematical, biological, physical developments
and also computer advances of recent decades and
the appearance of bionics, refocus attention on natural
morphologies. Whatever the computer and mathematical
methods at the heart of these various software programs,
the increasing amount of data to be processed brings the
actors of this form of bioinformatics to develop them more
and more [Georgia Barlovatz-Meimon, Sylvain Sené,
2018].
Computer science, considered as a science or
technology, has a growing role in the development of
research in biology (Barlovatz-Meimon, Sené, 2018),
and in architecture and other sciences. The advent of
computing has facilitated the design and modeling of
complex shapes. The 2000s are marked by the emergence
of "genetic algorithms". Genetic algorithms are a type of
optimization algorithm, meaning they are used to nd the
maximum or minimum of a function (Carr, 2014), that is to
say, mathematical formulas based on techniques derived
from genetics and natural evolution to generate forms and
develop new optimization models. In architecture, this
means formalizing the design process according to a set
of specic procedures and instructions. Algorithms the
logical sequence of determined operations that allows a
problem to be solved mathematically.
What happens at the intersection of data and design?
This question was the inspiration behind a process for
innovation called Fully Integrated Thinking™, or FIT. One
of the interesting data-design projects it’s The FIT is an
approach which is the intersection of data and design.
Currently being further developed by a global collaboration
of designers, biologists, Architects and other partners,
the FIT “Fully Integrated Thinking” process identies the
questions we need to ask of our work to achieve more
sustainable outcomes.
The FIT framework enables us to tap into the wisdom
behind the natural, social and ecological systems of a
place to inform design and decision-making. It allows us
to nd answers to today’s design challenges by emulating
3.8 billion years of nature’s genius (http://www.hok.com/
thought-leadership/fully-integrated-thinking/).
Material-Based Design
One of the new approaches in architecture and design
is the Material-based Design Computation is developed
and proposed as a set of computational strategies
supporting the integration of form, material and structure
by incorporating physical form-nding strategies with
digital analysis and fabrication. In this approach, material
precedes shape, and it is the structuring of material
properties as a function of structural and environmental
Figure 9. Inter face or the framework for FIT approach, Fully Integrated Thinking™
(http://www.hok.com/thought-leadership/fully-integrated-thinking/).

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Yassine Mohammed Benyoucef, Andrey Razin — Pages 3–12
BIOMIMICRY ARCHITECTURE, FROM THE INSPIRATION BY NATURE TO THE INNOVATION
OF THE SAHARAN ARCHITECTURE
DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2018-3-4-3-12
9
Figure 10. a – Termite Hill, Namibia, b – Ksar Ait Benhaddou, built
from clay material as the Termite Hill (The formal similarity)
a b
Figure 11. a – The road system of Ghardaia city, b
– The leaf of tree (The functional similarity).
a b
performance that generates design form. Material-based
Design is a unique approach to computationally-enabled
form-nding procedures, and experimentally investigates
how such processes contribute to novel ways of creating,
distributing and depositing material forms. The architects
or designers are now able to establish parametric
relationships between features, methods, and functions
in a way that supports design processes of a generative
nature (Oxman, 2010).
Material based Design Computation promotes
an integrated approach to design, whereby material
properties inform the geometric generation of highly
complex 3-D surface structures, However, geometrical
considerations, mainly, currently drive this liberation,
which seems to be manifesting itself across the board
throughout the continuous phases of the design process.
Generative performative modelling approaches have
been introduced that engage principles of engineering
with form nding (Nori Oxman, 2009).
For computational design strategies there's too many
new developments in digital fabrication, particularly in
robotics elds, allow for the implementation of design
principles such as heterogeneity, hierarchy, or anisotropy
in architecture, which are characteristic principles found
in nature. One of the examples, the fabrication of ultra-
lightweight timber shells in architecture. Specically, a
robotic sewing method is developed in conjunction with
a computational design method for the development of
a new construction system that was evaluated through
a large-scale prototype building (Tobias Schwinn, Oliver
David Krieg, Achim Menges, 2016).
In recent years there are many sustainable policies with
the desire to develop architecture and environmentally
friendly designs and the protection of the environment,
starting by the sustainable development for several
regions of the world, one of them the great Sahara region
is one of the most impressive places, by her architectural
heritage and her environments, and contains hundreds of
old and new cities.
Ecological Innovation of Saharan architecture by
Biomimicry
With the rapid evolution of the architectural and
urban language and the technological acceleration in
the eld of architecture and facing to the crisis in the new
architecture and urbanism, the Saharan cities are recently
part of a sustainable policy with the desire to develop the
architecture and protect the environment, conserve its
biodiversity and encourage sustainable development.
The past examples can be a great source of inspiration
about the demarche of the processes of conception in
the architectural project in the Saharan cities which have
a great heritage of architecture, and their cities always
represented the concept of ecology and the respect of the
environment, more than that, it's can be a soil favourable
to great changes.
Traditional architecture in Saharan was based in
the design buildings on natural materials and to design
passively, the architectural styles and constructions
technique are so various as the numerous inuences that
had inspired them.
The past examples can be a great source for inspiration
about the demarche of the processes of conception in the
architectural project in the Saharan cities which have a
great heritage of architecture, and their cities was always
represented the concept of ecology and the respect of
the surrounding environment. The architectural styles are
so various as the numerous inuences that had inspired
them.
For all the old population, nature was the rst way of
inspiration and a great way of understanding how things
should be and how things should work, the Vernacular
architecture is an example of an architecture which adapts
to harsh climatic conditions, and which is born from
nature and build by the using of natural material (Figure
10) and which represent the basic form of the Biomimicry
approach but this architecture didn’t develop with time and
with the new needs.

Architecture and Engineering Volume 3 Issue 4
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The desert construction has always been eective in
terms of adaptation to the harsh conditions of the terrain
and climate. The cities are made in the forms of traditional
architecture and natural materials largely due to the
inuence of the surrounding environment. Houses are
compact with a closed outer face. The layout is similar in
most of the villages (De Filippi, 2006) this layout of roads
are based on tree system as shown below (Figure 11).
Under the pressure and the architectural crisis and the
accelerated urbanization in the Saharan cities and the
imperatives of sustainable development, the problems of
the design of the projects and the modes of management
and climate adaptation are strongly imposed. The new
urban and architectural projects that exist in the Saharan
context in the desert cities of North Africa are very
reliable in terms of energy eciency and in terms of the
relationship between buildings and nature, According to
Christophe Menezo (INSA / EDF), buildings consume
50% of energy resources. And many architects like Frei
Otto consider that it is time to demand lighter architecture,
more energy ecient, more mobile and more adaptable
buildings, more natural buildings, without neglecting
the demand for security. The new technologies, like 3D
printers, BIM, the algorithms, open up new possibilities
and the best innovation in the eld of architecture.
The development of the Biomimicry approach takes us
for more understanding of how important and interesting
to refer nature to the design of an architectural project in
a specic context. As a rst departure, the relationship
with nature is essential and the morphogenesis of the
living allows us to understand what were the rst fruits of
the contributions of biology to architecture. Also aims to
facilitate the transfer of knowledge from biology to other
disciplines in order to solve technological or governance
challenges (Menga, Monnier, 2014). However, the
presumed technological and ecological advances are
such that the world of Biomimicry and its international
actors are now structured, attributing to this new approach
a scale characterized by some of the "third industrial
revolution" (Iswann, 2018).
The integration of Biomimicry in the innovation
strategies of Saharan architecture and urbanism an urgent
need to develop and solve engineering and environmental
problems.
The future new Biomimicry project of architects
and designers can demonstrate the vast potential of
traditional architecture, combined with modern design and
technologies, materials and construction techniques. we
can mention a project which makes by a team of Iranian
students “Art University of Isfahan” won a prestigious
design competition with this biomimetic dwelling, this
curvy desert dwelling, Like the snail, which retreats far
into the depths of its shell when the weather is hot, we
can mark here that the snail has remarkable qualities that
have allowed it to stay both cool and moist in even the
harshest temperatures.
For the design team found its form, the material of
its shell, and its coping strategies to be qualities worth
emulating in architecture (Laylin, 2012). The imitation
of form and function of a snail results in a functional,
innovative, and energy-ecient architecture that sustains
in the hottest temperature of the desert.
We have described the methods proposed for
Biomimicry with projects that enriched and showed that
there are several possible attitudes for bio-inspiration
in architecture and in biomimetic methods, as a rapid
development and an innovate approach in which the
architect participates in the biomimetic activity in
collaboration with biologists and computer scientists.
The use of the Biomimicry approach can take us for
more understanding of how important and interesting to
refer nature to the design of an architectural project, the
relationship to nature is essential and can start by the
transfer of knowledge from biology to other disciplines
Figure 12. Curvy Deser t Home Designed by Iranian Students Mimics the Snail
(https://www.greenprophet.com/2012/03/iran- desert-mimics-snail/)

11
in order to solve technological or governance challenges
(David Menga, Bernard Monnier, 2014). The integration
of Biomimicry in the innovation strategies of Saharan
architecture and urbanism an urgent need to develop and
solve engineering and environmental problems, the future
new Biomimicry project of architects and designers can
demonstrate the vast potential of traditional architecture,
combined with modern design and technologies, materials
and construction techniques.
The biomimetic design methodology capable of
producing innovations for Saharan architecture in order
to answer the sustainable development issues. The
main objective of this article was to present a synthesis
of the approach to design and approaches based on
Biomimicry and can be a great option for the optimal
sustainable development of the desert cities, there are
many tools or methods to operationalize the biomimetic
approach. Biomimicry certainly oers methods and
approaches based on the world of nature but Also the
proposed biomimetic approach of solutions also conform
to economic, management, social, technological, and
technical expectations.
Conclusion
The inspiration by Nature’s is the most optimal
strategies which give us an architecture with maximal
performance and in the same time with minimal
resources without energy wasting. Today, under the
imperatives and the intensive growing of the failures and
environmental liabilities of the Biomimetic approach, with
high performance and exceedingly eective and ecient
structures.
For the using of biomimetic approach and the innovation
of traditional architecture, rstly we propose the creation
of a digital platform with collaboration between architects,
biologists, computer scientists, engineers, this platform
it's necessary with providing several assistance tools,
based on algorithms as well as tools for decision support
as the optimization and modulization, and creations of
punctual projects in the cities and develop a strategies of
an biomimetic renovation of the traditional cities based on
a biomimetic approaches
The biomimetic design process from the natural
morphogenesis to project design can be as the following
step:
1. Identify problems or needs.
2. Determination of the biological basis based on
the result of the project requirement or the problem.
3. The abstraction of the results.
4. The modulization and simulation of the model.
5. The Implementation.
The aim of this theoretical work is to explain biomimicry
methods and process that have a positive impact on the
environment and architecture development, we can be
sure that in the eld of architecture, the bio-inspiration
has a great of potential point to meet the current
challenges of designing ecient for forms or structures,
energy eciency and climate and optimization of ows
at the urban conditions and many other parameters.
The challenge for the coming years is the development
of an intelligent platform which can make all this steps
based on the database of the behaviour or the form or
ecosystem of all organism in nature and give us the most
optimal solutions for many problem and innovation design
in Sahara.
We can say that the Biomimicry can be as a
Renaissance for the Saharan architecture, and for her
sustainable development

Architecture and Engineering Volume 3 Issue 4
12
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