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IJAEP Influence of vibration on some of functional markers of delayed onset muscle soreness

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Hossein Mohammadi
Hossein Mohammadi
Sahebazamani Mansour
Sahebazamani Mansour
Sahebazamani Mansour
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Abstract

Objective:Objective of this study was to the effect of vibration on some of functional markers of delayed onset muscle soreness. Methodology: 30 college males with mean age of 21.2, were selected and were divided into two groups randomly. A vibrator was used to apply 50 Hz vibration for 1 min in the VT group, while no vibration was applied in the non-VT group. Then, Both groups performed five sets (10 repetitions per set) of the eccentric contractions , at 85% of one repetition maximum (1-RM). Range of motion at elbow jount Circomference of nondominant elbow and Muscle soreness were recorded before, after, 24, 48, 72, 96 (hr) after eccentric contractions. Statistical Result: The results showed vibration training do show positive effects on Range of motion at elbow joint and Muscle soreness and Circomference of nondominant elbow (p> 0.05). Discussion: A comparison by experimental groups indicates that VT before eccentric exercise may prevent and control DOMS.
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IJAEP
Accepted: Dec 2012
ISSSC-150
Influence of vibration on some of functional markers of delayed onset
muscle soreness
Mohammadi Hossein 1 .MSc & Sahebazamani Mansour 2.PhD
1Department of physical education, neyshabur branch, Islamic azad university, neyshabur ,
iran.
2Department of physical education, kermanbranch, shahid bahonar university, kerman , iran.
ABSTRACT
Objective:Objective of this study was to the effect of vibration on some of functional
markers of delayed onset muscle soreness.
Methodology: 30 college males with mean age of 21.2, were selected and were divided into
two groups randomly. A vibrator was used to apply 50 Hz vibration for 1 min in the VT
group, while no vibration was applied in the non‐VT group. Then, Both groups performed
five sets (10 repetitions per set) of the eccentric contractions , at 85% of one repetition
maximum (1- RM). Range of motion at elbow jount Circomference of nondominant elbow
and Muscle soreness were recorded before, after, 24, 48, 72, 96 (hr) after eccentric
contractions.
Statistical Result: The results showed vibration training do show positive effects on Range
of motion at elbow joint and Muscle soreness and Circomference of nondominant elbow (p>
0.05).
Discussion: A comparison by experimental groups indicates that VT before eccentric
exercise may prevent and control DOMS.
Key words: Eccntric exercise,Delayed onset muscle soreness, Range of motion, vibration
training.
ISSN:2322-3537
IJAEP
Intruduction
Muscle soreness is One of the most common sports injuries, that accures after eccentric
contractions and causes lose of activity to a man. For untrained people, it may effect on their
daily activities. So it can be so important to avoid such injuries. But, because this damages
are unavoidable, it is neccesery to have a medicasion to help injuried people to relive the
discomfort, injury and disability and returning them back to the training.( Divakara kedlaya,.
2001).
Warm up before training, fast cool down afterwards and stretch are guidelines to avoid the
muscle soreness. medications can not be appropriate treatments because of possibility of
involving doping agents (G.Howatson,D et al, 2005; Gauri Shankar et al, 2001). None – drug
treatments include: massage, ice massage,ultra sound waves, treating under – skin nervous
and repeating the training
(Divakara kedlaya , 2001; G.Howatson,D et al, 2005; Kasonuri Nosaka, 1995). But since the
main cause and mechanism of this phenomenon is not known exactly, the results of the
applications can be different (Michelle A , et al., 2002; Amir H Bakhtiary et al, 2007; Corrie
A. Mancinelli , et al, 1994; E. Cafarelli, et al, 1990; Herbert RD, et al, 2002; Joseph M et al,
2005).
Afterward Some research on muscle soreness, massage has been found to reduces the caused
pain (Kasonuri Nosaka et al, 1995; Moradi, 2002) and unlike this research,s results,
conflicting results has been observed about this treatment. For example, research,s
(G.Howatson,D et al, 2005; Gauri Shankar et al, 2001)concluded in their researches that
providing massage before or after eccentric exercise will not reduces the muscle soreness.
So there is no certain theory about it.
Massage after exercise to reduce fatigue and muscle damage is a more common in the active
treatment. Thet is often recommended to athletes by coaches and therapists. According to
studies done by researchers and using different massage treatment methods, including, hand
massage, vibrate massage to reduce muscle soreness. And different muscle groups used in
researches, Different time massage (4,8,10,30 min) And ways to make the muscle soreness,
using massage on the nondominant arms that are talented to cause muscle soreness, are not
studied much.
So the current research, studies about the effectiveness of one minute massage on
nondominant arms before practicing eccentric exercises.
Methods
The population of this research includes 600 male students of a college who has passed the
physical education exam. Sample questionnaire of so eligible subjects were randomly
assigned to either control group (n = 15, mean age 5/2 ± 8/20 years, height 053/0 ± 74/1 cm
and a mean weight of 16 / 7 ± 29/62 kg) and experimental group (n = 15, mean age 90/1 ±
7/21 years, height 051/0 ± 65/1 cm, and mean weight 95/9 ± 740/61 kg group).
In the present study delayed onset muscle pain free weights (dumbbells) were used. Because,
eccentric contractions may cause delayed muscle aches, lifting the second phase, which
IJAEP
involves reducing weight with the non-dominant hand Was used (Kasonuri Nosaka.,
1995).Subjects were recruited through questionnaires and 48 hours before the start of the
performance test in order to become familiar with the test and the 1RM were invited to the
Hall School of Physical Education. During their meeting, they start to warm up for 5 minutes.
After warming up, the estimated 1RM, with 3 to 5 people maximum concentric contraction in
the non-dominant hand was (Shahbaz pour, N., 2004). 48 hours after the test, and
measurements were performed in the period between 8 pm to 11 pm. Subjects were initially
completed questionnaire and consent form. Questions were as follows: Participants should
not experience neurological diseases, muscle, heart and brain, and the history of the non-
dominant upper limb fractures were included. During the six months prior to the study, the
non-dominant upper extremity weight training companies have and During the 10 days prior
to study drug injection and the onset of analgesic or pain or discomfort in the non-dominant
upper limbs are not. They were not high-fat meal, especially during the protocol the night
before each workout should begin with a fatty meal used. Height, weight, Upper arm
circumference (Shahbaz pour, N., 2004), non-dominant arm range of motion (Trevor et al,.
2001), Muscle Stiffness levels were measured(Kasonuri Nosaka.,1995). All measurements
were performed by one person. The subjects sat on a chair and 50 eccentric contractions of
85% 1RM for 5 sets of 10 repitition did. Each set includes 10 contract that lowers a person's
weight in 3 seconds and At least 2 seconds to reach the next contraction without weights
placed in full flexion (Kasonuri Nosaka.,1995). One minute rest was given between each set.
Immediately after training, the experimental group (massage, vibration), vibration massage
for one minute by an experienced Physiotherapist . How to massage the shape of the vibration
device with power at 50 Hz, the mid-biceps brachii from the elbow to the tip of the subject's
arm was massaged. All measurements immediately before and after exercise, and once a day
for 4 days of the experimental and control groups were used.
Results
1 - The range of motion in both groups immediately and 24 and 48 hours after exercise,
decreased and then increased, However, there was no significant differences between the
non-dominant elbow range of motion between experimental and control groups. Figure 1
Figure A: The amount of motion changes
IJAEP
2 - The amount of Stiffness in both groups, 24 and 48 hours after exercise, increased and then
decreased, However, significant differences between the non-dominant elbow muscle
soreness between experimental and control groups did not exist. Figure 2
Figure two: rate of change of muscle soreness
3 – Upper arm circumference immediately after exercise in both groups increased and
continued to increase up to 96 hours after exercise. There was no significant difference
between control and experimental groups. Figure 3
Figure two: Upper arm circumference
IJAEP
DISCUSSION
Range of motion in both groups decreased and then increased to 48 hours after exercise. The
findings of some researchers in the field is consistent with reduced range of motion after
eccentric exercise (Kazunori Nosaka et al, 2000; N. stupka et al, 2001; R. Chan et al, 2012;
Priscill M. et al, 1991). These studies suggest a possible explanation is that due to the
changes in neural control, or by developing the first place by elastic muscle structure, muscle
damage is less likely. The diameter of the non-dominant arm immediately after exercise in
both groups increased to 96 hours after exercise continues to increase. These findings, and
some researchers found an increase in arm circumference after repeated eccentric exercise are
consistent (Kazunori Nosaka et al, 2000; Lewis et al, 2011; Stephen P, 1999; Moyer CA et
al,2011). Possible reasons for the increase in diameter due to edema and swelling of the arm,
which will lead to increased permeability of local capillaries. Because the arm medium 24 h
after training echoed in the control group was significantly higher than the experimental
group, Is suggested that massage before eccentric exercise, that exercise has a positive effect
on the diameter of the arm. The greatest increases in muscle Stiffness 24 hours after exercise
is seen, then a declining trend. In the stud y, Smith and colleagues (Gauri Shankar et al, 2001;
G.Howatson,D et al, 2005; J.B.Rodenburg et al,1994 ; Kazunori Nosaka et al, 2000; N.
stupka,m et al, 2001) in pain level between experimental and control groups, there was no
significant difference in the outcome of this research is conflicting. A possible reason for this
significant difference in rates between the two groups contusion, individual differences in the
perception of pain can be attributed to individuals.
The results show that massage before eccentric exercise may not cause adverse effects on
non-dominant elbow range of motion, muscle Stiffness and increased Upper arm
circumference is not.
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... The overall picture is encouraging, with meta-analysis finding vibration effective for prevention or treatment of DOMS [29,30]. Therapies studied include those provided before [31][32][33][34][35][36] and after [9,20,35,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] exercise; in athletes [36,49], untrained [9, 31-35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 45, 47, 48] and recreationally active [20,39,41,43,44,46] participants; and using local vibration [20,31,32,34,35,37,38,40,45,48,49] and WBV [9, 33, 36, 39, 41-44, 46, 47]. However, the specific case of WBV used post-exercise in elite athletes has not previously been examined. ...
... The overall picture is encouraging, with meta-analysis finding vibration effective for prevention or treatment of DOMS [29,30]. Therapies studied include those provided before [31][32][33][34][35][36] and after [9,20,35,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] exercise; in athletes [36,49], untrained [9, 31-35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 45, 47, 48] and recreationally active [20,39,41,43,44,46] participants; and using local vibration [20,31,32,34,35,37,38,40,45,48,49] and WBV [9, 33, 36, 39, 41-44, 46, 47]. However, the specific case of WBV used post-exercise in elite athletes has not previously been examined. ...
... Other post-exercise studies of vibration therapy have employed local vibration rather than WBV. Results from these studies have been generally favourable [20,37,38,40,48,49]. Comparisons of local vibration with WBV have found local vibration superior for lower limb flexibility, but no difference in jump performance [56,57]. ...
Whole-body vibration decreases delayed onset muscle soreness following eccentric exercise in elite hockey players: a randomised controlled trial
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2021
  • J Orthop Surg Res
Background Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common non-structural muscle injury which can disrupt training and impair performance in elite athletes. Vibration therapy reduces inflammation and improves neuromuscular efficiency, leading to reductions in pain and stiffness, and may be effective for the prevention or treatment of DOMS. However, the effect of whole-body vibration (WBV) used after sport in elite athletes has not been reported. Methods A randomised, controlled trial was performed. Participants were elite (national or international level) hockey players and underwent an eccentric exercise protocol previously shown to produce clinical DOMS. After exercise, one group underwent static stretching with WBV therapy, and the other performed stretching only. Baseline and serial post-exercise pain scores and measurements of quadriceps tightness were obtained. Results Eleven participants were recruited into each study arm. There were no significant differences in baseline group characteristics. Participants receiving WBV had significant reductions in both pain (p = 0.04) and quadriceps tightness (p = 0.02) compared with stretching only. Conclusions Post-exercise WBV is effective in elite hockey players to reduce DOMS after eccentric exercise. Elite athletes in multi-sprint sports are at risk of DOMS during training and competition, and its reduction could contribute to reduced injury risk and improved performance. This treatment modality is favourable because it can be incorporated with minimal disruption into the recovery section of existing training regimes. These findings may also be extrapolated to other multi-sprint sports.
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... Two studies reported that vibration therapy was no more effective than massage or placebo in patients with DOMS, 14,15 while other studies found that vibration promoted the recovery of DOMS and relieved pain. 2,16,17 A previous review in 2012 indicated that WBV had potential beneficial effects for muscle recovery after exercise. 18 Moreover, another systematic review in 2014 also showed benefits of vibration on DOMS, 19 though this was a descriptive systematic review rather than a quantitative synthesis of the evidence. ...
... 24,25 Furthermore, some studies only presented the mean and standard deviation in figures, and no further information was obtained by attempted correspondence with the authors. 5,15,16,[26][27][28][29][30][31] Five studies did not include information on VAS (primary outcome) or CK (secondary outcome), 2,[31][32][33][34] and only one trial demonstrated the magnitudes of changes in VAS and CK. 17 One abstract was deemed to be too low quality, with confusion between the groups and a lack of units for CK levels. 35 Ten studies were finally included after consideration of the inclusion and exclusion criteria and after careful reading of the full texts. ...
Does vibration benefit delayed-onset muscle soreness?: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Article
Full-text available
Objective: Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a symptom of exercise-induced muscle injury that is commonly encountered in athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Vibration is being increasingly used to prevent or treat DOMS. We therefore carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of vibration in patients with DOMS. Method: We searched nine databases for randomized controlled trials of vibration in DOMS, from the earliest date available to 30 May 2018. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and creatine kinase (CK) levels were set as outcome measures. Results: The review included 10 identified studies with 258 participants. The meta-analysis indicated that vibration significantly improved the VAS at 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise, and significantly improved CK levels at 24 and 48 hours, but not at 72 hours. Conclusion: Vibration is a beneficial and useful form of physiotherapy for alleviating DOMS. However, further studies are needed to clarify the role and mechanism of vibration in DOMS.
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... Vibration therapy improves muscular strength, power development and kinesthetic awareness [10], improve muscle performance and preventing sarcoma disruption. Vibration therapy effectively improve muscle performance which may prevent DOMS through preventing sarcoma disruption [11][12][13]. Massage can reduce the tension on the muscle tendon unit that affects the visco-eleastic component of the tissue leading to an increase in competence of the muscle and improvement of muscular flexibility reducing muscle stiffness and also increasing blood flow [14]. Researchers have demonstrated that massage has preventive effects ,decrease muscle soreness and other symptoms [15][16][17][18][19]. ...
... This lead to increase in background tension and motor unit activity synchronization in the vibrated muscles [23,24] that prevent sarcoma disruption or damage to excitation-contraction coupling [25] which occurs due to eccentric exercise. This preparatory effect leads to less damage to the muscle resulting in less pain perception in post exercise duration [12,13,17,26]. ...
View
... Vibration therapy improves muscular strength, power development and kinesthetic awareness [10], improve muscle performance and preventing sarcoma disruption. Vibration therapy effectively improve muscle performance which may prevent DOMS through preventing sarcoma disruption [11][12][13]. Massage can reduce the tension on the muscle tendon unit that affects the visco-eleastic component of the tissue leading to an increase in competence of the muscle and improvement of muscular flexibility reducing muscle stiffness and also increasing blood flow [14]. Researchers have demonstrated that massage has preventive effects ,decrease muscle soreness and other symptoms [15][16][17][18][19]. ...
... This lead to increase in background tension and motor unit activity synchronization in the vibrated muscles [23,24] that prevent sarcoma disruption or damage to excitation-contraction coupling [25] which occurs due to eccentric exercise. This preparatory effect leads to less damage to the muscle resulting in less pain perception in post exercise duration [12,13,17,26]. ...
To Compare the Effect of Vibration Therapy and Massage in Prevention of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2014
Objectives: To compare the effects of vibration therapy and massage in prevention of DOMS. Methods: Pre-test and Post-test Control-Group Design was used, 45 healthy female non athletic Subjects were recruited and randomly distributed to the three groups (15 subject in each group). After the subject's initial status was measured experimental groups received vibration therapy (50 Hz vibration for five minutes) or massage therapy (15 minutes) intervention and control group received no treatment, just prior to the eccentric exercise. Subjects were undergoing the following measurements to evaluate the changes in the muscle condition: muscle soreness (pain perception), Range of Motion (ROM), Maximum Isometric Force (MIF), Repetition maximum (RM), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Cretain Kinase (CK) level. All the parameters except LDH, CK and 1RM were measured before, immediately post intervention, immediately post exercise, 24 hours post exercise, 48 hours post exercise and 72 hours post exercise. LDH, CK and 1 RM were measured before and 48 hours post exercise. Result: Muscle soreness was reported to be significantly less for experimental (vibration and massage) group (p=0.000) as compared to control group at 24, 48, and 72 hours of post-exercise. Experimental and control group did not show any significant difference in MIF immediate (p=0.2898), 24 hours (p=0.4173), 48 hours (p=0.752) and 72 hours (p=0.5297) of post-exercise. Range of motion demonstrated significant recovery in experimental groups in 48 hours (p=0.0016) and 72 hours (p=0.0463). Massage therapy showed significant recovery in 1RM (p=0.000) compared to control group and vibration therapy shows significantly less LDH level (p=0.000) 48 hours of post exercise compare to control group. CK at 48 hours of post exercise in vibration group (p=0.000) and massage group showed (p=0.002) significant difference as compared to control group. Conclusion: Vibration therapy and massage are equally effective in prevention of DOMS. Massage is effective in restoration of concentric strength (1 RM). Yet vibration therapy shows clinically early reduction of pain and is effective in decreasing the level of LDH in 48 hours post exercise periods.
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... 2). In the majority of the cases WBV resulted in decreased DOMS and tightness and increased flexibility and muscle power when compared to control treatment [38][39][40][41][42][43] . Manimmanakorn et al. in a randomized study reported that WBV increased muscle oxygenation 44 . ...
View
... 2). In the majority of the cases WBV resulted in decreased DOMS and tightness and increased flexibility and muscle power when compared to control treatment [38][39][40][41][42][43] . Manimmanakorn et al. in a randomized study reported that WBV increased muscle oxygenation 44 . ...
Clinical applications of vibration therapy in orthopaedic practice
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2016
Background: Vibration therapy (VT) has been proposed as an option to improve physical performance and reduce the negative effects of ageing on bone, muscles and tendons. Several discrepancies exist on the type of applications, frequency and magnitude. These differences reflex on the contradictory clinical results in literature. Aim of the present study is to carry on an exhaustive review to focus on technical options on the market, clinical applications in orthopaedic practice and expected outcomes. Methods: a literature review using the key words "vibration therapy" and "whole-body vibration" and "orthopaedics" was performed. After checking the available abstracts 71 full text articles were evaluated. Results: fifty-one articles focused on the effects of VT on muscles and tendons reporting ways of action and clinical outcomes. In a similar way 20 studies focused on the influence of VT on bone tissue with regard on ways of action and clinical trials. Conclusions: VT provides anabolic mechanical signals to bone and musculo-tendinous system. The best effects seem to be achieved with devices that deliver low-intensity stimuli at high frequencies providing linear horizontal displacement.
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The vibration as preventive therapy and treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness. A systematic review
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2016
In recent years the vibration therapy has received great importance in the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness. Pain that occurs between 12 and 24 hours after an unaccustomed exercise. So the aim of the present study was to determine the preventive and therapeutic effect of vibrations on delayed onset muscle soreness. Conducted a searching In PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, PEDro and Cochrane Library databases, for which keywords were used; delayed onset muscle soreness and vibration. 403 articles were identified in the different databases, 10 were selected that met the criteria for review. Besides before, 6 other items that were identified by the search engine Google Scholar were included, in all cases retrieved in full text. 75% of the articles have less than 5 years of have being published. Kleber Burton index, measured by the median, was 2,5 years. The average frequency applied to the participants was 37,4 ± 15 Hz, with a displacement of the platform 3,7 ± 2,3 mm and a length of 9,4 ± 8,8 min. While the average methodological quality of the studies was 4,9 ± 1,1 After analyzing the selected studies it was concluded that the topic is present and that the vibrations are effective both in the prevention and treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness.
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Vibration Therapy in Management of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2014
Both athletic and nonathletic population when subjected to any unaccustomed or unfamiliar exercise will experience pain 24-72 hours postexercise. This exercise especially eccentric in nature caused primarily by muscle damage is known as delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). This damage is characterized by muscular pain, decreased muscle force production, reduce range of motion and discomfort experienced. DOMS is due to microscopic muscle fiber tears. The presence of DOMS increases risk of injury. A reduced range of motion may lead to the incapability to efficiently absorb the shock that affect physical activity. Alterations to mechanical motion may increase strain placed on soft tissue structures. Reduced force output may signal compensatory recruitment of muscles, thus leading to unaccustomed stress on musculature. Differences in strength ratios may also cause excessive strain on unaccustomed musculature. A range of interventions aimed at decreasing symptoms of DOMS have been proposed. Although voluminous research has been done in this regard, there is little consensus among the practitioners regarding the most effective way of treating DOMS. Mechanical oscillatory motion provided by vibration therapy. Vibration could represent an effective exercise intervention for enhancing neuromuscular performance in athletes. Vibration has shown effectiveness in flexibility and explosive power. Vibration can apply either local area or whole body vibration. Vibration therapy improves muscular strength, power development, kinesthetic awareness, decreased muscle sore, increased range of motion, and increased blood flow under the skin. VT was effective for reduction of DOMS and regaining full ROM. Application of whole body vibration therapy in postexercise demonstrates less pressure pain threshold, muscle soreness along with less reduction maximal isometric and isokinetic voluntary strength and lower creatine kinase levels in the blood.
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Does massage therapy reduce cortisol? A comprehensive quantitative review
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2011
It is frequently asserted that massage therapy (MT) reduces cortisol levels, and that this mechanism is the cause of MT benefits including relief from anxiety, depression, and pain, but reviews of MT research are not in agreement on the existence or magnitude of such a cortisol reduction effect, or the likelihood that it plays such a causative role. A definitive quantitative review of MT's effect on cortisol would be of value to MT research and practice. After first performing a comprehensive literature search and retrieval, we use rigorous and conventional meta-analytic methods for calculating between-groups effect sizes. As a point of comparison, we also replicate an unconventional approach taken by other reviewers, in which MT recipients' within-group cortisol reductions are quantified as a percentage of change, despite the fact that this introduces numerous confounds not addressed by the first approach. Resultant between-groups effect sizes are almost all small (ds = 0.05-0.30) and nonsignificant. The lone exception is MT's multiple-dose effect in children, which is larger (d = 0.52) and statistically significant, but which is based on only three studies and vulnerable to the file-drawer threat. Within-group percentage reductions of cortisol in MT recipients are generally smaller than those found by other reviewers, and are generally inconsistent with the more rigorous between-groups results, which illustrates the unsuitability of this unconventional approach to assessment of treatment effects. MT's effect on cortisol is generally very small and, in most cases, not statistically distinguishable from zero. As such, it cannot be the cause of MT's well-established and statistically larger beneficial effects on anxiety, depression, and pain. We conclude that other causal mechanisms, which are still to be identified, must be responsible for MT's clinical benefits.
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Pulsed Ultrasound Does Not Affect Recovery From Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2006
Aim: To investigate the effects of pulsed Ultrasound (US) in recovery from Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Methods: Twelve healthy male athletes (mean age 23.83±1.697 year) performed an eccentric exercise protocol of non-dominant elbow flexors to induce muscle soreness on 2 occasions separated by 3 weeks. Subjects in experimental group received pulsed US (1 MHz, intensity 0.8 W/cm2, mark space ratio 1:10), whereas control group received sham US after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Perception of muscle soreness, active ROM and muscle strength were the parameters measured at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h with the help of VAS, manual goniometer and JONEX muscles master instrument respectively. Results: Post hoc t test analysis revealed significant differences (p <0.05) between 0 h and 72 h in the parameter of ROM (t = 6.18) and muscle power (t = 2.54) as well as between 24 h and 48 h in the parameter of muscle soreness (t = 3.13) in control group. Similar differences were also observed in the experimental group. No significant inter-group differences at α level of 0.05 was observed in any parameter at any level. Conclusion: The pattern of recovery from DOMS was not influenced by the application of pulsed Ultrasound at the parameters discussed here.
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Temporal Pattern of the Repeated Bout Effect of Eccentric Exercise on Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2002
  • J ATHL TRAINING
OBJECTIVE: To determine the temporal pattern of the repeated bout effect of eccentric exercise on perceived pain and muscular tenderness associated with delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). DESIGN AND SETTING: Subjects completed 2 identical eccentric exercise bouts separated by 6, 7, 8, or 9 weeks. The experiment was conducted in a biokinetics research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Sixteen male and 15 female untrained subjects (age = 24.59 +/- 4.42 years, height = 171.71 +/- 7.81 cm, weight = 73.00 +/- 11.20 kg). MEASUREMENTS: Two physiologic characteristics of DOMS were measured immediately before and 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after each eccentric exercise bout. Perceived pain was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS), and muscular tenderness was measured using a punctate tenderness gauge (PTG). RESULTS: Two 4 x 2 x 5 (group x bout x time) analyses of variance with repeated measures on the bout and time factors were performed on the VAS and PTG data. Significant (P <.05) main effects were found for group, bout, and time for the VAS and the PTG data. No significant interactions were detected. Post hoc analysis revealed significantly less perceived pain for the 9-week group than the 8-week group. The 7-week group had significantly less and the 8-week group had significantly more muscular tenderness than any other group. Perceived pain and muscular tenderness were significantly less after exercise bout 2 than after exercise bout 1. All subjects had significantly less perceived pain and muscular tenderness pre-exercise than 0 and 24 hours after the eccentric exercise bouts. CONCLUSIONS: An effective prophylaxis for perceived pain and muscular tenderness associated with DOMS is the performance of an eccentric exercise bout 6 to 9 weeks before a similar exercise bout.
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Effects of Sport Massage on Limb Girth and Discomfort Associated With Eccentric Exercise
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2005
  • J ATHL TRAINING
Sport massage is often used to help prepare for exercise, expedite recovery from muscle soreness, and enhance athletic performance. However, the effect of sport massage on recovery from delayed-onset muscle soreness is unknown. To determine the effect of a short sport massage treatment on intramuscular swelling and pain in response to eccentric exercise. We used a 2 x 8 (treatment x time) repeated-measures design to compare triceps surae muscle girth and pain ratings over the 72 hours after eccentric exercise. University research laboratory. Nineteen healthy, college-aged subjects. Delayed-onset muscle soreness was induced with several sets of eccentric triceps surae contractions at 90% of the estimated concentric, 1-repetition maximum weight. Subjects returned on 3 consecutive days after eccentric exercise with a cycle ergometer for active rest treatments. In addition, 1 leg received the sport massage. Girth measurements were taken at 5.08 cm (2 in), 10.16 cm (4 in), 15.24 cm (6 in), and 20.32 cm (8 in) below the knee joint line, and pain was assessed with a visual analog scale before and after all 4 sessions. No interaction was noted between treatment and time for any girth or pain measurements, and no main effect was seen for treatment. Sport massage did not reduce girth or pain in the lower leg after eccentric exercise within 72 hours.
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The effects of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness and physical performance in female collegiate athletes
Article
  • Feb 2006
Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if post-exercise massage has an effect on delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical performance in women collegiate athletes.DesignThis study used a randomized pre-test post-test control group design.ParticipantsTwenty-two NCAA Division I women basketball and volleyball players participated. On the day of predicted peak soreness, the treatment group (n=11) received a thigh massage using effleurage, petrissage and vibration while the control group (n=11) rested.Outcome measuresPaired t-tests were used to assess differences between pre and post massage measures (α=0.05) for vertical jump displacement, timed shuttle run, quadriceps length and pressure-pain threshold in the thigh.ResultsA significant increase (slowing) was found in shuttle run times for the control group (p=0.0354). There were significant changes in vertical jump displacement (p=0.0033), perceived soreness (p=0.0011) and algometer readings (p=0.0461) for the massage group.Conclusions This study supports the use of massage in women collegiate athletes for decreasing soreness and improving vertical jump.
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Vibratory Massage and Short-Term Recovery from Muscular Fatigue
Article
  • Jan 1991
Percussive vibratory massage has long been purported to offset the negative effects of muscular exercise. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of this type of massage on recovery from repeated submaximal contractions. Twelve male subjects performed repeated, static contractions of the quadriceps at 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), with periodic MVCs performed after every fourth one. This pattern continued until the subject could no longer produce the required 70% (Tlim). The entire procedure was repeated three times with rest periods between each series. The rate of fatigue (ROF) was calculated from a regression line fit to the decline of the periodic MVCs. We studied the ROF during static exercise alone, as well as during static exercise following cycling for 30 min at 75% VO2max. In the control conditions, the subjects rested for 5 min between each of the three series of contractions. In the experimental conditions the subjects received 4 min of percussive vibratory massage and 1 min of rest. The results showed that there was no significant difference in ROF in either static or following dynamic exercise between the control and vibrated conditions. Although ROF was the same in all experimental conditions. Tlim occurred sooner following dynamic exercise because the initial MVC was significantly lower than static (p less than .008). We have therefore concluded that short-term recovery from intense muscular activity is not augmented by percussive vibratory massage.
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Warm-up, Stretching and Massage Diminish Harmful Effects of Eccentric Exercise
Article
  • Nov 1994
The effect of a combination of a warm-up, stretching exercises and massage on subjective scores for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and objective functional and biochemical measures was studied. Fifty people, randomly divided in a treatment and a control group, performed eccentric exercise with the forearm flexors for 30 min. The treatment group additionally performed a warm-up and underwent a stretching protocol before the eccentric exercise and massage afterwards. Functional and biochemical measures were obtained before, and 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96h after exercise. The median values at the five post-exercise time points differed significantly for DOMS measured when the arm was extended (p = 0.043). Significant main effects for treatment were found on the maximal force (p = 0.026), the flexion angle of the elbow (p = 0.014) and the creatine kinase activity in blood (p = 0.006). No time-by-treatment interactions were found. DOMS on pressure, extension angle and myoglobin concentration in blood did not differ between the groups. This combination of a warm-up, stretching and massage reduces some negative effects of eccentric exercise, but the results are inconsistent, since some parameters were significantly affected by the treatment whereas others were not, despite the expected efficacy of a combination of treatments. The objective measures did not yield more unequivocal results than the subjective DOMS scores.
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How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last? Med Sci
Article
  • Oct 2001
One bout of eccentric exercise produces an adaptation that reduces muscle damage in subsequent bouts. Because it is not known how long this adaptation lasts, the present study investigated the maximal length of the attenuated changes in muscle damage indicators after high-force eccentric exercise. Male students (N = 35) were placed into three groups and performed two bouts of eccentric exercise of the nondominant elbow flexors separated by either 6 (N = 14), 9 (N = 11), or 12 (N = 10) months. Maximal isometric force (MIF), range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference (CIR), muscle soreness (SOR), and plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) were measured before and for 5 d after exercise. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the transverse and longitudinal scans of the upper arm were taken 4 d after exercise. Changes in the criterion measures were compared between the first and second bouts and between groups by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. A faster recovery in MIF was evident after a second bout performed at 6 or 9 months, and reduced SOR as well as smaller increases in CIR, CK, and T2 relaxation time of MR images also occurred after the second exercise bout at 6 months compared with initial responses. No significant differences between the bouts were found for ROM, and the 12-month group did not show any repeated bout effect. These results show that the repeated bout effect for most of the criterion measures lasts at least 6 months but is lost between 9 and 12 months.
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Effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness and risk of injury: Systematic review
Article
  • Sep 2002
  • Br Med J
To determine the effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness after exercise, risk of injury, and athletic performance. Systematic review. Randomised or quasi-randomised studies identified by searching Medline, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PEDro, and by recursive checking of bibliographies. Muscle soreness, incidence of injury, athletic performance. Five studies, all of moderate quality, reported sufficient data on the effects of stretching on muscle soreness to be included in the analysis. Outcomes seemed homogeneous. Stretching produced small and statistically non-significant reductions in muscle soreness. The pooled estimate of reduction in muscle soreness 24 hours after exercising was only 0.9 mm on a 100 mm scale (95% confidence interval -2.6 mm to 4.4 mm). Data from two studies on army recruits in military training show that muscle stretching before exercising does not produce useful reductions in injury risk (pooled hazard ratio 0.95, 0.78 to 1.16). Stretching before or after exercising does not confer protection from muscle soreness. Stretching before exercising does not seem to confer a practically useful reduction in the risk of injury, but the generality of this finding needs testing. Insufficient research has been done with which to determine the effects of stretching on sporting performance.
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The efficacy of ice massage in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage
Article
  • Dec 2005
The purpose of this investigation was to, firstly, examine the effects of repeated applications of ice massage on the indirect markers associated with muscle damage using a within-subjects cross-over design and secondly, to examine how ice massage affects muscle function in both static and dynamic contractions following unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Twelve males performed damaging exercise on two separate occasions. The protocol consisted of three sets of 10 maximal eccentric repetitions of the elbow flexors using isokinetic dynamometry. Subjects were randomly assigned to an ice massage group or placebo group and received treatments immediately post-exercise, 24 and 48 h post-exercise. Muscle function (maximal isometric, slow and fast isokinetic contractions), creatine kinase, myoglobin, muscle soreness, limb girth and range of motion were measured pre, immediately post, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-exercise. Significant time effects were observed for all dependent variables (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments. Ice massage is ineffective in reducing the indirect markers associated with exercise-induced muscle damage and enhancing recovery of muscle function in male exercisers unaccustomed to eccentric biased exercise.
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